DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

D
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A
F
T
Overview
Def n
Parts: Top to bottom
Diagram everything !the easy way"
Hormones & Enzymes
Def n
the physical and/or chemical breakdown of food
physical/mechanical ! rending
chemical ! hydrolytic
foods "polymer#
into small molecules "monomer# for absorption
a simplied...
Physical digestion
involves physically breaking the food into smaller
pieces without chemically changing it into di#erent
molecules
which increases the exposed SA for chemical
digestion
e.g.,
Mouth $ teeth !chew, masticate"
Stomach $ muscle, rugal folds/ridges !churn"
Liver $ bile !emulsies lipids"
Lipid + Bile
increased
SA...
droplet droplets
Lipid
Chemical digestion
the breaking down of the large molecules
!polymers" into smaller soluble molecules
!monomers" for easy absorption
via hydrolysis
Lipid + water glycerol + fatty acids
lipase
!enzyme"
THE PARTS
Top to Bottom
Teeth
physical digestion
Mouth
incisors
canines
premolars
molars
carnivore
herbivore
omnivore
$ cut
$ hold, tear
$ grind
$ grind
+
%
%
Carnivore
Herbivore
Omnivore
incisors
canines
premolars
molars
Saliva
mostly water and mucus
lubricant
rich in salivary amylase
Amylose + water Maltose
Amylase
!enzyme"
"Starch# "disaccharide#
Swallowing: Steps
1. Bolus !chewed food ball" contacts the pharynx
!back of the throat" and stimulates an autonomic
!involuntary" gulp response:
bolus
pharynx
palate
trachea
$ind pipe
larynx
%oice box
esophagus
!sophagus"
food pipe
epiglottis
nasal cavity
2. The palate seals o" the nasal cavity,
preventing food from entering it.
3. This response stops breathing and the
epiglottis seals o" the trachea,
4. the esophageal sphincter relaxes...
epiglottis
closing over the glottis
step$by$step
Movement
gravity fed
via Peristalsis
wave$like, rhythmical
contractions of circular,
smooth !involuntary" muscle
stomach, small and large
intestines too...
Esophagus
Stomach
esophagus
cardiac
sphincter
pyloric
sphincter
small intestine
stomach
rugae
pH 1$3
Sphincters
Cardiac Sphincter
limits the back ow of gastric juices up the
esophagus
failure: acid reux !heart burn"
Sphincters
Pyloric Sphincter
limits the ow of gastric juices !pH 1" into the small
intestine !pH 6$6.5, duodenu&"
which would normally denature
the intestinal juices !critical for
digestion"
Source: gastric pits of the cardia, fundus, & pylorus
fundus
cardia
pylorus
Gastric Juices
Goblet cells
pits
body
source: Parietal cells !w/in gastric pits"
Fcn:
breaks up connective tissues...
increasing SA for enzyme !e.g., pepsin" activity
kills surface bacteria
reacts with pepsinogen...
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Gastric Juices
pH 1$3
source: Chief cells !w/in gastric pits"
pepsin precursor
pepsinogen + HCl ! pepsin
Pepsinogen
Gastric Juices
"protein# "enzyme#
protein + water a.a strands
Pepsin (protease)
Gastric Juices
"polypeptide 'agments#
a.a. a.a.
"peptide 'agments#
# a.a.
pepsi(
source: Goblet cells !w/in the gastric pits"
protects stomach lining
from autodigestion
from abrasion
lubricant for food passage
Mucus (aka Mucin)
failure: ulcer
Common causes:
bacterial !Helicobacter pylori" infection
!: antibiotic regime
excessive NSAIDs use, e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen,
naproxen
Mucus
Mucus is also found in the:
salivary glands, esophagus, small intestine, colon
duodenum: Brunners gland $ alkaline mucus to
neutralize acid chyme from the stomach
respiratory tract: bronchi, nose...
reproductive tract: cervix, cowpers gland...
Mucus
Chyme
semi$uid, partially digested mass that exits the
stomach
pH 2...
in three parts
1. Duodenum ! twelve ngers
~ 30cm, pH 6$6.5
site of digestion
produces and receives numerous digestive
enzymes and hormones, and bile
Y
X
Z
W
22. What is the structure labelled W?
A. liver
B. pancreas
C. appendix
D. duodenum
23. Malfunctioning of which structure would result in higher than normal levels of glucose
in the blood?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
________________________________________________
24. Which digestive structure has the greatest influence on blood volume?
A. colon
B. stomach
C. pancreas
D. small intestine
Small Intestines
2. & 3. Jejunum & Ileum
~ 6m, pH 7$8
site of absorption
Y
X
Z
W
22. What is the structure labelled W?
A. liver
B. pancreas
C. appendix
D. duodenum
23. Malfunctioning of which structure would result in higher than normal levels of glucose
in the blood?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
________________________________________________
24. Which digestive structure has the greatest influence on blood volume?
A. colon
B. stomach
C. pancreas
D. small intestine
Jejunum & Ileum
increase SA for absorption...
villi
microvilli
!brush border"
folds
Increasing SA
villi
folds
Villi
capillaries
lacteals
blood
lymph
microvilli
!brush border cells"
glycerol &
fatty acids
glucose &
a.a.
Carbohydrates
as monosaccharides, e.g., glucose
via capillaries ! hepatic portal vein ! liver
excess glucose is stored as glycogen & insuli(
and released as needed to maintain homeostasis
!4$6 mmol/L" & glucago(
a diet high in processed carbohydrates, i.e., with a
glycemic index !GI" > 70 may lead to
type II diabetes !insulin resistance"
heart disease !excess glycogen forms triglycerides"
Proteins
as a.a.
via capillaries ! hepatic portal vein ! liver
liver:
a.a. ! plasma !blood" proteins
e.g., albumin, prothrombin, brinogen...
deamination of proteins ! a.a. ! amino group !
ammonia NH3 !v. toxic"
is converted by the liver to urea !less toxic" for
excretion via the kidneys
NH3 + CO2 ! urea !excreted w/ urine"
Bu"er:
NH3 + H
+
! NH4
+
!ammonium ion"
Lipids
as glycerol !monoglycerides" and free fatty acids
via lacteals !lymph" ! to the body... ! subclavian vein
! superior vena cava ! heart...
to muscle and adipose tissues that take up the
triglycerides for storage !and energy use"
and back to the liver for:
cholesterol synthesis !VLDL ! LDL, HDL"
lipid synthesis !e.g., triglycerides"
for storage !and energy use"
triglycerides
fatty acids monoglycerides
triglycerides
proteins +
phospholipids +
cholesterol coating
chylomicrons
"lipoprotein#
lacteal
simplied...
microvi)i
"mice)es#
Ileum
Y
X
Z
W
22. What is the structure labelled W?
A. liver
B. pancreas
C. appendix
D. duodenum
23. Malfunctioning of which structure would result in higher than normal levels of glucose
in the blood?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
________________________________________________
24. Which digestive structure has the greatest influence on blood volume?
A. colon
B. stomach
C. pancreas
D. small intestine
Y
X
Z
W
22. What is the structure labelled W?
A. liver
B. pancreas
C. appendix
D. duodenum
23. Malfunctioning of which structure would result in higher than normal levels of glucose
in the blood?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
________________________________________________
24. Which digestive structure has the greatest influence on blood volume?
A. colon
B. stomach
C. pancreas
D. small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Colon
Pancreas
Liver
lymph
blood
Chylomicron
muscle, adipose
remnant CM
blood
VLDL
bil*
lipas*
LDL
HDL

&
Ileum
Y
X
Z
W
22. What is the structure labelled W?
A. liver
B. pancreas
C. appendix
D. duodenum
23. Malfunctioning of which structure would result in higher than normal levels of glucose
in the blood?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
________________________________________________
24. Which digestive structure has the greatest influence on blood volume?
A. colon
B. stomach
C. pancreas
D. small intestine
Y
X
Z
W
22. What is the structure labelled W?
A. liver
B. pancreas
C. appendix
D. duodenum
23. Malfunctioning of which structure would result in higher than normal levels of glucose
in the blood?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
________________________________________________
24. Which digestive structure has the greatest influence on blood volume?
A. colon
B. stomach
C. pancreas
D. small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Colon
Pancreas
Liver
lymph
blood
Chylomicron
muscle, adipose
remnant CM
blood
VLDL
bil*
lipas*
LDL
HDL

&
HDL
High Density Lipoprotein
source: Liver and small intestine
travels around the body picking up
excess cholesterol
LDL
Low Density
Lipoprotein
delivers fat
!triglyceride" and
cholesterol to
body
before returning
to the liver
VLDL
Very Low Density Lipoprotein.
delivers fat !triglyceride" and cholesterol to
body
once its done,VLDL goes back to the liver
and the remainder gets made into LDL



to tissues
But if too much,
or damaged...
plaque
build up
LDL
HDL
In an artery...
= atheroma
HDL scrubs
the excess...
returning
excess to the
liver or
to LDL and
VLDL
Large Intestine
aka colon, bowel
~1.5m, pH 7$5.5
Y
X
Z
W
22. What is the structure labelled W?
A. liver
B. pancreas
C. appendix
D. duodenum
23. Malfunctioning of which structure would result in higher than normal levels of glucose
in the blood?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
________________________________________________
24. Which digestive structure has the greatest influence on blood volume?
A. colon
B. stomach
C. pancreas
D. small intestine
ascending
appendix
sma) intestin*
cecum
rectum
transverse
descending
sigmoid
anus
Fcn:
Water reabsorption
Excretion of excess:
Iron salts
Calcium salt
Large Intestin*
Site of E. coli
generally mutualistic !benecial" symbiont that
inhibits colonization by harmful bacteria
synthesizes vitamins, esp. vit. K, and B vitamins
!e.g., folic acid"
produce a.a, and other growth factors
Large Intestin*
functions to compact the undigested wastes that is
left over from digestion for easier elimination/
defecation
Large Intestin*
SUMMARY: THE PARTS
salivary glands
esophagus
stomach
pancreas
gall bladder
small intestine large intestine
rectum
anus
liver
appendix
pancreas
cecum
epiglottis
mouth...
liver
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
File:Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram.svg
+ Plus...
mouth
salivary glands
esophagus
stomach
cardiac sphincter
pyloric sphincter
pancreas
gall bladder
liver
small intestine
!DJ &I"
large intestine
hepatic portal vein
hepatic vein
rectum
anus

i
n
f
e
r
i
o
r

v
e
n
a

c
a
v
a
HORMONES
Y
X
Z
W
22. What is the structure labelled W?
A. liver
B. pancreas
C. appendix
D. duodenum
23. Malfunctioning of which structure would result in higher than normal levels of glucose
in the blood?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
________________________________________________
24. Which digestive structure has the greatest influence on blood volume?
A. colon
B. stomach
C. pancreas
D. small intestine
bolus passes thru the
cardiac sphincter
stimulates gastrin
which stimulates
HCl production
and increases
stomach motility
!churning"
Gastrin
stomach


Gastrin
duodenu&
esophagus
acid!rich chyme
stimulates secretin
which stimulates the
release of sodium
bicarbonate !bu#er"
and...
Secretin
Y
X
Z
W
22. What is the structure labelled W?
A. liver
B. pancreas
C. appendix
D. duodenum
23. Malfunctioning of which structure would result in higher than normal levels of glucose
in the blood?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
________________________________________________
24. Which digestive structure has the greatest influence on blood volume?
A. colon
B. stomach
C. pancreas
D. small intestine
Secretin
pancreas
duodenum
"sma) intestine#


Secreti!
bil"
stimulates the release of
alkaline bile from the
gall bladder
counteracting any
excess stomach acid
before it enters the
ileum
Secretin
Y
X
Z
W
22. What is the structure labelled W?
A. liver
B. pancreas
C. appendix
D. duodenum
23. Malfunctioning of which structure would result in higher than normal levels of glucose
in the blood?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
________________________________________________
24. Which digestive structure has the greatest influence on blood volume?
A. colon
B. stomach
C. pancreas
D. small intestine
gall bladder
duodenum
"sma) intestine#
liver
bile duc+
Y
X
Z
W
22. What is the structure labelled W?
A. liver
B. pancreas
C. appendix
D. duodenum
23. Malfunctioning of which structure would result in higher than normal levels of glucose
in the blood?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
________________________________________________
24. Which digestive structure has the greatest influence on blood volume?
A. colon
B. stomach
C. pancreas
D. small intestine


Y
X
Z
W
22. What is the structure labelled W?
A. liver
B. pancreas
C. appendix
D. duodenum
23. Malfunctioning of which structure would result in higher than normal levels of glucose
in the blood?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
________________________________________________
24. Which digestive structure has the greatest influence on blood volume?
A. colon
B. stomach
C. pancreas
D. small intestine
chole = bile, cyst = sac,
kinin = movement
lipid$rich and protein$rich
chyme
stimulates gall bladder to
release bile !emulsier"
stimulates pancreas to
release digestive enzymes
Cholecystokinin (CCK)

CCK
bil"




Bile: Emulsication
source: liver
stored in the gall bladder
a surfactant, increases SA for enzyme !lipase"
activity
Fat Fat droplets
bile incr.
SA
"
#
$
together inhibit peristalsis
and HCl production
slowing digestion
CCK & Secretin
Y
X
Z
W
22. What is the structure labelled W?
A. liver
B. pancreas
C. appendix
D. duodenum
23. Malfunctioning of which structure would result in higher than normal levels of glucose
in the blood?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
________________________________________________
24. Which digestive structure has the greatest influence on blood volume?
A. colon
B. stomach
C. pancreas
D. small intestine

Insulin & Glucagon
antagonistic hormones
Y
X
Z
W
22. What is the structure labelled W?
A. liver
B. pancreas
C. appendix
D. duodenum
23. Malfunctioning of which structure would result in higher than normal levels of glucose
in the blood?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
________________________________________________
24. Which digestive structure has the greatest influence on blood volume?
A. colon
B. stomach
C. pancreas
D. small intestine
Homeostatic:
4$6 mmol/L
Low blood
glucose
Y
X
Z
W
22. What is the structure labelled W?
A. liver
B. pancreas
C. appendix
D. duodenum
23. Malfunctioning of which structure would result in higher than normal levels of glucose
in the blood?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
________________________________________________
24. Which digestive structure has the greatest influence on blood volume?
A. colon
B. stomach
C. pancreas
D. small intestine
High blood
glucose
Insulin
lowers blood glucose
converts and stores
glucose as glycogen
Glucagon
raises blood glucose
converts stored
glycogen to glucose
Y
X
Z
W
22. What is the structure labelled W?
A. liver
B. pancreas
C. appendix
D. duodenum
23. Malfunctioning of which structure would result in higher than normal levels of glucose
in the blood?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
________________________________________________
24. Which digestive structure has the greatest influence on blood volume?
A. colon
B. stomach
C. pancreas
D. small intestine
Y
X
Z
W
22. What is the structure labelled W?
A. liver
B. pancreas
C. appendix
D. duodenum
23. Malfunctioning of which structure would result in higher than normal levels of glucose
in the blood?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
________________________________________________
24. Which digestive structure has the greatest influence on blood volume?
A. colon
B. stomach
C. pancreas
D. small intestine
body cells
!esp. muscle"
LIVER
A quick overview of key functions
Liver Functions
Bile synthesis
a surfactant, emulsier of lipids
alkaline, neutralizes gastric acids in the small
intestine
excretion of bilirubin, biliverdin !RBC pigment"
Quick Review...
Y
X
Z
W
22. What is the structure labelled W?
A. liver
B. pancreas
C. appendix
D. duodenum
23. Malfunctioning of which structure would result in higher than normal levels of glucose
in the blood?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
________________________________________________
24. Which digestive structure has the greatest influence on blood volume?
A. colon
B. stomach
C. pancreas
D. small intestine
Protein synthesis
plasma %blood& proteins:
albumin $ bu#er, osmotic regulator
prothrombin $ blood clotting
brinogen $ blood clotting
...
Quick Review...
Lipid synthesis
cholesterols !HDL, LDL..."
triglycerides
Quick Review...
Glucose Homeostasis
glucose ! glycogen %insuli!&
glycogenesis
glycogen ! glucose %glucago!&
gluconeogenesis !glucose from other sources..."
site of insulin breakdown
Quick Review...
Storage
iron, copper
vitamins !A, B, D..."
glycogen
Quick Review...
Deamination
breakdown of excess proteins ! formation of
ammonia
Quick Review...
Detoxication
ammonia ! urea !excretory"
breaks down insulin and other hormones
breaks down hemoglobin ! bile
general detoxication of toxic substances
Quick Review...
ENZYMES
S
E
L
E
C
T
Source Enzyme Substrate
Digestion
Product
Salivary
glands
salivary
amylase
amylose
!starch"
maltose
Stomach
pepsin
"protease#
protein
a.a. strands
"peptide 'agments#
pH 7
pH 1
Source Enzyme Substrate
Digestion
Product
Duodenum
!small
intestine"
peptidase peptides a.a.
Duodenum
!small
intestine"
nuclease
nucleic acids
"DNA, RNA#
nucleotides
Duodenum
!small
intestine"
maltase
"disaccharidase#
maltose
"disaccharide#
glucose
"monosaccharide#
Duodenum
!small
intestine"
sucrase sucrose
glucose +
'uctos*
Duodenum
!small
intestine"
lactase lactose
glucose +
galactos* pH 8
Source Enzyme Substrate
Digestion
Product
Pancreas
"these enzymes
operate w/in th*
sma) intestine#
pancreatic
amylase
amylose
maltose
Pancreas
"these enzymes
operate w/in th*
sma) intestine#
trypsin
"protease#
protein a.a. strands
Pancreas
"these enzymes
operate w/in th*
sma) intestine# nuclease nucleic acids nucleotides
Pancreas
"these enzymes
operate w/in th*
sma) intestine#
lipase lipids
glycerol &
fatty acids
pH 8
nucleotides Nucleic Acids
Polysaccharides
Proteins
Lipids
salivary amylase $ salivary glands "pH 7#
pancreatic amylase $ pancreas "pH 8#
maltose
maltase $ small intestine
glucose
peptides
glycerol & fatty acids
lipase $ pancreas
pepsin $ stomach "pH 1#
trypsin $ pancreas "pH 8#
peptidase $ small intestine
a.a.
nucleosides +
phosphate
sugar +
base
nuclease $ pancreas
nuclease $ intestinal
nucleosidas* nucleotidas*
"monoglycerides & 'ee fatty acids#
NEXT THE
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM