Sectiunea Geodezie Inginereasca

UNIVERSITATEA TEHNIC DE CONSTRUCII BUCURETI
FACULTATEA DE GEODEZIE
SIMPOZIONUL CU PARTICIPARE INTERNAIONAL GEOPREVI 2011
12-13 MAI 2011, BUCURETI

SECIUNEA
GEODEZIE INGINEREASC

403
SOME ASPECTS REGARDING THE USE OF GPS
TECHNOLOGY OF CHEAPER RECEIVERS IN THE CASE
OF DESIGN AND EARLY STUDIES FOR VARIOUS
ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS
Gabriel Bdescu, Ovidiu tefan, Rodica Bdescu,
Department Geodesy of Mines,The North University of Baia Mare
gabrielbadescu@yahoo.com; o.stefan@ymail.com;
badescu_rodica@yahoo.com;
Caius Didulescu, Gheorghe Badea, Ana Cornelia Badea
Department Geodesy
Tehnical University of Civil Engineering Bucureti , ROMNIA
caiusdidulescu@yahoo.com; badeacadastru@gmail.com
Abstract: This paper presents an alternative method of
measuring the area for an early design phase. In an early
design phase, topo-geodetic information, crucial technical
information to the design decision are considered, that
may be collected by measurements before starting the
design.
Today, GPS technology has various tools that can be
used in collecting preliminary data for design. However,
accurate GPS devices are extremely expensive and are
not appropriate to be used. This paper proposes low-cost
devices (not very high precision GPS) which provide
accurate enough information to be used in an early design
phase. To improve the accuracy of information, differential
equations are used to reduce the signal error altered by
the atmosphere and errors which arise when the signal
passes through it.
GPS information contains the following information:
latitude, longitude, altitude and time, which allows creation
of 2D and 3D maps with land forms. The architect can
instantly use the results and the information provided by
the GPS data for many purposes, such as site gathering,
early design planning and drafting on various layers.
Keywords: GPS, architectural projects, PDA, DGPS, RTK.
1. INTRODUCTION
Today, more and more architects wish to prepare the
design material for the project based on the shape of the terrain
404
which can have a property title or can be listed in the land registry.
They can transfer this map of the terrain into a digital data map in
order to work during the waiting time for the execution of
measurements of the area of interest. The classic measurements or
the ones made with total stations are quite expensive and a lot of
work hours are required, cases in which they waste a great deal of
their time waiting for measurements.
Meanwhile, the architects should take part in the field
procedures in recognizing the area which is of interest or make a
site visit and should collect certain details which are necessary in
what concerns the said site. They use some basic measuring
techniques, like the measuring tape, step measurement, etc., in
order to check the correctness of the sites size in relation to the
property act. After that, the architects start to create the preliminary
design, to create a concept, a layout and the base plan, but the
accuracy of this preliminary plan is very weak.
The original documents have a scale that is too small,
from 1:2000 to 1:5000. A lot of information on this 2D map does not
contain at all certain useful information, like the existence of other
buildings, trees, springs, road traffic etc. If the project is located on a
3D map, which is tilted, information like the outline of the terrain is,
also, crucial for the accuracy of the design. This procedure used by
Romanian architects in order to timely prepare the terrain map for
layout cannot offer a solution that meets all the required demands.
1.1. Technological alternatives used to solve the problem.
During the search for a new method to solve the
insufficient amount of information, interest moves towards the
direction of solving the issue using the Global Positioning System
(GPS) technology. This modern technology allows us to identify the
position we are interested depending on the visibility of satellite
signals. Nowadays, many shipping companies use GPS in order to
guide and control vehicles, like trucks, ships, planes, and even
automobiles, for a destination due to its usage potential.
Any public person who owns a GPS receiver has free
access to this exact information which is transmitted through global
navigation systems, but also through complementary systems. The
Global Positioning System (GPS) offers potentially useful
technologies for users and can coordinate information such as:
latitude, longitude, altitude, GPS and time. The inexact Cartesian
405
coordinates are now reduced to 15 m RMS (Root-Mean Square)
down from 100 m in horizontal determination and 156 m in vertical
determination. If we have an efficient instrument or if a differential
GPS equation is used, we can reduce the amount of inexactness to
approximately 2.5 m RMS (Bdescu G., 2005).
1.2. The low price device, easy to use and carry in the field onto
which the designed objective is mounted
Basically, highly accurate devices which use GPS
technology are extremely expensive. Hand-carried GPS mounted
with units and devices which can be used to collect information
regarding the coordinates, 2D and 3D processing and graphic
display, like the limit, perimeter and the existence of relief forms and
3D coordinates etc.
During the work that went into this paper, our purpose is
made obvious by the title and the potential of a PDA (Personal
Digital Assistant) is taken into consideration, with a high-speed
processor, a color display and a GPS receiver. By adding computer
software for the processing of all the necessary information, a
simple PDA, accessible to most architects, can be changed with a
device that measures the area of interest.
2. THE DGPS SYSTEM USED FOR MEASUREMENTS
The DGPS system requires two parts of the GPS unit
receiver: a static receiver (reference) and a dynamic receiver (field
receiver). The static receiver is used to track different data for each
epoch. The data shall then be transmitted to receivers that collect
the data from the field.

Figure 1. DGPS Basic system
406
The following elements of the system are suggested
below:
2.1. Control receiver for the GPS receiver station or reference
receiver is the static part used for receiving signal from the
NAVSTAR-GPS, GLONASS satellites.
It is a known fact that the signals are unstable due to
physical elements (called GPS errors), these being: ionosphere,
troposphere and the multipath error.
The control station will record the data variation for each
epoch and then it will send it to another part of the system in order to
correct the coordinates which are determined by the rover stations.
These control stations are available across Romania and can be
used in government activities, land registries, real-estate publicity
(OCPI), for coastal marine transportation, river, ground and aerial
transportation, by sending verified data, through radio receivers
used by GPS devices. In the near future, it is envisioned that radio
source frequencies will be open to the public, and then everyone
within the frequency range can use the system without also using
the control station. In this experiment, one can create his own
personal control station using a laptop and can send the kinematics
correction data of the GPS receivers through the wireless network. If
the signal is blocked, or if located outside the interval, we can
correct the data received using a asynchronous system.
2.2. The kinematics GPS receiver or mobile receiver is a mobile
device running in the area that interests us in order to collect data.
One can use more than one mobile receiver to save the
time necessary to collection information in the survey area.
Data can be divided into two groups according to their
characteristics:
A single point, such as for example the position of a tree,
ground altitude recording and display of a point value;
Group of points: characteristic features of buildings, roads,
ponds, the recording of an area and display as an object. The
raw data will be recorded and may be edited for update.
Raw data must be recalculated using the corrected data
from the control station via a wireless network (Synchronous) Real
Time Kinematics type, or correction data obtained later
(asynchronous).
407
The information may be used immediately on PDA units
or sent regularly to the computer in standard application data of the
CAD (dwg, dxf, ... txt). This information is then read to be used in the
next phase of design in order to achieve the goal set.
3. THE SYSTEM DESIGN PROGRAMMING.
3.1. The concept of the proposed system:
As a DGPS or RTK system it requires two parts of the
functions, namely as a server and client. We believe that the design
is thus made as a request that contains both easy to use features in
any type of computer. Both receive messages from the same GPS
satellites (National Marine Electronics Association - NMEA message
or ROMPOS), and then translate the coordinate values (X, Y, Z) at
the same epoch, the program will capture the data and send them
forward. (Figura 1.)

Figure 2.System Devices Diagram ( TODSPOL T., WALAIPORN N.)

408
In real-time the module receiver will collect the
necessary data and must again check the variation of data at the
reference receiver, in order to calculate the precision value and then
to display the accurate map in 2D or 3D of the terrain that will be
subject to architects' necessary measurements. In the asynchronous
mode, the receiver collects data from the study field and the points
which are recorded. Data can be displayed in a 2D or 3D map
featuring the shape of the terrain, but the results are not accurate
because the raw data are not yet corrected.
After that, the receiver from the area that we care about
can obtain the corrected data from the reference receiver and all the
data are recalculated.

Figure 3. Data flow diagram used( TODSPOL T., WALAIPORN N.)
409
These final data are much more accurate. (Figure 2)
reference receiver has the following functions:
- assembly of points and calculation of the data
variation,
- conversion of data units,
- data process , display and storage,
- sends corrected data to the field of the receiver
via a wireless device,
- synchronous data from the field receiver,
The mobile receiver has the following functions:
- gathering points or a group of data,
- data conversion units,
- data processing, displaying, editing, updating and
storage,
- receiving corrected and recalculated data
(DGPS),
- viewing results in 2D or 3D mode.
3.2 Applications of the functions of the system presented.
Application functions are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 4. Functions Diagram ( TODSPOL T., WALAIPORN N.)
410

There are three parts to this application.
1. File: a group of functions that contains the device command
and the file system, such as setting devices, satellite status, setting
units, creating a new project, opening an old project, the calculation
of import and export data recalculated, DGPS equations , etc.
2. Edit: a group of functions that contains the editing command
of the data collected, such as adding data, editing data and deleting
data. The data collected can be a group of data (land forms,
buildings, pond, limits, etc.) or individual data (position of trees,
posts, fences, etc.)
3. View: a group of functions that contains the display results
command in 2D mode.
CONCLUSIONS:
This paper presents an alternative method of measuring
the area of interest for an early design stage necessary to architects.
Today, GPS technology has various tools that can be
used in collecting preliminary data for the design. However, accurate
GPS devices are extremely expensive and not appropriate to be
frequently used in measurements needed by architects to design,
because other devices which are cheaper can be used and with the
same fast determination of the elements necessary for the intended
purpose. This paper proposes low-cost devices (not very high
precision GPS) which provide accurate enough information to be
used in an early design phase. To improve the accuracy of
information, differential equations are used to reduce the signal error
altered by the atmosphere and the errors arising when the signal is
passing through it.
GPS information contains the following: latitude,
longitude, altitude and time, which allows for the creation of 2D and
3D maps with land forms. The architect can instantly use the GPS
results and information data for many purposes, such as the
recognition of land in the area of interest, the previous planning of
the design and the drawing on various layers.

411
REFERENCE
1. Bdescu G. Unele contributii la utilizarea tehnologiei GPS n ridicrile
cadastrale .Teza de doctorat 2005.
2. Dragomir P., T.Rus, P.Dumitru, Integrarea Reelei Naionale de Staii GPS
Permanente n Reeaua European EUPOS, conferin Tehnologii Moderne
pentru Mileniul III, Oradea, 2005
3. G. Bdescu, O. tefan, N. Bncila-Afrim, N. P. Hreniuc, E. Keller, The
Efficient Use of the GIS Technology in Creating Strategies for Regional
Development and Environment Protection, Advances in Enviromenmental and
Geological Science and Engineering, Proceeding of the 2nd International
Conference on Environmental and Geological Science and Engineering,
Transilvania University of Braov, Romania September 24-26, ISSN 1790-2769,
ISBN 978-950-474-119-9, pag. 253-256, www.wseas.org, 2009.
4. G. Bdescu, O. tefan, R. Bdescu, Gh. Badea, A.C. Badea, C. Didulescu,
Air-borne photogrammetric system used in topographic and cadastral works in
Romania, Recent Advances in Remote Sensing, Proceedings of the 5th
WSEAS International Conference on Remote Sensing, Genova, Italy, ISSN
1790-2769, ISBN 978-960-474-129-8, pag. 22-27, www.wseas.org, 2009.
5. E. Keller, G. Bdescu, L. Kollar - Improvement of decision by using GIS and
hydraulic modeling for sewerage system. The case study of a square from Baia
Mare city, Advances in Enviromenmental and Geological Science and
Engineering, Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on Environmental
and Geological Science and Engineering, Transilvania University of Braov,
Romania September 24-26, 2009, ISSN 1790-2769, ISBN 978-950-474-119-9,
pag. 261-268, www.wseas.org, 2009.
6. European Position Determination System, Technical Standards, Revised 2nd
Edition, 24 April 2008, Resolution of the International EUPOS Steering
Committee, 13th Conference, Bucharest, Romania, 23 24 April 2008
7. ROMPOS - Sistemul Romnesc de Determinare a Poziiei, Broura editat
de ANCPI, septembrie 2008
8. Rus Tiberiu. Aplicatii ale utilizrii observatiilor GPS n mod cinematic .
Simpozionul National : Cadastru . Tehnologii moderne de determinare,
nregistrare si evident Bucuresti 14-15 noiembrie 2002.
9. Rus Tiberiu , Neuner J. GPS Activities at BUCU Permanent Station Status
Report . 2003 - 4th EPN Local Analysis Centres Workshop, September 18-19,
Graz, Austria.
10. Satirapod, C., Rizos, C. and Wang, J. (2001): GPS single point positioning
with SA off: How accurate can we get?, Survey Review, 36(282), 255-262.
11. Paul R. Wolf, Charles D.Ghilani: Elementary to GeomaticSurveying: An
introduction. 10TH ed. Prentice Hall, 2002
12. Rizos, C. and Satirapod, C. (2001): Differential GPS: How good is it now?,
Measure & Map, 15, 28-30.
13. Rizos, C. and Satirapod, C. (2001): GPS with SA off: How good is it?,
Measure & Map, 12, 19-21.
412
14. Rizos, C., Satirapod, C., Chen, H. and Han, S. (1999): GPS with multiple
reference stations: surveying scenarios in metropolitan areas, 6th South East
Asian Surveyors Congress, Fremantle, Australia, 1-6 November, 37-49.
15. Satirapod, C., Wang, J. and Rizos, C. (2001): A new stochastic modelling
procedure for precise static GPS positioning, Zeitschrift fur
Vermessungswessen, 126(6), 365-373.
16. T.A. Musa, J. Wang, C. Rizos, C. Satirapod: Stochastic Modelling for
Network-Based GPS Positioning. Presented at SatNav 2003 The 6th
International Symposium on Satellite Navigation Technology Including Mobile
Positioning & Location Serivces.,Melbourne, Australia 2225 July 2003
17. T.J.M. Kennie, G. Petrie: Engineering Surveying Technology. John Wiley &
Sons, 1989 The Complete Vehicle Management System: March 7, 2000. [On
Line] http://www.cs-electronics.co.uk/ .
18. Wang, J., Satirapod, C., and Rizos, C. (2002): Stochastic assessment of
GPS carrier phase measurements for precise static relative positioning, Journal
of Geodesy, 76(2), 95-104.

413
METROLOGY OF LARGE PARTICLE ACCELERATORS;
INTEGRATION OF UNCONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES
Conf. dr. ing. Marcel Costel Brian, Facultatea de Geodezie,
Universitatea Tehnic de Construcii Bucureti
Abstract: The difficulties due to the enormous size of
scientific equipments, the numerous constraints related to
very high precision, temporal and spatial issues, work in a
hostile environment (radioactive elements), requires the
use of unconventional instrumentation and
multidisciplinary methods, the topography, geodesy,
photogrammetry, optics, mechanics and geophysics that
occurs.
Presenting specific problems in the construction and
operation of two iconic landmarks in this area, CERN - the
European Organization for Nuclear Research and the
ESRF - European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, are the
key elements in addressing and achieving other industrial
or scientific future goals.
Keywords: accelerator, metrology, sensor, HLS,
alignment Bracket
1. INTRODUCERE
Realizarea marilor acceleratoare de particule are ca
scop producerea i studiul fasciculelor de particule elementare de
nalt energie. Lungimea de und a radiaiilor produse, permite
studiul materiei la scar subatomic, demers dificil din punct de
vedere tiinific, dar extreme de necesar att pentru nelegerea
structurii universului ct i pentru evoluia n domeniul industrial,
medicin, electronic etc.
Scopul prezentului articol l constituie evidenierea
metodelor i instrumentelor topogeodezice si fotogrametrice, unele
total neconvenionale, n contextul numeroaselor constrngeri
impuse de construirea i exploatarea acceleratoarelor de particule,
unele specifice acestui domeniu, altele aplicabile i altor obiective
de mari dimensiuni.

414
2. METROLOGIA ECHIPAMENTELOR, METROLOGIA
EXPERIMENTELOR, CARACTERISTICI GENERALE
Evoluia ctre dimensiuni din ce n ce mai mari (de
exemplu CERN-SPS Super Proton Synchrotron 7 km, CLIC
Compact Linear Collider 15 km, LHC Large Hadron Collider 29 km
diametru) conduc la reconsiderarea din ce n ce mai riguroas a
dou aspecte teoretice i metodologice a geometriei unui obiect.
- Definirea acestuia intr-un sistem local care poate sau nu fi
cartezian
- Rezultatele obinute n urma msurtorilor effectuate trebuie s
permit decelarea erorilor absolute (privind Intreg ansamblul) de
erorile relative (locale), cu efectele acestora care se propag din
aproape n aproape i definirea toleranelor aferente
- Punerea in oper n mod curent a ctorva mii, pn la zeci de mii
de elemente impune un planning bine pus la punct al
instrumentaniei i metodelor folosite.
- Caracteristicile structurale (n general structuri complexe, n
straturi concentrice)
- Precizii submilimetrice (1m 0.5 mm)
- Montajul i poziionarea n spaii confine (galerii subterane)
- Constrngerile legate de lucrul ntr-un mediu ostil (prezena
elementelor radioactive).
3. MSURAREA DEFORMAIILOR I DEPLASRILOR N SPAII
CONFINE PROIECTUL LHC-CMS
Realizarea acestui proiect face posibil desfurarea a
dou experimente tiinifice de mari dimensiuni CMS-Compact
Muon Solenoid lungime de 21 m, diametru 14m, 15.000 t fiecare.

Figura 1. Experimentul CMS
415
Pentru aceste echipamente, poziionarea detectoarelor
de particule trebuie s fie extreme de precis, asigurnd o stabilitate
suficient. Dar la asemenea dimensiuni, a ne imagina c structurile
sunt hiperrigide ar fi total nerealist. Structurile portante sufer n
mod inevitabil deformaii datorate factorilor de mediu, ceea ce
impune o urmrire continu a poziiei detectoarelor.
n plus, plecnd de la metrologia extern, executat n
diverse stadii ale montajului sau instalaiei, trebuie conceput o
metrologie intern care s permit cunoaterea geometriei
detectoarelor n timpul funcionrii.
Sunt necesare msurtori 3D, cu o incertitudine maxim
de 0.1 mm, n galerii cu seciuni de civa cm
2
i lungimi de la 3 m la
20 m. Schema general conduce la asocierea diverselor procedee
de marcare a punctelor, utilizarea senzorilor de poziie, a unor
component optice sau mecanice special concepute n acest scop.
n CMS sunt urmrite peste 1.000 de puncte. Fiecare
este materializat printr-o surs punctual de lumin, i triangulat cu
ajutorul camerelor CCD montate rigid pe un support din fibr de
carbon. 8 perechi de camere sunt repartizate pe o nlime de 3.5 m.

Figura 2. Poziia suportului i a componentelor
72 de supori sunt dispui dup 6 seciuni transversale
de cte 12, distanate la 3 m. Poziionarea spaial a fiecrui suport
n sistemul de referin folosit, este realizat cu ajutorul a dou
prisme montate rigid la cele dou extremiti.
Scopul l reprezint scindarea unui fascicol laser in 3,
dup direcii spaiale cunoscute (prin calibrare) n raport cu cea a
fasciculului incident. Fiecare prism este echivalentul unui echer cu
prism dubl. Fasciculele emergente ilumineaz fiecare un senzor
416
de poziie XY, a crui poziie este bine definit n grila metrologic.
Variaiile de poziie nregistrate pe cele dou axe de ctre senzor
sunt n fapt variaii unghiulare corespunztoare deplasrilor
suportului.
Cei 6 parametri (3 translaii si 3 rotaii) de poziie ai
acestuia sunt determinai n mod continuu printr-o retrointersecie
spaial a fiecrei prisme a senzorilor, fiind astfel nregistrate pentru
calcul 12 date.
Configuraia este n aa fel conceput nct fiecare punct
inspectat este triangulat prin intermediul cuplului de camere cel mai
apropiat (1 m) si observat de una din cele dou camere dispuse n
seciunea adiacent cea mai apropiat (3 m). Sunt disponibile astfel
6 date pentru calculul fiecrui punct, fiabilitatea sistemului general
este asigurat prin introducerea n calcule a tuturor datelor de la
calibrarea mecanic (distane cunoscute ntre mrcile de vizare,
calibrarea suporilor, etc.), camerele CCD avnd proprii parametrii
de calibrare electronic i geometric.

4. TRANSFERUL UNUI SISTEM DE REFERIN XYZ NTR-UN
MEDIU OSTIL PROIECTUL ESRF

ESRF (Grenoble) reprezint un proiect demarat n 1990
ca urmare a cooperrii a 12 state europene. Principiul funcionrii
sincrotronului se bazeaz pe faptul c atunci cnd electronii sunt
adui forat la o vitez apropiat de cea a luminii, pe o traiectorie
circular, sufer pierderi de energie, emind radiaii X pe directii
tangete la curb.

Figura 3. Funcionarea schematic a sincrotronului
417
Pentru a nelege necesitatea demersului, s vedem
componentele obiectivului:
4.1. Inelul de stocare: un tunel circular cu o circumferin de
aproximativ 1 km, nlime de 2.3 m i lime de 4.5 m. Pereii de
beton de 1 m grosime asigur o izolare perfect mpotriva radiaiilor.
Din aceleai considerente porile de acces sunt din plumb i nu pot fi
evident utilizate dect pe perioada opririi funcionrii (shutdown).
n interiorul tunelului sunt dispuse 96 de grinzi metalice
care susin camerele vidate, n care circul particulele elementare,
precum si componente electromagnetice, dipoli, cuadrupoli i
sextupoli n numr de 544. Acetia au ca scop controlul traiectoriei
particulelor conform principiului cruia un ion ncrcat electrostatic
este deviat de la traiectorie n prezena unui cmp electromagnetic.
n fapt, inelul de stocare reprezint o succesiune de 64
seciuni drepte si 64 seciuni curbe, descompuse n secvene care
se repet de 32 de ori, fiecare secvena reprezentnd o celul.

Figura 4. Celulele
O celul standard este constituit din 6 elemente
principale fiecare avnd un rol specific. n ordinea trecerii
fasciculului se deosebesc:
a) Insertion device un dispozitiv ondulator surs de radiaii X, de
fapt o serie de mici electromagnei ncrcai alternativ pozitiv,
respectiv negativ, care imprim fascicolului o traiectorie
sinusoidal. Astfel, la fiecare vrf al sinusoidei este emis un
fascicul tangenial la aliniament.
b) G10 grind pe care sunt monai, n prelungirea iD,
electromagneii care dirijeaz fasciculul pe o traiectorie rectilinie.
c) Dipol electromagnet prevzut cu o curbur care asigur
fasciculului o traiectorie curbilinie
d) G20 seciune dreapt ce permite emisia fasciculului pe direcia
liniilor de lumin, dup tranziia prin front end (camera vidat),
ce face legtura ntre inelul de stocare i cabina optic
418
e) Un alt dipol cu acelai rol ca primul
f) G30 acelai tip, caracteristici i funcii ca G10
Aadar, elementul absolut necesar funcionrii
sincrotronului o reprezint alinierea traiectoriei fascicolului. Acest
lucru trebuie s corespund unui caiet de sarcini dintre cele mai
severe.; o stabilitate de 5 m timpul a 12 h de funcionare. Poziia
fasciculului este urmarit pe monitoarele instalate n camera de
control a ESRF, acest aliniament att de precis fiind posibil graie
unor mici corectori magnetici solidari cu cvadrupolii. Problema este
c aceti corectori au o marj de funcionare limitat la 100 m.
Misiunea geodezilor reprezint n consecin aducerea fasciculului
n acest interval, poziionnd cat mai bine componentele.
4.2. Liniile de lumin: reprezint finalitatea procesului, deoarece
acolo se deruleaz experienele. Din cele 3 cabine care compun o
linie de lumin, cea mai important din punct de vedere geometric o
reprezint prim, cabina optic.
n acest scop, cabina este echipat cu obturatoare care
lasa sau nu s treac fasciculul, fante care l calibreaz,
atenuatoare care i limiteaz intensitatea, cristale monocromatice
care selecioneaz lungimea de und dorit, n timp ce celelalte sunt
absorbite. n fine, sisteme de oglinzi care orienteaz raza n direcia
dorit.
Iat de ce aceste instrumente necesit o poziionare
foarte precis n raport cu fasciculul. Alinierea acestor instrumente
ale cabinei optice, necesit prezena unor repere planimetrice i
altimetrice legate de poziia fasciculului si a inelului de stocare.

Figura 5. Utilizarea radiaiei synchrotron
4.3. Reeaua ESRFcurpinde urmtoarele componente:
- LINAC 3 pilatri
- BOOSTER 48 pilatri
- Reeaua inelului de stocare 64 pilatri
- Reeaua holului experimental 256 trepiezi fici
- Reeaua exterioar 13 pilatri
419
- Reeaua complementar 7 pilatri
- Reeaua cabinelor optice obiectul prezentei abordri

Figura 6. Reeaua ESRF
4.4. Particularitatea reelei altimetrice: HLS (Hydrostatic Leveling
System)
Prin intermediul unui lichid care circul n interiorul unui
tub se definete o suprafa de referin. Diferenele de altitudine
sunt determinate cu ajutorul senzorilor capacitivi solidari cu incintele
HLS, plasai n interiorul acestora i situai deasupra suprafeei
fluidului. Senzorii capacitivi, fr contact, pemit evitarea problemelor
legate de coroziune, depunerea prafului etc. Sistemul electronic de
achiziie a datelor permite pn la 100 masurtori/sec.

Figura 7. Incinta HLS
420
4.4.1 Utilizarea HLS pentru inelul de stocare
n interiorul tunelului, 288 de incinte sunt dispuse pe
grinzile ce susin electromagneii, cte 3 pe fiecare pentru a putea
determina eventuala modificare a poziiei planului fiecrei grinzi.
Grinzile cu o greutate de 6t fiecare sunt montate pe 3
cricuri acionate de servomotoare pas cu pas de nalt rezoluie (6
pai pentru 1 m). Acestea sunt conectate la sistemul informatic de
achiziionare a datelor, permind astfel poziionarea ansamblului
din camera de control prin servocomand.
4.4.2 Utilizarea HLS pentru liniile de lumin
n paralel, este montat un al doilea sistem, complet
independent fa de primul, fcnd legatura ntre liniile de lumin i
inelul de stocare. Prima incint, pe G20 al celulei surs, a doua pe
front end, a treia pe un trepied special conceput (trepied Karen)
situate n cabina optic. Incintele montate pe G20 sunt conectate
ntre ele printr-un sistem de umplere automat prin intermediul unei
reele formate din 60 vane servocomandate.

Figura 8. Reteaua HLS
4.5. Transferul planimetric
Se impune necesitatea unor repere planimetrice care au
ca obiectiv alinierea i realinierea echipamentelor cabinei optice.
Alegerea sistemului: axa origine este axa fasciculului
luminos. Originea este difinit n mod diferit conform celor dou
situaii posibile.
421
- Dac linia provine dintr-un ID (insertion device - linie ID), va fi
mijlocul seciunii drepte reprezentate de electromagneii ce
ncadreaz ID
- Dac linia provine dintr-un dipol (linie D), va fi punctul de plecare
al tangentei la dipol.
n concluzie, pentru o linie ID, orientarea ce trebuie
transmis va fi cea din coordonatele teoretice ale suporilor intrare i
ieire ale lui G10 al celulei considerate (fiecare electromagnet este
prevzut cu doi supori pentru instalarea sferelor Taylor & Hobson).
Pentru o linie D, orientarea ce trebuie transmis va fi a
suporilor lui G20 al celulei. Desenul de mai jos arat scopul utilizrii
coordonatelor teoretice i nu msurate ale orientrii (VO) de
transmis. n acest mod orientarea transmis va fi aceeai n toate
cazurile.
4.5.1 Materializarea reperelor
Datorit constrngerilor (ferestre de 40x40 cm ntre inelul
de stocare i cabina optic) singura posibilitate a reprezentat-o
conceperea unui sistem fixat ca n figura de mai jos, peste ferestrele
cabinei optice, sistem concomitent amovibil pentru a permite
deschiderea ferestrelor.
4.5.2 Aliniamentul Bracket: rezultat al colaborrii dintre ESRF i
grupul francez ALGE este compus din urmtoarele elemente:
- suport superior
- riglet ce culiseaz n acest scop
- ansamblu port-sfer care se fixeaz perfect n riglet

Figura 9. Aliniamentul Bracket
n practic, se poate deplasa rigleta, deci implicit
ansamblul port-sfer lateral prin intermediul unui urub micrometric
pn cnd sfera Taylor & Hobson va fi n aliniamentul determinat.
422
4.5.3 Exploatarea aliniamentului Bracket
Prima dat se fixeaz suporii n cabinele optice.
Operaia se efectueaz fr ndoial n perioada de prefuncionare a
sincrotronului.
Folosind sistemul prezentat mai sus se va deplasa
rigleta i sfera Taylor & Hobson solidar pn cnd va fi perfect
aliniat pe direcia dat de teodolit. nlocuid sfera Taylor & Hobson
cu o sfer prism de aceleai dimensiuni, poate fi masurat
distana.
Odat rigletele aliniate pe aliniamentul determinat, pot fi
exploatate cele dou puncte de referin obinute. Acest lucru poate
fi realizat cu ajutorul unui teodolit montat pe o ambaz cu deplasare
micrometric.
4.5.4 Alternative
Utilizarea senzorilor, STR 500 este un senzor de
deplasare care permite afiarea poziiei unui retroreflector prin
msurarea deplasrilor unui spot luminos pe un detector de poziie.
Principiul utilizat este cel care st la baza msurtorilor prin unde,
inovaia o reprezint faptul c nu se msoar distana ci decalajul
dintre traiectoria razei emergente i traiectoria razei reflectate.
Caracteristici: rezoluie 0.5 m, distan maxim 20m.
Sistemul WPS (Wire Positioning System) este un aparat
de msurare capacitiv a distanelor. Se bazeaz pe principiul
funcionrii condensatoarelor. Prin intermediul msurrii capacitii,
se determin distana dintre senzor i obiect (un fir de carbon). Este
similar unui sistem ecartometric fr contact. Acest sistem permite
msurarea deplasarilor relative a doua puncte situate ntr-un plan
orizontal. Aparatul poate fi atasat la pendulele directe sau inverse,
situate n interiorul sau n experiorul construciilor.
Prin urmare este suficient de a ntinde un fir ntre cele
dou capete ale aliniamentului Bracket. Senzorii WPS se fixeaz pe
suporii instrumentelor optice permind determinarea decalajului
radial fa de aliniamentul teroretic.
Aceste tip de msuratori sunt efectuate pentru
msurarea deplasrii structurii construciilor masive, n raport cu
fundaia acestora, pe timpul construciei lor sau pentru
supravegherea pe termen ndelungat, cum ar fi: baraje, viaducte,
centrale nucleare, puuri, turnuri etc.

423
4.6. Transferul altimetric
4.6.1 Expunerea problemei
Cerine: necesitatea de a instala la cotele proiectate
instrumentele fizicienilor.
Alegerea sistemului: sistem local, cota teoretic a
fasciculului n sistem main
Precizia necesar: camerele vidate prin care circul
particulele fiind de form cilindric, este evident c, cota Z a
fasciculului este la fel de important ca i ecartul radial. Aadar este
necesar aceeai precizie: 0.5 mm.
Constrngeri: analoge celor impuse de transferul
planimetric (prezena pentru un timp foarte scurt n inelul de stocare,
mediu radioactiv, perei ce separ inelul de stocare de liniile de
lumin, etc.).
4.6.2 Expunerea metodei
Metoda presupune calculul constantei ce corespunde
diferenei de nivel dintre suporii electromagneilor inelului de
stocare i sistemului HLS al liniilor de lumin.

Figura 10. Schematizarea problemei
Etape:
- Calculul diferenei de nivel dintre suporii E i S ai magneilor i
media cotelor celor 320 de electromagnei, care va constitui cota
de referin.
(1)

424
- Calculul diferenei dintre criteriile HLS pentru 1,2,3 i media
citirilor celor 288 de incinte HLS ale circuitului inelului de stocare.
(2)

- Calculul se repet la momentul t
2
.

(3)

- Se calculeaz variaia de altitudine care a intervenit la nivelul
fiecruia dintre senzorii HLS la momentele t
1
, respectiv t
2
.

(4)

- Se calculeaz variaia de altitudine a punctelor E i S la
momentele t
1
, respectiv t
2
. Pentru asta este suficient s se
determine micarea proieciei lor ortogonale din planul definit de
HLS 1,2,3.

- Ecuaia unui plan care trece prin 3 puncte dat de:
(5)

- Ecuaia general a planului:
(6)
- Se identific coeficienii i se calculeaz. Cu ajutorul acestora se
determin Z
E
, Z
s
.
- Devine acum posibil calculul d(dhE), d(dhS) adic variaia cotelor
E i S la momentul t
2
n raport media suporilor la momentul t
1
.
(7)

- Va fi detrminat diferena de nivel E i S i HLS 4 la un moment
t
3
(citirile l
4
, l
5
)
(8)
- n final, se detrmin altitudinea senzorului HLS al cabinei optice
relativ la media celor 320 de supori ai inelului de stocare.
425
(9)
unde:
H320 cota medie a suporilor inelului
d
i
diferena de nivel dintre supori si HLS4
d(dh4) diferena de cot a lui HLS4 la t
1
i t
2

dh(4-5) diferena de cot dintre HLS4 i HLS5 (cabin
optic) la t
3
.

5. METROLOGIA MARILOR ACCELERATOARE LINIARE
PROIECTUL CLIC

Aducerea particulelor elementare la nivel de energie
foarte nalt reprezint un demers extrem de dificil. n cazul
acceleratoarelor circulare, energia maxim obinut e de ordinul
ctorva sute de GeV. Acest lucru se datoreaz piederilor de energie
datorate curburii traiectoriei. Fenomenul e invers proporional cu
raza de curbur i proporional cu cantitatea de energie la puterea a
4-a.
Pentru a obine coliziuni electroni-pozitroni la energii si
mai mari s-a realizat Proiectul CERN Compact Linear Collider CLIC
2 acceleratoare liniare de 15 km fiecare. Acestea trebuie s
accelereze i s conduc la coliziunea frontal a fluxurilor electroni-
pozitroni obinnd o energie de 2 TeV.
Ansamblul celor dou acceleratoare cuprinde 100.000
de celule de 340 mm i 35 mm diametru. Precizia transversal a
fasciculului trebuie sa fie de 5m.
Iat de ce precizia de poziionare impus crete atingand
ordinul ctorva micron. n consecin sistemul de msurare impus
crearea 3 tipuri de reele interconectate:
- Reeaua geodezic (precizie 1 mm) garanteaz poziia absolut
ansamblului
- Reeaua topografice (precizie 0.1 mm) asigur poziie relativ pe
distane de ordinal sutelor de m
- Reeaua de metrologie (precizie 0.001)

426
6. CONCLUZII
Metrologia marilor acceleratoare de particule, indiferent de tip
(circulare, liniare etc.) necesare studiului particulelor elementare,
fenomen esenial n evoluia i progresul celor mai multe domenii,
impune exigene deosebite care conduc la integrarea a numeroase
mijloace tehnice i informaionale, mai mult sau mai puin
convenionale, care s furnizeze beneficiarului elementele necesare
realizrii i exploatrii acestor obiective.
n studiul unei problematici de o asemenea complexitate,
prezentul articol puncteaz cteva repere utile unor viitoare
dezvoltri.
427
PROCEEDINGS FOR INDUSTRIAL ALIGNMENTS
Conf. dr. ing. Marcel Costel Brisan, Facultatea de Geodezie,
Abstract: The article contains a summary of the latest
methods used in the alignment of industrial equipment.
The purpose is to create a model in which the
observations obtained by the means of sensors, can be
correlated and used in a consistent manner.
Specific applications are presented based on the use of
laser systems (laser systems, motorized theodolites, CCD
cameras, inertial sensors).
The last part presents a practical example of creating a
dynamic alignment.
Keywords: alignment, rotating machinery, laser systems,
inertial sensors
1. INTRODUCERE
n ceea ce privete definirea aliniamentelor mainilor
rotative, este necesar determinarea a doi parametri eseniali:
unghiul de abatere de la aliniament i deplasarea n funcie de o
direcie spaial dat. Aceast direcie se poate regsi n cerinele
constructive (aliniament absolut) sau poate fi dat n funcie de o
anumit ax (aliniament rotativ). Toate metodele de realizare a
aliniamentelor determin implicit sau explicit numai unul sau ambii
parametri. Dac este determinat numai unghiul de abatere de la
aliniament discutm despre o problem de paralelism. Dac sunt
determinate ambele, att unghiul de abatere ct i deplasarea este
vorba despre o problem de coliniaritate.
Metodele de realizare a aliniamentelor difer n funcie de
numrul de msurtori folosite pentru determinarea unghiului de
abatere de la aliniament i a deplasrii. Prin urmare, pot fi
reprezentate de modele abstracte care fac legtura dintre parametrii
aliniamentelor i msurtorile propriu-zise. Aceste transformri
exprim tipul de contact fizic dintre aparatul de msurat i main,
viteza de realizare a alinierii, gradul de automatizare, capacitile de
monitorizare a dependenei de timp precum i cerinele referitoare la
starea de funcionare a mainilor n timpul efecturii msurtorilor. n
428
conformitate cu aceste caracteristici metodele de realizare a
alinimentelor, se difereniaz astfel:
- Metode relative vs metode absolute
- Metoda cu contact vs metode non contact
- Metode manuale vs metode automate
- Metode statice vs metode dinamice
Diferenta dintre metodele absolute i cele relative a fost
dj explicat. Diferena dintre metodele cu contact i cele non
contact, depinde de gradul de acces fizic la componente n timpul
procesului tehnologic. Metodele rim-and-face sunt metode de
contact tipice, n timp metodele care utilizeaz teodolite sau camere
digitale sunt metode tipice non contact. Avantajul major al metodelor
non contact const n posibilitatea aplicrii acestora n timpul
funcionrii mainii (aliniament dynamic).
Toate metodele cu contact impun oprirea mainii astfel
nct utilizarea acestora se limiteaz la aliniamentele statice.
Metodele complet automatizate nu necesit prezena observatorului
uman ci capabilitatea de a identifica automat inta i o secven de
observare automat.
Avantajele majore sunt viteza si consistena modului de
operare. Diferena dintre metodele statice si cele dinamice se refera
la modelul utilizat, nu la procesul de msurare. Metodele statice
presupun ca aliniamentul s nu se modifice n timp, pe cand
metodele dinamice permit asemenea schimbri precum i schimbri
ale sistemului de referin utilizat n timpul msurtorilor (de exemplu
schimbarea bazei, a azimutului etc.). n general o metod de aliniere
dinamic poate lua n calcul dependena de timp i de obicei
reprezint o modelare mai bun a proceselor fizice. Combinnd ins
capabilitatea de aliniere dinamic cu un tip de modelare dinamic se
pot monitoriza n timp modificrile aliniamentului, iar abaterile critice
devin predictibile, crescnd astfel fiabilitatea i micornd
corespunztor perioada cnd aliniamentul nu este funcional.
Dezvoltarea metodelor de realizare a aliniamentelor
mainilor rotative s-a realizat de la stnga la dreapta in comparaia
de mai sus. Astfel, s-a plecat de la metode statice, relativ tipice care
folosesc procedee cu contact manual, dezvoltarea tinznd ctre
proceduri relative sau absolute dinamice, automate, non contact.
Pentru a susine principiile subliniate, cteva din cele mai des
utilizate procedee vor fi dezvoltate, pe scurt, n cele ce urmeaz.
429
2. METODE DE REALIZARE A ALINIAMENTELOR
2.1. Metoda rim-and-face
n cadrul acestei metode, se alege ca referin axul unei
maini, iar deplasarea relativ i unghiul de abatere de la aliniament
sunt msurate direct prin contact fizic dintre componentele mainii i
dispozitivul de msurare. Se presupune c alinierea relativ a axelor
este stabil n timpul prcesului de msurare. Aadar, aceasta
reprezint o metod static cu contact, manual, relativ.
Figura 1 sugereaz esena metodei. Metoda are dou
etape: msurarea vectorului de deplasare h i msurarea unghiului
de nealiniere.

Figura 1. Metoda rim-and-face
n prima etap, axul unei maini se alege ca referin, iar
citirile L se realizeaz prin rotirea ansamblului b, n punctele 1 i 2.
Componenta vertical a vectorului de deplasare constituie metoda
aritmetic a diferenei celor dou citiri. n mod asemntor,
componenta orizontal poate fi msurat folosind dou puncte pe
direcie orizontal, n acelai plan de msurare perpendicular pe axa
a.
Unghiul de abatere la aliniament poate fi dedus fie din
citirile radiale ntr-un plan de msurare diferit (metoda indicatorului
430
inversat) fie din citirile axiale, ca n figura 1b. Aici, din nou se impun
citiri pe direcii perpendiculare, una fa de cealalt. Deci, unghiul de
abatere de la aliniament este dat de componentele sale orizontale i
verticale.
Componenta vertical a lui poate fi calulat cu relaia:
(1)
Iar componenta orizontal
h
este dedus n mod similar utiliznd
citirile pe direcia orizontal.
Dup ce s-au determinat deplasarea relativ i unghiul
de abatere de la aliniament se poate face o extrapolare n scopul
amplasrii mainii n aliniamentul corect.
Avantajul acestei metode l reprezint simplitatea
practic si teoretic, dar din pcate utilizarea sa se limiteaz la
aliniamentul static. O sursa tipic de erori o constituie posibilitatea
nlocuirii dar efectul acesteia poate fi msurat i luat n calcul ca i
corecie.
2.2. Metoda laser-optic
n sistemele de msurare laser (de exemplu, optalign) o
combinaie surs laser unitate cu senzori pe axul de referin,
vectorul deplasrii relative i unghiul de abatere de la aliniament se
calculeaz din poziia razei laser, reflectate de unitatea prism
ataat celuilalt trunchi. Acest lucru reprezint omologul optic al
metodei rim-and-faceo metod relativ, cu contact manual i
static prin definiie.

Figura 2. Metoda laser

Fig. 2 Ilustreaz modul de utilizare a sistemului n scopul
determinrii componentei verticale a vectorului de deplasare.
431
Unitile re rotesc din poziia 1 n poziia 2 cu 180
0
. Punctul laser se
deplaseaz pe marc perpendicular pe trunchiul de referin astfel
nct linia descris de micare i axa trunchiului s se afle n acelai
plan (direcia de detectare a deplasrii). Schimbarea poziiei spotului
laser este msurat electronic, iar componenta deplasrii este
calculat.
Cnd unitile se rotesc din poziia 3 n poziia 4 n
direcie orizontal, punctul laser se mic perpendicular pe direcia
anterioar pe senzorul laser (direcia de detectare a unghiului de
abatere aliniament), iar componenta vertical a unghiului de este
calculat independent de vectorul de deplasare.
Msurnd schimbarea poziiei spotului de laser n
direcia de detectare a deplasrii dintre poziiile 3 i 4, se poate
calcula componenta orizontal a vectorului de deplasare.
Schimbarea de-a lungul direciei de detectare a unghiului dintre
poziiile 1 i 2 permite determinarea componentei orizontale a
unghiului de abatere de la aliniament.
Avatajele acestei metode, n comparaie cu procedeul
rim-and-face sunt precizia, precizia mai ridicat, fiabilitatea i viteza
datorate lecturii electronice. Nu prezint niciun risc de ncovoiere i
poate fi utilizat pentru distane de msurare mai mari.

Figura 3. Exemplu practic; prezentarea rezultatelor
432
2.3. Metoda bazat pe folosirea teodolitelor
Aceast metod permite determinarea parametrilor de
aliniere (deplasarea i unghiul de abatere de la aliniament) prin
intermediul direciilor unghiulare msurate cu ajutorul teodolitelor. n
primul rnd, poziiile tridimensionale ale intelor amplasate pe prile
componente ale mainii (trunchi, cuplaje) sunt calculate prin
intermediul acestor msurtori. Folosind geometria configuraiei, se
calculeaz poziia i direcia axelor mainii, care vor permite ulterior
determinarea parametrilor de aliniere. n consecin, aceast metod
poate fi utilizat att n mod relativ ct i n mod absolut. Este de tip
non-contact, manual i dinamic, putnd aadar fi folosit n cazul
aliniamentelor dinamice.

Figura 4. Metoda teodolit
Calculul efectuat pe baza msurtorilor efectuate cu teodolitul.
Dac dou teodolite amplasate la capetele unei baze cunoscute i
stabile vizeaz acelai punct, intersecia n plan orizontal determin
n mod unic coordonatele acestui punct, plecnd de la coordonatele
punctelor de staie. Mai departe, dac se msoar cel puin un unghi
vertical, poate fi obint diferena de nlime dintre teodolit i inta de
vizare. Astfel, pot fi obinute coordonatele x, y i z ale punctului de
pe main ntr-un sistem de referin local.
Cnd spotul laser intete spre diferite puncte ale mainii,
n locul mrcii de vizare adezive convenionale, alinierea poate fi
obinut chiar n timpul funcionrii mainii (aliniament dinamic).
Determinarea spaial a axelor trunchiului i calculul
alinierii relative. Orice punct de pe exteriorul unui trunchi rotativ sau
de pe un cuplaj trebuie s descrie un cerc, dac ne asumm
neglijarea efectelor vibraiilor sau eventualele ncovoieri. Axa fiecrui
trunchi reprezentate de vectorii a i b (vezi fig. 4) va fi
433
perpendicular pe planul determinat de acest cerc, n centrul
cercului. Folosind aceti vectori i vectorul care i conecteaz, pot fi
determinate deplasarea i unghiul de abatere de la aliniament.

Figura 5
Principalul avantaj al acestei metode l reprezint faptul
c poate fi utilizat n timpul funcionrii mainii. Pe de alt parte,
impune cerine deosebite referitoare la instrumentaie i modul de
calcul. Aadar, dei echipamentul este mai scump dect cel folosit n
metoda rim-and-face, prezint avantajul posibilitii obinerii att a
aliniamentelor statice ct i dinamice. Procedeul este semi-automat
dac se folosesc teodolite electronice. Se poate utiliza pentru
aliniament paralel sau colinear, n mediu static sau dinamic. Mediul
dinamic presupune schimbarea parametrilor aliniamentului n timpul
sesiunii de msurtori i schimbare a bazei de msurare. Efectele
acestor modificri pot fi luate n calcul n modelul matematic folosit
pentru procesarea datelor.
2.4. Metoda bazat pe utilizarea videoteodolitelor
Camerele CCD ncorporate i procsorul de imagine fac
posibil detectarea automat a intei.

Figura 6. Metoda bazat pe utilizarea
434
Sistemul poate fi utilizat att pentru alinieri relative ct i
absolute, metoda fiind non-contact, automat, dinamic, automat.
2.5. Metoda imagisticii digitale stereo
Conceptual, metoda este similar metodei ce utilizeaz
teodolite, n ceea ce privete determinarea parametrilor
aliniamentului. Pe de alt parte, elimin msurtorile convenionale,
transformnd problema ntr-un proces de procesare a imaginilor
preluate.

Figura 7. Metoda digitala
n mod normal este necesar ca toate punctele s fie
simultan disponibile, (multiple target layout), condiie ne-necesar n
cazul teodolitelor. Procedura permite cel mai ridicat nivel de
automatizare dintre cele expuse n prezenta lucrare. Este o metod
non-contact, dinamic pentru alinieri relative sau absolute.
2.6. Metode ineriale
Aceast metod const n dou pri diferite conceptual.
n prima parte, orientarea fiecrei axe se determin fa de propria
linie de referin (reprezentat de o raz laser) prin msurtori offset.
Conform clasificrii fcute la nceput, aceast parte este relativ, de
contact, manual i static. n a doua parte, orientarea diferitelor linii
de referin se calculeaz folosind msurtorile IMU de atitudine, n
sens relativ una faa de cealalt sau absolut (azimut geodezic).
Aceast parte poate fi deci, relativ sau absolut, non-contact,
semiautomat (necesit prezena operatorului) i dinamic.
Comparaia sugereaz clar faptul c prima parte impune
restricionarea metodei numai pentru aplicaii statice, manuale, cu
contact, relative sau absolute.
435
Ansamblul IMU-laser creaz o linie de referin pentru
fiecare ax. Pentru linia de referin i, azimutul este dat de
citirea i o constant adiional, necunoscut .
(2)
Se msoar i n dou puncte ale cilindrului i
distana dintre puncte. Azimutul axei este dat de relaia:
(3)
Unghiul de aliniere relativ dintre axe dat de diferena de
azimut corespunztoare:
(4)
i constanta adiional se anuleaz.

Figura 8
Metoda este rapid, mai ales cnd se utilizeaz inte
laser pentru msurtori offset. Un dezavantaj l constituie
instabilitatea i drift-ul azimutului IMU, care ns poate fi redus prin
implementarea unei proceduri topografice adecvate i a unui model
matematic dinamic.
Determinarea azimutului cu ajutorul giroteodolitelor poate
fi o alternativ mai puin costisitoare dar consumatoare de timp
suplimentar.
3. MODELE DE REALIZARE A ALINIAMENTELOR
n pofida marii varieti de metode, caracteristica lor
comun o reprezint faptul c toate determin parametrii de aliniere:
deplasarea i unghiul de abatere de la aliniament. Iat de ce, se
poate folosi acelai model de baz.
Pentru rezolvarea problemelor legate de realizarea
aliniamentelor, trebuie separate cele dou aspecte: paralelismul i
436
coliniaritatea. n primul caz, obiectivul const n asigurarea aceleiai
direcii spaiale pentru cele dou axe, n cel de-al doilea, trebuie ca
cele dou axe s fie concurente i implicit paralele. Abaterile de la
prima condiie sunt date de unghiul de deviere de la aliniament iar de
la cea de-a doua, de obicei de o combinaie a deplasrii i unghiului
de nealiniere.
3.1. Determinarea unghiului de nealiniere
Paralelismul este definit printr-o relaie vectorial simpl:
(5)
unde i sunt vectorii care trebuie
aliniai , iar c este o constant. Dac , cei doi
vectori au direcii diferite; pentru , au aceeai direcie.
Vectorul de aliniere este dat de produsul vectorial:
(6)
unde n cazul aliniamentelor paralele.
Valoarea absolut poate fi exprimat n funcie de unghiul de aliniere
.
(7)
n timp ce direcia lui d axa n jurul creia putem
roti b pentru a o face paralel cu a. Astfel, m poate fi considerat
ca o definiie extins a unghiului de aliniere n spaiul tridimensional.
Acesta furnizeaz aadar nu numai mrimea unghiului ci i direcia
acestuia: direcia normal a planului n care acest unghi este
msurat.
Mrimea lui m poate fi scris astfel:
(8)
Pentru unghiuri mici , relaia (8) furnizeaz unghiul
de aliniere direct din msurtori.
Ar trebui specificat c ecuaiile de mai sus specific doar
direcia. Nu menioneaz dac cele dou aliniamente sunt coliniare
sau nu.
De fapt, ecuaiiale de la (5) la (8) specific orientarea celor
dou trunchiuri care urmeaz s fie coliniare, dar deviaz uor de la
poziia ideal. Este exact situaia a dou trunchiuri care sunt cuplate
437
n scopul punerii n funciune a unor subansamble de genul
ventilatoarelor, pompelor compresoare etc.
3.2. Determinarea deplasrii
Pe lng parallelism, o alt msurtoare trebuie
introdus n scopul definirii coliniaritii: deplasarea. Din aceast
cauz, vom lua n calcul dou drepte n spaiu care reprezint cele
dou axe ale trunchiurilor. Direcia acestora este dat de vectorii a,
respectiv b.
n continuare, s considerm segmentul h
perpendicular pe a n A i intersectndu-l pe b n B. Un
asemenea segment exist deoarece, n practic, a i b nu sunt
niciodat octogonali. Pentru simplificare s considerm a i h n
acelai plan p. Vectorul b se afl n planul q care nu coincide
neaprat cu p. Vectorul deplasrii h este dat de:
(9)
unde s este un vector definit de un punct arbitrar e de pe a
i punctual B. S notm c h depinde de alegerea punctului A.
Se consider o linie f care conine punctul B i este
paralel cu a. Unghiul dintre f i a este unghiul de aliniament ,
ale crui componentele n planurile q i r, perpendicular pe q,
sunt p i r.

Figura 9
Astfel, procedeul de aliniere n cazul coliniaritii, poate fi
rezumat la rotaie a lui b cu n jurul lui B, reducnd apoi la zero.
Pe de alt parte, calculnd i h = I h I se poate caracteriza
calitatea unei stri de aliniere. Dac m=0 i h=0, trunchiurile sunt
perfect colineare.
Colinearitatea perfect nu este ntotdeauna impus
aprioric. Condiiile alinierii se modific n general dup nclzirea
438
subansamblelor. Iat de ce este de dorit ca s fie aplicat o corecie,
atsfel nct valorile s se obine o bun aliniere n timpul funcionrii.
Astfel variaiile iniiale h
0
i m
0
se determin apriori.
4. MODELE DINAMICE
Aliniament care depinde de timp. Parametrii
aliniamentului pot fi calculai la momentul iniial, sau la moment
diferite, rezultnd astfel serii de forma:

necesitnd modele matematice adiionale. n acest caz, rezultatele
alinierii sunt monitorizate, pentru a fi urmrite schimbrile n timp ale
orientrii n scopul obinerii predictibilitii.
ntr-un mediu dinamic, cu schimbri rapide, metoda
imagisticii stereo digitale prezint cea mai bun posibilitate de
monitorizare. Aa cum se tie, este o metod complet electronic,
deci foarte rapid; timpul de calcul al unui set de parametrii, la un
anumit moment, nu depete cteva secunde. Metoda bazat pe
utilizarea teodolitelor permite detectarea unor eventuale modificri,
la intervale mai mari, datorit vitezei limitate.
Sisteme de referin dependente de timp. Cealalt
categorie de modele dinamice, cu schimbri ale sistemului de
referin al sistemului de msurare, de exemplu, schimbarea bazei
n metoda bazat pe folosirea teodolitelor sau a driftului azimutului n
metoda inerial.
Dac o asemenea schimbare nu este gestionat
corespunztor, poate fi interpretat n mod greit ca o schimbare de
alinierii. De obicei, modelele dinamice prelucreaz statistic
rezultatele msurtorilor, n scopul identificrii eventualelor
modificri ale sistemului de referin. Apoi, modficarea va fi luat n
calcul n vederea obinerii parametrilor de aliniere coreci.
5. MODELE SPECIFICE
Transformrile abstracte menionate n introducere, care
fac legtura dintre msurtori i parametrii de aliniere difer n
general de la metod la metod. Sunt reprezentri matematice care
stau la baza determinrii parametrilor n metoda bazat pe utilizarea
teodolitelor sau n metoda digital. Forme simplificate pot fi n
439
metoda rim-and-face sau laser-optic, sau forme modificate
derivate din condiiile geometrice specifice ca n metoda inerial.
Un exemplu practic de obinere a unui aliniament
dinamic: alinierea cuptoarelor rotative
Presupune utilizarea a dou teodolite motorizate

Figura 10
Aliniamentul este compus din n segmente, fiecare
putnd fi descris printr-un vector b
i
perpendicular pe planul cercului
cu centrul n Ti. Problema const n aducerea acestora pe linia de
referin ce unete punctele P
1
i P
2
. Vectorii s
i
pornesc din P
1
i se
ndreapt spre punctele centrale ale segmentelor, similar definiiei
din figura 8. n primul rnd, sunt calculate coordonatele centrelor,
dup care deplasrile h
i
fa de linia de referin.

Figura 11
Procedura poate fi complet automatizat prin utilizarea
sistemelor robotizate.
6. CONCLUZII
Analizarea unor metode utilizate n prezent n mod curent
n domeniul alinierii mainilor rotative a demonstrat c acestea pot fi
descrise prin intermediul calculului vectorial tridimensional. Diversele
abordri privitoare la efectuarea msurtorilor folosite n
440
determinarea celor doi parametri eseniali, duc la varietatea
procedeelor practice de realiza. Soluionarea optim a unei
probleme, impune selectarea tipului: cu contact direct sau non
contact, manual sau automat, static sau dinamic n funcie de
condiiile specifice i evident de eficiena economic.
441
INVENTARIEREA PRIN SCANARE LASER TERESTR A
RESURSELOR PETERILOR DIN PARCUL NAIONAL
APUSENI
ef lucr. dr. ing. Aurelian Stelian Buda, Facultatea de Arhitectur i
Construcii, Universitatea din Oradea
ef lucr. dr. ing. tefan Suba, Facultatea de Arhitectur i
asist. univ. dr. ing. Andreea Florina Jocea, Facultatea de Geodezie,
prep. univ. drd. ing. Sorin Nistor, Facultatea de Arhitectur i
prep. univ. drd. ing. Norbert Szabolcs Suba, Facultatea de
Arhitectur i Construcii, Universitatea din Oradea
ecolog. drd. Alin Marius Mo, director Parcul Naional Apuseni
Abstract: Domeniul speologic are o importan deosebit
n tranziia i dezvoltarea turismului i economiei
romneti, precum i n procesul de aliniere la standardele
rilor vecine i ale Uniunii Europene.
Prin lucrarea de fa se dorete s se prezinte
posibilitatea inventarierii peterilor din Parcul Naional
Apuseni prin intermediul scanrii laser terestre, tehnic
aflat n plin expansiune, tot mai utilizat n detrimentul
tehnologiei clasice (rulete, busole, compasuri, teodolite,
nivele).
Cuvinte cheie: scanare laser terestr, peter
1. INTRODUCERE
n vederea realizrii inventarierii unor structuri existente,
cunoaterea geometriei obiectului este de cea mai mare importan.
n prezent la baza inventarierii st documentarea complex care
are, de regul, loc ntr-un GIS, reprezentarea spaial a obiectului
bazndu-se pe un numr limitat de forme elementare de modelare,
cum ar fi linii, poligoane i corpuri. Prin ele sunt reprezentate muchii,
coluri, plane i elemente de volum ale obiectului real. n funcie de
scopul urmrit, modelul rezultat trebuie s corespund n limita unei
anumite precizii cu obiectul real.
442
Scanarea laser terestr este o tehnic geodezic, prin
intermediul creia poate fi msurat complet automat geometria
unei structuri, fr ajutorul unui mediu reflectorizant, cu nalt
precizie i cu vitez ridicat. Rezultatul msurtorilor este
reprezentat de o mulime de puncte, numit n literatura de
specialitate nor de puncte.
Pe plan internaional, monitorizarea cavitilor subterane
prin intermediul scanrii laser terestre se afl n plin expansiune,
fiind tot mai utilizat n detrimentul tehnicilor clasice (rulete, busole,
compasuri, teodolite, nivele). n activitatea de monitorizare i control
a demarat aciunea de implementare de sisteme de identificare i
monitorizare prin tehnici moderne (staii totale, sisteme GPS,
sisteme de scanare laser terestr), n Romnia aceste activiti
lovindu-se de lipsa documentaiei i hrilor compatibile.
2. CONTEXT
Domeniul speologic are o importan deosebit n
tranziia i dezvoltarea turismului i economiei romneti, precum i
n procesul de aliniere la standardele rilor vecine i ale Uniunii
Europene.
n general cartarea cavitilor subterane este singurul
document obiectiv, care conine informaii foarte precise, rmas
dup explorare, la care se poate apela n caz de necesitate (studii
tiinifice, fotografie subteran, vizitare etc.).
ns, pentru a putea fi utilizabil orice cartare trebuie
bine realizat. Aplicaia urmrete dezvoltarea bazei necesare
elaborrii unui sistem de monitorizare i control (hart digital) prin
intermediul cruia exploratorul poate determina zonele n care
cavitatea este afectat de intemperii, eventualele locuri distruse sau
afectate de trecerea vizitatorilor, zonele n care s-ar putea efectua
prospeciuni, i nu n ultimul rnd pentru orientarea n petera
respectiv la turele viitoare.
Cercetarea pornete de la necesitatea dezvoltrii unei
baze de date specifice managementului conservrii naturii i a
culturii locale (inclusiv arhitectura local), respectiv de la necesitatea
dezvoltrii de aplicaii privind inventarierea resurselor endocarstului.
Avnd n vedere contextul, n luna martie a anului curent,
o echip de cercetare alctuit din cadre didactice de la
Universitatea din Oradea, Facultatea de Arhitectur i Construcii,
443
respectiv de la Universitatea Tehnic de Construcii Bucureti,
Facultatea de Geodezie, cercettori care i desfoar activitatea
n cadrul Parcului Natural Apuseni i reprezentanii firmei Trimble a
demarat un studiu pilot privind Petera Urilor.
3. DESCRIEREA LOCAIEI
Petera Urilor se afl n partea de vest a Romniei,
partea central-nord-vestic a Munilor Apuseni, mai exact la
marginea satului Chicu, comuna Pietroasa, judeul Bihor, fiind
parte integrant din Parcul Naional Apuseni.

Figura 1. Localizarea Peterei Urilor [romanianmonasteries.org]
Petera a fost descoperit la 17 septembrie 1975
accidental, cnd n urma unei dinamitri n cariera de marmur de la
Chicu, s-a format o sprtur, prin care a intrat pentru prima dat
om n peter.
Sprtura a fost imediat nchis, iar dup explorare o
parte a peterii a fost amenajat i electrificat. Are o lungime de
1.5 km, din care 521 m au fost declarai rezervaie tiinific. Nivelul
superior n lungime de 488 m a fost deschis circulaiei turistice,
acolo putnd fi admirate formaiuni carstice, care au fcut petera
cunoscut n toat lumea.
Aici sunt 3 galerii: cea a Urilor, Galeria Emil Racovi i
Galeria Lumnrilor, i 4 sli: Sala Lumnrilor, Sala Spaghetelor,
Sala Emil Racovi i Sala Oaselor.

444

Figura 2. Petera Urilor [ro.wikipedia.org]
4. ACHIZIIA I PRELUCRAREA DATELOR
4.1 Specificaii tehnice
Pentru efectuarea msurtorilor la obiectivul propus s-a
utilizat un sistem de scanare laser terestr de clas geodezic, care
face parte din ultimele generaii de sisteme ale firmei Trimble:
Trimble FX.
Performanele acestui sistem de msurare reprezint o
garanie pentru astfel de categorii de lucrri:
- Domeniul de msurare: 80 m;
- Cmpul de vedere: 270
o
x360
o
(scaner panoramic);
- Frecvena de msurare: 216000 puncte/secund;
- Precizia poziiei punctului determinat: 2.4 mm/50m;
- Modul de scanare: procedeul fazic;
- Lungimea de und: 685 nm (laser rou);
- Tipul laserului: unde continue;
- Puterea laserului: 15 mW;
- Clasa laserului: 3R

Figura 3. Scanerul Trimble FX
4.2 Descrierea operaiilor
Tehnica scanrii laser terestre, a fost aleas ca de
metod de achiziie a datelor datorit faptului c este o tehnic non -
445
distructiv, care permite generarea unei documentaii
tridimensionale i care include posibiliti de vizualizare i msurare.
Datele scanate pot fi legate la sistemul de referin i pot
fi utilizate pentru reconstrucii virtuale i analiz n cadrul unui sistem
geografic informaional (GIS). Prin intermediul GIS se pot genera
hri topografice detaliate, se pot efectua analize i corelaii spaiale.
Datele colectate precum i informaiile legate de locaie cum ar fi
coordonatele punctelor de staie i a intelor de vizare pot fi
introduse n GIS i incluse n analiza curent sau pot fi corelate cu
baza de date spaial n vederea actualizrii informaiei.
Scanarea a fost metoda ideal pentru preluarea datelor
datorit faptului c unda laser poate fi utilizat n toate mediile,
funcionnd foarte bine n mediul ntunecat.
Etapele de lucru au constat n:
a) Recunoaterea terenului care include i suportul
logistic transportul scanerului, instalarea i realizarea schielor de
descriere a punctelor de staie i a intelor de vizare.
b) S-a selectat aria supus scanrii. Aceasta a fost
aleas n Galeria Lumnrilor.

Figura 4. Galeria Lumnrilor
c) Legarea la sistemul naional de referin prin
realizarea unei ridicri topografice cu ajutorul tehnicilor
convenionale (staii totale i echipament GPS).
d) Stabilirea poziiei intelor de vizare, n vederea
realizrii procesului de registraie, n aa fel nct s existe acoperire
446
suficient ntre staiile de scanare adiacente. n cadrul acestei
scanri au fost utilizate 10 inte, n fiecare staie de scanare fiind
vizibile minimum trei.

Figura 5. inte de vizare sferice
e) Post procesarea datelor rezultate. n cadrul acestei
etape s-a realizat o reducere a setului de date n aa fel nct acesta
s includ doar aria de interes. n timpul procesului de post
procesare s-a realizat, de asemenea, i o analiz de control a
calitii datelor cu privire la acurateea i precizia datelor
nregistrate. Filtrarea datelor a fost fcut cu ajutorul programelor
oferite de firma Trimble.

Figura 6. Setul de date filtrat
447
f) Realizarea unei documentaii fotografice a cavitii
subterane care a contribuit la asigurarea unei caliti ridicate la
interpretarea datelor rezultate n urma scanrii i respectiv, la
utilizarea fotografiilor pentru textur.

Figura 7. Rezultatul final model 3D cu textur a Galeriei Lumnrilor
5. CONCLUZII
Odat cu trecerea timpului dezvoltarea tehnologic a
facilitat apariia pe pia att a sistemelor i echipamentelor, ct i a
softurilor foarte performante pentru generarea modelelor
tridimensionale.
Cerinele beneficiarilor nu sunt legate doar de precizie i
acuratee, impactul major fiind generat de modul de vizualizare a
datelor. De aceea un pas important l reprezint textura sau mai
bine zis fotografiile care se realizeaz cu aparate profesioniste care
urmeaz s fie mulate pe modelul scanat.
Aceast lucrare i propune s gseasc o nou utilitate
a scanrii laser. Avantajele folosirii acestei tehnologii reies din
multitudinea de obiecte din care s-a generat modelul tridimensional,
model care reflect realitatea pn la nivel de milimetru. Crearea
unui model tridimensional precis poate sta la baza inventarierii ct i
la urmrirea gradului de degradare a diferitelor forme de relief din
interiorul peterii.
n urma acestei scanrii s-a putut realiza o inventariere a
obiectelor existente n Galeria Lumnrilor.
448
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. C. Coarc - Sisteme de msurare n industrie, editura CONSPRESS, 2009
2. A. Jocea - Tehnologii de culegere, prelucrare i reprezentare a datelor, Note de
curs, 2010
3. D. McIntire Mushpot Cave, American Surveyor, vol. 7, nr. 9
4. www.speologie.ro
5. www.ro.wikipedia.org
6. www.romanianmonasteries.org
7. www.trimble.com
INVENTORY OF CAVES RESOURCES FROM APUSENI
NATIONAL PARK BY TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING
Abstract: Field spelunking is particularly important in the transition and
development of tourism and the Romanian economy, as well as aligning with
the standards of neighboring countries and the European Union. The present
work is intended to provide the opportunity to inventory caves in the Apuseni
National Park via terrestrial laser scanning, a technique which is booming, more
and more used to the detriment of traditional technology (tapes, compasses,
compasses, theodolites, and levels).
449
IMPACT OF 3-D MODELS TO HYDROAMELIORATIVE
WORK ARRANGEMENT FOR AN AREA OF ORCHARDS
Clina A., Clina Jenica, , Milu M., Croitoru C.
University of Craiova, Faculty of Agriculture
Abstract:The paper presents the importance of applying
the 3 D models for hydroameliorative works where the
leveling plays a defining role in the design and drawing
them. He appealed to such a representation of the land
because only in this way could get a fast, precise and very
evocative image of the relief, on which to draw out and
tracing in appropriate conditions and with maximum
efficiency. In view of developing proposed model, due to
reduced area under study, data were collected through
field surveying methods with modern equipment and
processing and interpretation of data was done with large
processors and software of great precision and efficiency,
finally resulting the map of land in 3-D system.
Keywords: surface, point, height, relief, 3D map

1. INTRODUCTION
As stated Zavoianu Florea et al., flat representation of
the space object under the classical form of maps and plans under
the current technological progress seems a simplistic solution that
does not correspond to human three-dimensional perception of
environment space. Development of technologies for field data
collection in the development apparatus used in topographical
measurements, developed systems of acquisition, processing and
representation of the results, have imposed new products such as
informational systems of land, geographic information systems,
three-dimensional digital maps, perspective representations of the
space object and others.
In the land improvement works in Romania, drainage
works occupies a special place by their implications on the evolution
and soil quality. Land drainage, must to determine the production on
the active layer of soil, of an optimal ratio between water and air. So
whatever category of a territory climate, its hydro-ameliorative
450
development requires drainage works designed to collect and drain
the excess moisture from the soil.
By the drainage works will be obtained the following
benefits:
- prevents excess moisture caused by irrigation and
flood;
- ensure collection and disposal of excess soil moisture
so that land can be used with maximum agricultural yield;
- on lowland areas (river meadows, plains between
mountains) collect the stagnant moisture from surface and
underground, thus allowing the introduction of land in agricultural
circuit.
In addition to the hydroameliorative role, drainage works
have a strong ecological role in soil quality protection against
damage by salinization or secondary swampy. The aim of these
interventions, it is purely economic and therefore the work must be
applied with discernment, to combine their favorable economic effect
with keeping of typical or rare ecosystems.
2. RESULTS
Florea Zavoianu shows that in 3D representation of the
surface and spatial object, data collection is most laborious and
diverse phase. Depending on the purpose of the work, the
technology available for collecting data, surface, technology of
representation and data processing, of the speed, accuracy and
efficiency required, data collection can be done through several
methods, as: methods of land surveying; photogrammetric methods.
Given the small size surface and available equipment,
was chosen for data collection methods of land surveying, going
through the following operations: documentation operations; field
operations; office operations.
Documentation operations
These operations consisted of documentation to the
Office of Real Property Cadastre Olt on the work previously
performed in the area of interest, geodetic networks, raster images
(orthophoto scanned plans), but also Voineasa Townhall, which is
village where the area property was located.
To framing new work in the national system of reference
were used geodetic points provided by ANCPI / OJCPI, topographic
451
maps and plans, points coordinates inventories from support
network.
Field operations
Surveying was done in 1970 Stereographic projection
system and the system of normal altitudes Black Sea 1975, with
total station FOIF OTS 632L whose accuracy is within 02 cc.
Geodetic network was done so that to provide the number of points
required for topographic and cadastral measurements of detail.
On land, geodetic network points of support were
marked with metal pickets, were measured horizontal angles,
vertical angles and length of each alignment. For achievement the
points of the support networking was left from station 500 (Magura
Ciobanu) by known coordinates, orientated on the station 501 (Tei
Church), was targeting for verification Olari Water Castle (502), after
which we determined of almost absolute coordinates of the station
points 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006 and R, the main
traverse being closed to the same 500 - leaving station (table 1).

Table.1.Absolute rectangular coordonates for closed traverse
Station
Target
point
Corections Absolute coordonates
Point no.
X Y X Y
+ - + - 311269.090 433974.480 500
500 1000 0.016 0.007 312453.371 433334.173 1000
1000 1001 0.020 0.011 313068.322 432874.081 1001
1001 1002 0.011 0.017 313375.578 433413.572 1002
1002 1003 0.009 0.006 313337.127 433743.574 1003
1003 1004 0.013 0.023 313203.657 433771.189 1004
1004 1005 0.023 0.017 313047.474 434069.568 1005
1005 1006 0.019 0.027 312619.139 433546.536 1006
1006 500 0.024 0.023 311269.090 433974.480 500
Error on X relative coordinates [m]: 0.127;
Error on Y relative coordinates [m]: 0.119

The height of point station 500 (Magura Ciobanu) was
transmitted by closed traverses to each station point, from station
452
500 was sent to 1000 and 1006, from 1000 station was sent to 1001;
from 1001 was sent to station 1002, from station 1002 was sent to
1003, from 1003 station was sent to 1004, from station 1004 to 1005
and R stations, from 1005 station was sent to 1006, and from 1006
we closed on the point of departure station 500. Along with
planimetric measurements were also made levelling measurements
for traversing points, their heights being listed in Table 2.
Table. 2.New points determined
Point no.
Rectangular coordinates
Absolute height
(Z)
X Y
R 312941.187 433305.459 114.58
1000 312453.371 433334.173 114,66
1001 313068.322 432874.081 115.52
1002 313375.578 433413.572 113.67
1003 313337.127 433743.574 113.93
1004 313047.474 434069.568 113,67
1005 312619.134 433546.543 113,41
1006 311269.090 433974.480 114,19

Figure 1. The outline of support network

Details surveying
Existent details were surveyed by radial methode. In
order to determine the coordinates of the detail points were
453
measured distances from the points of support to detail points and
their orientations. Measurements were included in the field book.
On the basis of horizontal distances and orientations of
points were calculated relative coordinates of detail points. From
traversing points (1000-1001-1002-1003-1004-1005-1006 and R)
were determined rectangular coordinates of all characteristic points
of detail (Table 3) required to drawing of the location and
demarcation plan and a cloud of known points necessary to achieve
the 3 D model of the area.
Heights transmission to each new point was done from
the station from which was measured. For a correct reading of points
height throughout traverse, instrument height and prism height was
kept at 1.6 m.
Table 3.Rectangular coordinates and absolute height
of the detail points
Point no. X Y Z
1 312443.915 433337.986 114.61
2 312454.397 433337.880 114.58
3 312501.901 433302.210 114.37
...
262 312802.188 433194.029 110.98
500 311269.090 433974.480 117.32
501 315773.900 430595.580 0.000
502 312337.060 436731.770 0.000
1000 312453.371 433334.173 114.66
1001 313068.322 432874.081 115.52
1002 313375.578 433413.572 113.67
1003 313337.127 433743.574 113.93
1004 313203.657 433771.189 113.67
1005 313047.474 434069.568 113.41
1006 312619.139 433546.536 114.19
Calculation and drawing operations
Computing operations were performed using data
collected from the field (horizontal and vertical distances and angles)
entered and processed in specialized software Topo Sys and Intelli
Cad, was finally obtained absolute rectangular coordinates of the
454
points that delimit the property, in Stereographic 1970 projection
system, and Black Sea 1975 heights system.
Drawing operations - have been materialized by the
location and delimitation plan and consisted of representation of
points delimiting the area on a A1 size paper, at 1:2000 scale in the
Stereographic 1970 projection system and Black Sea 1975 heights
system. Also on the location and delimitation plan were reproduced
all existing details on the ground.
Using TopoLT program were represented on the location
and delimitation plan at 1:2000 scale, points obtained by the
methods described above, by order TopoLT - Coordinates - Report
points - to obtain the cloud of known coordinate points (Figure 1).

Figure 2. Points reprezentation using TopoLT program

Figure 3. Points rised at ride heights
The landscape was represented after coordinates
reporting, they are raised to read heights on the field with the
455
command: TopoLT - Transformation - Raise the point height, while
building dynamic triangles for representation the topographic area
(Figure 2).

Figure 4. 3D model of the area
Once the points raised at heights, 3D model can be
created by command: TopoLT - Model 3D - Create 3D model
(Figure 3). Last transaction is to chart the contours of the location
and delimitation plan. To that is use command TopoLT - 3D models
- Draw the level lines and will result Figure 4

Figure 5. The drawing of level lines
The landscape was represented as accurately and
suggestive by drawing level lines with the equidistance of 1 m, at
1:2000 scale.
3. CONCLUSIONS
1. To collect data required to draw three-dimensional map of
area studied was used on-ground method because surface
size and equipment available imposed it.
456
2. Using modern, accurate and performant equipment, led to
rapid, efficient and accurate achievement of data by on-ground
method, which allowed the introduction into the calculation,
processing and interpretation without any restrictions.
3. 3 D area model was created it light enough being generated
with a special program TopoLT - 3D Model - calls to the simple
command "Create 3D model".
4. 3 D representation of a surface is a modern and revolutionary
method of relief representation, it perfectly matching to the
concept of human perception of surrounding space that is
three-dimensional.
5. Using 3-D map of the area we obtained a suggestive and
realistic image which will fundamentally and defining contribute
to the process of designing and tracing the hydroameliorative
works, indispensable for improvement of the air-water
exchange of land planted with trees.
6. Conventional representation of relief by level lines was carried
out to make a comparison between the two methods and to
meaningful express terrain orographic, while facilitating the
way for the determination and interpretation of the various
elements of the relief on the plane (points heights, slope, area
and volume of relief forms).
REFERENCES
1. Clina A. and colab., 2005 Topografie general i inginereasc, Editura Sitech,
Craiova;
2. Leu I. and colab., 1999 - Topografie i cadastru agricol, Editura Didactic i
Pedagogic, Bucureti;
3. Mihaila M. and colab., 1995 - Cadastru general i publicitate imobiliar, Ed.
Ceres, Bucureti;
4. Zvoianu Florea i colab., 2010 Reprezentarea 3d a suprafeelor topografice prin
metode fotogrammetricei de teledetecie, Facultatea de Geodezie UTCB ;
5. Cons. Fac. de Geodezie Bucureti , 2002 Msurtori terestre Fundamente - Vol.
I - III.,Edit. Matrix Rom, Bucureti;
457
MONITORING, DETERMINING AND WARNING
SYSTEMS FOR THE RISKS OF LANDSLIDE INTO GEO-
STRATEGIC AREAS
Drd.Eng. G. Damian Top Geocart
Drd.Eng. S. G. Dimitriu Top Geocart
Drd.Ing. L. Munteanu National Institute for Earth Physics
Prof.Dr.Ing. V. Mocanu Faculty of Geology and Geophysics
Abstract: This paper presents methods for investigating
landslides motions used to discover possible precursors in
order to determine the displacements and warning about
the risks into geo strategic areas. The Global Navigation
Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers and appropriate
programs can be combined to provide a fully automated,
accurate, and efficient survey monitoring system for
landslides area. Data processing was used to ensure the
high accuracy and, in addition, considerations relating to
the design and deployment of the system are presented.
Results from a test installation are used to illustrate the
accuracy of the system and show that such a system is
able to reliably provide accurate deformation
measurements of the slopes in an operational
environment.
Keywords: GNSS, monitoring, landslide
1. INTRODUCTION
The measurement of superficial displacement is the
simplest way to observe a landslide and to analyze the kinematics of
the movement. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) offer a
convenient and practical solution. An example network is used to
demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of such a system in an
operational environment. GNSS receivers that measure to both the
GPS and GLONASS satellite constellations can be used to reduce
the influence of limited sky view caused by the obstructions. The
results show that such a system is able to reliably provide accurate
deformation measurements of the slopes in an operational
environment.

458

2. ESTABLISHING OF REFERENCE FRAME
A landslide means the down-slope of soil, rock and
organic material under the influence of gravity. The landslide
monitoring can be organized into three st ages: detection and
classification of landslides; monitoring activity of existing landslides;
analysis and prediction of slope failures in space and time. The
second stage involves the comparison of landslide conditions over
time, the speed of movement and the change in the surface
topography. Using the GNSS technology the magnitude, direction of
the slide, and the boundary of the landslide block can be
determined.
2.1 Use of satellite systems
The GNSS systems allow the reference point to be
placed kilometers away in a stable area, so it can be used to provide
a stable reference frame. With the coordinates of the station
updated using a GNSS positioning system, reliable determination of
the deformation of the monitoring points is possible even if the
station pillar or reference points are moving. GNSS receivers can
also be used to monitor points on the slopes. The advantages and
disadvantages of using GNSS systems to provide a stable reference
frame are shown bellow.
Advantages:
Does not require line of sight from ground marks to control points.
Measurement is continuous and works in all weather conditions.
Relatively simple setup for the GNSS receivers.
Low maintenance costs and a long service life.
Post processing of data can increase precision and accuracy to the
millimeter level.
Can measure over long baselines.
Disadvantages:
An open sky view is required or otherwise the system can be
affected by outages causes by insufficient tracked satellite. This
problem can be mitigated by using receivers that measure to
multiple satellite systems.
Reflected signals can reach the antenna resulting multipath errors.
This effect can be mitigated with careful site selection, use of
multipath reducing antennas and appropriate data processing
459
techniques.
Increases the number of sensors requiring power and
communications.
2.2 Rapid Static and Real Time Kinematic - the two approaches
GNSS systems are easier and simpler to setup and
operate. The accuracy required for the measurement of landslide
displacement should be in the order of centimeters.
Measurement of landslide displacements can be undertaken by
means of either static or kinematic method. The choice depends
on the practical considerations: the accessibility, number of points,
precision and distance from point to point.
The static technique has been applied to set up the reference
network in the landslide areas
2.3 Ambiguity Resolution Techniques
Three ambiguity resolution options are available:
Initialization On Known Point, OTF (on-the-fly) and Quasi static.
OTF is suitable for receivers with high dynamics. Use for sites that
expected to move rapidly or far from their initial position. The
reliability is not as high as with the other approaches.
On Known Point ambiguity resolution is more reliable but requires
that the reference station and rover station have highly accurate
coordinates. If the sites are moving then the coordinates must be
updated in the site configuration because inaccurate coordinates will
prevent GPS Spider from resolving the ambiguities.
Quasi static is a combination of the OTF and On Known Point
approaches. The site coordinates are used to aid the ambiguity
resolution, but they do not need to be very accurately known (a few
decimeters or a meter is sufficient). Use for sites that are expected
to move but not very far or fast.
Wrong fixes are more likely with While Moving initialization,
especially for long baselines. A wrong ambiguity fix will be seen as a
jump in the coordinates
3. PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION
The reference GNSS receivers have been installed at a
stable location. The GNSS receivers continuously measure code
and phase range measurements to the satellites in view. The
measurements from the reference and monitoring receivers are
460
combined to compute high accuracy positions in the order of
centimeters or millimeters depending on the processing mode.
Various computation options were available to maximize the
accuracy and reliability of the coordinates computed from the GNSS
system.
3.1 Computation options
GNSS data can be processed in either real time or in
post processed mode. The satellite geometry is constantly changing
and there are times of the day when it is good and other times when
it is poor, especially if the sky view is restricted. Figure 1, shows
satellite availability for 24 hours interval at point Reper-Centru.

Figure 1. Satellite Availability
Meanwhile obstructions around the antenna lead to
interruptions in signal reception from GNSS. Figure 2, shows the
situation of tracked GNSS satellites in Reper-Centru location were
obstructions effect can be seen almost in the NE quadrant. The
darker circle indicates the elevation mask of 10.

Figure 2. Tracked GNSS satellites
461
Real time processing enables movements to be detected
very rapidly and on average has a one sigma accuracy of less than
a centimeter for baselines up to 3km. The accuracy of real time
processing is related to the geometry of the satellite constellation at
the time of measurement.
If high accuracy and reliability is critical, a better option is
to collect data over a defined period (e.g. 1 hour, 24 hours) and post
process. In post processing more data can be used to estimate the
parameters (coordinates, ambiguities, error models) mitigating short
term problems due to poor satellite geometry and resulting in a more
reliable and accurate solution. Usually the result of post processing
is a single high accuracy coordinate, essentially an average over the
time period. Long data periods (e.g. one hour or more) also enable
additional parameters to be estimated to account for atmospheric
(ionospheric and tropospheric) influences, which are strongly
correlated with the station height, further improving the accuracy.
Post processing is a very stable and accurate method for
computing and updating reference coordinates using GNSS data. If
a sudden movement occurs, it will take some time for the system to
react and in this case the solution is then to compute multiple
position estimates: a rapid estimate using real time data or a short
post processing interval to detect sudden movements to provide
alarms to the operator; and a slower estimate using a longer post
processing interval to correct for the gradual movements of the
pillars.
4. THE EXPERIMENTS
In order to validate the performance of a GNSS
monitoring system, a test installation was made in a hilly region with
obstructions due to terrain. Figure 3, shows the control network
configuration

Figure 3. Control network

462
4.1 Test setup
The equipment used in the experiment is listed in Table
1. In this test dual frequency GRX1200GGPro and GX1230GG
receivers was used because of his ability to track both the GPS and
GLONASS satellite constellations. Alternatively one SR530 GPS
only receiver have been used. In this test Satel 3AS radio modems
were used to transmit the data from the remote GNSS receivers to
the controlling PC.
Table 1. Equipment used in the test installation
Qty. Equipment type Purpose
1 GRX1200GGPro For the reference station
3 GX1230GG For the monitoring points
1 SR530 For the monitoring point
5 AX1202GG Required for GNSS receivers
6 Satelline 3AS modem For streaming GNSS data
1 Leica Geo Office software For processing GNSS observables measurements
1 Leica GNSS Spider software For controlling the GNSS receivers, logging the
data and compute the coordinates
1 Leica SpiderQC software For display the displacements, messaging and
analysis
The Leica GPS Spider, Leica SpiderQC and Leica Geo
Office software were installed on a single PC where the GNSS
receivers were connected. The GRX1200GGPro receiver,
designated Reper-Centru, was used as a reference station and was
situated at a stable location. The reference station was configured to
stream raw satellite measurement data to the PC via Internet
TCP/IP protocol. One GX1230GG receiver, designated
Reper03(RE_N) and one SR530 receiver designated
Reper01(RE_S), was installed and connected to the PC via radio.
The last two GX1230GG receivers have been installed in other
locations (Reper-Baza, Reper02, Reper04, Control-N and Control-S)
during successive sessions of measurements.
Figure 5, sky view plots for the site Reper-Centru show
code multipath RMS estimates made using the Leica SpiderQC data
analysis software for the site Reper-Centru, for L2 GPS (left) and L2
GLONASS (right) constellation. The higher multipath values seen in
the SE quadrant are due to reflections from obstruction existing in
that area. The darker circle indicates the elevation mask of 10.
463

Figure 5. Sky view Multipath RMS L2 GPS and L2 GLONASS
GPS Spider was configured to compute post processed
baselines from the reference station Reper-Centru to the monitoring
point Reper01, Reper02, Reper03 and Reper04. Multiple sessions
for one hour post processed solutions were used.
The test was run over a period of two years, during from November
2008 to October 2010.
4.2 Test results Post Processing Positioning
In the Spider Site Server software it is possible to
compute position data using logged RINEX file products. The
positions are calculated as baselines using one site as a reference
and another site as the rover. The output is in the NMEA format and
intended to be used by other software applications such as
SpiderQC. The minimum number of sites for positioning required is
therefore two in order to define one PP Positioning Product with a
reference and a rover.
Table 2 shows the accuracy of the one hour post
processing solutions done by Leica Geo Office software. For the
purpose of calculating accuracies, it has been assumed that all
points were stable over the each session period. Reference
coordinates were determined using independent control points:
Reper-Baza, Control-N and Control-S. The accuracy is sub
centimeter for the horizontal component. The height accuracy is
lower which is typical for GNSS due to the satellite geometry. In this
experiment, the coordinates of the points were updated in plan and
height using the GNSS data.

464
Table 2: GNSS baselines and their accuracy

4.2 Test results Real Time Positioning
In the Spider Site Server software it is also possible to
compute and distribute Real Time position data streams for
connected sites. The positions are calculated as baselines using
one site as a reference and another site as the rover. The output is
in the NMEA format and intended to be used by other software
applications such as SpiderQC.
In the Real Time method, the information of code and
carrier phase observable received at both extremes of the baseline
is merged to compute the precise position. The base receiver
transmits a message containing its position, the pseudo-ranges
measured to the rover through code correlation and phase
measurements of the carrier received from the available satellites.
The new positions are calculate from the old ones, through
continuous tracking of the satellites in Real Time. This procedure
works quickly and gives results with precision at centimeter level for
every second, even during movement. Data stream are transmitted
to the server via a local UHF data link. This transmission is quite
directional. In general, this method also needs five or more
satellite to work. Due to the continuous tracking of satellite, this
method is very sensitive to the loss of reception and to the quality
of the signal. Even short interruptions will produce a loss of the
initialization.
The results of Real Time NMEA connection is given in
Figure 6. This test was done between Reper01(RE-S) site (SR530
receiver), Reper03(RE-N) site (GX1230GG receiver) and Reper-
Centru (GRX1200GGPro). From these figures, one may noticed
that the derived coordinates at the selected monitoring point were
fluctuated within centimeter level. Also, NMEA stream was used for
real time alert system. The results show that the Real Time
technique can be utilized in landslide monitoring scheme.
465

Figure 6. SpiderQC Real Time NMEA connection plot
466
5. CONCLUSIONS
The use of GNSS receivers to provide a stable reference
frame in an unstable (moving) environment. This technology
increases the accuracy, productivity, monitoring capability, rapidity
and economy with respect to size of the study area and it is often
better than classical geodetic survey techniques. This paper
evaluates the appropriate GPS technique for monitoring the
landslide behavior at test area. The results indicated that the GPS
modern techniques is very reliable for landslide monitoring survey.
This paper represent a synthesis of the Top Geocart,
National Institute for Earth Physics and Faculty of Geology and
Geophysics work for Contract 203/2008 included in the Innovation
Program of the National Plan II 2007-2013.
REFERENCES
1. Brown, N., Troyer, L., Zelzer, O. and van Cranenbroek, J. (2006) Advanced in RTK
and Post Processed Monitoring with Single Frequency GPS. Journal of Global
Positioning Systems, Vol. 5, No. 1-2:145-151.
2. Dimitriu S., Mocanu V., Paunescu C.: Curs G.P.S., Editura Universitatii din
Bucuresti, Bucuresti, (2006)
3. Euler H.J. and Ziegler C. (2000) Advances in Ambiguity Resolution for Surveying
Type Applications. In: Proc of ION GPS 2000, Salt Lake City, Utah, September
19-22, 2000
4. Leica Geosystems (2005) White Paper: Take it to the MAX! An introduction to the
philosophy and technology behind Leica Geosystems' SpiderNET revolutionary
Network RTK software and algorithms. Leica Geosystems AG, Heerbrugg,
Switzerland
5. Van Cranenbroeck J. and Troyer L. (2004) GPS Spider for Deformation Monitoring.
In: Proc of 1st FIG International Symposium on Engineering Surveys for
Construction Works and Structural Engineering, Lenton and Wortley Hall, The
University of Nottingham, United Kingdom, 28 June 1 July 2004.
6. Van Cranenbroeck, J. and Brown, N. (2004) Networking motorized total stations and
GPS receivers for deformation measurements. FIG Working Week 2004, Athens,
Greece, May, 2004.
467
ASPECTS OF QUALITY ASSURANCE IN
ENGINEERING SURVEYING
Prof. Phd. eng. Petre Iuliu Dragomir, Faculty of Geodesy,
Tehnical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest
Associate Prof. Phd. eng. Aurel Srcin, Faculty of Geodesy,
Lect. Phd. eng. Daniela Docan, Faculty of Geodesy,
Assist. Phd. stud. eng. Tudorel Clinci, Faculty of Geodesy,
Abstract:Considering the significance of the tracking
geodetic works in the overall errors which may affect the
construction process, this paper approaches some
aspects regarding the quality assurance of these works.
This paper aims to present the assessment of the a priori
accuracy and the precision assessment after the control
measurements.
Keywords: accuracy, tracking, control measurements
Motivele eecurilor n realizarea construciilor sunt
datorate n principal (Heunecke 1999, fig.1):
erorilor de proiectare
nerespectrii normelor tehnice
abaterilor de la planul construciei n timpul execuiei.
n cadrul acestei ultime surse de eecuri un rol l pot juca
i inadvertenele datorate efecturii incorecte a msurtorilor
geodezice inginereti, care sunt necesare n procesul de realizare a
unei construcii.
Ca urmare reducerea costurilor eecurilor se poate face
i cu aportul msurtorilor geodezice inginereti, condiiile de baz
fiind introducerea corect a acestora i acordarea ateniei cuvenite
etapei de control a calitii.

468
29%
7%
16%
9%
39%
Greseli de executie
Greseli de proiectare
Greseli de aplicare
Materiale necorespunzatoare
Prabusiri

Figura 1. Cauzele eecurilor n construcii
Dezideratul introducerii corespunztoare a msurtorilor
inginereti n procesul de realizare a unei construcii devine
realizabil n condiiile unei corecte interpretri a noiunilor legate de
precizie i toleran. Trebuie, de asemenea, avut n vedere i o
considerare corect a termenilor calitativi ai preciziei precum
acuratee, precizie i corectitudine care pot fi definite astfel:
Acuratee Caracterizarea calitativ pentru msura apropierii
rezultatelor determinate de valoarea de referin.
Aceasta, dup caz, poate fi o materializare sau o
convenie a realitii, valoare exact sau valoare
de ateptat (sperana matematic).
Corectitudine Caracterizarea calitativ pentru msura apropierii
valorii de ateptat (sperana matematic) a
rezultatelor determinate de valoarea de referin,
la care aceasta, dup caz, poate fi o materializare
sau o convenie a realitii sau valoare exact.
Precizie Caracterizarea calitativ pentru msura apropierii
reciproce a rezultatelor independente ale
determinrilor la utilizarea multipl a unei metode
de determinare stabilite, n condiii date.
Un alt aspect important este reprezentat de organizarea
msurtorilor, constnd n stabilirea instrumentelor i metodelor ce
urmeaz a fi folosite, n aa fel nct s fie asigurate cerinele de
precizie, n condiii de economicitate a proceselor (respectarea
dictonului nu att de precis ct este posibil ci att de precis ct este
469
necesar). Aceasta se realizeaz n cadrul etapei de proiectare a
msurtorilor inginereti. n cadrul acesteia se efectueaz, pornind
de la toleranele de trasare, proiectarea reelelor de trasare,
stabilirea metodelor i aparaturii necesar a fi utilizate.
n ceea ce privete proiectarea reelei de trasare,
pornind de la cerinele de precizie trebuie aleas varianta optim
(forma reelei i procedeul de msurare). Aceasta se realizeaz cu
ajutorul examinrii mai multor variante. Scopul unei astfel de analize
este de a obine precizia cerut cu suficient certitudine, n condiii
de cost favorabile.
La proiectarea reelei de trasare nu trebuie avute n
vedere doar considerente geometrice. De multe ori trebuie avute n
vedere condiionri datorate geomorfologiei, fundaiilor construciilor
i vizibilitilor care influeneaz mai mult sau mai puin posibilitile
de modificare. Este necesar s se urmreasc alegerea a cel puin
3 sau 4 variante i s se fac prelucrarea n vederea unei comparaii
ntre parametrii tehnico-tiinifici i economici.
Scopul prelucrrii variantelor pentru proiectarea unei
reele este determinarea abaterilor standard ale coordonatelor
punctelor reelei o
x
i o
y
. Pentru rezolvare se poate utiliza o
compensare prin metoda msurtorilor indirecte cu o soluie
nedeterminat a sistemului de ecuaii normale. n acest mod se
obin coeficienii de pondere ai necunoscutelor Q
xx
i Q
yy
i cu
aceasta, n final, abaterile standard cutate. Pentru o
0
trebuie s se
aleag valoarea de ncredere a preciziei procedeului, de exemplu
din valori empirice sau din msurtori test efectuate n condiii
comparabile. Toate datele necesare compensrii se pot extrage cu
suficient precizie de pe un plan scara 1:1000.
La proiectarea reelei cu ajutorul acestuia se vor
determina msurtori din coordonatele aproximative date anterior,
printr-o compensare simulat (compensare de diagnoz). n aceasta
se vor nregistra, n modelul de compensare, toate observaiile
posibile ntre puncte. Ca model stochastic se vor folosi abaterile
standard furnizate de constructorul de aparatur. Prin aceasta se va
decide, cum deja s-a menionat, asupra tipului de compensare i
alegerii datumului geodezic. Ca rezultat al acestei compensri
simulate vor fi disponibile apoi urmtoarele mrimi pentru evaluarea
calitii reelei proiectate provizoriu:
470
Matricea de varian-covarian
XX
a necunoscutelor conform
relaiei
( )

= =

XX
XX
LL
T
Q A A
2
0
1
1
o
(1)

n care A matricea de configuraie, conine dependenele
geometrice dintre valorile msurate i necunoscute,
E
LL
matricea de covarian,
o
0
2
variana a priori a unitii de pondere (variana unei
observaii cu ponderea egal cu unitatea),
Cota redundanei conform relaiei
li vvi
li
li
i
p q
s
r = =
2
2
1
o
(2)
n care:
2
li
s
- abaterea standard a valorilor msurate dup compensare
2
li
o
- abaterea standard a valorilor msurate nainte de compensare
vvi
q
- coeficienii de pondere ai coreciilor
Cea mai mic eroare sesizabil a observaiei Vl
i
conform relaiei
i
li
i
r
s
l

= V
6 , 3
0
. (3)
Cu ajutorul acestor parametri se va putea evalua dac reeaua
respect precizia necesar i prezint o suficient de nalt siguran.
Independent de supradeterminare este elipsa de
confiden, care reflect poziia real a punctului cu o probabilitate
propus
o 1
. Cu elipsa de confiden (pentru reelele 3D elipsoid
de confiden) se observ dac reeaua este omogen . Cu ajutorul
cotei redundanei i a valorii Nabla L se poate verifica dac
observaiile individuale sunt insuficient controlate i ca urmare micile
erori grosiere ar putea fi descoperite doar cu greutate.
Pentru reeaua simulat se va dispune n final i de un
plan de observaii optim mbuntit. O influen important o poate
avea i modul de efectuare a observaiilor ca i numrul de repetri.
n continuare proiectarea msurtorilor inginereti
trebuie s se refere la organizarea lucrrilor de trasare prin una din
metodele de trasare n plan a punctelor caracteristice ale
construciilor proiectate.
471
Dup efectuarea lucrrilor de trasare i realizarea
construciei, o etap important, creia trebuie s i se acorde atenia
corespunztoare, mai ales n cazul construcii masive sau a
construciilor industriale complexe este efectuarea de msurtori
destinate controlului calitii lucrrilor de trasare.
n conformitate cu normele ISO, calitatea este definit
astfel: calitatea reprezint msura n care un produs sau serviciu,
prin ansamblul caracteristicilor tehnice, economice, sociale i de
exploatare, satisface nevoia pentru care a fost creat. Din aceast
formulare, calitatea reprezint o noiune complex, care cuprinde
proprietile intrinseci ale produsului (de a satisface la un anumit
nivel o trebuin oarecare), precum i aspectele sociale i
economice legate de realizarea i utilizarea produsului, care trebuie
s aib:
caracteristici tehnice - exprimate prin mrimi geometrice, care
sunt msurabile direct sau indirect prin mijloace tehnice;
caracteristici economice - cheltuielile de realizare, de
exploatare i de ntreinere ale produsului;
caracteristici de funcionare - nsuirile ergonomice, de
optimizare, consumul de timp pentru obinerea efectului util;
caracteristici sociale prin care nu se agreseaz mediul (prin
poluare), nu deranjeaz alte activiti sau persoane i nu
afecteaz latura estetic a produsului sau serviciului.
Informaiile privind calitatea lucrrilor de trasare, care
asigur realizarea caracteristicilor tehnice, vor permite beneficiarului
lucrrii s evalueze n ce msur construcia realizat coincide din
punct de vedere geometric cu cerinele din proiectul de execuie al
acesteia.
Pentru a facilita compararea seturilor de date este
esenial ca rezultatele s fie exprimate prin intermediul unor
descriptori de calitate ai datelor. Utilizarea unor procedee
incompatibile ar duce la imposibilitatea evalurii calitii datelor.
Un alt principiu de baz care trebuie respectat este ca
metoda de verificare s asigure cel puin aceeai precizie ca metoda
utilizat la transpunerea pe teren a proiectului construciei, tinzndu-
se spre metode mai precise de determinare.
O verificare complet a lucrrii, lund n calcul statutul
unui inginer verificator, mai ales n verificarea pe teren a
msurtorilor, poate dubla sumele cheltuite pentru efectuarea
472
lucrrilor de trasare. Ca urmare, devin importante eantionarea
seturilor de date care urmeaz a fi verificate, n aa fel nct aceste
s devin relevante pentru scopul urmrit, ca i modul de luare a
probelor , care n cazul nostru se refer la modul de efectuare a
msurtorilor de control. Aspectele menionate pot fi abordate
corespunztor prin luarea n considerare a seriilor de standarde ISO
2859 si ISO 3951-1, care au fost dezvoltate iniial pentru scopuri
non-spaiale.
Conform acestor standarde la selectare trebuie avut grij
ca mostrele s fie luate proporional din fiecare obiectiv, repartizate
uniform ca ntindere pe tot complexul verificat. n cazul verificrii
geometriei se va aprecia c obiectivul este greit geometric, dac
orice punct care l descrie este poziionat greit, sau dimensiunile
obiectivului au o abatere n urma msurtorilor de verificare, care
depete toleranele admise la dimensiuni sau poziionare.
Orice abatere privind poziionarea, dimensiunile sau
ndeplinirea condiiilor geometrice fireti constituie o greeal.
Exist i posibilitatea verificrii preciziilor, utiliznd
software adecvate, chiar din msurtorile redundante ale
executantului.
Strategia de efectuare a verificrilor se poate stabili, n
funcie de anvergura obiectivului analizat, prin:
1. Verificarea cu prelevarea eantioanelor o singur dat.
n aceast abordare paii de urmat sunt:
determinarea numrului de elemente din eantionul de date
alegerea elementelor din eantion
detectarea abaterilor
compararea abaterilor cu abaterea maxim admis
determinarea valorilor eronate
stabilirea numrului erorilor acceptabile din standarde
evaluarea calitii datelor.
2. Verificarea cu prelevarea eantioanelor n dou trepte, const n :
Treapta I
alegerea unor probe grupate la distan relativ mare ntre ele;
executarea msurtorilor;
determinarea diferenelor;
determinarea abaterilor standard;
473
compararea abaterii cu valori dintr-un tabel (rezultat din
standarde) care indic msurtorile ce trebuie efectuate n
treapta a II-a
(dac nu se nregistreaz erori se poate lua decizia privind
recepionarea).
Treapta II
msurtori de verificare n continuare;
calculul erorii medii;
compararea cu rezultatele din standarde;
decizie recepie sau respingere.
La admiterea sau respingerea lucrrii pot fi identificate erori:
de tip I, cnd valorile se ncadreaz n toleran, dar lucrarea
se respinge;
de tip II, cnd valorile nu se ncadreaz n tolerane, dar
lucrarea se accept.
Avnd n vedere consideraiile de mai sus, calitatea
reelei de trasare poate fi evaluat prin indicatorii de calitate
reprezentai de elementele matricei de varian-covarian
XX
(1).
A doua etap n evaluarea calitii msurtorilor
inginereti se refer la determinarea din punctele reelei de trasare a
poziiilor, exprimate prin coordonatele x
mi
, y
mi
, z
mi
, pentru un numr
de N puncte caracteristice, stabilite n faza de eantionare. Acestora
le corespunde un set de coordonate x
ti
, y
ti
, z
ti
, indicate n proiect i
care pot fi considerate drept valori adevrate ale poziiilor punctelor.
Erorile aferente poziiilor punctelor
1
, n urma msurtorilor de
control, se determin cu relaiile:
n cazul poziiei n plan a punctelor:
( ) ( )
2 2
ti mi ti mi i
y y x x e + = (4)
n cazul poziiei 3D a punctelor:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
ti mi ti mi ti mi i
z z y y x x e + + = (5)
media erorilor:
=
=
N
i
i M
e
N
e
1
1
. (6)
Lund n considerare cerinele de precizie din proiect, se poate
stabili valoarea medie a nesiguranei (incertitudinii) poziiei,
excluznd valorile aberante (care depesc un prag limit). Aceasta
este reprezentat de media aritmetic a erorilor calculate conform

1
Aceast msur a calitii datelor este diferit de abaterea standard
474
(4) i (5), pentru un set de puncte, n care aceste diferene nu
trebuie s depeasc un prag impus.
Toate poziiile prealabile care depesc pragul impus e
max
sunt
eliminate din setul de date. Nesigurana poziiei se calculeaz ca:

>
s
= '
max
max
, 0
,
e e dac
e e dac e
e
i
i i
i

Pentru un numr N
R
de erori rmase se calculeaz media:

=
= '
N
i
i
R
M
e
N
e
1
1
(7)
Toate nesiguranele de poziie care depesc pragul limit e
max
, (e
i
>
e
max
) sunt considerate greeli.
Proporia erorilor de poziie care depesc pragul impus
poate fi exprimat ca numr real, procent sau sub form de fracie.
Concluzii
Cele prezentate reprezint doar unele consideraii
privind necesitatea unei abordri riguroase a problematicii proiectrii
msurtorilor geodezice inginereti.
n ceea ce privete evaluarea calitii acestor lucrri
apreciem c este necesar elaborarea, pe baza standardelor
generale referitoare la calitatea seturilor de date, de norme i
proceduri specifice domeniului msurtorilor geodezice inginereti.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Dragomir, P.I. - Bazele msurtorilor inginereti, CONSPRESS, Bucuresti, 2009
2. Heunecke,O. - Die Genauigkeitund Zuverlssigkeit von Ingenieurvermessungen
nach E DIN 18710 Teil 1. DVW Schriftenreihe 36 "Ingenieurvermessung im
Bauwesen", Stuttgart, 1999
3. Mser/Mller/Schlemmer/Werner- Handbuchingenieurgeodsie, Wichman Verlag,
2000
4. Schwarz, W. - Vermessungsverfahren im Maschinen- und Anlagenbau, Verlag
Konrad Wittwer, Stuttgart, 1995
5. Suba, S. - Contribuii la perfecionarea procesului de evaluare a calitii n
msurtori terestre i cadastru, tez de doctorat, Universitatea Tehnic de
Construcii Bucureti, 2010
6. ISO 2859 - Proceduri de inspecie prin atribute
7. ISO 3951-1- Proceduri de inspecie prin variabile
8. ISO 19114 -Informaii geografice - Proceduri de evaluare a calitii
9. ISO 19157 Geographic information Data quality
475
TIME SERIES FOURIER CORRELATIONS OF DRGAN
DAM HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENTS
BETWEEN 2005-2010
Traian Modog, Faculty of Arhitecture and Constructions, University
of Oradea
Alin C. Teusdea, Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of
Oradea
Abstract. Dam monitoring is carried out through physical
methods (inverted pendulum) and surveying methods. The
1D and 2D time series Fourier analysis is used to
generate the correlations between the horizontal
displacements measured by these two different methods.
In this paper the 2005-2010 time series have 1797 points
from inverted pendulum and only 11 points from surveying
measuring epochs. In order to generate accurate results, a
Fourier interpolation and a Gaussian kernel smoothing of
the surveying time series data are done. A comparison
between 2000-2005 and 2005-2010 time series correlation
results for plot (abutment) 19 of the Drgan Dam, from
Cluj County, Romania is also provided.
Keywords: displacements, interpolation, Fourier
correlation, dam monitoring.
1. INTRODUCTION
Drgan dam presents a double arch concrete structure
featuring 120 m height and 450 m length at the crest, with 33 vertical
plots and generates a basin of about 120 million m
3
of water.
Monitoring the displacements of large concrete dams is important to
prevent fatal accidents of dam cracking. The displacements of the
dam crust are measured physically with an inverted pendulum with a
very good precision (10
-2
mm) given by an optical coordiscope. The
surveying (topographical) method readings of dam crust
displacements are done with a surveying total station. The last
method involves building a local surveying network of control points,
from which, sets of readings are measured for the same
displacements (Behr et al., 1998; Pytharouli et al., 2004) at the
target points localized on the dam crust.
476
For plots 7, 12, 19, 24 and 29, the time series provided
by the inverse pendulums consist in 1797 readings, from July 2005
until June 2010. The time series provided by the surveying epochs
consist in only 11 readings of displacements at the target points
placed near the measuring points of the inverted pendulums.
This paper presents the time series Fourier correlations
for five target points and their nearest measuring points, done only
for plot 19, which is the middle vertical axis of the dam.
2. METHODS AND SAMPLES
There are two ways to get the correlation information
between two time series that have different numbers of readings.
The first way is to select only the corresponding 11 readings out of
the 1797 readings provided by the inverted pendulum, which match
the surveying method dates (figure 1). The second way is to
interpolate the 11 readings from the surveying method and to obtain
N=1797 readings time series, which match the inverse pendulum
time series (figure 2). In this paper, we chose the second way.
There were selected two ways to interpolate the
surveying time series (figure 1): Gauss kernel smoothing and
Fourier interpolation (W is the low-pass frequency filter window).
The horizontal displacements within the inverse
pendulum time series (1D+t) are denoted by x (figure 1, the thin
line) and the surveying time series are denoted by xT (figure 1, the
bar boxed line). The x direction represents the upstream-
downstream direction and the y direction represents the left-right
side direction, both referenced in a local coordinate system.
Furthermore, we consider only the horizontal displacements
( x andy ) measured in five target points of the vertical axis belonging
to plot 19.
The vertical axis of plot 19 consists in five target points
spatially distributed along the plot height. The (2D+t) time series of
the horizontal displacements which were correlated are: Hx

and
HxT , the upstream-downstream from the inverse pendulum
readings and from the surveying readings; consequently, Hy

andHyT , the left-right side from the inverse pendulum readings and
from the surveying readings.

477
0 449.25 898.5 1347.75 1797
20
15
10
5
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Inverted Pendulum time serie
TOPO time serie
TOPO time serie, FFT interpol ated
Inverted Pendulum, GK smoothed
t (days)
U
p
s
t
r
e
a
m
-
D
o
w
n
s
t
r
e
a
m

d
e
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
s

(
m
m
)

Figure 1. Example of horizontal displacements time series
interpolations

1 10
3
1.01 10
3
1.02 10
3
1.03 10
3
1.04 10
3
0
50
100
Inverted Pendulum ti me seri es
TOPO time series
TOPO time series, low-pass band fi l tered
Frecvency i ndex
P
o
w
e
r

S
p
e
c
t
r
u
m

(
a
r
b
i
t
r
a
r
y

u
n
i
t
s
)
0.5 N W ( ) 0.5 N W + ( ) 1 +

Figure 2. Example of power spectrum band-pass low frequencies
filtering for Fourier interpolation

478
760 780 800 820 840
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Target poi nt height, H(m)
T
a
r
g
e
t

p
o
i
n
t
,

N
F
C
C
(
1
D
+
t
)
0.30
0.50

Figure 3. The results of (1D+t) Fourier correlations for upstream-
downstream displacements of plot 19

760 780 800 820 840
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Target poi nt height, H(m)
T
a
r
g
e
t

p
o
i
n
t
,

N
F
C
C
(
1
D
+
t
)
0.30
0.50

Figure 4. The results of (1D+t) Fourier correlations for left-right side
displacements of plot 19
479
The correlation process may be a statistical analysis or a
Fourier spectral one. The normalized Fourier correlation
coefficient, NFCC can be built from the Fourier analysis, described
(Teusdea et al., 2008) by

| |( )
| |( ) | | | |( ) | |
(
(
(

=
5 . 0
2
1
5 . 0
2
1
`
1
) ( max ) ( max
) ( ) (
max )) ( ), ( (
t G t F
t G F
t g t f NFCC
-
x
-
t
-
t
v v
v v
F F
F

where ) ( ), ( t g t f are two functions, ) ( ), ( v v G F are their Fourier
transforms, t

is the time, v is the frequency,
1 -
F is the inverse
Fourier transform. When the information is time-spatially distributed
(2D+t), the only way the correlation process can achieve
consequent results is by Fourier correlation (Pytharouli & Stiros,
2005; Pytharouli & Stiros, 2008) and not by statistical correlation.
The statistical significance of the correlation coefficient
values is: 0.10 0.29 for weak; 0.30 0.49 for average, 0.50 1.00
for strong (see figure 3, 4, 5, with discontinued lines).
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The (1D+t) case of Fourier correlations was done in two
ways: first, between the x , y and Fourier interpolated xT , yT time
series, FixT , FiyT - with boxed line in figure 3, 4; second, between
the Fourier interpolated time series, FixT , FiyT , and Gauss kernel
smoothed x , y time series, GKix, GKiy

- with circled line in figure 3,
4. Smoothing window varied from W = 6 for GKix, to W = 8 for
GKiy .
The (2D+t) case of Fourier correlations was also done
between FiHxT and Hx , GKiHx and between FiHyT and Hy ,
GKiHy (i.e. vertical axis of plot 19 - figure 5).
In both ways of the (1D+t) case the Fourier correlations
have NFCC values that qualify them as: highly correlated for
upstream-downstream direction (figure 3) and average to strongly
correlated for left-right side direction (figure 4).
(1)
480

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
FiHxT & Hx FiHxT & GKiHx FiHyT & Hy FiHyT & GKiHy
NFCC
(2D+t) horizontal deformations time series
2000-2005 2005-2010

Figure 5. (2D+t) Fourier correlation results for plot 19 comparison
between 2000-2005 and 2005-2010 regarding the horizontal
displacement time series.
The results of Fourier correlation for (2D+t) case time
series denote that the horizontal displacements measured by the
inverse pendulum and by the surveying method are strongly
correlated for ( FiHxT and Hx , FiHxT and GKiHx ) and just average
to strongly correlated for ( FiHyT

and Hy , FiHyT

and GKiHy )
(figure 5). Fourier interpolation of the surveying time series, as
sparse ones, generates smoothed time series as result. As a
consequence, the (1D+t) and (2D+t) correlation results for Fourier
interpolated surveying time series and the Gauss kernel smoothed
physical time series have higher NFCC than the other type of
correlations.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Fourier correlation analysis of the structural dam
horizontal displacements measured by physical method and by
surveying method is presented. As correlation inputs were used: the
(1D+t) displacements time series at target points and the (2D+t)
481
displacements time series of the entire vertical axis of the dam
median plot.
The (1D+t) correlation results show an overall (2000-
2005, 2005-2010) average to strong correlation (figures 3, 4). The
(2D+t) correlation results show, also, an average to strong
correlation of the horizontal displacements (figure 5). This means
that the (2D+t) Fourier correlation analysis is suitable to diagnose
the dams long term behaviour.
From figure 1, one can note that the surveying time
series have lost some important dam displacement extreme values
presented in inverted pendulum time series. Thus, in order to
achieve a better structural dam crust diagnose, the authorized
monitoring institutions should double the number of the surveying
epochs.
Figure 5 emphasizes the difference between the Fourier
correlations results calculated for the two mentioned time intervals.
Better correlations are obtained for the period 2005-2010 in
comparison with the period 2000-2005, because of the improved
measuring technology.
Future research can involve (3D+t) analysis of all the
dams plots in order to provide a more accurate dam status
diagnosis.
REFERENCES
[1] Behr, J. A.; Hudnut, K. & King, N. (1998). Monitoring structural displacement at
Pacoima Dam, California, using continuous GPS, Proceedings of the 11th International
Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation ION GPS-98,
pp. 59-68, September 1998, Nashville, TN, USA.
[2] Pytharouli, S; Kontogianni, V.; Psimoulis P. & Stiros, S. (2004). Spectral Analysis
Techniques in Displacement Analysis Studies, International Conference on
Engineering Surveying and FIG Regional Conference for Central and Eastern Europe
(INGEO 2004), Bratislava, November 2004, Proceedings-CD, 10 pp.
[3] Pytharouli, S. I. & Stiros, S. C. (2005). Ladon dam (Greece) displacement and
reservoir level fluctuations: evidence for a causative relationship from the spectral
analysis of a geodetic monitoring record, Engineering Structures, Volume 27, Issue 3,
February 2005, Pages 361-370, ISSN 0141-0296.
[4] Pytharouli, S. & Stiros, S. C. (2008). Spectral Analysis of Unevenly Spaced or
Discontinuous Data Using The Normperiod Code, Computers and Structures, Vol. 86,
Issues 1-2, January 2008, pp.190-196, ISSN 0045-7949.
482
[5] Teusdea, A.C.; Modog, T. & Mancia, A. (2008). Dragan Dam Displacements
Analisys with Fourier Correlation (2008). 1381-1382, Annals of DAAAM for 2008 &
Proceedings of the 19th International DAAAM Symposium, ISBN 978-3-901509-68-1,
ISSN 1726-9679, pp 691, Editor B. Katalinic, Published by DAAAM International,
Vienna, Austria 2008 (ISTP/ISI Proceedings M/IT).

483
REALIZAREA BNCII DE DATE PENTRU TUNELURI N
EXPLOATARE
Asist. univ. drd. ing. Aurel Negril, Facultatea de Geodezie,
ef. lucr. univ. dr. ing. Adrian Savu, Facultatea de Geodezie,
Prof. univ. dr. ing. Dumitru Onose, Facultatea de Geodezie,
Ing. Gabriel Petrea, S.C. GEOCADEX SRL
Ing. Sergiu Panie, S.C. TOPROM SRL
Rezumat: Prezentul articol prezint principalele
componente ale bncii de date pentru tuneluri: date
generale, date asupra execuiei lucrrii, date despre
mediul nconjurator, date asupra terenului, date asupra
strii tehnice, metode de investigare, stabilirea
diagnosticului, modul de culegere al acestor informaii i
modul de integrare a informaiei n banca de date.
Cuvinte cheie: tunel, banci de date.
1. INTRODUCERE
Tunelurile pentru ci de comunicaii reprezint fr
ndoial categoria cea mai reprezentativ a construciilor
subterane datorit valorii, dimensiunii i rolului economic i social.
n Romnia, n acest moment tunelurile feroviare
nsumeaz ca lungime 74.5 km, metroul 71,6 km iar tuneluri rutiere
circa 2 km.
Tunelurile feroviare reprezint ramura cea mai
importan a tunelurilor pentru ci de comunicaii att prin lungime,
numr (193 tuneluri) ct i prin diversitatea alctuirii i a tipurilor de
teren strbtute.
Primele tuneluri de cale ferat au fost realizate pe
teritoriul Romniei, ntre anii 1856-1863, pe linia Oravita Anina, de
ctre firma austriac St.E.G. (Kniglich-Kaiserliche Privilegierte
sterreichische Staats-Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft sau Societatea
Privilegiat Imperial i Regal Austriac a Cilor Ferate de Stat) i
date n exploatare la 15 decembrie 1863, cele 14 tuneluri spate n
484
piatr sunt n folosin i astzi, cu restrictii privind utilizarea
materialului rulant, datorit gabaritului redus.
2
2
3
3
5
4
9
3
8
6
1
12
3
7
9
5
1
5
3
1
5
6
9
7
4
5
1
0
4
3
3
4
8
6
2
1
3
3
1
2
6
8
3
5
5
9
4
9
1
3
0
3
4
26
4
7
2
3
6
0
0
7
2
3
9
8
2
5
2
6
1
9
0
5
9
3
1
1
2
5
2
2
8
8
0
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
1
8
6
0
1
8
7
0
1
8
8
0
1
8
9
0
1
9
0
0
1
9
1
0
1
9
2
0
1
9
3
0
1
9
4
0
1
9
4
5
1
9
5
0
1
9
6
0
1
9
7
0
1
9
8
0
1
9
9
0
1
9
9
5
1
9
9
9
Ani
Nr.tunele Lungime[m]

Figura 1. Evoluia construciei de tuneluri n Romnia
2. Elementele caracteristice ale unui tunel
Accesul cii de comunicaie ctre tunel se face prin
intermediul unor tranee de acces care pot fi destul de lungi i
mrginite de ziduri de sprijin sau scurte i susinute de aripi.
n figura 2 sunt prezentate elementele caracteristice unui
tunel n plan longitudinal. La capetele tunelului se realizeaz dou
elemente constructive numite portaluri care au rol de preluare a
mpingeri masivului n sens longitudinal, ct i rol estetic, avnd o
realizare arhitectonic care se ncadreaz cu mediul nconjurator, de
asemenea portalurile fac legatura ntre tunel i transeele de acces.
Tunelul propriu-zis este alctuit din elemente
constructive numite inele a cror lungime depinde de natura rocilor
strbatute i de metoda de execuie utilizat.
Aripa este elementul de legtur al tunelului cu pereii
traneelor de acces, se execut din beton sau zidrie.
Axa tunelului este axa de simetrie n plan vertical a
seciuni utile a tunelului, pentru tunelurile de cale ferat n aliniament
coincide cu axa ci de rulare, pentru tunelurile n curb axa tunelului
difer de axa cii de rulare pentru a asigur ncadrarea gabaritului.
485
Niele (refugiile) sunt amenajri speciale, executate n
afara gabaritului i servesc att la adpostirea muncitorilor care
lucreaz la ntretinerea cii de comunicaie, ct i pentru
depozitarea materialelor necesare unor reparaii locale. Niele se
dispun alternativ, pe de o parte i de alta a cii de comunicaie, la o
distan de cel mult 50 m n lungul tunelului. Ele se amenajeaz n
captueala tunelului sau n afara acesteia, atunci cnd gabaritul
permite acest lucru. La tunelurile lungi se prevd, la intervale de
aproximativ 2 - 3 km, camere de dimensiuni mai mari, necesare
pentru: depozitarea materialelor, a unor utilaje, instalarea de posturi
telefonice i de supraveghere a circulaiei prin tunel, etc. Tunelurile
rutiere trebuie s fie prevzute cu nie de securitate pentru
staionarea autovehiculelor, distanta dintre aceste nie este de 700 -
800 m.
1
1
2
3
5
4
2
6
Figura 2. Elemente caracteristice ale tunelurilor
1 - aripa, 2 portal, 3 inel, 4 nisa, 5 put de ventilatie, 6 axa tunelului
Puul de ventilaie este o construcie special, vertical,
n form de co, amplasat n axa tunelului sau lateral, cu scop de
aerisire i ventilaie ntre interiorul tunelului i exterior.
n figura 3sunt prezentate elementele caracteristice unui
tunel n profil transversal.
Intrados este conturul interior al cptuelii tunelului sau
a seciunii libere la tunelurile far cptueala.
Seciunile transversale la tuneluri pot fi de diferite
tipuri: de tip potcoav, circular, dreptungiular. n cazul tunelurilor
de cale ferat simpl cel mai des utilizat este seciunea de tip
potcoav.
Seciunea util interioar sau gabaritul de circulaie(de
liber trecere) este conturul geometric transversal liber, n plan
vertical, perpendicular pe axa longitudinal a cii de rulare, n
interiorul cruia, afara de mijloacele de transport pe calea respectiv
nu se admite s patrund nici o parte a construciei sau a instalaiilor
486
fixe ale tunelului. Gabaritul de circulaie trebuie s respecte
prevederile standardelor n vigoare pentru fiecare cale de circulaie.
Gabaritul ce trebuie asigurat n interiorul unui tunel trebuie s fie mai
mare dect dimensiunile celor mai mari vehicule care circul pe
respectiva calea de comunicaie. Spaiul suplimentar este necesar
din urmatoarele motive: existena unor neregulariti i abateri
inevitabile ale formei i dimensiunilor construciei, eventualele
imprecizii la amenajrea cii n tunel, oscilaii ale vehiculelor n timpul
deplasrii, deplasarea i deformarea construciei, produse de
presiunea rocilor sau de alte cauze, posibilitatea montrii n tunel a
unor instalaii, necesitatea executrii sub circulaie a lucrrilor de
ntreinere i reparaii, posibilitatea de a se permite, n cazuri
excepionale, trecerea prin tunel a unor convoaie negabaritice.
1
2
3
4
8
11
13
7
9
12
6
5
10
14
15

Figura 3. Elemente caracteristice ale tunelurilor
1 fundaie, 2 canal de evacuare ape, 3 radier,
4 barbacana, 5 banchin, 6 cale de rulare, 7 ax tunel,
8 intrados, 9 naterea bolii, 10 cptueal,
11 extrados, 12 calot, 13 saltea de piatr, 14 bolt, 15 gabarit
487
Radierul este elementul construit dintre fundaiile
tunelului pe care se sprijin calea de rulare. Ele pot fi drepte sau sub
forma de bolt, din beton, beton armat sau zidrie de piatr.
Barbacana este orificiul transversal realizat prin fundaii,
n scopul evacurii apelor provenite din infiltraii din spatele
cptuelii.
Banchina, element din beton, executat deasupra
fundaiilor i radierului pn la nivelul ci de rulare sau mai sus,
amplasat de o parte i de alta a ci de rulare, servete pentru
circulaia personalului de ntretinere i pentru amplasarea diferitelor
instalatii ale tunelului.
Cptueala este elementul construit care asigur
susinerea conturului escavat i reprezint seciunea liber de
exploatare a tunelului. Cptuelile pot fi monolite, prefabricate sau
cu dou componente, una prefabricat exterioar i una monolita
interioar sau dou monolite.
Extradosul reprezint suprafaa exterioar a cptuelii
i face legatura tunelului cu mediul nconjurator.
Bolta este partea superioar a cptueli la nivelul
intradosului, cota acestui element fiind important n cazul
modernizrii tunelurilor (electrificarea liniei).
Deplasarea este distana cu care axul tunelului se
deplaseaza fa de axul CF spre interiorul curbei. Ea se calculeaz
n functie de nclinarea gabaritului datorit supranlrii cii i de
raza curbei.
3. Realizarea Bncii de Date pentru tuneluri n exploatare
n faza de exploatare, gestionarul de tunel trebuie s
asigure meninerea n parametrii funcionali a tunelului, pentru
aceasta el se sprijin pe totalitatea cunotinelor despre tunel,
acumulate n timp, care constituie banca de date sau dosarul
tunelului.
Datele despre tunel se culeg: nainte de nceperea
construciei (studii topografice, geologice, geotehnice, etc.), n timpul
construciei, n timpul exploatrii (relevee, investigaii, reparaii, etc.).
Principalele componente ale bncii de date pentru tuneluri sunt:
date generale, date asupra execuiei lucrrii, date despre mediul
nconjurator, date asupra terenului, date asupra strii tehnice,
metode de investigare, stabilirea diagnosticului.
488
La realizarea bncii de date pentru tuneluri particip
specialisti din diferite domenii: inginerii de ci de comunicaii,
rezisten, hidrotehnic, geotehnic, geologie, geodezie. Acetia, pe
lng progamatori, analiti i informaticieni, i aduc aportul la
realizarea i actualizarea informaiilor despre tuneluri. Intervenia
specialitilor din domeniul geodeziei este la datele asupra strii
tehnice a tunelului, aceste informaii putnd fi culese doar prin
msurtori. Informaiile rezultate sunt apoi analizate de specialiti
feroviari care pot lua o decizie n cunotin de cauza privind
necesitatea interveniilor la tunel, amploarea acestor intervenii,
implicaiile interveniei asupra traficului i nu n ultimul rnd asupra
costurilor i posibilitailor de finanare.
Aceste informaii se culeg periodic, calendarul
investigaiilor este fcut de gestionarul tunelului i const n:
realizarea profilului longitudinal al axului ci de rulare, ntocmirea
releveului desfurat al intradosului cu cartarea defectelor aparente,
verificarea gabaritului tunelului prin realizarea de relevee
transversale executate ntodeauna n aceleai seciuni.
Profilul longitudinal
(figura 4) se execut n lungul axului
ci de rulare, la scri standard 1:100,
1:200 i 1:500 pentru lungimi i 1:10,
1:20, 1:50, pentru nlimi.
Pe lng elementele
cunoscute ale profilului longitudinal,
plan de referin, distante pariale,
cote, exist i elemente specifice cum
ar fi: kilometrajul cii, tipul inelului,
lungimea inelului, cote NTS, numrul
inelului, etc.
Figura 4 - Elementele profilului
longitudinal
Necesitatea verificrii
gabaritului este justificat de posibilitatea deformrii cpuelii n
timp, sau a deplasrii pe orizontal i vertical a ci de rulare, care
pot conduce la nenscrierea gabaritului de circulaie i la accidente
destul de grave.
Releveul desfurat al intradosului cu cartarea defectelor
aparente (figura 5) reprezint piesa cea mai important n aciunea
489
de colectare a datelor privind tunelul. Acesta se execut la scrile
1:100, 1:200 i 1:500 n funcie de dimensiunile tunelului i d o
imagine sugestiv asupra defectelor i evoluiei lor n timp,
constituind un element esenial n stabilirea diagnosticului tunelului.
P
O
R
T
A
L

I
N
T
R
A
R
E
P
O
R
T
A
L

I
E
S
I
R
E
K
M
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
K
M
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
INELE
1 2 3 4 5
D D D D D
d
d
d
d
NISA
NISA
AX TUNEL
LEGENDA:
- turturi
T T
T
- picurare
o o
o
T
T
T
T
o
o o
o o
o
o
- umezeala
- stalactite
, ,
,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
- exfolieri
- gheata
- exfoliere beton
- Efluorescente
S S
S
S
S
S
S S
S S
S
- Fisuri
RELEVEU DESFASURAT INTRADOS
SCARA 1:200
REALIZAT LA DATA DE:

Figura 5. Releveu desfasurat al intradosului
Msurtorile pentru releveele transversale (figura 6) se
execut o dat la doi ani, pentru tuneluri fr probleme sau la
intervale mai mici, stabilite de gestionarul tunelului, pentru tunelurile
cu evoluii majore n timp. Ele se execut ntodeauna n aceai
seciune pentru a putea fi comparate ntre ele, se pot executa i n
seciuni noi, care vor fi reluate ulterior, dac situaia din teren cere
acest lucru.
NSS
Cota bolta
Ax tunel
Ax CF proiectat
Ax CF real
h1
h2
h3
h4

Figura 6. Releveu transversal la tunel
490
Pentru fiecare etap de msurtori se execut o fi de
msurtori pentru gabarit (figura 7) care conine: numrul inelelor,
poziia n kilometri a seciuni n care se realizeaz msurtorile, anul
executrii msurtorilor, etc.

masurare intrados la tunelul......................., linia......................, km......................
sectiune longitudinala sectiune transversala
k
m

i
n
t
r
a
r
e Inel 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
I II III IV V
Extrados
Fundatie
1
2
3
4 5
6
7
8
9
NST
NSS
O

Distane de la centru O la punctele 1, 2, 3, ............
Anul Sectiunea 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2
0
0
0

I
II
III
IV
V
Figura 7. Fi de msurtori pentru gabarit
Msurtorile i tehnicile de msurare sunt diferite i au
cunoscut o permanent mbuntire. S-a pornit de la pantografe i
prjini, iar n zilele noastre msurtorile se execut cu staii totale i
tehnologii de scanare laser.
4. Concluzii
Specific pentru tuneluri este dificultatea cunoaterii
reale a strii tehnice, datorit urmtorilor factori: nu se poate
orbserva i urmrii dect intradosul i elementele de cale,
documentele de arhiv, n special la tuneluri vechi, nu permit
cunoaterea modului de dimensionare i de realizare a cptueli, nu
491
este posibil s se cunoasc cu precizie rezistena unei cptueli mai
mult sau mai puin degradat.
Lucrrile de modernizare ale tunelurilor au de asemenea
un specific aparte deoarece importanta lor nu poate fi estimat cu
precizie numai pe baza unor studii preliminare, execuia lor este
dificil, datorit specificului i condiiilor de realizare.
Realizarea unei bazei de date pentru tuneluri, asociat
cu un mediu CAD aduce avantaje incontestabile i uurin n
manipularea datelor, ct i n procesul decizional privind interveniile
la tunel.
Avantajele cele mai importante sunt: uurina cu care se
realizeaz planul desfurat al tunelului, se poate evidenia evolutia
defectelor, informatiile sunt stocate pe categorii i tipuri, exist
posibilitatea editarii planurilor la scri diferite n funcie de necesiti,
posibilitatea de suprapunere facil a releveelor i profilelor pentru
vizualizarea diferitelor fenomene i diferene, posibilitatea de analiz
automat pe diferite criterii cum sunt defectele liniare, defecte plane
(zone umede, zone cu exfolieri).
n funcie de interogrile bancii de date i a informaiilor
culese periodic se iau hotrri asupra modului de aciune asupra
tunelului pentru a fi readus n parametrii normali de exploatare.
Aceste aciuni pot fi:
-preventive, cu rol de eliminare a cauzelor unor neconformiti,
defecte sau situaii nedorite;
-aciuni corective cu rol de a elimina defecte existente n scopul
prevenirii repetrii acestora i aciuni de urgen care apar n cazul
unor avarii grave, produse din cauze naturale (seism, alunecri de
teren, inundaii) sau artificiale (incendiu, deraiere cu coliziune).
Meninerea tunelurilor la parametrii funcionali, n cursul
exploatrii lor, presupune crearea, meninerea i exploatarea unei
bnci de date a tunelului ct mai cuprinztoare cu informaii textuale
i grafice privind toi parametri de bun funcionare a construciei i
instalaiilor adiacente, realizarea de lucrri de ntreinere i reparaii,
realizarea de lucrri de modernizare.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Iftimie, T., Intreinerea, reabilitarea i reconstrucia tunelelor, Editura ASAB,
Bucureti, 2002.
2. Kurisake, N.; Che, W.; Natane, C., Application of 3D measurement with
ground laser scanner.
492
3. Videometrics and Optical Methods for 3D Shape Measurement, 2223
January 2001.
4. Srcin, A., Aspecte privind msurtorile de control la execuia tunele
Revista de geodezie, cartografie i cadastru, vol. 7, nr. 1-2, Bucureti, 1998.
5. Srcin, A., Unele aspecte privind msurtorile geodezice de control la
executarea tunelelor mari, Buletinul tiinific, Universitatea Tehnic de
Construcii Bucureti, nr. 1/1998, Bucureti 1998.
6. Savu, A., Perfecionri ale lucrrilor topografice i geodezice n domeniul
cilor de comunicaii, Tez de doctorat, Bucureti, iunie, 2010.
MAKING BANK DATA MINING TUNNELS
Abstract. This article describes the key components of the data bank for
tunnels: general data, data on the execution stage, data on environment, data
on land, technical data on the status, methods of investigation, diagnosis, mode
of collection of this information and how integration of information into the
database.

493
HIGH-PRECISION DETERMINATION
OF THE CALIBRATION LINE HERRENHAUSEN
Hans Neuner
Geodetic Institute, Leibniz University of Hanover
Nienburger Strae 1, 30167 Hannover
E-Mail: neuner@gih.uni-hannover.de
Abstract: This paper deals with the methodology used for
the new determination of the calibration line Herrenhausen
in Hanover and the achieved results. The obtained
distances between the 9 pillars of the line are used as
reference for the determination of the additive constant of
electronic tacheometers. The accuracy level of high-
precision-tacheometers of the last generation is at the
order of several tenth of mm. This requires a 3 - 5 times
more accurate determination of the distances. The
measurements were performed with the Mekometer
ME5000. The focus however lies on the acquisition of
atmospheric parameters, especially the temperature. We
developed special thermometers with an level of accuracy
of 0.1C and short response time. With them the
temperature field was determined from 11 stations
distributed along the line. The obtained results are
accurate up to 0.1 mm. Thus, the calibration of the
abovementioned tacheometers still can be done on the
calibration line Herrenhausen.
1. INTRODUCTION
One core competence of geodesists is the determination
not just of mathematical and physical parameters of interest but also
the description of the quality of the obtained results, where the main
focus is often set on accuracy. The measures for the description of
the accuracy refer exclusively to the stochastic error budget.
Systematic errors are supposed to be fully eliminated by the
measurement set up, by using correction models and by the
determination of instrumental errors in calibration procedures. This
paper refers at the latter aspect addressing the task of the high-
precision determination of the calibration line Herrenhausen in
494
Hanover, Germany as the infrastructure for the calibration of electro-
optical distance meters (EDM).
Nowadays the calibration of geodetic instruments is an
important aspect that needs to be considered by the responsible
surveyor. Although the treatment of instrumental errors is a basic
content of every geodetic education this aspect might be neglected
in daily practical work. A main reason for that is the high degree of
automation in present surveying equipment which mainly reduces
the art-of-measuring to a simple push-of-button activity. The
measuring result is made available to the operator as a number on
the display. However, it is generated by a complex interaction of
several internal sensors as well as internal corrections and
averaging. The surveyor has mainly no influence on these internal
processes. Therefore, this black-box structure and user-friendly
operation of present measuring devices might create the illusion of
perfect functioning, error-free instruments (Staiger, 2007). Although
new equipment has indeed a high quality with respect to
instrumental errors, influences due to transportation, medium or
aging during the lifetime of the equipment alter the instrumental
parameters. However, the surveyor is in these cases still
responsible for providing results with a realistic description of their
quality. Therefore, the calibration of the used equipment at regular
intervals is absolute necessary to accomplish this responsibility
successfully.
The FIG addresses the above mentioned tasks in its
publication No. 9 (Staiger, 2007) providing recommendations for
procedures of checking electro-optical distance meters. Additionally
consequences from using uncalibrated tacheometers are presented
in this publication for some concrete activities.
For surveying activities under private law, like the most
measurements in engineering surveying, the necessity for
calibrating geodetic instruments is mentioned in normative
regulations, like ISO/EN/DIN. The ISO 17123 (ISO 17123, 2001)
and the DIN 18723 (DIN 18723, 1990) deal with field procedures for
checking EDM. The DIN 18710 (DIN 18710, 2010) specifies that
representative and actual calibration parameters need to be
available for the instruments used in engineering surveying projects
and refer to the DIN 18723 for applicable checking procedures.
495
For official measurements, like in cadastre and real
estate, the requirement of using calibrated instruments is formulated
in specific laws, ordinances or corresponding administrative
regulations. For example, an ordinance of the Ministry of Internal
Affairs of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (IM, 1999) states that EDMs
need to be calibrated before the first use, after repairing or otherwise
at least at intervals of 2 years on specific calibration lines. Similarly a
guideline for the calibration and checking of EDM-instruments
elaborated by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Nordrhein-Westfalen
(IM, 2000) also stipulates an annual calibration cycle for the
determination of the additive constant. The real estate ordinance of
Lower Saxony stipulates a periodic calibration of EDMs at intervals
of 3 years (IM, 2005).
Beside the specifications in the system of rules there is a
strong technical motivation for periodic calibration of EDM. The next
figure shows the variation during a period of 23 years of the additive
constant k
0
and the frequency correction k
f
for a Leica DI2000 EDM.
Obviously both lines contain a trend.

Figure 1. Variations of the additive and frequency correction of an EDM
The presented aspects show that calibration of EDM is
an important task that needs to be accomplished regularly during the
lifetime of the instruments. In order to accomplish it, calibration lines
need to be available. The requirements of actual calibration
parameters assume implicitly that the reference distances between
the pillars of the calibration line are also actual. This paper deals
496
with the high accurate determination of the reference distances for
the calibration line Herrenhausen in Hanover. This line is operated
by the Geodetic Institute in Hanover and the Ordnance Survey of
Lower Saxony.
2. THE CALIBRATION LINE HERRENHAUSEN
The calibration line Herrenhausen has a total length of
about 1.8 km and consists of 9 pillars. It is oriented in a direction
from north-east to south-east and is located in the park Georgen-
garten parallel to the main alley. The pillars were constructed
successively in time. The pillars at the end of the line (pillar 1 and 9
respectively) were built in 1976. They were the basis of a calibration
line that consisted of 23 points on the ground used to calibrate
EDMs with unit lengths U = 1 and 10 m. In the next 3 years 6 more
pillars (pillar 2 7) were constructed. The distance between pillar 1
and pillar 7 is about 570 m. The position of these pillars was
calculated according to the Schwendener principle. This assures an
evenly distribution of the phase rest over the unit length. A unit
length of U = 10 m which correspond to a modulation frequency of
15 MHz was used as starting point of the calculus. The actual state
of the line was achieved in 1984 with the construction of the last
pillar, pillar 8.
The calibration line has the following properties:
- even (nearly horizontal) ground surface,
- nearly equal irradiation by sunlight due to the placement under
trees (therefore inadequate for GNSS-measurements),
- homogeneous vegetation (grassland).
The reference distances between the pillars were first
determined in 1980 with the Mekometer 3000. Science 1987 the
reference distances are measured with Mekometer ME 5000. Up to
now 13 determinations of the baseline were performed. This leads to
an average cycle of 2.5 years for the redetermination of the
reference distances.
The following figures give an impression on the
discussed calibration line.
497

Figure 2. The calibration line Herrenhausen
3. PRELIMINARY ACTIVITIES
The key-point of high accurate distance measurements
is the representative acquisition of the atmospheric parameters.
Therefore, the focus of the preparation activities was set on the
accurate calibration of the used thermometers and barometers.
From the correction formulas of the refraction one easily
obtains that an error of 1C in temperature or 3 mbar in pressure
induces an error of 1 ppm on the measured distances (Reger,
1996). The influence of the water vapour pressure is of one order of
magnitude lower than the above mentioned ones. Thus, in order to
obtain an accuracy of few tenth of millimetres (i.e. 0.2 mm +
0.2 ppm) special attention needs to be paid to an accurate and
representative determination of the atmospheric parameters.
The aspiration psychrometer originally designed by
Assmann was used for the measurement of the dry and wet
temperature at the end-points of each measured distance. The
analogue thermometers installed in the psychrometers have a
resolution of 0.2C. They were calibrated for a temperature range
between 3C and 29C. Two electronic thermometers of type Quat
Heraeus and Greisinger PT 100 were used as reference in the
calibration. The temperature difference between the two reference
thermometers is shown in Fig. 3.
498
5 10 15 20 25
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
P
T
1
0
0

-

Q
u
a
t

[
C
]
Temperature [C]

Figure 3. Temperature difference between the reference thermometers
One can notice from Fig. 3 the good agreement between
the two reference thermometers. Although a trend between the
differences of the two thermometers can be observed, its influence
is of the order of 0.05C and it was therefore neglected in the current
application. The average temperature of the two thermometers was
used as reference in the calibration process.
The results obtained for the testing thermometers are
shown as residuals of the linear regression in Fig. 4. The standard
deviation of the residuals for each thermometer is shown in the
rightmost part of the figure. The thermometers, for which the lowest
standard deviation was obtained, were installed in the
psychrometers.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.2
0
0.2
R
e
s
i
d
u
a
l
s

o
f

t
h
e

c
a
l
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n
Temperature [C]
o = 0.10 C
o = 0.06 C
o = 0.08 C
o = 0.07 C
o = 0.08 C
o = 0.07 C
o = 0.06 C

Figure 4. Residuals obtained for the testing thermometers
499
As one can notice for the used thermometers a level of
accuracy of 0.06C was attained, which suffices the above
mentioned specification of this project.
Additionally to the analogue thermometers electronic
ones were placed at fixed positions along the calibration line in order
to measure the dry temperature at several locations. Thus, one gets
a representative temperature field along the ray path. The used
electronic thermometers were designed and developed at the
Geodetic Institute Hanover and are characterised by high accuracy
< 0.1C) as well as very short response time (< 1 s). A wireless
communication can be established for data transmission to a central
station. The latter can be situated at a maximum distance of 700 m
from the sensors. To avoid influences due to solar irradiation and to
guarantee the air streaming the sensor was placed in an open-
ended tube with good reflection properties.
To avoid scaling errors the electronic thermometers were
calibrated against the same references as the analogue ones.
Two stationary mercury barometers of the Wilhelm
Lambrecht company in Gttingen that are mounted an o pillar in the
basement of the Geodetic Institute Hanover were used as reference
for the calibration of the field barometers. The analogue height
determination of the mercury column needs to be corrected due to
influences of temperature, gravitation and capillary effects. The total
correction term has a magnitude of 0.5 mmHg.
The determination of the reference pressure agreed
between the two references barometers up to 0.1 mmHg. This level
of accuracy suffices the specifications of this project.
The correction term for the field barometers was
determined by comparison between the actual value and the
determined reference value. This term was assumed to be constant
over the entire measuring range. Analogue aneroid barometers
manufactured by Thommen with a resolution of 0.2 mbar were used
as field barometers. The determined correction terms for both
barometers were 0.0 mbar and thus, confirm the high quality of the
used equipment. The reference barometers and the field barometers
are shown in Fig. 5.
500

Figure 5a. Reference and field barometer
4. THE MEASUREMENTS
The measurements for the determination of the
calibration baseline were performed in October 2010 using the Kern
Mekometer ME5000. The Mekometer is specified with an accuracy
of 0.2 mm + 0.2 ppm. This instrument uses a polarisation
modulation with a frequency of 500 MHz. Different to the well known
principles of electro-optical distance measurement (phase difference
and time-of-flight) the Mekometer uses a variable modulation
frequency that is continuously changed until a phase difference
equal to zero results. This is done on four frequencies of the tuning
range. For further details concerning the function principle of the
instrument refer (Reger, 1996) and (Meier and Loser, 1986).
The distances between the pillars were determined in
every combination in forward and backward direction (i.e. 1-2, 2-1
1-3, 3-1 etc.). Every distance was determined 3 times. If the
maximum difference between the repeated measurements
exceeded 0.05 mm two more repetitions were performed.
Before starting the measurements the instrument
acclimatise for at least 30 min. To reduce the effects due to the laser
stabilisation the instrument was not turned off between station
changes and at the beginning of the day the measurements started
with the shortest distance needed to be determined.
501
The pressure, the dry and the wet temperature were
recorded at both ends of the measured distance. For every single
measurement the atmospheric parameters were determined anew.
During the daily observation period the electronic thermometers
recorded the temperatures continuously at an interval of 30 s.
5. DATA PROCESSING AND RESULTS
The first step in data processing consists of the
correction of the measurements due to refraction. The first velocity
correction was calculated using Owens formula (Reger, 1996).
This formula yields the group refractive index with an accuracy of 2
parts in 10
-8
and is therefore adequate for the accuracy aimed in this
project. It should be noticed that the common used correction
formula of Barrel and Sears is accurate to at least 0.4 ppm and is
therefore not sufficient for the purposes of this project.
The refractive index n
L
was calculated between every
two measuring points of the dry temperature, k and k+1 respectively,
included in the measured distance between the pillars i and j. The
averaged pressure and wet temperature recorded at the endpoints
of the distance i - j were used in the calculus. The refractive index
for the measured distance n
L
(i - j) results as the mean of the
refractive indexes weighted by the length w
kk+1
between the two
consecutive measuring points of dry temperature:

+
=
+
=
+
=

1
1
1
1
( , 1)
( )
j
kk L
k i
L j
kk
k i
w n k k
n i j
w
(1)
After correcting the measured distances due to refraction
a stochastic model needs to be determined for the adjustment.
Therefore, the standard deviation was computed from the repeated
measurements of the same distance. It is a known fact, that this
standard deviation is not adequate for the stochastic modelling
being to optimistic. This is why a function relating the distances to
these standard deviations was derived by linear regression (see Fig.
6). The resulting function is:

o

= +
5
[ ] [ ]
0.7 10 0.02
mm m
D , (2)
502
millimetres and D is the corrected distance expressed in meters.

Figure 6. Stochastic model of the adjustment
The a priori stochastic model was set up in accordance
with (2). The functional model of the adjustment is:

=
+ = +
1
0
j
ij ij k
k i
D v x k , (3)
where: D
ij
- horizontal distance between the pillars i and j
v
ij
- correction
x
k
- horizontal distance between consecutive pillars
situated between i and j
k
0
additive constant.
The a posteriori standard deviation of the adjustment is
o =
0
0.99. Thus, the global test of the adjustment was passed which
indicates the appropriateness of the functional and stochastic model.
The high quality of the obtained results is revealed by the
figures 7 to 9. The Fig. 7 gives the standard deviation of the
adjusted parameters. The ninth parameter corresponds to the
additive constant k
0
while the first eight parameters represent the
distances between consecutive pillars of the calibration line.
The residuals v
ij
of the adjustment are plotted in Fig. 8
with respect to the distance. The red line represents the function
obtained by linear regression. It indicates that the residuals dont
depend significantly on distance and therefore the results are not
contaminated by further systematic effects.
503
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Parameter No.
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d

d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
[
m
m
]

Figure 7. Standard deviations of the adjusted parameters
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
-0.2
0
0.2
Distance [m]
R
e
s
i
d
u
a
l
s

[
m
m
]

Figure 8. Residuals of the adjustment
The standard deviation of the adjusted observations is
shown in Fig. 9. As can be noticed, all the values are below 0.05
mm, indicating the high level of accuracy attained in these
measurements. This accuracy allows the determined distances to be
used as reference for tacheometers of any class of accuracy even
high accurate ones.
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
0,035
0,040
0,450
0,050
0,055
Distance [m]
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d

d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n

[
m
m
]

Figure 9. Standard deviation of the adjusted distances
0,045
504
6. SUMMARY
This paper deals with the calibration of EDM. After
discussing the importance of calibration in the present context of
instrumental development the main results obtained for the new
determination of the calibration line Herrenhausen are presented
and discussed. It was shown that with a dense network of
temperature sensors a thorough determination of the atmospheric
effects can be achieved. This allows for a accurate determination of
the baseline at the level of 0.1 mm + 0.1 ppm. Therefore, the
baseline can be used in future as a reference for calibrating even
very accurate tacheometers like the Leica TS30.
REFERENCES
1. DIN 18710 (2010): Ingenieurvermessung Teil 1: Allgemeine Anforderungen. Beuth
Verlag, Berlin.
2. DIN 18723 (1990): Feldverfahren zur Genauigkeitsuntersuchung geodtischer
Instrumente. Teil 6 Elektrooptische Distanzmesser fr den Nahbereich,
Beuth Verlag Berlin.
3. IM (1999): Kalibriererlass EDM Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Innenministerium
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, August, 1999.
4. IM (2000): Richtlinien zur Eichung und Prfung von EDM-Instrumenten
(Eichrichtlinien EDM). Innenministerium Nordrhein-Westfalen, Mai, 2000,
Dsseldorf.
5. IM (2005): Verwaltungsvorschrift zu Liegenschaftsvermessungen. Innenministerium
Niedersachsen, August, 2005, Hannover.
6. ISO 17123 (2001): Optics and optical instruments Field procedures for testing
geodetic and surveying instruments, Part 4 Electro-optical distance
meters. Beuth Verlag, Berlin.
7. Meier, D., Loser, R. (1986): Das Mekometer ME5000 Ein neuer
Przisionsdistanzmeser. Allgemeine Vermessungsnachrichten (AVN),
93, pp. 182 190.
8. Reger, J. M. (1996): Electronic Distance Measurement An Introduction. 4
th

edition. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
9. Staiger, R. (2007): Recommended Procedures for Routine Checks of Electro-Optical
Distance Meters. FIG Publication No. 9, February, 2007.
505
EVALUAREA STATISTIC A PRECIZIEI VECTORULUI
DEFORMAIILOR I DEPLASRILOR VERTICALE ALE
CONSTRUCIILOR, DETERMINAT PRIN MSURTORI
GEODEZICE
Prof. univ. dr. ing. Gheorghe Nistor, Universitatea Tehnic Gh.
Asachi, Iai, Romnia
Prof. univ. asoc. dr. ing. Ioan Nistor, Universitatea din Ottawa,
Canada
Asist. univ. dr. ing. Cristian Onu, Universitatea Tehnic Gh. Asachi,
Iai, Romnia
Asist. univ. drd. ing. Dan Pdure, Universitatea Tehnic Gh.
Asachi, Iai, Romnia
Rezumat: Metodele geodezice au o mare utilizare n
procesul de urmrire a comportrii in situ a construciilor,
supuse permanent unor factori interni i externi. n cadrul
acestora, metoda nivelmentului geometric de nalt
precizie permite determinarea valorilor absolute i relative
ale vectorului deformaiilor verticale, prin prelucrarea
semiriguroas sau riguroas a datelor msurtorilor
ciclice, efectuate asupra reperelor reelei de baz. n acest
sens, au fost elaborai algoritmi de calcul al vectorului
deformaiilor verticale n funcie direct de variaia
mrimilor diferenelor de nivel, msurate n fiecare ciclu,
inclusiv modele matematice de evaluare a preciziei
rezultatelor.
Cuvinte cheie: construcie, vertical, deformaie, precizie
1. INTRODUCERE
Prin studiul comportrii in situ a construciilor, n execuie
i n exploatare, se urmrete asigurarea siguranei n exploatare,
acest deziderat de baz fiind deseori completat cu scopuri tiinifice.
n aceste operaii, metodele geodezice sunt folosite pe scar larg,
asigurnd o precizie nalt rezultatelor. n studiul construciilor, o
importan deosebit o prezint datele privind deformaiile verticale,
care pot fi ridicri sau tasri. Msurtorile geodezice ciclice se
execut prin metoda drumurilor unice sau prin metoda reelelor de
nivelment geometric de nalt precizie. La alegerea aparatelor i
506
metodelor de msurare, trebuie s existe o corelaie ntre
sensibilitile i preciziile lor, astfel ca rezultatele obinute s se
nscrie n exigenele impuse anticipat pentru fiecare gen de
construcie.
n lucrare, se prezint modelul de analiz a preciziei
rezultatelor, folosind metoda intervalelor de ncredere.
2. STABILIREA VECTORULUI DEFORMAIEI VERTICALE
Pe baza datelor msurtorilor ciclice de nivelment
geometric de mare precizie, se determin vectorul deformaiilor
verticale. Gh. Nistor a elaborat algoritmi de calcul direct al
deformaiilor verticale, din fiecare marc de tasare fixat pe
construcie, pe baza variaiei n mrimile diferenelor de nivel
msurate ciclic.
2.1. Cazul drumuirii unice de nivelment geometric, sprijinit pe
repere fixe, R
1
i R
2
[3, 5]

Deformaia vertical n marca de tasare j ( 1, 1 j n = ),
produs ntre ciclul zero / iniial i ciclul actual t, ( 1, t T = ), este
exprimat de relaia
( )
0
1 1
, 1, ,
j j
t t t
j i i i
i i
H h h K D i n
= =
A = =

(1)
unde:
0
i
h i
t
i
h diferenele de nivel medii, msurate n punctul de
staie i; D
i
lungimea vitezei;
t
K corecia unitar, calculat cu
formula
( )
0
1 1
.
n n
t t
i i i
i i
K h h D
= =
=

(2)
Controlul operaiei de compensare a deformaiei
verticale efective, se face cu relaia
( )
2
0
1 1
0 .
n n
t t t t
R n i i i
i i
H H h h K D
= =
A = A = =

(3)
Pe baza deformaiilor verticale efective, msurate n
raport cu ciclul zero, se pot calcula i deformaiile pariale, produse
ntre dou cicluri conjugate
1
.
t t
j j j
H H H

A = A A (4)

507
2.2. Cazul unei reele poligonale de nivelment

n reeaua de nivelment, constituit din mai multe
drumuiri, sunt cuprinse att mrcile de tasare, ct i reperele fixe.
Deformaiile verticale se determin ntr-un numr de k mrci de
tasare, n raport cu R
p
repere fixe, n funcie de n msurtori directe
(diferene de nivel). Obinerea vectorului deformaiei verticale se face
prin metoda msurtorilor indirecte [3,4,5]. Pentru ciclul de observaii
t (t = 1, T), vectorul deformaiilor verticale va fi:

1 1
,
t t
k kn n
X Z L = (5)
sau dezvoltat
1 1 11 12
1
2 2 21 22 2
1 2
...
...
. ,
... ... ... ... ... ...
...
t t
n
t t
n
t t
k k kn
k n
H l z z
z
H l z z z
z z z
H l
( (
A
(
( (
(
A
( (
(
=
( (
(
( (
(
( (
(
A

(6)
unde: Z
kn
matrice constant, ale crei elemente z
ij
( 1, ; 1, i n j k = = )
se calculeaz pe baza datelor ciclului zero de observaii,
1
;
t t
kn kk kn nn n
Z Q B P L = vectorul termenilor liberi ai ecuaiilor de
deformaie vertical, ale cror elemente se obin direct, ca diferene
algebrice dintre diferenele de nivel medii, msurate n cele dou
cicluri de observaii (
0 t t
i i i
l h h = ) i care difer pentru fiecare ciclu de
msurtori.
3. ANALIZA PRECIZIEI VECTORULUI DE DEFORMAIE
VERTICAL AL UNEI CONSTRUCII STUDIATE, FOLOSIND
METODA INTERVALELOR DE NCREDERE
n cazul unui volum mic de selecie/msurtori, aa cum
se ntmpl n geodezia aplicat, o estimaie u poate s difere
considerabil de parametrul estimat . Estimarea punctual a
parametrului necunoscut u n locul lui , nu reprezint nici o
informaie despre eroarea admisibil i probabilitatea ei. Aceste
dezavantaje se pot evita prin folosirea intervalelor de ncredere.
3.1. Intervalul de ncredere
Fiind dat densitatea de repartiie ( , ) f x u , care conine
parametrul necunoscut , n urma efecturii unei selecii de volum n,
x
1
,..., x
n
, atunci se pot determina dou statistici
508

1
( ,..., )
n
x x u i
1
( ,..., ) ,
n
x x u (7)
astfel ca intervalul [ , ] u u s conin valoarea adevrat a
parametrului , cu probabilitatea p = 1 , adic [1, 2]
{ }
1 , P p u u u o < < = = (8)
unde p nu depinde de . Acest interval, care acoper probabilitatea
dat 1 se numete interval de ncredere, iar numrul p = 1 se
numete probabilitate de ncredere a intervalului. Mrimile sau
parametrii u i u se numesc limite de ncredere pentru . Cu ct
intervalul este mai mic i probabilitatea 1 este mai apropiat de
1, cu att va exista o indicaie mai precis despre . n practic,
probabilitatea se ia egal cu 0.90; 0.95; 0.99. n geodezie, se ia
valoarea 0.95 care corespunde cu dublul erorii standard.
Se consider o distribuie ( , ) q u u a crei repartiie este
independent de parametrul necunoscut . Pentru cunoaterea
funciei de repartiie ( ) f x
q
a variabilei aleatoare , se poate defini
intervalul de ncredere. Pentru parametrul de semnificaie dat , se
aleg dou numere
1
p
_ i
2
p
_ , cuantilele repartiiei ( ) F x
q
, astfel ca
s existe condiia
{ }
1 2 2
1 2 1
( ) ( ) 1 .
p p p p
P F F p p
q q
_ q _ _ _ o < < = = =
(9)
Prin rezolvarea n raport cu , va rezulta inegalitatea
1 2
( , ) ,
p p
_ q u u _ < < (10)
obinndu-se intervalul de ncredere dorit.
3.2. Intervalul de ncredere pentru medie

Se consider selecia de volum x
1
,...,x
n
asupra unei
variabile aleatoare , a crei repartiie este normat N(m,
2
) i unde
parametrii m i
2
sunt necunoscui. Pe baza seleciei, se afl
valoarea medie

1
1
,
n
i
i
x x
n
=
=

(11)
care este o estimaie punctual consistent i nedeplasat pentru
parametrul necunoscut m. Trebuie stabilit intervalul de ncredere
pentru acest parametru. Deoarece x este media seleciei de volum,
efectuat asupra unei variabile aleatoare de repartiie N(m,
2
),
509
atunci variabila ( ) x m s n urmeaz o repartiie t-student cu n 1
grade de libertate (t(n 1)), fig. 1 i 2.

Figura 1. Repartiiile Gauss i
Student
Figura 2. Aria haurat cu
procentul de rebut probabil q

Pentru pragul de semnificaie dat , se calculeaz
estimaiile / conti- lele t
/2
i t
1/2
ale repartiiei pentru care exist
1 / 2
/ 2
/ 2 1 / 2 ( 1)
( )d 1 .
t
t n
t
x m
P t t f t t
s n
o
o
o o
o
< < = =
`
)
}
(12)
Intervalul de ncredere care acoper parametrul
necunoscut n cu coeficientul de ncredere 1 , avnd cea mai
mic lungime, va fi:
0 0
1 / 2 1 / 2
( ) ; ,
s s
I m x t x t
n n
o o
(
= +
(

(13)
cunoscut i sub numele de intervalul cozilor egale (fig. 2). Eroarea
unei singure msurtori i eroarea mediei de selecie sunt exprimate
de relaiile:
2
0
0
1
1
( ) ; .
1
n
i
x
i
s
s x x s
n n
=
= =

(14)
Notndu-se cu
1 / 2 p
z t
o
=
, cuantila a crei valoare se extrage din
tabelul cu valorile funciei de repartiie t-student, corespunztor
probabilitii alese p = 1 i a n 1 grade de libertate (fig. 3) se
va scrie expresia final a intervalului de ncredere care acoper
valoarea adevrat a mediei de selecie m, cu probabilitatea
p = 1, apropiat de unitate
( ) ; ,
p p
x x
I m x z s x z s
(
= +

(15)
astfel nct, s fie satisfcut condiia

0 t -t
1o/2
t
1o/2
f (t)
t(n-1)
Repartiia normal
Repartiia Student
0 1 2 3 4 -1 -2 -3 -4 t
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
f(t)
510
( )
.
p
P t z p s = (16)

Figura 3. Cunatilele repartiiei t Student
Intervalul de ncredere (15) se poate exprima i prin inegalitatea
.
p p
x x
x z s m x z s < < + (17)
Modul de stabilire a intervalului de ncredere, n cazul msurtorilor
directe ponderate, ca i n cazul msurrilor de grup, este
asemntor.
3.3. Intervalul de ncredere pentru dispersie
Se consider o selecie x
1
,...,x
n
obinut prin efectuarea
unui numr de n observaii independente asupra unei variabile
repartizat N(m,
2
), n care parametrii m i
2
sunt necunoscui. Se
spune c variabila aleatoare urmeaz o repartiie h
i
- ptrat cu n
grade de libertate, notat
2
( ) n _ , dac densitatea sa de repartiie
este (fig. 4):
2
2
2 2
/ 2
1
( ) e , 0; 0 .
2 ( / 2)
n x
n
f x x x n
n
_
= > >
I
(18)

t
f (t)
p
t(n)
t (n)
p
0
Procentul de rebut
probabil q (fig. 2, aria
haurat), reprezint
precizia de msurare /
indicatorul preciziei, i
indic probabilitatea ca
mrimea fizic msurat
s ia valori n afara
cmpului de toleran.
511

Fig. 4. Repartiia
2
_ pentru Fig. 5. Cuantilele repartiiei
2
_
diferite valori ale lui n

Dac este o variabil aleatoare repartizat N(m,
2
) i
2
0
s este dispersia de selecie modificat, atunci variabila aleatoare
2 2
0
( 1) / n s o este repartizat
2
( 1) n _ . Alegerea intervalului de
ncredere se va face astfel nct, probabilitile de a nu acoperi
mrimea
2
, la dreapta i la stnga acestuia, s fie egale ntre ele.
Pentru un nivel de semnificaie dat i a n 1 grade de libertate, se
determin cuantilele ale repartiiei
2
_ (fig. 5),
pentru care [1]:
2
2 2
0
/ 2, 1 1 / 2, 1 1 2
2
( 1)
1 .
n n
n s
P p p p
o o
_ _ o
o

< < = = =
`
)
(19)
Cele dou cuantile corespund probabilitilor p
1
= /2 i p
2
= 1 /2.
Prin rezolvarea inecuaiei din acolada, n raport cu
2
, va rezulta
expresia
2 2
2
0 0
2 2
1 / 2, 1 / 2, 1
( 1) ( 1)
1 ,
n n
n s n s
P
o o
o o
_ _

< < =
`

)
(20)
care conduce la intervalul de ncredere care acoper valoarea
adevrat a dispersiei
2
, cu probabilitatea p = 1 i cu n 1
grade de libertate
2 2
2
0 0
2 2
1 / 2, 1 / 2, 1
( 1) ( 1)
( ) ; .
n n
n s n s
I
o o
o
_ _

(

=
(
(

(21)
n relaia (21) introducndu-se notaiile

8 10 12 14 6 4 2 0
x
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
f(x)
0.5
n=1
n=2
n=6
f (x)
_
2
(n)
p
p
_
2
(n)
x
/ 2, 1 1 / 2, 1 n n
i
o o
_ _

512
2 2
1 2
2 2
1 / 2, 1 / 2, 1
1 1
,
n n
n n
z i z
o o
_ _

= =
(22)
se va scrie intervalul de ncredere (21) sub forma
2 2 2 2 2
1 0 2 0
( ) ; , I z s z s o
(
=

(23)
sau sub forma inegalitii
2 2 2 2 2
1 0 2 0
. z s z s o < < (24)
Din expresia intervalului de ncredere care acoper
dispersia adevrat
2
, formulele (23) sau (24), se poate scrie
intervalul de ncredere care acoper valoarea adevrat a abaterii
standard , cu probabilitatea p = 1 i n 1 grade de libertate
1 0 2 0
. z s z s o < < (25)
Coeficienii z
1
i z
2
, se pot obine direct din tabelul ntocmit special,
n funcie de aceleai elemente, probabilitatea p = 1

i n

1 grade
de libertate [3,6].
n cazul prelucrrii msurtorilor asupra mai multor
mrimi, de exemplu la compensarea prin metoda msurtorilor
indirecte, formula (5), se va lua probabilitatea p

=

1

i n

k
numrul gradelor de libertate, reprezentnd surplusul de msurtori.

4. STUDIU DE CAZ

4.1. Prezentarea studiului de caz

Pentru urmrirea comportrii pe vertical a unei hale
industriale, n structura de rezisten s-au ncastrat un numr de 14
mrci de tasare, notate P
j
, 1, 1 1,14 j n = = (Fig. 6). Planul orizontal
de referin, n raport cu care s-au efectuat msurtorile, s-a realizat
cu dou repere fixe de adncime, R
1
i R
2
. Msurtorile de
nivelment geometric de mare precizie s-au efectuat printr-o drumuire
sprijinit, folosind o nivel Zeiss Ni007 i dou mire cu band de
invar, de 1.75 m lungime. Pentru pstrarea neschimbat a poziiilor
i a numrului de staii de mijloc, s
i
( 1, 1,15 i n = = ), acestea au fost
materializate prin buloane de oel.

513

Pentru urmrirea pe vertical a construciei, s-au
efectuat ase cicluri de msurtori nivelitice. n fiecare staie,
diferenele de nivel s-au msurat cu dou orizonturi, n fiecare
orizont determinndu-se de cte dou ori aceste diferene, folosind
citirile la ambele scale gradate ale mirei.
n etapa preliminar, s-a fcut un studiu de evaluare
anticipat a preciziei de execuie, corespunztor exigenei impuse de
obinere a deformaiei verticale n marca de tasare cea mai expus a
drumuirii, s
H
= 0.30 mm [3,5]. Aceasta a presupus ca eroarea de
msurare a diferenelor de nivel s nu depeasc s
h
= 0.10 mm.
Pe baza msurtorilor nivelitice, s-au calculat n fiecare
ciclu de observaii, mrimile deformaiilor verticale efective, fa de
ciclul zero, deformaiile pariale fa de ciclul precedent, s-au
ntocmit fiele tasrilor i graficele de tasare.
4.2. Analiza statistic

Pentru o analiz aprofundat a preciziei, s-a folosit
metoda statisticii matematice, stabilindu-se intervalele de ncredere.
Studiul a cuprins urmtoarele:
a. Evaluarea preciziei de msurare a diferenelor de
nivel, n scopul msurrii tasrilor. Mai nti, s-a calculat eroarea
medie ptratic a unei singure diferene de nivel
Figura 6. Schema reelei de nivelment geometric de urmrire

R
2
P
S
1
R
1
h
1
,
14
P
13
P
12
P
11
P
10
P
9
P
8
S
n-1
h
n-1
,
S
n
h
n
,
S
2
h
2
, S
3
h
3
,
P
1
P
2
P
3
P
4
P
5
P
6
P
7
514
2
1 1
,
i
m n
i
k i
h
s
N n
o
= =
=
(26)
unde: m numrul diferenelor de nivel msurate n fiecare staie
(m = 4); n numrul staiilor de drumuire (n = 15); N numrul total
de msurtori ntr-un ciclu (N = m n = 60); ,
i i
h h o = reprezint
abaterile dintre diferenele de nivel msurate i diferena de nivel
medie dintr-o staie.
Eroarea medie ptratic a diferenei de nivel medie dintr-
o staie, s-a calculat cu relaia
.
i
h
h
s
s
m
=
(27)
Rezultatele obinute n scopul evalurii preciziei
msurtorilor nivelitice sunt prezentate n Tabelul 1. Cele dou erori
sunt prezentate n coloanele (6) i (7).
Tabelul 1
Nr. ciclu
Nr. ms. n staie
m
Nr. staii drum.
n
N-n
2
1 1
m n
i
k i
o
= =

i
h
s

(mm)

h
s

(mm)
1 2 3
4
5 6 7
0 4 15
45
0.8642 0.14 0.07
1 4 15 45 1.4266 0.18 0.09
2 4 15 45 1.6143 0.19 0.09
3 4 15 45 0.7356 0.13 0.06
4 4 15 45 1.2347 0.17 0.08
5 4 15 45 0.9325 0.14 0.07

Intervalul de ncredere care acoper valoarea teoretic a
abaterii standard
i
h
o a unei singure diferene de nivel, se va scrie
sub forma inegalitii

1 2
,
i i i
h h h
z s z s o < <
unde coeficienii de multiplicare z
1
i z
2
s-au extras din tabelul
coeficienilor pentru construirea intervalelor de ncredere [3,4,6], n
515
funcie de probabilitatea p = 1 = 0.95 i Nn grade de libertate,
rezultnd z
1
= 0.829 i z
2
= 1.261. Corespunztor celor cinci cicluri de
observaii, valorile adevrate ale abaterilor standard
i
h
o , sunt
prezentate n Tabelul 2, coloanele (3) i (4).
Intervalul de ncredere care acoper valoarea teoretic a
abaterii standard
h
o a diferenelor de nivel medii, va fi exprimat prin
inegalitatea

' '
1 2
,
h h h
z s z s o < <
unde coeficienii
'
1
z i
'
2
z se extrag din acelai tabel, n funcie de
probabilitatea ca p = 1 = 0.95 i n 1 = 14 grade de libertate,
rezultnd:
'
1
z = 0.732 i
'
2
z = 1.577. Intervalele de ncredere sunt
prezentate n Tabelul 2, coloanele (6) i (7).
Pe baza diferenelor de nivel medii, msurate n ciclul
zero i ciclul t, 1, t T = , s-au calculat tasrile din cele 14 mrci de
tasare, cu relaia (1), prezentate n Tabelul 3. Pe baza lor s-au
calculat tasrile medii pentru fiecare ciclu de msurtori

1
1
1
; 1, 1 1,14 ; 1, 1,5 .
1
n
t
t j
j
H H j n t T
n
=
A = A = = = =

Tabelul 2
Nr. ciclu 1 2
i i i
h h h
z s z s o < <

' '
1 2
h h h
z s z s o < <

i
h
s

1
i
h
z s

2
i
h
z s

h
s

'
1
h
z s

'
2
h
z s

1 2 3
4
5 6 7
0 0.14 0.12
0.18
0.07 0.05 0.11
1 0.18 0.15 0.23 0.09 0.07 0.14
2 0.19 0.16 0.24 0.09 0.07 0.14
3 0.13 0.11 0.16 0.06 0.04 0.09
4 0.17 0.14 0.21 0.08 0.07 0.13
5 0.14 0.12 0.18 0.07 0.05 0.11

Tabelul 3
Nr. marc
tasare
Mrimile tasrilor ( )
t
j
H mm A

Ciclurile de msurtori
516
1 2
3
4 5
1 2 3
4
5 6
P1 -2.6 -4.3
-7.6
-12.6 -14.9
P2
-2.9 -4.3 -7.3 -12.3 -15.6
P3 -3.1 -4.4 -7.3 -12.7 -15.0
P4 -3.4 -5.5 -7.9 -13.1 -16.5
P5 -2.9 -5.4 -8.3 -13.6 -17.4
P6 -3.5 -5.2 -8.6 -13.5 -18.3
P7 -3.4 -5.8 -8.9 -14.3 -19.5
P8 -3.6 -6.4 -9.2 -15.6 -21.2
P9 -3.5 -6.1 -9.5 -14.6 -21.7
P10 -3.2 -5.7 -9.1 -14.1 -20.3
P11 -3.5 -5.1 -8.8 -13.6 -18.5
P12 -3.6 -5.1 -8.5 -13.2 -17.6
P13 -3.3 -4.7 -7.6 -12.9 -16.3
P14 -3.0 -4.9 -6.9 -12.5 -15.1
t
H A
-3.25 -5.21 -8.28 -13.47 -17.71

De asemenea, pe baza erorilor diferenelor de nivel medii
h
s , Tabelul 1, coloana (7), s-au calculat erorile medii cu relaia
2 ,
t
H h
s s
A
=
prezentate n Tabelul 4, coloana (3).
Tabelul 4
Nr. ciclu
t
H A
t
H
s
A

t
p
H
z s
A

t t
t p t t p
H H
H z s H H z s
A A
A < A < A +

1 2 3
4
5
1 3.25 0.20 0.43
1
2.82 3.68 H < A <
2 5.21 0.20 0.43
2
4.78 5.64 H < A <
3 8.28 0.13 0.28
3
8.00 8.41 H < A <
4 13.47 0.18 0.39
4
13.08 13.86 H < A <
5 17.71 0.16 0.35
5
17.36 18.06 H < A <
517

Evaluarea statistic a preciziei de determinare a
tasrilor, s-a fcut prin stabilirea intervalelor de ncredere care
acoper mrimea adevrat a tasrii medii,
t
H A , n fiecare ciclu, cu
probabilitatea p = 1 = 0.95 i n 2 = 13 grade de libertate. Astfel,
pentru ciclul t, el este exprimat prin inegalitatea (18)

.
t t
t p t t p
H H
H z s H H z s
A A
A < A < A +

Mrimea coeficientului
1 / 2 p
z t
o
=
, s-a extras din tabelul
cu valorile funciei de repartiie t-student [3,6], rezultnd z
p
= 2.160.
Pentru cele cinci cicluri, intervalele sunt prezentate n Tabelul 4.
Mrimile tasrilor medii includ att influena tasrilor efective ale
construciei, ct i influena erorilor aleatoare. n acest sens, pentru
a evidenia tasarea difereniat din fiecare ciclu, s-a folosit mrimea
dispersiei erorilor aleatoare, care prezint un indicator de baz, ce
caracterizeaz mprtierea valorilor aleatoare i care este un
numr nenegativ. Dispersiile s-au calculat cu relaia

( )
1
2
2
1
1
,
2
t
n
t
j t
H
j
D H H
n
A
=
= A A

ale cror mrimi sunt prezentate n Tabelul 5. Cnd dispersia dintr-
un ciclu este apropiat de zero, se apreciaz o tasare uniform. Cu
ct dispersia difer de zero, se apreciaz c s-au produs tasri
difereniate ale construciei, aa cum se observ ncepnd cu ciclul
al doilea.
Tabelul 5
Nr. ciclu
1 2 3 4 5
2
t
H
D
A
0.09 4.31 3.56 8.56 5.40
5. CONCLUZII
Urmrirea comportrii pe vertical a construciei studiate,
a permis cunoaterea pe o perioad de aproape doi ani, pe baza
msurtorilor geodezice de nivelment geometric de nalt precizie,
att a comportrii de ansamblu, ct i a comportrii punctuale,
corespunztor fiecrei mrci de tasare. Analiza anticipat i
stabilirea condiiilor de efectuare a msurtorilor, n funcie de
exigenele impuse pentru acest gen de construcie, au corespuns pe
518
deplin. Prin calculul dispersiilor, a fost posibil sesizarea apariiei
tasrilor difereniate, dar care nu au depit valorile de siguran.
Prin analiza statistic a rezultatelor msurtorilor
nivelitice, pe baza crora s-au determinat mrimile deformaiilor
verticale, de fapt ale tasrilor construciei studiate, prin metoda
intervalelor de ncredere, a fost posibil verificarea preciziei obinute
prin erorile mrimilor msurate. S-au putut construi intervalele de
ncredere pentru diferenele de nivel individuale i pentru diferenele
de nivel medii, ca i intervalele de ncredere care acoper valorile
adevrate ale mediei tasrilor halei, pentru o probabilitate dat,
aproape de certitudine i a numrului gradelor de libertate pentru
fiecare caz n parte.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Ciumac P., Teoria probabilitilor i elemente de statistic matematic. Ed. Tehnic
U.T.M., Chiinu, 2003.
2. Moineagu C., .a., Statistica. Ed. tiinific i Enciclopedic, Bucureti, 1976.
3. Nistor Gh., Geodezie aplicat la studiul construciilor. Ed. Gh. Asachi, Iai, 1993.
4. Nistor Gh., Teoria prelucrrii msurtorilor geodezice. Ed. Univ. Tehn., Iai, 1996.
5. Nistor Gh., Nistor I., Direct Algorithm for the Calculation of Vertical Displacements
and Deformations of Constructions Using High-Precision Geometric Leveling. Rev.
CAD Journal of Geodesy and Cadastre, nr. 7, 2007.
6. Tiron M., Teoria erorilor de msurare i metoda celor mai mici ptrate. Ed. Tehnic,
Bucureti, 1972.

THE STATISTICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE PRECISION OF THE
VECTOR OF THE VERTICAL DEFORMATION OF THE
BUILDINGS OBTAINED BY GEODETIC MEASUREMENTS
Abstract: The geodetic methods are extremely useful within the process
studying in situ, the behaviour of the building. As part of these methods, the
method of high precision geometrical leveling allows the determination of the
absolute and relative values of the vertical deformations vector, by half rigorous
or rigorous processing of the data obtained by periodical measurement that
have been made on the marks of the reference network. Considering this, there
has been elaborated a calculus algorithm of the vertical deformations vector,
depending directly on the variation of the differences in elevation wich have
been measured during each period, and, also, there have been elaborated
mathematical models for the assessment of the precision of the results.
The paper is presenting the method of assessment of the precision of the
results, using the method of the confidence intervals.

519
ANALIZA DEFORMAIILOR UTILIZND METODA
PELZER
Asist. univ. drd. ing. Alexandra Popa, Universitatea 1 Decembrie
1918 Alba Iulia
Lect. univ. drd. ing. Eva Koncsag, Universitatea 1 Decembrie 1918
Alba Iulia
Prof.univ.dr.ing.ec.Maricel Palamariu, Universitatea 1 Decembrie
1918 Alba Iulia
Rezumat:Scopul fundamental al efecturii msurtorilor
geodezice n vederea analizei deformaiilor obiectivelor
urmrite este de a asigura stabilitatea i buna funcionare
i de a proteja mediul nconjurtor. Valorificarea i analiza
msurtorilor repetate ofer beneficiul declaraiilor
statistice cu privire la evoluia deplasrilor i deformaiilor
reale. Etapele principale ale analizei deformaiilor prin
metoda Pelzer sunt: compensarea mrimilor msurate la
diferite epoci de msurare, aplicarea testelor de
congruen global pentru verificarea existenei
deplasrilor semnificative, iar dac acestea exist,
urmeaz localizarea acestora. Ca studiu de caz, s-a ales
Barajul principal din cadrul Complexului Stejri, Ocna
Mure.
Cuvinte cheie: analiza deformaiilor, metoda Pelzer,
model funcional-stohastic, testul global de congruen,
localizarea deplasrilor semnificative
1. INTRODUCERE
Scopul fundamental al efecturii msurtorilor geodezice
n vederea determinrii deplasrilor i deformaiilor este de a reda
caracterul modificrilor suferite n timp de obiectivului urmrit, de a
pune n eviden fenomenul de micare sau, dimpotriv, stabilitatea
obiectivului.
Pentru a realiza acest lucru, este necesar ca reeaua
geodezic de urmrire s cuprind att puncte obiect (mrci de
urmrire), amplasate pe obiectivul urmrit, ct i puncte de referin
520
(puncte fixe), amplasate n terenuri stabile, n afara zonei de
influen a obiectivului Fig. 1.

Figura 1. Reea geodezic de urmrire n msurtorile inginereti
2. MODELUL FUNCIONAL STOHASTIC
Poziia unui punct va rezulta n urma prelucrrii mrimilor
msurate la diferite epoci de msurare. Ca principiu de compensare
a observaiilor efectuate n vederea determinrii deplasrilor i
deformaiilor, n general se folosete un model funcional de calcul,
definit de relaia - [5]:
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
k k kk k k
k
k
k
l
l
l
x
x
x
A A A
A A A
A A A
v
v
v
... ...
...
... ... ...
...
...
...
2
1
2
1
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
2
1

unde:
l
i
vectorul termenilor liberi, de dimensiune (m
i
,1). Poate s
difere ca numr de elemente de la o epoc de msurare
la alta, n funcie de observaiile efectuare n reea;
v
i
vectorul coreciilor, de dimensiune (m
i
,1) la epoca de
msurare i, k i , 1 = ;
A
ij
matricea de configuraie a reelei geodezice de urmrire.
Submatricele de pe diagonala principal A
ii
, de dimensiuni
(m
i
,n
i
), exprim legtura funcional dintre mrimile
msurate i necunoscute n cadrul fiecrei epoci de
msurare. Submatricele A
ij
, pentru j i = , exprim
proprietile funcionale ale parametrilor la diferite epoci
de msurare. Astfel, datorit faptului c realizarea
521
legturilor dintre diferite epoci de msurare este greu de
realizat, se admite c 0 =
ij
A , pentru j i = ;
x
i
vectorul necunoscutelor, de dimensiune variabil (n
i
,1)
de la o epoc de msurare la alta. Conine estimrile
coordonatelor punctelor, care caracterizeaz eventualele
modificri ale configuraiei reelei.
Modelul stohastic pentru k epoci de msurare este n
general definit de relaia - [5]:
(
(
(
(
= =
kk
mm mm
Q
Q
Q
Q C
... 0 0
... ... ...
0 ... 0
0 ... 0
22
11
2
0
2
0
o o
unde:
mm
C matricea de covarian pentru mrimile msurate la
toate epocile de msurare;
Q
mm
matricea cofactorilor pentru msurtorile efectuate la
toate epocile de msurare luate n considerare;
Q
ii
matricea cofactorilor pentru msurtorile efectuate la
epoca de msurare i, k i , 1 = ;
2
0
o factorul de varian sau variana de referin.
Din punct de vedere statistic, trebuie ndeplinit ipoteza
de baz, H
B
:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
0
2
0
2
02
2
01
... : s s M s M s M H
k B
= = = =
unde M reprezint valoarea medie (sperana matematic sau
ateptarea).
3. TESTUL GLOBAL DE CONGRUEN
Se consider dou epoci de msurare, 1 i 2. Ipoteza
nul stabilete dac exist deplasri semnificative ale punctelor
reelei geodezice de urmrire, determinate la cele dou epoci de
msurare considerate [5]:
( ) ( )
2 1 0
: x M x M H = ,
prin presupunerea c, la cele dou epoci de msurare, coordonatele
determinate sunt egale, diferenele obinute fiind foarte mici i
putnd fi puse pe seama erorilor de msurare.
Prin introducerea vectorului de diferene d:
522
1 2
x x d =
i a matricei cofactorilor corespunztoare Q
d
:
( ) ( )
+ +
+ +
+ = + =
2 2 2 1 1 1
2 2 1 1
A P A A P A Q Q Q
T T
x x x x d
,
Se va obine forma ptratic:
h
d Q d
d
T
=
2
u
care reprezint o prim etap n analiza deplasrilor i deformaiilor.
Forma ptratic
2
u are acelai rang h cu cel al matricei
d
Q .
Astfel, se va putea calcula:
2
2
S
F
u
=
Dac
k
f f
F F
, , 1
0
o
s , atunci se va accepta ipoteza nul,
0
H ,
ceea ce nseamn c punctele din cadrul reelei geodezice de
urmrire nu au suferit deplasri semnificative ntre cele dou epoci
de msurare, 1 i 2. n caz contrar, se va accepta ipoteza
alternativ,
o
H , adic, n intervalul dintre cele dou epoci de
msurare, exist puncte ale reelei care au suferit deplasri
semnificative. n acest caz, se trece la etapa urmtoare, i anume
de localizare a acestor deplasri semnificative.
4. LOCALIZAREA DEPLASRILOR SEMNIFICATIVE
Pentru localizarea deplasrilor semnificative, se va utiliza
metoda discordanelor maxime.
Informaia complet n legtur cu abaterile de la
congruena reelei la cele dou epoci de msurare este coninut n
formele ptratice
2
u i O. La calculul lui
2
u se ine cont de
configuraiile reelei la cele dou epoci de msurare, precum i de
valoarea limit acceptat pentru deplasarea punctelor reelei.
Principiul localizrii deplasrilor semnificative const n
faptul c fiecare punct comun al reelei geodezice de urmrire este
considerat, pe rnd, ca suferind o deplasare.
ntr-o prim etap, pentru determinarea punctelor n care
au loc deplasri semnificative, vectorul diferenelor d i inversa
matricei de varian Q
d
se mpart n subvectori [4]:
(
=
O
S
d
d
d
523
(
= =
OO OS
SO SS
d d
P P
P P
P Q
Vectorul diferenelor d este mprit n doi subvectori, d
S

pentru punctele considerate stabile i d
O
pentru punctele
considerate mobile.
Folosind formulele de transformare corespunztoare
metodei reducerilor succesive Gauss:
O SO SS S S
d P P d d
1
+ =
OS OO SO SS SS
P P P P P
1
= ,
se realizeaz o mprire a lui R n dou sume de variabile
independente stohastic:
( )
O OO
T
S S SS
T
S d
T
d P d d P d d P d R + = =
1

La localizarea propriu-zis a deplasrilor, fiecare punct la
rnd este analizat separat dac a suferit deplasri semnificative. La
etapa iterativ de calcul p, sunt preluate coordonatele unui alt punct,
descrise n subvectorul d
O
, precum i analiza lui R. Pentru p puncte,
se pstreaz n aceast prim etap toate cele p discordane:
( ) ( )
i O OO
T
S i
d P d =
2
u , pentru p i , 1 =
Deplasrile semnificative la diferite epoci de msurare
fiind determinate valoric n testul global, punctul care este
caracterizat prin discordana maxim este considerat punct mobil:
( ) p i pentru
i
, 1 , max
2
max
2
= = u u
Se folosete un nou test global de congruen, pentru
determinarea existenei celorlalte deplasri, fiind o nou problem
de localizare. Dac se respinge ipoteza nul, se vor relua operaiile
pentru determinarea urmtorului punct deplasat. Operaiile se repet
pn cnd inegalitatea de mai sus nu mai este respectat, adic n
cadrul reelei geodezice de urmrire nu mai exist puncte mobile din
punct de vedere statistic [1].
La finalizarea calculelor, se vor determina punctele
stabile, care nu au suferit deplasri, precum i punctele care au
suferit deplasri semnificative ntre cele dou epoci de msurare
considerate.
5. STUDIU DE CAZ
Pentru studiu de caz, s-a ales Barajul principal din cadrul
Complexului Stejri, Ocna Mure. Pentru obiectivul ales, s-au luat
524
n considerare observaiile efectuate la dou epoci de msurare, E1
(2009) i E2 (2010), n vederea verificrii stabilitii, utiliznd metoda
Pelzer de analiz a deplasrilor i deformaiilor Fig. 2.

Figura 2. Schia reelei geodezice de urmrire aferent Barajului
principal din cadrul Complexului Stejri, Ocna Mure
Tabelul 1. Observaiile efectuate la cele dou epoci de msurare
Nr. crt. De la La
h A mas.
[m]
Dist.
[m]
E1 E2
1 M11 M1 -0.359 -0.355 55.806
2 M1 M2 1.209 1.210 37.016
3 M2 M10 0.654 0.634 49.292
4 M10 M11 -1.506 -1.489 50.407
5 M3 M2 -2.493 -2.493 50.507
6 M3 M9 -3.697 -3.736 49.916
7 M9 M10 1.859 1.877 49.878
8 M3 M4 -2.602 -2.605 49.928
9 M8 M4 -0.996 -0.995 58.812
10 M8 M9 -2.092 -2.126 153.570
11 M4 M5 0.909 0.933 175.210
12 M5 M6 1.356 1.358 45.161
13 M7 M6 -0.763 -0.740 81.216
14 M7 M8 -2.034 -2.037 52.051

525

Tabelul 2. Compensarea diferenelor de nivel
De
la
La
E1 E2
h A
mas.
[m]
v
[mm]
h A comp.
[m]
h A mas.
[m]
v
[mm]
h A comp.
[m]
M11 M1 -0.359 -1.442
-0.360 -0.355 6.002
-0.349
M1 M2 1.209 -1.630
1.207 1.210 0.001
1.210
M2 M10 0.654 -1.431
0.653 0.634 -4.200
0.630
M10 M11 -1.506 2.504
-1.503 -1.489 3.600
-1.485
M3 M2 -2.493 -1.922
-2.495 -2.493 -2.007
-2.495
M3 M9 -3.697 -0.275
-3.697 -3.736 -7.802
-3.744
M9 M10 1.859 -2.077
1.857 1.877 3.401
1.880
M3 M4 -2.602 -1.801
-2.604 -2.605 -7.976
-2.613
M8 M4 -0.996 2.084
-0.994 -0.995 4.118
-0.991
M8 M9 -2.092 2.610
-2.089 -2.126 -6.592
-2.133
M4 M5 0.909 -1.051
0.908 0.933 4.644
0.938
M5 M6 1.356 2.244
1.358 1.358 6.113
1.364
M7 M6 -0.763 3.560
-0.759 -0.74 4.980
-0.735
M7 M8 -2.034 -1.718
-2.036 -2.037 -7.870
-2.045

Tabelul 3. Estimarea preciziei
E1 E2
O 0.950 7.083
2
0
s 0.562 1.536
Testarea omogenitii reelei geodezice de urmrire
Ipoteza nul privind egalitatea dispersiilor:
( ) ( )
2
0
2
02
2
01 0
: s s M s M H = =
Pentru verificarea testului, se va calcula:
366 . 0
536 . 1
0.562
2
02
2
01
= = =
s
s
F
Din tabelul distribuiei Fisher-Snedecor, se va extrage
valoarea corespunztoare 28 . 9
3 , 3 , 95 . 0 , , 1
2 1
= =
F F
f f o
. Deoarece
2 1
, , 1 f f
F F
o
< ,
se admite ipoteza nul privind egalitatea dispersiilor, reeaua
geodezic de urmrire se consider omogen la cele dou epoci de
msurare i se va trece la etapa urmtoare, de verificare a
coincidenei reelei la cele dou epoci de msurare, aplicnd testul
global de congruen.
526
Testul global de congruen
Ipoteza nul privind coincidena reelei geodezice de
urmrire la cele dou epoci de msurare:
( ) ( )
2 1 0
: x M x M H =
Vectorul diferenelor:
| | 1 20 36 5 1 25 19 1 1 1 1 =
T
d
Matricea cofactorilor diferenelor de coordonate:
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
07 . 0 04 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 . 0
04 . 0 12 . 0 04 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 . 0 0
0 04 . 0 09 . 0 01 . 0 0 0 0 0 04 . 0 0 0
0 0 01 . 0 08 . 0 03 . 0 0 0 03 . 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 03 . 0 06 . 0 02 . 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 02 . 0 06 . 0 04 . 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 04 . 0 05 . 0 01 . 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 03 . 0 0 0 01 . 0 08 . 0 04 . 0 0 0
0 0 04 . 0 0 0 0 0 04 . 0 12 . 0 04 . 0 0
0 04 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 . 0 13 . 0 05 . 0
03 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 05 . 0 09 . 0
d
Q

Pentru verificarea testului, se va calcula:
964 . 11
2
2
= =
S
F
u
,
unde 551 . 12
2
= =
h
d Q d
d
T
u i 049 . 1
2 1
2
2
02 1
2
01 2
=
+
+
=
f f
f s f s
S
Din tabelul distribuiei Fisher-Snedecor, se va extrage
valoarea corespunztoare 03 . 4
6 , 11 , 95 . 0 , , 1
= =
F F
f h o
. Deoarece
f h
F F
, , 1 o
> ,
se respinge ipoteza nul privind coincidena reelei geodezice de
urmrire, ceea ce nseamn c n cadrul reelei geodezice de
urmrire exist deplasri semnificative ntre cele dou epoci de
msurare considerate. Urmtoarea etap este de localizare a
acestor deplasri semnificative, utiliznd metoda discordanelor
maxime.

527
Localizarea deplasrilor semnificative
Tabelul 4. Iteraia 1 pentru cele 11 puncte ale reelei geodezice
Pct.
S
d
2
i
u Observaii
M1 0.000 0.000
M2 -0.515 0.008
M3 -1.371 0.056
M4 0.201 0.001
M5 0.067 0.000
M6 -1.314 0.029
M7 0.771 0.009
M8 -0.133 0.000
M9 2.712 0.171 max => M9 s-a deplasat semnificativ
M10 0.733 0.016
M11 -0.998 0.018
Pentru a verifica dac mai exist i alte puncte deplasate
semnificativ n cadrul reelei geodezice de urmrire, se va calcula
523 . 123 = F , iar din tabelul distribuiei Fisher-Snedecor, se va extrage
06 . 4
, , 1
=
f h
F
o
. Deoarece
f h
F F
, , 1 o
> , va fi respins ipoteza nul, deci n
cadrul reelei mai exist puncte care au suferit deplasri
semnificative, rezultnd astfel Iteraia 2, pentru 10 puncte, dup ce a
fost eliminat punctul M9, determinat c a suferit deplasri
semnificative, n cadrul Iteraiei 1.
Tabelul 5. Iteraia 2 pentru 10 puncte
Pct.
S
d
2
i
u Observaii
M1 0.000 0.000
M2 -0.515 0.008
M3 -0.166 0.001
M4 0.201 0.001
M5 0.067 0.000
M6 -1.314 0.029
M7 0.771 0.009
M8 0.415 0.003
M11 -0.998 0.018
528
149 . 133 = F ; 10 . 4
, , 1
=
f h
F
o

Deoarece
f h
F F
, , 1 o
semnificative.
Pct.
S
d
2
i
u Observaii
M1 0.000 0.000
M2 0.089 0.000
M3 -0.166 0.001
M4 0.201 0.001
M5 0.067 0.000
M6 -1.314 0.029 max => M6 s-a deplasat semnificativ
M7 0.771 0.009
M8 0.415 0.003
M11 0.052 0.000

059 . 97 = F ; 15 . 4
, , 1
=
f h
F
o

Deoarece
f h
F F
, , 1 o
semnificative.
Pct.
S
d
2
i
u Observaii
M1 0.000 0.000
M2 0.089 0.000
M3 -0.166 0.001
M4 0.201 0.001
M5 -1.920 0.051 max => M5 s-a deplasat semnificativ
M7 -0.204 0.001
M8 0.415 0.003
M11 0.052 0.000
529

532 . 14 = F ; 21 . 4
, , 1
=
f h
F
o

Deoarece
f h
F F
, , 1 o
semnificative.
Pct.
S
d
2
i
u Observaii
M1 0.000 0.000
M2 0.089 0.000
M3 -0.166 0.001
M4 -0.052 0.000
M7 -0.204 0.001
M11 0.052 0.000

164 . 2 = F ; 28 . 4
, , 1
=
f h
F
o

Deoarece
f h
F F
, , 1 o
< , va fi acceptat ipoteza nul, deci n
cadrul reelei nu mai exist puncte care au suferit deplasri
semnificative.
Tabelul 9. Prezentarea rezultatelor
Puncte fixe: M1 M2 M3 M4 - - M7 - - - M11
Puncte deplasate: - - - - M5 M6 - M8 M9 M10 -
d 1 1 -1 1 -19 -25 1 5 36 20 1
S
d 0.000 0.089 -0.166 -0.052 -1.920 -1.314 -0.204 0.415 2.712 1.933 0.052
6. CONCLUZII
Prelucrarea msurtorilor n vederea determinrii
deplasrilor i deformaiilor prezint un grad ridicat de complexitate
i un volum mare de calcule.
Este necesar efectuarea analizei deformaiilor prin
metode specifice statisticii matematice, deoarece pe aceast cale
nu se determin doar nite simple diferene ntre coordonatele
punctelor reelei geodezice de urmrire la diferite epoci de
msurare, ci se analizeaz semnificaia lor din punct de vedere
statistic.
530
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Brunner, F. K., Wieser, A., (2009): Ingenieurgeodsie, TU Graz,
Ingenieurgeodsie und Messsysteme
2. Fotescu, N., Svulescu, C., (1988): ndrumtor pentru lucrri practice la Teoria
Erorilor, Institutul de Construcii Bucureti
3. Krauter, E., Lauterbach, M., Feuerbach, J., Hangdeformationen
Beobachtungsmethoden und Risikoanalyse, Universitt Mainz
4. Moldoveanu, C., (2002): Geodezie. Noiuni de geodezie fizic i elipsoidal,
poziionare, Editura Matrix Rom Bucureti
5. Pelzer, H., (1985): Geodtische Netze in Landes- und Ingenieurvermessung II,
Konrad Wittwer Stuttgart
DEFORMATION ANALYSIS USING PELZER METHOD
Abstract: The main goal in the geodetic activity of land and building monitoring
is to determine any displacement or deformation, to ensure the stability and also
to protect the environment. The analysis of the repeated geodetic observations
gives the oportunity to form statistical statements concerning real displacements
and deformations evolution. The main stages of displacement and deformation
analysis using Pelzer method are: geodetic observation adjustment for different
measurement epochs, applying congruency global tests in order to check if
there are any significant displacements, and, if there are, their localisation. As a
case study, we chose the Main Dam from the Stejri Complex, Ocna Mure.

531
SEMNALE I SISTEME LA URMRIREA
COMPORTRII BARAJELOR
Conf. univ. dr. ing. Aurel Srcin, Facultatea de Geodezie,
Rezumat:Lucrarea prezint aspecte teoretice de corelare
interdisciplinar a metodelor i dispozitivelor care pot reda
mai bine dinamica comportrii barajelor, privite ca sisteme
complexe n interaciune cu mediul. Securitatea vieilor
umane i a bunurilor acestora a fost i este prioritar,
comparativ cu beneficiile economice generate de o
construcie hidrotehnic. Tehnicile geodezice pot contribui
substanial la monitorizarea precis a evoluiei geometrice
a sistemului baraj-fundaie-versani.
Cuvinte cheie: sistem baraj, senzori, semnale, deplasri.
1. INTRODUCERE
Necesitatea urmriri comportrii construciilor
hidrotehnice:
Problema riscului avarierii construciilor hidrotehnice, n
general, i a Barajelor, n special, capt alte dimensiuni n
comparaie cu celelalte tipuri de construcii civile i industriale.
Gestiunea riscului la baraje este o problema extrem de dificil
i se afl att n responsabilitatea deintorilor de baraje, dar i
a autoritilor, populaiei i agenilor economici din zonele
obiectivelor posibil a fi afectate.
Pagubele produse de distrugerea acestor lucrri, din diverse
cauze, pot atinge nivelul celor produse de marile dezastre
naturale.
Construciile hidrotehnice i n special barajele mari au o
durat de via foarte mare, putnd ajunge la cteva secole.
Construciile hidrotehnice mbrac o foarte mare
varietate de funcii, tipuri i condiii naturale, datorit calitii
materialelor i mai ales condiiilor diferite de fundare i a
configuraiilor diferite ale terenului. Aceast situaie face ca fiecare
baraj s fie un unicat.
Unicitatea i dimensiunile celor mai multe construcii
hidrotehnice fac ca spre deosebire de alte produse inginereti
532
acestea s se gseasc fiecare n situaia de prototip, pentru care
ameliorrile eventual posibile pot proveni din urmrirea comportrii
n exploatare.
2. DISPOZITIVE AMC I METODE GEODEZICE DE URMRIRE A
DEFORMAIILOR
Parametrii monitorizai se pot grupa n dou categorii:
aciuni ale mediului nconjurtor i mrimi fizice care descriu
rspunsul sistemului baraj-fundaie la aciunile mediului nconjurtor.
Parametrii principali din prima categorie sunt urmtorii:
nivelul apei n lac, temperatura aerului, temperatura apei n lac la
diverse adncimi, radiaia solar, micrile seismice. Parametrii fizici
monitorizai care descriu rspunsul sistemului baraj-fundaie se
difereniaz n funcie de tipul de baraj. n cazul barajelor de beton
se pot meniona: deplasri absolute ale barajului i fundaiei,
deplasri relative ntre ploturi, evoluia temperaturilor n corpul
barajului, starea de deformaie i de eforturi n baraj i fundaie,
starea de fisurare, presiuni interstiiale i subpresiuni, debite de
infiltraii.
n cazul barajelor de umpluturi parametrii principali de
rspuns monitorizai sunt urmtorii: deplasrile i n special tasrile
sistemului baraj-fundaie n timpul construciei i exploatrii,
infiltraiile i poziia curbei de infiltraie, presiunea apei din pori n
elementele pmntoase de etanare, starea de eforturi efective i
totale, infiltraii prin versani, poziia curbei de infiltraie n versani,
deplasri ale versanilor, starea de deformaie i de eforturi n
lucrrile de beton asociate barajului din umplutur (descrctori de
suprafa, goliri de fund etc.).
Numrul de instrumente de monitorizare montate n
corpul, fundaia i versanii barajelor este foarte diferit de la o lucrare
la alta, putnd varia de la cteva sute la 2000...2500. Ele difer
funcie de importana lucrrii, cantitatea de informaii apreciat de
proiectant ca fiind necesar pentru asigurarea siguranei barajului.
In figura de mai jos sunt prezentate scheme tipice de echipare cu
aparatur UCC a unui baraj arcuit i respectiv a unui baraj de
greutate.
533

Diveri senzori

Pendul
invers
Pendul
direct
Puncte
masura
Punct
masura
Punct
fixare
Ancora
fixare
534

Toate aceste informaii din interiorul barajului, din
exteriorul lui si din zonele adiacente de pe versanti pot fi transmise
catre un punct unic de nregistrare, prelucrare i interpretare a
procesului de evoluie al sistemului baraj-amenajare hidrotehnic.
Din punct de vedere geodezic, masurtorile se numesc
de control sau de determinare a modificrilor geometrice (deformaii)
ale sistemului baraj fundaie versani.
Pentru sesizarea deformaiilor trebuie alese i marcate
pe obiect (baraj) puncte caracteristice care vor putea permite
calculul n ansamblu al vectorilor de deformare i interpretarea lor.
Numrul i poziia acestor puncte obiect, stabilite mpreun cu
proiectantul, influeneaz considerabil proiectarea i materializarea
punctelor din care se vor face observaiile, precum i al punctelor
fixe i de control ale reelei geodezice de urmrire a deformaiilor
unui baraj.
Forma unei reele geodezice pentru urmrirea
deformaiilor este conceput n funcie de forma i tipul barajului
(arcuit, de greutate), n funcie de direciile ateptate ale deplasrilor
(se pot crea laturi care s constituie aliniamente) i n funcie de
metodele i instrumentele de msurare prevzute a fi utilizate.

535
Determinarea deplasrilor punctelor obiect pentru
interpretarea deformaiilor se poate realize prin metode clasice
(masurtori de direcii i distane), dar i prin combinarea scanrii
LASER sau fotogrametriei digitale terestre cu determinri GNNS
precise ale punctelor de observaie i a celor de control fixe ale
reelei geodezice de urmrire.

Tehnica modern a scanrii LASER (Terrestrial Laser
Scanning (TLS)) ct i fotogrametria digital necesit marcarea unui
numr minim de puncte pe obiect (baraj), aceste tehnici putnd
genera un grid pe suprafaa obiectului, punctele gridului constituind
punctele pentru care se vor obine poziii, atfel se poate acoperi
uniform cu date de poziie ntregul obiect, se poate face o prefiltrare
a observaiilor, micornd timpul de observare i prelucrare, i
implicit costurile.

Tehnica interferometric terestr GB-SAR (Ground-
Based Synthetic Aperture Radar), a fost testat n ultimii ani i
pentru a pune n eviden deformaiile barajelor de beton n arc,
536
ajungndu-se la precizii submilimetrice n determinarea poziiilor 2D
ale punctelor de pe obiect. Suprafaa int este mprit n pixeli,
geometria ei avnd un rol fundamental n localizarea punctelor
msurate, ca i poziia sistemului radar de observare fa de obiect.
Utilizarea unui sistem inovator, baza de masurare radar
(GB-SAR), pentru determinarea static a deformaiilor barajelor
arcuite de beton, poate sesiza usor micrile elastice i plastice, n
comparaie cu instrumentele standard de monitorizare.
Acest sistem este foarte promitor i deschide
perspective pentru analiza comportrii statice a barajelor mari,
precum i al altor tipuri de construcii masive.
Instrumentele i senzorii care se folosesc n prezent
pentru detectarea deformaiilor barajelor ofer precizii bune, dar
doar pentru un numr limitat de puncte, pe cnd aceast tehnic
poate furniza informaii asupra a mii de puncte att de pe faa aval a
barajului ct i puncte de pe versanii din imediata apropiere a
construciei hidrotehnice, furniznd informaii despre
comportamentul global al deformaiilor cu precizii de sub 1 mm. n
plus de aceasta se cunoate faptul c aceste construcii, barajele,
sunt n zona de munte (aces dificil cu alte tipuri de instrumente), se
pot face observaii att ziua ct i noaptea (reflexia undelor radar),
nefiind necesare inte reflectorizante pe obiectul monitorizat, iar
distana de instalare a sistemului GB-SAR fa de obiectul urmrit
poate fi de cateva sute de metri.
Un avantaj major al Sistemului GBInSAR este faptul ca
exist un grad excelent de automatizare n comparaie cu ali
senzori de monitorizare, putndu-se stabili intervalul (rata) de
achiziie a datelor (zeci de minute), permitnd o monitorizare
continu, integrat cu alte tehnici de monitorizare.
n general, acest gen de observaii sunt discontinue, dar
conform programelor de urmrire a siguranei barajelor, etapele de
msurtori geodezice au o anumit periodicitate, asfel c ntr-o
anumit scar de timp pot fi considerate continue.
Corelarea informaiilor furnizate de AMC-urile din corpul
barajului cu rezultatele observaiilor geodezice, va crete sigurana
prelucrrilor i interpretrilor fenomenelor de deformaie i deplasare
din cadrul sistemului baraj - fundaie - versani.

537
3. SISTEMUL BARAJ AMENAJARE HIDROTEHNIC
Privind sistemul baraj-fundaie-versani ca un sistem
cauzal dependent de timp, este evident c prin procedee topo-
geodezice nu putem constata dect efecte, specialitii care au
participat la proiectarea i realizarea acestui sistem pot stabili i
cauzele care conduc la unele efecte nedorite i pot gsi soluiile de
asigurare a siguranei de funcionare a sistemului.
Soluionarea unei probleme poate fi realizat urmrind
trei etape: A. Preprocesarea: definirea problemei;
B. Rezolvarea: repartizarea sarcinilor, constrngerilor i
rezolvarea;
C. Postprocesarea: procesarea ulterioar i vizualizarea
rezultatelor.
Datele referitoare la urmrirea comportrii barajelor pot fi
aezate pe modele matematice ale ansamblului structural numite
modele deterministe, care permit evaluarea rezervelor de siguran
n situaii limit, fa de valori prestabilite.
Msurtorile care se efectueaz pentru supravegherea
unui baraj trebuie s pun n eviden reaciile sistemului la
urmtoarele cauze:
- Sarcina hidrostatic dat de nivelul apei n lacul de acumulare
reversibil
- Variaia de temperatur din corpul barajului, indus de
temperature mediului ambiant reversibil
- mbtrnirea construciei, cu o tendin de amortizare
(consolidare) sau accelerare (degradare) ireversibil.
Peste acestea putem avea i alte cauze secundare
incomparabil mai mici, care se pot neglija, precum i erorile
mrimilor msurate.
Un model al deplasrilor la un baraj, definit de cele 3
cauze enunate mai sus poate fi:

Yc = f
1
(H) + f
2
(S) + f
3
(T)

1) unde f
1
(H) este efectul nivelului apei din lac definit de o funcie
polinomial de grad 4 maxim

f
1
(H) = A
1
Z + A
2
Z
2
+ A
3
Z
3
+ A
4
Z
4

538
unde Z este nivelul apei n lac normalizat: , H fiind
cota apei din lac n momentul observaiilor.

2) efectul sezonier al temperaturii aerului redat printr-o funcie
trigonometric, care n forma general, este o sum de dou
funcii cosinusoidale cu perioada de un an i de o jumtate de
an, fiecare cu amplitudinea , i defazajul fa de variaia
temperaturi aerului , :

f
2
(S) =cos(S + ) + cos(2S + )

unde i D
0

este prima zi a anului in care se fac observaiile n discuie, iar D
i

este ziua din cadrul anului n care se fac observaiile, perioada
funciei armonice fiind 1 ianuarie 31 decembrie, corespunztoare
lui 2t (sau 360
o
). Sub form polinomial relaia de mai sus poate fi
scris astfel:

f
2
(S) = A
5
cos(S) + A
6
sin(S) + A
7
sin
2
(S) + A
8
sin(S) cos(S)

cnd:

3) funcia care poate defini vrsta barajului poate avea un termen
exponenial pozitiv, reprezentnd o evoluie accelerat i un
termen exponenial negative, reprezentnd evoluia
amortizat:

f
3
(T ) = A
9
e
T
+ A
10
e
T

unde, , D
0
fiind data punerii n sarcin a barajului, iar D
i

fiind data efecutrii msurtorilor. Expresia complet a acestui
model poate arta astfel:

Yc = f
1
(H) + f
2
(S) + f
3
(T) = A
1
Z + A
2
Z
2
+ A
3
Z
3
+ A
4
Z
4
+

+ A
5
cos(S) + A
6
sin(S) + A
7
sin
2
(S) + A
8
sin(S) cos(S) +

+ A
9
e
T
+ A
10
e
T
+ c
539
Coeficienii A
1
, A
2
,A
10
sunt necunoscutele care se pot
determina pe baza datelor msurate, astfel se pot selecta seturi de
cte 10 observaii care vor genera 10 ecuaii cu 10 necunoscute.
Sistemele create vor furniza valori ale coeficienilor A
1
, A
2
,A
10
cu
anumite erori c
i
. Valorile finale ale coeficienilor se vor determina
prin minimizarea erorilor pe baza algoritmului celor mai mici ptrate.
4. SEMNALE DE INTRARE, INTERPRETARE, SEMNALE DE
IESIRE
O reprezentare simbolic a sistemului baraj-fundaie-
versani poate fi urmtoarea:

Din punct de vedere funcional, ctre un sistem se
transmit informaii, sunt prelucrate n cadrul sistemului i acesta
furnizeaz alte informaii (intrri-prelucrare-ieiri).
Informaiile pot fi factori calitativi i cantitativi ai unor
atribute asociate sistemului i au ca suport mrimi fizice numite
semnale, care pot fi definite pe cale matematic.
Semnalul este caracterizat de parametri (parametri
semnalului), iar cunoasterea lor permite extragerea informaiei
(transportate), obinndu-se mesajul.
Pentru orice baraj, n acest proces de urmrire a
comportrii, semnificative sunt deplasrile punctelor de pe
coronament. Majoritatea barajelor din Romnia au deja o vechime
de 30-40 de ani, putndu-se considera c influena ireversibil a
vrstei lor nu influeneaz semnificativ procesul studiat.
Ne putem imagina o Reea Neuronal Artificial (RNA)
pentru acest proces, care poate fi antrenat pe o parte din datele de
intrare-ieire disponibile din perioadele anterioare, verificarea
fcndu-se pe un alt set de date.
Ca factori externi de influen se pot reine doar sarcina
hidrostatic (nivelul apei n lacul de acumulare) i temperatura
exterioar (care este corelat cu temperatura apei din lac i implicit
cu temperatura din corpul barajului).
Y
c
Z
Sistem baraj
(funcia polinomial
de transfer)
T
S intrrile ieirile
540
Deoarece sistemul are o inerie foarte mare, se pot
utilize valori glisante medii ale temperaturii i nivelului apei (medii
ale valorilor pe interval de timp anterioare momentului efecturii
msurtorilor, 7, 15, 30 de zile).
Datele de intrare i de ieire sunt normalizate, folosindu-
se valori n intervalul 0-1, corespunztor conceptului de RNA.
n principiu, o RNA este alctuit dintr-o mulime de
neuroni (elemente de prelucrare a informaiilor) dispui n straturile
de intrare, de ieire i respectiv unul sau mai multe straturi ascunse.
Rolul neuronilor din stratul de intrare este acela de a introduce,
fiecare, cte o dat/variabil exterioar care influeneaz mrimile
de ieire ale problemei analizate, mrimi generate, fiecare, de cte
un neuron din stratul de ieire. ntr-o RNA cu transmitere spre
nainte a semnalului, fiecare neuron din straturile ascunse i cel de
ieire este legat de fiecare neuron din straturile anterioare prin
ponderi sinaptice w, asociate semnalelor x receptate de neuron.
Dac neuronul primete x
1
,x
2
,x
n
astfel de semnale avnd tria
conexiunilor w
1
, w
2
, w
n
, atunci starea lui intern sau activarea
total se obine ca sum ponderat de forma:

i ea produce o ieire, y, dat
de o funcie neuronal de tip
sigmoidal ca:

Se spune c o RNA este adecvat unei probleme date
dac ea produce un vector de ieire v , care este suficient de
apropiat de vectorul ieirilor corecte r, corespunztoare unui vector
precizat de intrare x . Concordana dintre v i r se realizeaz prin
ajustarea valorilor ponderilor sinaptice ntr-un proces de instruire al
reelei. nvarea se face cu un set de vectori intrri-ieiri (x r )
cunoscut i limitat ca dimensiuni, prin diveri algoritmi cum ar fi
algoritmul de propagare spre napoi a coreciilor. Se admite c
reeaua este instruit atunci cnd eroarea medie scade sub o
valoare limit impus:

1
x
n
x
1
( ,..., )
n
x f x
.
.
.
(z)
0 1 1
...
n n
z w w x w x = + + +
541

unde K reprezint numrul de lecii (perechi x-r ) din setul de
nvare iar eroarea pe lecie, E
k
este:

unde p este numrul de mrimi de ieire din RNA.
Dup instruire, RNA se verific pe un alt set cunoscut de
intrri-ieiri , iar dac verificarea d rezultate satisfctoare reeaua
poate fi utilizat ca mijloc de prognoz a datelor de ieire
corespunztoare unor mrimi de intrare specificate.
n cadrul modelelor cu reele neuronale nu mai este
necesar s se furnizeze un algoritm determinist de rezolvare a unei
probleme. Instruirea necesit doar o mulime consistent de
exemple mpreun cu o regul de modificare a ponderilor
interneuronale.
Odat verificat un model poate fi utilizat la determinarea
unei valori predicionate din afara domeniului de calibrare. Astfel se
introduc n model noile solicitri pe baza crora se determin o
valoare care se compar cu valoarea msurat efectiv. Dac
diferena dintre valoarea calculat i cea msurat se afl ntr-un
domeniu considerat normal, se consider c barajul s-a comportat
asemntor cu perioada pe care s-a calculat modelul statistic. Dac
valorile predicionate se afl n afara domeniului normal una din
urmtoarele situaii au avut loc:
erori de msurare datorate decalibrrii lanului de msurtori
al parametrului respectiv;
solicitri exterioare n afara domeniului de variaie utilizat la
calibrarea modelului, cum sunt: nivele n lac mai mari sau mai
mici ca cele folosite la calculul modelului, temperaturi ale
aerului excepionale etc.;
apariia unei solicitri exterioare suplimentare care nu a fost
prins n model;
apariia unui fenomen atipic care influeneaz parametrul
respectiv;
542
intervenia asupra structurii barajului sau fundaiei acestuia
prin lucrri care conduc la schimbarea legii de variaie a
parametrului modelat;
schimbarea funciei de variaie cu timpul.

BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Adrian Popovici, Dan Stematiu - GID PRIVIND ECHIPAREA CONSTRUCIILOR
HIDROTEHNICE DE RETENIE CU APARATUR DE MSUR I CONTROL
Faza 1.
2. Stan Hpu-Petcu - CONTRIBUII PRIVIND STABILIREA CRITERIILOR DE
COMPORTARE NORMAL A BARAJELOR - Rezumatul tezei de doctorat.
3. Diego Gonzlez-Aguilera, Javier Gmez-Lahoz, Jos Snchez - A NEW
APPROACH FOR STRUCTURAL MONITORING OF LARGE DAMS WITH A THREE-
DIMENSIONAL LASER SCANNER - Sensors 2008, 8.
4. Mario Alba, Giulia Bernardini, Alberto Giussani, Pier Paolo Ricci, Fabio Roncoroni,
Marco Scaioni, Paolo Valgoi, Katherine Zhang - MEASUREMENT OF DAM
DEFORMATIONS BY TERRESTRIAL INTERFEROMETRIC TECHNIQUES -
Commission I, WG I/2.
5. A. Lingua, D. Piatti, F. Rinaudo - REMOTE MONITORING OF A LANDSLIDE
USING AN INTEGRATION OF GB-INSAR AND LIDAR TECHNIQUES - Commission I,
WG I/2.
6. FUZIBAR - Sistem integrat, suport decizional bazat pe fuziunea informaiilor
multisenzoriale pentru supravegherea i predicia comportrii barajelor i amenajrilor
hidrotehnice program CEEX.
SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS TO BEHAVIOR MONITORING
OF THE DAMS
Abstract:This paper presents an interdisciplinary theoretical correlation
methods and devices that can play better dynamic behavior of the dams, see as
complex systems in interaction with the environment. The security of human
lives and their property was and is a priority, compared with economic benefits
generated by a hydrotechnical construction. The geodetic techniques can
contribute substantially to the accurate monitoring of the geometric evolution of
the dam-foundation-slopes system.

543
THE MONITORING IN STATIC REGIME OF THE CONE-
SHAPED LANDFALL AT MASCA, CLUJ COUNTY
Adrian T.G. Rdulescu, North University of Baia Mare
Nicolae Dima, University of Petrosani
Gheorghe M.T. Rdulescu, North University of Baia Mare
Drago Coman, S.C. Geodatasystem S.R.L. Brasov
Mihai V.G. Rdulescu, North University of Baia Mare
Abstract: The mining works, the mining constructions and
surfaces, the ground surface constructions and other
objects in the rock sliding area are subject to strains which
oftentimes lead to their destruction. The process in which
the surface (constructions and terrains) located above an
underground mining site moves, is a continuous process,
more or less noticeable visually or through classic means.
The behavioral monitoring activity must become
continuous, with accents of taking-over the data
sequentially, according to the evolution of the sinking-
sliding phenomena, in order to validate, in the serious
cases, the dynamic analysis methods of the
aforementioned phenomena. The case study was
performed at the former mining branch Bioara, the Iara
mine, in the area located above the former mine, Maca
village. The choosing of the location was made while
reminding the devastating effects that the underground
mining had on the surface, making it one of the most
interesting and severe cases of sinking-collapsing in our
country and not only. Noticing the presence of the
phenomenon in the area was made at the beginning of the
year 2000, but the coherent and contractual monitoring
only began in 2009.
Keywords: monitoring strategy, underground pits,
structural monitoring
1. MONITORING THE MACA CONE SHAPED LANDFALL IN
CLUJ COUNTY
The case study for the static regimen was performed at
the former mining branch Bioara, the Iara mine, in the area
located above the former mine, Maca village (4). The choosing of
the location was made while keeping in mind the devastating effects
544
that the underground mining had on the surface, making it one of the
most interesting and severe cases of sinking-collapsing in our
country and not only. Noticing the presence of the phenomenon in
the area was made at the beginning of the year 2000, but the
coherent and contractual monitoring only began in the year 2009.
After the extraction of a volume of useful mineral substances from a
deposit, the void resulted by exploitation makes the tension and
deformation state of the mined massif to change, resulting in the
destabilization of surrounding rocks, their movement being able to
reach the surface of the ground, determining its degradation and,
implicitly, the destruction of certain buildings located on the surface.
1.1. Presentation of the establishment and verification
measurements for the lift-tracking network
The following boards and tables establish the general
guidelines of the monitoring process unfolded over a span of six
months, March-September 2010, the network part, as follows:
1. The bordering of the preserved mining perimeter, related to the
position of the cone-shaped landfall traced (Fig.1). One can notice
that the position of the cone-shaped landfall is close to the
monitoring areas centroid.
2. Proportion between the geodesic points of the national network
and the GPS points materialized in the field for the establishment of
the tracking network, through GPS technology Because the
distances between the state network points and the centre of the
traced cone were very large, the establishment of an individual GPS
network seemed, from all perspectives, as being the most
convenient.
3.Session 1 of the GPS-May 8th 2010 measurements, the etrs89
geographical coordinates of the points in the established network,
before post-processing, quality control (final in Table 1, 2)
4.Session 1 of the GPS-May 8th 2010 measurements, the etrs89
before post-processing,
5.Session 1 of the GPS-May 8th 2010 measurements, the 1970
stereographic coordinates of the points in the established network,
before post-processing,
545
6.Session 2 of the GPS-August 28th 2010 measurements, the
etrs89 geographical coordinates of the points in the established
network, before post-processing, quality control(final in Table 1, 2),
7. Session 2 of the GPS- August 28th 2010 measurements, the
1970 stereographic coordinates of the points in the established
network, before post-processing,
8. Capture screen, the points of the national GPS network, for post-
processing,
9. Session 1 of the GPS-May 8th 2010 measurements, the etrs89
post-processing, quality control
10.Session 1 of the GPS-May 8th 2010 measurements, the 1970
stereographic coordinates of the points in the established network,
after post-processing,
11.Session 2 of the GPS- August 28th 2010 measurements, the
network, after post-processing and without the compensation of the
GNSS network
network, after post-processing and with the compensation of the
GNSS network
network, after post-processing and without the compensation of the
GNSS network
network, after post-processing and with the compensation of the
GNSS network
Presentation of the verification measurements for the lift-tracking
network with the complete topographic station
All six points in the network have been stationed and sights for the
other points have been given. A TOPCON GTP 3102, 2 equipment
has been used. The table shows the coordinates established in the
two measuring cycles, with the complete measuring station
compared to the ones established through GPS technology, the
static 60 method. The differences between the coordinates are also
presented, both between the GPS measuring cycles and the station
546
ones. The maximum differences measured are -82mm on the X
coordinate, -62mm on the Y, respectively 56mm on the Z. The next
board presents the sketch of the sights, and next the tables
regarding the side orientation of the formed intersections, for all 6
stations (the field data are in the added C addendum and the post-
processing data in the added E addendum).
1. Comparison between the 1970 stereographical coordinates for the
points in the established network, set through GPS technology, after
processing and with the compensation of the GNSS network, cycle 1
and 2, with the ones set through the complete station(Table 1, 2);
2. Differences between coordinates (mm), maximum differences
(final in Table 1, 2);
3. The sight sketch no. 1: 2000
4. Inventory table of the stations established with the Topcon GTP
3002 equipment
1.2. Monitoring measurements for the Maca cone-shaped landfall
For each monitoring cycle of the cone-shaped landfall
the following steps were taken:
The outline and marking of the cone was made at the time of the
measurements, each cycle having different marking colors, yellow
for cycle 3, orange for cycle 4 and pink for cycle 5. Also, the
evolution of the cone through the expansion of the set area is so fast
that at cycle 5 we noticed that all the stakes placed at cycle 3 were
already inside the cone and also a great number of the ones from
the previous cycle.
- The outline of the cone was lifted from two stations, in points from
the lift-tracking network, performed with the complete topographic
station, and so the coordinates can be calculated both through
intersections and polar coordinates.
- The outline of the cone was lifted through GPS stationing, in the
same points that were marked and measured before.
The following elements of the two monitoring cycles for the evolution
of the Masca cone-shaped landfall are presented (the field GPS
data is found in the external E addendum):
1. Session 1 of GPS-08 measurements, May 2010, the etrs89
geographical coordinates for the points on the cone-shape landfall,
cycle 4, quality control;
547
2. The evolution of the cone-shaped landfall for the five measuring
cycles (Fig.2);
3. Longitudinal and sectional profiles through the cone, cycle 3
(Fig.3);
4. The diagram for the cone bottom settlement related to the natural
line of the terrain (Fig.4)
5. The evolution of the cone-shaped landfall Maca, on the
monitoring period (Fig.5)

Figure 1. The bordering of the preserved mining perimeter, related to the
position of the cone-shaped landfall

Table 1. Comparison between the 1970 stereographical coordinates for
the points in the established network, set through GPS technology, after
processing and with the compensation of the GNSS network, cycle 1 and
2, with the ones set through the complete station
POINT X
CYCLE 1 GPS CYCLE 2GPS STATION 1 STATION 2
08.05.2010 28.08.2010 08.05.2010 28.08.2010
RGR1 563362.320 563362.358 563362.322 563362.331
548
RGR2 563309.679 563309.625 563309.614 563309.618
RGR3 563173.396 563173.382 563173.333 563173.314
RGR4 563580.267 563580.265 563580.243 563580.255
RGR5 563569.556 563569.509 563569.582 563569.573
RGR6 563461.620 563461.621 563461.611 563461.613
POINT Y
08.05.2010 28.08.2010 08.05.2010 28.08.2010
RGR1 382410.189 382410.189 382410.189 382410.189
RGR2 382314.083 382314.083 382314.083 382314.083
RGR3 382021.918 382021.918 382021.918 382021.918
RGR4 382328.649 382328.649 382328.649 382328.649
RGR5 382162.879 382162.879 382162.879 382162.879
RGR6 382004.819 382004.819 382004.819 382004.819
POINT Z
08.05.2010 28.08.2010 08.05.2010 28.08.2010
RGR1 575.278 575.278 575.278 575.278
RGR2 579.453 579.453 579.453 579.453
RGR3 587.668 587.668 587.668 587.668
RGR4 569.194 569.194 569.194 569.194
RGR5 575.994 575.994 575.994 575.994
RGR6 575.888 575.888 575.888 575.888

Table 2. Differences between coordinates (mm), maximum differences
POINT
X
CYCLE 2 GPS-CYCLE 1 GPS
STATION 1-
CYCLE 1 GPS
STATION 2-
CYCLE 1 GPS
DIF MAXIMUM
RGR1 38 2 11 38
RGR2 -54 -65 -61 -65
RGR3 -14 -63 -82 -82
RGR4 -2 -24 -12 -24
RGR5 -46 26 17 -46
RGR6 1 -9 13 13
POINIT
Y
CYCLE 2 GPS- CYCLE 1 GPS
STATION 1-
CYCLE 1 GPS
STATION 2-
CYCLE 1 GPS
DIF MAXIMMUM
RGR1 8 24 19 24
RGR2 -62 -40 -51 -62
RGR3 -20 -4 -7 -20
RGR4 -21 17 29 29
RGR5 -13 8 -17 -17
RGR6 -2 13 37 37
POINT
Z
CYCLE 2 GPS- CYCLE 1 GPS
STATION 1-
CYCLE 1 GPS
STATION 2-
CYCLE 1 GPS
DIF MAXIMMUM
RGR1 -4 -9 -2 -9
RGR2 11 44 11 44
RGR3 -44 34 -13 -44
RGR4 22 4 -28 -28
RGR5 20 -1 -13 20
RGR6 -19 26 56 56

549

Figure 2.The evolution of the cone-shaped landfall for the five measuring
cycles

Figure 3. Longitudinal and sectional profiles through the cone, cycle 3;
27.08.10

------------------------------------------ 27 octombre 2009 ------------------------------------------ 14 decembre 2009
------------------------------------------ 21 march 2010 ------------------------------------------ 08 may 2010
------------------------------------------ 27 august 2010
Figure 4. The diagram for the cone bottom settlement related to the
natural line of the terrain
550

Figure 5. The evolution of the cone-shaped landfall Maca, on the
monitoring period for the last two monitorig cycles, g. 08.05.2010, h.
28.08.2010(left-right)
2. CONCLUSIONS
The objective of a stability analysis is to maintain
horizontal, vertical, and rotational equilibrium of the structure.
Geotechnical information is needed to properly define and perform a
realistic stability analysis. Possible failure modes and planes of
weakness must be determined from onsite conditions, material
strengths, and uplift forces.
Structural monitoring is defined as such type of monitoring that
allows conclusions concerning global, structural behaviour of the
structure and not local, material behaviour. Since the concrete is
non-homogeneous material, containing inclusions (aggregate) and
discontinuities (cracks) it is recommended to use long-gage sensors
for its structural monitoring. Since the concrete is subjected to
dramatic dimensional and structural changes during hydration
process, it is recommended to embed the sensors. It is not enough
to use appropriate equipment for monitoring, but it is also necessary
to employ good monitoring strategy. What topology of sensor will be
used for monitoring depends on type of the structure and of
expected loads. Good monitoring strategy can provide excellent
results with relatively limited budget. Knowledge provided by
structural monitoring helped understanding the real behaviour of the
structures. Notes that the management of structural monitoring often
involves both engineering consultants and contractors. In order to
obtain information on current trends in structural monitoring
management, a survey of both consultants and contractors who deal
551
with monitoring cases was undertaken. Presents the findings of the
survey which highlight both elements of good practice and areas for
improvement. Also reveals inconsistencies in the procedures
adopted by different firms as well as differences between the
approaches adopted by consultants and contractors. The results of
the survey are being incorporated into the development of a
knowledge-based system for the management of subsidence cases.
The subsidence phenomena in the case of mining deposits can lead
to the sudden apprearance, through collapsing, of chimneys,
meaning the transfer of the void to the surface of the ground. The
moving and deforming phenomenon of the surface continues to
present great interest due to its implications in the environment
protection issues and in the protection of existing constructions at
the surface. The research made in this respect has led to the
conclusion that, as a result of the observations made in the areas
affected by the underground exploitations, we can make short-term,
medium-term and long-term predictions with regards to the analyzed
phenomemon. The theoretical studies, but also practical reality,
reveal that the application of topo-geodesical methods in tracking
the phenomenon regarding the movement of the surface in mining
areas is made using a mixture of terrain measurement fields, and
also using their connection to other engineering sciences.
- The constructions are made out of multiple parts and elements
which are under pressure and interact with one another when
exposed to extreme conditions.
- The buildings vary greatly in size, geometry, structural system,
construction materials and foundation characteristics. These
attributes influence the way in which a building behaves when it is
under pressure, either by normal exploitation circumstances or by
natural events.
- The systems for monitoring structural health allow the fast
evaluation of a buildings state and such a deviation must be made
known as an adequate means of increasing safety and of optimizing
operational and maintenance activities for complex buildings.
- The monitoring data can be integrated into the structural
administration systems and can increase the quality of the decisions
by providing reliable and impartial information.
552
- The structural health monitoring systems have it in mind to offer
more reliable data concerning the real conditions of the structures,
observing its evolution and in order to detect the appearance of new
damages because of load strain.
- Through the permanent installation of a series of sensors, for
constant measuring, the relevant parameters for obtaining a real-
time image of the buildings state and its structural evolution is
insured.
- Also, on a long term, static monitoring requires exact and very
stable systems which would insure measurements spread over long
periods of time, thus preserving the integrity and safety of the
buiding.
REFERENCES
1. Anumba, C.(2010),Current trends in the engineering management of subsidence
cases, Structural Survey ISSN: 0263-080X Vol. 15 Iss: 1, pp.5 10
2. Giurgiutiu,V. (2005), Tuned Lamb Wave Excitation and Detection with Piezoelectric
Wafer Active Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring, journal of intelligent material
systems and structures, Vol. 16April 2005, 2005 Sage Publications, pg.291-305
3. Glii, B.; Inaudi, D. &Vurpillot S.(2002), Structural Monitoring of Concrete
Structures Procedeengs of Third World Conference on Structural Control, 7-12.4.2002,
Como, Italy, Page 1 of 10
4. Radulescu,A.T.G.(2011), Modern surveying technologies used for tracking the time
behavior of constructions within mining perimeters, PHD Thesys, University of
Petrosani, Faculty of Mines, its support 21.01.2011, Scientific Coordinator, Prof. univ.
dr. ing. Nicolae DIMA
5. Rdulescu, A.T.;Rdulescu GH MT, STEFAN O(2005) - Execution Analysis and
Time Behaviour Monitoring of the Highest Building from Romania for Establishing the
Influences of Settling on its VerticalityNinth International Conference on Structural
Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture-Stremah 2005, Malta 22-
24.06.2005,
6. Rdulescu ,GH.M.T.; Rdulescu,A.T.G.(2006), Dynamic Surveying As Means To
Assure A Special Structure Safety, Paper CIBW99-0074-06, Theme: Measurement
and quantitative analysis, Preceedings of CIB W99 2006, International Conference on
Global Unity of Safety and Health in Construction. Beijing, China / June 22-30 /2006
7. Rdulescu, A.T.; Rdulescu, GH. MT;Badescu G. , Stefan ,O.(2009) - Outlining the
object of study of dynamic surveying in monitoring mining structures, Proceedings of
International Scientific Symposium GeoCad 2009, Alba Iulia, 7-9- mai, 2009, Romania,
pag 329-331

553
THE MONITORING OF CONSTRUCTIONS IN A
PERMANENT QUASI-STATIC REGIME, CASE STUDY,
BESKA DANUBE BRIDGE, NOVI SAD, SERBIA
Adrian T.G. Rdulescu, North University of Baia Mare
Nicolae Dima, University of Petrosani
Gheorghe M.T. Rdulescu, North University of Baia Mare
Mihai V.G. Rdulescu, North University of Baia Mare
Abstract: The case study, in continuous quasi-static
condition, was performed on Beska Danube Bridge,
located near Novi Sad, Serbia, latitude 45.17 , longitude
20.08. The tracking period started on January 9, 2009, on
June 14, 2010 the summary results were uploaded at the
company' Vienna Consulting Engineers Company in
Austria, headquartered in Vienna, one of the largest
structural monitoring companies in the world. The
measurements were made on the prism sensors installed
on the bridges piers. The results are presented in
diagrams, which can be reviewed either on diverse
intervals, or along all the recordings, annually, monthly,
weekly, daily, hourly. We present examples of these
recordings, because of the manner through which VCE
provides the results, the example are infinite, one being
able to select infinite time intervals for these recordings.
The methods, devices and monitoring systems in
continuos ,data acquisition conditions are universally valid,
only the nature and frequency of load making difference
between them. The S.M. (STRUCTURAL MONITORING)
integrated systems can insure structural construction
health and terrain state monitoring solutions. The solutions
for tall buildings, arenas/stadiums, historic buildings,
based on advanced technologies with optic fibers and
conventional sensors can be perfectly integrated into a
single data base and user interface. Through the SHMLive
service, S.M. offers a complete solution for building
monitoring, including the system design solution, delivery
and installation, maintenance and exploitation, web
access to data and data analysis by experienced
specialists.
Keywords: S.M. (Structural Monitoring), permanent quasi-
static regime, structural monitoring
554
1. INTRODUCTION
Development of completion of special constructions of
more and more performing dimensions and constructive features
experienced an unprecedented expansion in history, during the last
30 years. In a process of competition among big investors,
municipalities, developers and large construction companies,
structures with aesthetic, architectural but also functional feature
resulted, real sights on the world map.
Against this background, the monitoring activity of the
time behavior of the constructions became a stage in the life of
these structures, started since the completion of foundations, and
running their entire life cycle. In this context, techniques and
instruments that are considered classics have been partially
replaced, appearing new methods, new equipment and also genuine
monitoring manager systems of land and constructions. In most
cases, new technologies have emerged from specific needs,
monitoring the execution and then the time behavior of a very high
bridge or construction, but many of them may become universal in
so far as they are known, tested and validated. Lack of
systematization of information on specified topics at national and
global level, makes that this latter goal to be practically impossible to
fulfill. Through this work I proposed, firstly, to fill this informational
gap, to seek and know the most relevant achievements in the field,
to systemize, categorize and then present them in this thesis. For it I
had to reconsider the monitoring activity of the land and
constructions, launching the concept of monitoring in three
segments (static, quasistatic-quasidynamic, dynamic), relative to the
structure response speed to stress. The methods, equipment and
monitoring systems for circumstances of continuous taking-over of
data are generally valid, only the nature and frequency of the
loadings making a distinction between them. As a result, the
measurements regarding the case studies for continuous quasi-
static were performed inside the VCE-Vienna Consulting Engineers
company in Austria, with the headquarters in Vienna, one of the
largest companies in the field in the world, which not only has the
required equipment but has contracts in the filed which are currently
unfolding. Thus, the case study for continuous quasi-static regimen
was performed on the Beska Danube Bridge, located nearby Novi
Sad, Serbia.
555
2. THE MONITORING OF BESKA DANUBE BRIDGE, NOVI SAD
The tracking period started on January 9, 2009, on June
14, 2010 the summary results were uploaded at the company's
headquarters in Vienna VCE. The measurements were made for the
prism sensors installed on the bridges piers, as follows: Pier 42 Up,
Pier 43 Up, Pier 43 Down left, Pier 43 Down right, Pier 44 Up, Pier
44 Down, Pier 45 Up, Pier 45 Down, Pier 46 Up, Pier 46 Down, Pier
47 Up, Pier 47 Down, Pier 48 Up, and Pier 48 Down. Special
measurements have been made for the following points: Pier 42
N42NLG, Pier 42 N42NDG, Pier 42 N42ULD, Pier 42 N42UDD, Pier
43 N43NLG, Pier 43 N43NDG, Pier 43 N43ULD, and Pier 43
N43UDD. The results are presented in diagrams, which can be
reviewed either on diverse intervals, or along all the recordings,
annually, monthly, weekly, daily, hourly. Next, we present examples
of these recordings; more examples in the addenda, because of the
manner through which VCE provides the results, the example are
infinite, one being able to select infinite time intervals for these
recordings.

Figure 1. Beska Danube Bridge, Novi Sad, Serbia

Figure 2. Old Bridge, structural details of the resistance monitored
556

a. b.
Figure 3. a. Prism reflector mounted on the structure in the 14 tracked
points Sensor, Leica GRZ4 (3-D Dimensional), b. Permanent total station
mounted outside the structure, which follows the 14 mobile points

Figure 4. The situation of the meteorological recordings, the all
monitoring period

Figure 5. The situation of the meteorological recordings, monitoring
period 31.07.-31.08.2010

557

period 01.08-08.08.2010

period 01.08-02.08.2010

Figure 8. The behavior under pressure of pier 43 up, in the interval 09.01.
2009-01.08. 2010

558

Figure 9. The behavior under pressure of pier 43 up, in the interval 31.07.--
31.08. 2010
Figure 10. The behavior under pressure of pier 43 up, in the interval
31.07.--07.08. 2010
559

Figure 11. The behavior under pressure of pier 43 up, in the interval
31.07.--01.08. 2010

2. CONCLUSIONS
The results obtained through dynamic modern means
allow the presentation of data in all three means, static, quasi-static
and dynamic and also the answer to the question: once the
previously mentioned condition is fulfilled, are other categories of
measurements still necessary?
This allows the statement of the third conclusion:
1. The dynamic methods are expensive and their use cannot be
applied in whatever circumstance, as long as the monitoring process
can last up to 10-20 years.
The following conclusion-statement derives from the previous
declaration:
2. One will resort to the dynamic methods only in the case of
aggressive phenomena, whose evolution must be continuously
monitored, either for the presentation of data in a static, quasi-static
regimen, either for the presentation of the continuous evolution of
volume movement phenomena studied.
Another conclusion-statement, which I can make as a result of the
research carried out is:
3. All the monitoring methods of constructions and terrains over time
are ordinary and there are very few particularities regarding,
560
generally, the environment in which the tracked structures are
located and even fewer regarding their nature.
Regarding the use of classic methods, in which the studied
phenomena are secquentially put into evidence, the following
conclusions can be stated after the studies made:
4. The classic recording methods show disadvantages by limiting
the information flow. Thus, being gathered through different means,
in different ages, the compatibility of the information received drops,
making it hard to establish data banks.
5. The lack of continuity gives the data a sequential character. The
cost is still high, the difficulties which appear are great and the
results obtained are modest.
6. Weather influences not only the structure but also the equipment
used for recording the deviations the data being transferred from
the functional to the viewable, if the recordings taken in different
cycles are made in diverse climate conditions.
7. The information regarding the behavior in situations of similar
constructions (compatible) are extremely useful, but unfortunately
the results of the measurements are seldomly communicated and
so, for now, it is arduous to build a data bank in this field.
8. Knowing the general, particular and special behavior model of
construction A, with the structural parameters B, located in the C
area, characterized by D environment factors, makes the calculation
of the worst case possibilities of combining the influence factors of
the monitored constructions behavior possible and the taking-up,
within the maximum resistance limits provisioned, of the optimum
solution for designing a similar future project,.
9. Between sub-sizing and over-sizing, the design variant varies
according to the information had regarding the structures behavior
in real conditions and according to the standard fundamentation
degree used, which ultimately is based on this information when
configuration is made.
With all the previously made statements, the conclusion can be
drawn regarding the construction and terrain tracking methods when
it comes to behavior over time:
10. The classic topo-geodesical geometrical assistance methods of
the execution and tracking of the behavior over time have preserved
their actuality, being used for certain constructions, for recording
certain actions and their effects in various precision conditions.
561
11. The analysis of a buildings construction must also include a
good knowing of the characteristic environmental factors in the
location area, but in order to oprimize the design solutions, the
behavior models provided by the data banks (future) become a
must. In setting up these data banks the main information is
provided by the topo-geodesical activity, which must coordinate the
entire monitoring process for the tracking of the behavior after the
action of environmental and exploitation factors.
12. The establishment of general behavior models is now in
research, models which will be valid for almost all structures,
particular for certain construction categories and special for
structures having similar building parameters.
13. New, unconventional methods have appeared, because of the
development of the special constructions field (tall structures,
bridges, dams), very advanced ones, but expensive, the careful
designing of the tracking-execution solutions being necessary, there
being almost an infinity of combining posibilities for the various
classical and modern instruments, both for studying the causes and
the effects brought by the environmental circumstances on the
constructions.
14. The topo-geodesical engineering measurements are part of the
structure building activity and they can only be regarded as such.
For this reason, FIG and AIG have innitiated, starting with 1994, vast
research programmes whose main purpose is bringing the topo-
geodesical engineering activity closer to civil engineering, providing
for it the required data for the acceleration of the decision-making
process.
15. I consider that the main presentation conditions for the data
obtained in the recording of behavior evolution over time for
constructions and terrains located above underground voids are:
a) Determining the causes precisely (the parameters for the situation
underground+the characteristics of the climatic factors), correlated
with the precise recording of the effects (tridimensional)
b) Continuing the recordings during the entire exploitation time and
later, periodically, in different conmbinations of the required
circumstances
c) The general presentation of the added effects
d) Presenting the influences for each strain factor
562
e) Diminishing the measurement errors, bringing the measurements
within similar technical conditions of recording, both for static
methods and for dynamic ones
f) Eliminating the environmental effects had on the measuring
methods
g) Eliminating the effects of execution errors, establishing the
degree in which they influence the results, distorting them, virtually
eliminating them from the series of statistic data
h) The lack of continuity gives the data a sequential nature. The cost
is still high, and the difficulties are great
k) Low work volume, diminished as much as possible, eliminating
human error through the methods and instruments used, a thing that
present-day instruments are capable of doing
l) The method be influenced by atmospheric factors and, within
know limits, controlled
m) The measuring results should coherently and accurately
emphasize the cause-strain factor relation, and the relation between
effect-space position variations of the structure
REFERENCES
1. Anumba, C. (2010),Current trends in the engineering management of subsidence
cases, Structural Survey ISSN: 0263-080X Vol. 15 Iss: 1, pp.5 10
2. Giurgiutiu,V. (2005), Tuned Lamb Wave Excitation and Detection with Piezoelectric
Wafer Active Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring, journal of intelligent material
systems and structures, Vol. 16April 2005, 2005 Sage Publications, pg.291-305
3. Glii ,B.; Inaudi ,D. &Vurpillot S.(2002), Structural Monitoring of Concrete
Structures Procedeengs of Third World Conference on Structural Control, 7-12.4.2002,
Como, Italy, Page 1 of 10
4. Radulescu,A.T.G.(2011), Modern surveying technologies used for tracking the time
behavior of constructions within mining perimeters, PHD Thesys, University of
Petrosani, Faculty of Mines, its support 21.01.2011, Scientific Coordinator, Prof. univ.
dr. ing. Nicolae DIMA
5. Rdulescu, A.T.;Rdulescu GH MT, STEFAN O(2005) - Execution Analysis and
Time Behaviour Monitoring of the Highest Building from Romania for Establishing the
Influences of Settling on its VerticalityNinth International Conference on Structural
Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture-Stremah 2005, Malta 22-
24.06.2005,
6. Rdulescu ,GH.M.T.; Rdulescu,A.T.G.(2006), Dynamic Surveying As Means To
Assure A Special Structure Safety, Paper CIBW99-0074-06, Theme: Measurement
and quantitative analysis, Preceedings of CIB W99 2006, International Conference on
Global Unity of Safety and Health in Construction. Beijing, China / June 22-30 /2006
7. ***, http://www.softrock.com.au/
8. ***, Msurtori terestre fundamente, volumul I,II,III, Facultatea de Geodezie
Bucureti, Editura Matrix Rom, Bucureti, 2002

563
USING 3D LASER SCANNING IN AS-BUILT PROJECTS

Vassilios Pagounis, V. Andritsanos, D. Gaifillia,
A. Kampioti, P. Koukoudaki

Abstract: Terrestrial 3D laser scanning is a new
technique for three dimensional object modelling and has
encountered great technological advance during the last
few years. Laser scanning is a terrestrial laser system that
creates highly accurate three-dimensional point clouds of
objects for use in geosciences. 3D laser scanning helps
engineers and surveyors to select information and to
determine geometry in as-built projects as railroad bridges
and sections of highway. Additionally, applications like
elevation accuracy, new concrete pavement, bridge
beams, camber for deck-loading calculations, stockpile,
mine and borrow pit volume estimation, and road safety
and accident reconstruction projects are only some of the
variety of laser scanning use in modern engineering.
This paper describes results of a pilot study for the
investigation of the application of laser scanning in an as-
built project in Peloponnesus. This study initially presents
the aspects of the inquiring subject of the geometric
documentation of artificial rocks, aiming at the more
precise representation and attribution of their construction.
The characteristics of laser scanning technology are
presented, based on an example for the modelling at
volume calculation of the artificial rocks of Navarino Dunes
Hotel, located at the South-West of Peloponnesus. The
basic steps of the laser scanning processing chain are
described, starting from the acquisition of the data and
ending with the evaluation of the 3D models.
Finally, conclusions are drawn, showing that laser
scanning can be used as an accurate, fast and cost
effective technology and recommendations for further
study are suggested.

Sectiunea Geodezie Inginereasca

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Sectiunea Geodezie Inginereasca

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

UNIVERSITATEA TEHNIC DE CONSTRUCII BUCURETI

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen