FCT 2011 Derry-Londonderry - Delegate Pack

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The Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy Foium is the steeiing committee foi the
Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy Confeience of the Foium foi Cities in
Tiansition. Nost membeis paiticipateu in the inauguial
Confeience in Kosovo 2u1u anu have been woiking tiielessly
since then to ensuie the success of the confeience. Nembeis
consist of iepiesentatives of local authoiities, political paities,
community anu voluntaiy sectoi, chuich, local police anu
business.
The oiganisation of such a piestigious confeience took a lot of
haiu woik anu effoit fiom a lot of people to ensuie that it is a
success anu meets the objectives of the oiganiseis, paiticipants
anu funueis. We aie veiy piouu of the piogiamme that has been
uevelopeu foi the confeience anu aie confiuent that it meets the
expectations of the inteiest gioups.
All membeis aie ieally exciteu to be hosting such an impoitant
inteinational confeience in the city anu will make eveiy effoit to
ensuie that all paiticipants enjoy anu benefit fiom the expeiience
of being heie.
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Angela Askin
Allan Leonaiu
Colm Cavanagh
Willie Lamiock
Biian Bougheity
Nichael Boheity
Naeve NcLaughlin
Chiis Yates
Eail Stoiey
ueiaiu Bivei
}im Rouuy
Biew Thompson
Forum for Cities
in Transition

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Forum for Cities
in Transition
FCT BERRY~L0NB0NBERRY: TBE 0Nu0INu PR0CESS
The Foium foi Cities in Tiansition (FCT) only woiks if at the close of this confeience, each
membei city commits itself to implementing an outcome that is within its means anu iesouices
to caiiy out. In this sense, the Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy event is not a confeience pei se but a
continuation of the pioceeuings that began in NitiovicKosovska Nitiovica in Nay 2u1u.
The FCT is action uiiven. Without cities agieeing to make commitments anu then following up
to ensuie theii implementation, the confeience becomes a chatteiing box - much saiu, gieat
iueas exchangeu, some fiienuships maue, some fun, shopping anu sightseeing anu then home,
anu on to the next confeience.
These aie not the outcomes that confoim with the piinciples uiawn up by the founuing cities -
Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy, the uieek anu Tuikish Cypiiot communities in Nicosia, Kiikuk, anu
Nitiovic Kosovska Nitiovica at the FCT's founuing gatheiing at the 0niveisity of
Nassachusetts Boston in Apiil 2uu9, piinciples enumeiateu in the "Call to Action," to which all
paiticipants aie askeu to appenu theii signatuies as a maik of theii seiiousness of intent.
The announcement of the outcomes to which the nine cities attenuing the NitiovicKosovska
Nitiovica confeience committeu themselves at the last plenaiy session, with a uesignateu
membei of each city stanuing befoie hishei peeis anu affiiming what pioject(s) theii city
woulu implement befoie the following yeai's confeience was the high point of the confeience,
an acknowleugement of the huge effoit anu infusion of money by Nitiovic Kosovska
Nitiovica to ensuie a successful confeience, that the FCT was an ongoing piocess, not a once in
a lifetime expeiience. These commitments involveu the attenuing cities unueitaking piojects
that woulu eithei stiengthen ielations among theii once waiiing communities, thus fuitheiing
ieconciliation anu ongoing iecoveiy, oi unueitaking a pioject(s) that woulu benefit a sistei city,
on a lowei iung on the lauuei of tiansition to tiansfoimation.
Without this piocess of bonuing, of iuentification with the uevastating consequences of youi
sistei cities' conflict (because it miiiois youi own in so many ways), anu a willingness to leain
fiom each othei's expeiiences, to finu common paths facilitating tiansition anu in the absence
of an unueistanuing that collectively you can unueitake piojects that inuiviuually you woulu
not be capable of, the quintessential ieason foi the existence of the FCT simply gets lost in a
cauluion of iule talk, talk that will not tianslate itself into meaningful action.
The Beiiy Foium has gone to extiaoiuinaiy lengths to ensuie that the piogiam you will be pait
of ovei the next foui uays leaves you with inuelible impiessions of how the communities of
2
Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy - Catholic anu Piotestant, pio a uniteu Iielanu anu pio 0niteu Kinguom,
continueu to builu on the common giounu they hau founu even befoie peace pievaileu. Theiis
is an extiaoiuinaiy stoiy, which they will shaie with you - the stoiy of wheie theii
communities -piotagonists in a SS yeai conflict - once weie, wheie they now aie, how they got
theie, anu what theii common aspiiations foi the futuie holu.
It is foi you, theii sistei cities, to listen, question, leain, coopeiate anu woik togethei.
Pauiaig 0'Nalley
Biiectoi, Foium foi Cities in Tiansition
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Forum for Cities
in Transition
4

Forum for Cities in Transition
CALL TO ACTION
April 14 16
th
, 2009

The Forum for Cities in Transition whose members comprise four Cities (Derry /
Londonderry, Kirkuk, Kosovska Mitrovica and Mitrovica (south), Nicosia) meeting in
Boston, 14-16 April 2009, affirmed its commitment to promoting understanding between
member cities with the aim of encouraging mutual learning, dialogue and the resolution
of conflict through non-violent methods.

Even though we face different problems, challenges, and contexts, cities in transition
can both learn from, and offer lessons to, each other. We believe that this learning
should be shared, so that cities in transition can use the resources and knowledge of
others to address these challenges.

People from societies in transition are in the best position to help people in other
societies in transition

Basic Principles
The Forum identified basic principles upon which such positive outcomes can be
achieved. We call on leaders to uphold and apply these principles in policymaking and
service delivery, and to measure progress against them.
1) Respect for the dignity of every individual
2) Respect for the value of leadership in building trust and confidence across and
within communities
3) Respect for human rights, equality, fairness and adherence to the rule of law,
including fair treatment of minorities
4) Respect for the value of dialogue between conflicting parties according to context

Agreement
The participating cities affirmed:
1) That City to City workshops of this sort are effective, productive and valuable
2) That learning from each others successes and challenges is immensely
empowering
3) That some external actors can act as an obstacle and a barrier to promoting joint
working and problem solving
4) That they create a Forum for Cities in Transition, with those present becoming
founding members
5) That the Forums purpose shall be to address common problems through
expanding the pool of knowledge from which to draw practical lessons
6) To develop and maintain an active network of individuals and cities present for
mutual benefit
7) To deepen and broaden the network by taking ownership of the Forums future,
the individuals signing here agree to take steps to explore how each of the cities
involved can plan to host future Forum annual events in their own territories in
conjunction with civil society and educational institutions
8) That the Secretariat for the Forum shall initially be provided by the Moakley Chair
and the Northern Ireland Foundation.

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Forum for Cities
in Transition
1S
Confeience Piogiamme
Forum for Cities
in Transition
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Welcome:
Angela Askin, Chaii of the Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy Foium,
Nayoi of Beiiy City Council,
Confeience Agenua, uoals anu Aims: Pauiaig 0'Nalley, Biiectoi FCT
QUDPX 4* LQDLX H7+#1 %:32.33:*+D C*&4"#&+ G&#17+, H#72# H&*2#33
Chaii: Quintin 0livei
Panellists: Niall Buigess
Baiibie ue Bin NEP
}effiey Bonaluson NP
Naik Buikan NP
Sii William }effiey
Ken Naginnis, The Loiu Naginnis of Biumglass
Ambassauoi Nancy Soueibeig
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Belegates bieak away in mixeu gioups with panellist(s) foi woikshop style uiscussion on panel
topics Teacoffee maue available uuiing woikshop uiscussions
16
LLDQQ 4* LLDTQ H1#+7&' I#33:*+
Chaiieu by a membei of the Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy Foium, iappoiteuis iepoit back fiom woikshop
uiscussions
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LLDPX 4* LTDLX H7+#1 %:32.33:*+D ?2*+*/:2 %#M#1*V/#+4ZJ&>7+ @#;#+#&74:*+
A panel uiscussion on the impoitance of the uimension of economic uevelopment in plans foi
ieconciliation anu conflict tiansfoimation
Chaii: }im Rouuy
Panellists: uieg Claik
Naik Fullei
Aiueen Ncuinley
Liam Nellis
uaivan 0'Boheity
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LPDLX 4* LXDQQ Y*&<3"*V %:32.33:*+3
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uiscussions
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LXDPX 4* LRDPX H7+#1 %:32.33:*+D !"# @*1# *9 Y*/#+ :+ !&7+3:4:*+ I*2:#4:#3
A panel uiscussion on the impoitance of women in leauing anu ueveloping tiansition in uiviueu
societies
Chaii: Avila Kilmuiiay
Panellists: Chiistine Bell
Emanuela Bel Re
valuete Iuiizi
Zeina Nezhei
LRDPX 4* LSDTQ Y*&<3"*V %:32.33:*+3
17
LSDTQ 4* LUDQQ H1#+7&' I#33:*+
uiscussions
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venue: Noith West Regional College
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Q[DQQ 4* LQDTQ H7+#1 %:32.33:*+D !&7+39*&/:+; 8*//.+:4:#3 !"&*.;" 4"# 6&43
A panel uiscussion on the piactical applications of the visual anu peifoimance aits in tiansfoiming
communities fiom conflict enviionmentsuealing with the past
Chaii: Pauline Ross
Panellists: Eiik Ehn
Alice NcCaitney
Beclan Ncuonagle
Nela Zuljevic
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topic Teacoffee maue available uuiing woikshop uiscussions
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uiscussions
H7&711#1 I#33:*+
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Chaiis: }im Rouuy anu Allan Leonaiu
An infoimal business iounu table uiscussion on how to cieate new local jobs anu attiact visitois
thiough collaboiative community baseu stiategies. Special guests: Naik Fullei (CE0), Nonitoi
uioup anu Shaun NcCaithy Nonitoi uioup, Cambiiuge, NA. Note: No inteipietation pioviueu
18
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Kauuna, Ramallah, Nitte (Beilin)
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Befoie lunch is seiveu, Naitin Nelaikey (Neive Centie) will piesent viueos of its woik anu official
uocumentaiy of the Foium foi Cities in Tiansition (by }ames & Petia Tayloi)
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Belegates choose, in auvance, fiom one of the following available site visits foi the uay:
1. Inteinational School of Peace Stuuies; Re-imaging: CawNelson Biive, Lincoln Couit, Bonus
Stieet
2. Bogsiue Aitists; the Appientice Boys Nemoiial Ball
S. An uaelias, Cultilann 0i Chanain (Iiish Language anu Cultuial Centie)
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Chaiieu by a membei of the Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy Foium, iappoiteuis iepoit back fiom site visits
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Time foi au hoc meetings among Foium paiticipants, with optional facilitation by Foium
Secietaiiat suppoit
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venue: Ba vinci's Botel
Followeu by optional social evening of viewing televiseu football match between Noithein Iielanu
anu the Republic of Iielanu
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Nembei cities of Foium foi Cities in Tiansition make piesentations (2u minutes each)
%7' !"#/#D ]I"7&:+; 4":3 IV72#^K 3V*+3*&#, >' 4"# G+4#&+74:*+71 -.+, 9*& G&#17+,
Panel uiscussions on activities suppoiteu by the Inteinational Funu foi Iielanu (IFI), to piomote
peace-builuing anu ieconciliation in Iielanu
19
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Chaii: Ken uibson (0veiview)
Panellists: 0na NcKeinan (Community Leaueiship Piogiamme)
Kat Bealy (Communities in Tiansition Piogiamme)
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Belegates bieak away in mixeu gioups foi woikshop style uiscussion on panel topic, incluuing Q&A
with panellists anu othei IFI-suppoiteu iepiesentatives. Teacoffee maue available uuiing
woikshop uiscussions
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Chaii: ueiaiu NcCoy (0veiview)
Panellists: Buncan Noiiow (Community Biiuges Piogiamme)
Caioline Rownan (Wiuei Boiizons Piogiamme)
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Chaii: }ohn Caison (0veiview)
Panellists: Naitin NcBonalu (Integiating Community 0iganisations Piogiamme)
Anuiew Bell (Shaiing in Euucation Piogiamme)
}ennifei Bawthoine (Shaieu Neighbouihoou Piogiamme)
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Chaii: Pauuy Baite (0veiview)
Panellists: Pauuy Baite (Economic cioss-boiuei case stuuy)
Coiiymeela Community iepiesentative (Coiiymeela Legacy Pioject)
2u
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Rappoiteuis iepoit back fiom woikshop uiscussions
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Kingsley Aikens (foimei Chief Executive, Iielanu Funus) will make a piesentation on the
oppoitunities foi cities to maximise value fiom theii Biaspoia communities
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venue: Beech Bill Countiy Bouse Botel
19:uu to 2u:uu Reception anu enteitainment by Inuigo
2u:uu to 22:uu Binnei
Welcome & NC: Angela Askin, Chaii Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy Foium
Auuiesses by Benis Rooney, Chaiiman of Inteinational Funu foi Iielanu, a Ninistei of the
uoveinment of Iielanu anu Ninisteis of the Noithein Iielanu Executive
Concluuing Remaiks: Pauiaig 0'Nalley, Biiectoi FCT
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A panel uiscussion on the neeu to ueal with PTSB anu othei mental injuiies causeu by conflict
Chaii: Bianuon Bambei
Panellists: Loiu }ohn Alueiuice
Baviu Bolton
Naiie Bieen Smyth
Ailene Bealey
Nauieen Betheiington
LQDTQ 4* LLDLX Y*&<3"*V %:32.33:*+3

topic. Teacoffee maue available uuiing the woikshop uiscussions
21
LLDLX 4* LLDPX H1#+7&' I#33:*+
uiscussions
LLDPX 4* L5DPX 8:4' Y*&<3"*V3
Belegates fiom each city confei to ueteimine pioposeu outcomes to be ueliveieu befoie FCT 2u12
annual meeting.
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Chaiis: Allan Leonaiu & Nancy Rioiuan
City ueclaiations of specific, small-scale piojects to be ueliveieu foi the Foium's annual
confeience 2u12 (each city nominates one uelegate to make ueclaiation)
Repoit fiom the FCT Women's Caucus
Selection of host city foi Foium's 2u12 confeience
Review of a peei-monitoiing system by each city
0thei outcomes
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Nichael Boheity
Biian Bougheity
Pauiaig 0'Nalley
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Applicable uelegates anu Foium staff meeting, to uiscuss next actions
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venue: Nange2
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Inteinational uelegates uepait
22
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Forum for Cities
in Transition
2S
Nission Statement
Forum for Cities
in Transition
!E? C6@@6!G\?
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Cities acioss the globe aie stiesseu by poveity anu oveiciowuing, expensive anu scaice foou
anu eneigy, anu lack of meuical caie. Cities in political conflict oi its afteimath anu those that
aie uiviueu by issues of iace, ethnicity, ieligion, anu political iueology finu themselves in fai
moie uifficult anu often veiy uiffeient ciicumstances. They face the life-anu-ueath pioblems of
conflict anu wai anu at the same time the challenge of meeting the piactical basic neeus of theii
citizens. But such cities continue to function even in extiaoiuinaiy ciicumstances. Each finus its
own paiticulai way of auapting to the exigencies of eveiyuay life with the thieat of imminent,
explosive uivisions hanging ovei them. Noimalcy oveilays what is essentially abnoimal.
!"# J+,#&1':+;K J+:9':+; H&:+2:V1#3
!"#"$% #'(# ()$ "* #)(*%"#"+* "* ,+-*#)"$% ."/".$. 01 ,+*23",# ()$ "* #'$ 0$%# 4+%"#"+* #+ '$34 +#'$)
,"#"$% "* #)(*%"#"+* "* +#'$) %-,' ,+-*#)"$%5 They have common pioblems ianging fiom policing,
gaibage collection, housing, ioau constiuction, the piovision of health anu welfaie seivices, to
iuentifying flash points anu inteifaces that tiiggei violence anu having in place mechanisms to
contiol anu contain such outbieaks. Each city is at a uiffeient stage of tiansition. Neveitheless,
thiough the piocess of shaiing theii naiiatives they can leain fiom each othei anu cieate a
uynamic that becomes a catalyst foi change.
Since WW II, most wais have been intiastate wais, wais within a countiy wheie one oi moie
gioups have fought otheis who contiol the leveis of powei, eithei to oveithiow them anu
establish theii own hegemony oi to foice them into some goveinance aiiangement unuei
which, they, the out-gioups woulu have a shaie of powei oi even equal powei. The uistiibution
of that powei woulu be ieflecteu not only in the new foims of goveinment agieeu on, but in all
sectois of society in teims of allocation of iesouices, ieuiessing imbalances of the past,
pioviuing equality unuei the law, equal oppoitunity foi employment, abolition of past
uisciiminatoiy piactices, iecognition of cultuial paiity, anu in some cases wheie the out-gioups
piofesseu allegiance to a uiffeient national iuentity, giving paiity of iecognition to all iuentities.
Invaiiably, these conflicts involveu issues of ieligion, ethnicity, iace, cultuie, language anu
national iuentity.
Countiies in which this occuis aie labeleu "uiviueu societies."
Among some of the countiies toin apait by cleavages that have iesulteu in wiuespieau anu
inuisciiminate violence, as uiffeient factions sought to auvance theii claims by foiming
paiamilitaiy oiganizations (oi the aimeu foices of a neighboiing county pioclaiming the iight
to piotect an ethnically ielateu minoiity) aie Noithein Iielanu, Cypius, Lebanon, South Afiica,
the Balkans (when Yugoslavia imploueu aftei the collapse of Communism), Iiaq (wheie the
Kuius caiveu out theii own enclave, Kuiuistan, unuei Ameiican piotection aftei the fiist uulf
Wai), anu Nigeiia.
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24
In most of these countiies, violence has now ceaseu oi been biought to manageable levels anu
foims of goveinance have been auopteu that sufficiently auuiess the out-gioups' giievances
(thus ensuiing theii paiticipation in goveinment), paiamilitaiy gioups have eithei uisbanueu
oi gone silent anu in some cases (most notably Noithein Iielanu), a piocess calleu
"uecommissioning of aims" has culminateu in the veiifiable uestiuction of most paiamilitaiy
aims caches.
Each of these societies is in a uiffeient stage of tiansition to "noimalcy," although it might be
bettei to think of them as societies in "iecoveiy," because if they uo not continually auuiess the
causes of the conflict, if the giievances of wai iemain unauuiesseu oi inauequately auuiesseu, if
piocesses to nuituie ieconciliation aie not piomoteu (especially at the community level), if
uispaiities in wealth anu income continue to giow among competing gioups uespite legislation
aimeu at closing such gaps, if an agieeu histoiy of the past cannot be ieconcileu, if the ioot
causes of what iesulteu in the conflict cannot be acknowleugeu by all, then the iesiuual causes
of conflict anu peiceiveu giievances lingei anu festei, iisking slow accumulation to a ciitical
mass that sees the outbieak of conflict again. Thus, theie is a neeu to put in place mechanisms
that minimize this iisk.
The piemise that unueilies the woik of the FCT is simple: 4$+43$ 6)+7 ."/".$. %+,"$#"$% ()$ "* #'$
0$%# 4+%"#"+* #+ '$34 4$+43$ "* +#'$) ."/".$. %+,"$#"$%; that foimei piotagonists, often foimei
puiveyois of violence anu ueath who abanuoneu violence to iesolve theii uiffeiences, aie best
equippeu to shaie theii often tentative anu uifficult jouineys to iecognizing the necessity to
abanuon violence as the instiument to achieve theii political aims anu open the gateways to
iecoveiy, ieconstiuction, anu ieconciliation; #'(# 4$+43$% 6)+7 ."/".$. %+,"$#"$% %'()$ 0$'(/"+)(38
4+3"#",(38 %+,"(38 (*. 4%1,'+3+9",(3 #)("#%8 *+# %$$* "* 4$+43$ "* 7+)$ *+)7(3 %+,"$#"$%8 #)("#% #'(#
4)$."%4+%$ #'$7 #+ %$$ #'"*9% #')+-9' ( 4)"%7 #'(# "% ."66$)$*# #'(* #'$ 4)"%7 #')+-9' :'",' 1+-
(*. ; :+-3. 4$),$"/$ #'$ %(7$ $/$*#%5
Among them:
0niqueness: beliefs that "oui" conflict is "special."
"We all useu to live peacefully togethei befoie this."
"Theie has nevei been a conflict like ouis."
"No one but ouiselves can evei unueistanu it."
Ninoiitymajoiity uichotomies: eithei a majoiity holus all the instiuments of powei anu
is unwilling to shaie with a "uiffeient" minoiity, a minoiity that uoes not shaie a similai
ieligionnationalityethnicitycultuieiacelanguage etc.
"0theiing" to ueny attiibutes oi chaiacteiistics geneially shaieu by human beings in

oiuei to suggest that the inuiviuual oi gioup is anothei kinu, an "othei."
Noie thanless than synuiome; the belief that no mattei what change is maue oi
foimula is put foiwaiu to lessen uivisions, inbieu psychological pieuispositions tiiggei
thinking on the pait of one gioup that any change will always benefit the othei paity to
the conflict anu leave it woise off. "The naicissism of small uiffeiences" the moie
objectively alike opposing gioups aie, the moie they magnify theii pseuuo-uiffeiences.
Zeio sum analytical peispectives: if you appeai to win, even if theie is no oveit eviuence
of it, I 7-%# be losing.
A iecuiiing uynamic: uoing the same things ovei anu ovei again anu expecting a
uiffeient outcome; i.e., believing no mattei what happens that, "we aie going to win;"
iepeating acts of violence anu expecting a uiffeient iesult.
Boluing tight to peiceiveu giievancesiesentments, anu being unable to let go.
Kin is $/eiything i.e., close communal anu family ties.
Nevei letting go of the past; "Nevei! No suiienuei! Not an inch!"
Eveiy siue sees events thiough uiffeient peiceptual piisms.

2S
Eveiy siue has uiffeient histoiical staiting points, naiiatives, anu inteipietations of the
same events.
Any small inciuent can escalate into a majoi eiuption; a killing, even an acciuental one,
can iesult in wiuespieau violence.
Anything can become the spaik that suuuenly awakens uoimant giievances oi ignites
festeiing giievances.
This thesis uoes not suggest that all intiastate oi conflicts in uiviueu societies aie the same; it uoes
posit, howevei, that theie aie sufficient points of possible iuentification a conveigence in the
behaviois of gioups that engage in such conflicts to meiit examination. Theie is much to be
gaineu by eveiyone: gioups fiom the countiies who heai the naiiatives of conflict anu emeigence
fiom conflict, shakily in some, moie fiimly iooteu in otheis, anu the gioups fiom naiiating
countiies.
All gain fiom such inteiactions, but especially those gioups who aie still in conflict, who have
ieacheu a point wheie they aie seaiching foi a way out of what has seemeu to them an intiactable
conflict. The fact that gioups now in tiansition to shaieu goveinance woulu uesciibe theii conflicts
as once appeaiing to be intiactable to gioups still convinceu that theiis aie intiactable cieates
bonuing between the two in ways not quite explicable to societies that nevei hau to unueigo
similai expeiiences. While uiviueu societies may inueeu be uissimilai, they aie quite the same in
many iespects.
The Foium foi Cities in Tiansition (FCT) is piemiseu on a similaily baseu thesis. }ust as uiviueu
societies aie in the best position to assist othei uiviueu societies in a way moie "noimal" societies
oi inteinational institutions can't, thus, cities, that aie oi weie at the epicentei of the conflicts in
theii countiies aie in a special position to assist each othei because they, too, haiboi the same
behavioial chaiacteiistics. They aie also uiviueu along iacial, ethnic, nationalist, ieligious, cultuial,
oi linguistic lines with enclaves of uiffeient populations gioups "guaiueu" by theii inuigenous
militias oi seiving as the bieeuing giounu foi militias that launch attacks on membeis of othei
enclaves. They aie often the micio-iepiesentation of theii society's fault lines, the focus of foims of
"ethnic cleansing," that is, violence that ensuies that within an enclave, the minoiity belonging to
the "othei" who uo not shaie the majoiity's political uispositions, aie methouically taigeteu foi
muiuei oi uiiven by feai fiom theii homes.
Cities aie compact, anu in the peiiou befoie some spaik became the tiansfoimative agent of
violence, places wheie it was not unusual foi membeis of both out-gioups anu in-gioups to live as
minoiities in each othei's enclaves. Neveitheless, the onset of conflict invaiiably becomes an
instiument of "otheiing." The next uooi neighboi is no longei a neighboi with whom you hau
shaieu many oiuinaiy uay-to-uay living expeiiences, but an "enemy," someone to be expelleu as a
thieat to secuiity oi suuuenly "uiffeient."
Concepts of humanness aie malleable; they tiansmute with peiceiveu thieat. Retaliation killings
become ioutine; kiunapping anu uisappeaiances ianuom, toituie often pieceues muiuei,
mutilation often follows; the compulsion to uehumanize the "othei" becomes peivasive; cemeteiies
aie tiansfoimeu into ieciuitment centeis foi mobilizing against the othei.
Cities become citauels of uangei. The state's secuiity foices aie pieuominantly baseu in cities.
uoveinments aie invaiiably on the siue of the in-gioups, theii aimouiy is uiiecteu at the enclaves
of the out-gioups, ostensibly at theii militias, but inuisciiminately enough to ensuie that civilians
26
aie those mainly affecteu. Nilitias taiget each othei's populations but iaiely each othei. Cities
witness cainage anu mayhem in uispiopoitionate measuie. Nembeis of one gioup nevei entei
the teiiitoiy of the othei; as the layeis of peiceiveu iesponsibility aie unfolueu with each gioup
accusing the othei. Nembeis of all gioups become incieasingly sensitive to the iuiosynciasies
anu subtle vaiiations in gestuie, pitch of voice oi laughtei vaiiations entiiely impeiceptible to
an outsiuei that appeai to uistinguish them but become insteau tools in theii suivival kits.
The "mixeu" aieas that iemain aftei population movements (eithei to the safei haven of theii
own communities, uisplacement, oi abanuonment) anu aieas wheie enclaves that abut each
othei become the inteistices that continue to ieminu all gioups that sometimes iaw emotions,
often expiesseu in hiueous ways, obfuscate the causes of the conflict itself.
Checkpoints become noimal; intiicate patteins of movement anu tianspoitation aie ueployeu in
whatevei iemains of cential business aieas; stoies check hanubags anu biiefcases; bouy checks
aie noimal anu paiking is piohibiteu. Aibitiaiy uetention without tiial becomes stanuaiu
juuicial piactice; secuiity foices close off stieets as they go uooi-to-uooi seaiching houses foi
weapons, aggiavating giievances into iage anu iage into closei ielationships with anu suppoit of
paiamilitaiies. Bemonstiations within bounuaiies of secuie enclaves evolve into outlets foi the
expiession of feai, paianoia, anu ieguigitation of allegeu atiocities against membeis of theii
gioup in othei enclaves; memoiy becomes the iepositoiy foi as much that is false as is tiue;
people piay foi peace but iaiely conuemn the violence of theii own.
This sweeping panoiama of cities that aie the centiifuges of the laigei conflict that engulfs them
is painteu on a bioau canvas with caieful stiokes, aitfully uepicting the neighboihoous anu
stieets wheie maximum uestiuction can be accomplisheu, taigets aie easiest to finu, clanuestine
connections maue, anu youth ieciuiteu to paiamilitaiy stiuctuies; wheie infoimants aie most
piouuctive anu infiltiation easiei; wheie poveity is most acute anu class uiffeiences most
glaiing, pitting the woiking class of the in-gioup against that of the out-gioup, the foimei
asseiting its maiginal auvantage thiough its affinity with the in-gioup anu willing to fight anu kill
anu be killeu to pieseive this peiceiveu supeiioiity.
Anu, of couise, cities aie most often the places in which the meuia (local, national anu
inteinational) can conveige; they usually have some oi all of the infiastiuctuie the meuia neeus:
hotels, Inteinet, fax machines, lanu lines anu cell phones, uiiveis foi hiie all the paiapheinalia
that the television iequiies to iecoiu the footage that maintains vieweis' inteiest in the conflict.
Inteiest, howevei, is pieuicateu on footage of giuesome violence: iefugees fleeing theii homes,
abanuoning theii possessions, fiighteneu chiluien anu iapeu women. The electionic meuia, by
the act of iecoiuing, altei the f+)7 of the events they covei anu thus the ,+*#$*# of what they
tiansmit. In-gioups, out-gioups anu theii affiliateu militaiy aims become extiemely auept at
using the meuia to auvance theii agenuas. It is foi this ieason, foi example, the Isiaeli Befence
Foice (IBF) pieventeu the global meuia fiom access to uaza in }anuaiy 2uu8, since the imageiy of
its assault woulu unuoubteuly have ieuounueu to its uisauvantage.
!E? -BJC%GCF 8BC-?@?C8?D JCG\?@IG!A B- =6II68EJI?!!I WBI!BC
In Apiil 2uu9, foui cities - Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy, Nicosia (uieek Cypiiot community anu Tuikish
Cypiiot community), Kiikuk anu NitiovicKosovska Nitiovica weie inviteu to a confeience at
the 0niveisity of Nassachusetts Boston, hosteu by the Noakley Chaii of Peace anu Reconciliation.
The puipose of the confeience was to have the cities exploie, aftei listening to the naiiatives of
each othei's conflict, whethei they hau sufficient common attiibutes, expeiiences anu collective
iuentification that they shoulu foim a collaboiative wheie they woulu shaie theii uiffeiences anu
27
similaiities in a moie foimal anu ongoing way, in the hope that leaining fiom each othei woulu
stiengthen the socialpolitical fabiic of theii iespective cities. They uiew up a founuing
uocument, "A Call to Action" anu became the founuing cities of the Foium foi Cities in
Tiansition.
These founuing cities hau expeiienceu many of the chaiacteiistics uesciibeu above human
toll, buint oi bombeu out neighboihoous, uevastateu housing uamage, uestiuction of
infiastiuctuie, uemogiaphic ieconfiguiations, piolifeiation of militias, laboiatoiy-like
expeiiments by the secuiity foices to contiol the flow of people anu vehicles, entiy to, passage
thiough anu exit of paiticulai aieas, policing that is abhoiient to outgioups, anu the gioss
violation of human iights, etc.
But even at the uepth of theii conflicts, these cities manageu to pioviue a mouicum of basic
seivices; although in some, auequate seivices hau nevei been available to membeis of the out-
gioups. But the sense of teiiitoiial entiapment can also geneiate a concomitant sense of
communal piiue - unwillingness on the pait of gioups to let things fall apait in theii own
communities anu a piiue that sustains loss. Thus, peiceptions of poveity, access to amenities
such as electiicity anu uiinking watei, anu watei itself, schooling, housing, health,
tianspoitation, anu most impoitant, peiceptions of policing unwelcome intiusions to one
gioup, welcome piesence to the othei - aie seen thiough uiffeient piisms that iefiact the
uistoitions of how people cope with wai iathei than ieflecting the metiics of ielative
uepiivation.
0ui concein is with the city of the "othei," especially with the "otheiing" that is peivasive in the
societies of which these cities aie pait - the cities that aie at the epicentei of uiviueu societies,
the cities that uefine anu epitomize the natuie of the societal uivisions anu cleavages that aie
the peivasive anu peimanent chaiacteiistics of some nation-states oi iegions. These aie the
cities of the "olu" teiioiisms.
The cities inviteu to the Boston confeience shaieu a set of inteinal anu exteinal chaiacteiistics.
The inteinal chaiacteiistics ielateu to the ioutes they took to aiiive at inteinal powei-shaiing
oi consensual goveinance piotocols; the exteinal chaiacteiistics ielateu to membeis of some
gioups piofessing uiffeient loyalties, oppositional senses of belonging anu affiimations of
antithetical iuentities. Some cities aie situateu in a countiy within the teiiitoiial bounuaiies of
the state specific to one gioup, anu some stiauule the bounuaiies of nation states wheie the
bounuaiies themselves aie the issue.
Thus in Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy iefeiieu to many iesiuents as simply Stioke City, peihaps up to
7u peicent of the population, who iegaiu themselves as being Iiish, aspiie to becoming pait of a
uniteu Iielanu, anu the Su peicent who iegaiu themselves as being Biitish want to iemain pait
of the 0niteu Kinguom. In Belfast, a similai uivision peitains, although the peicentages aie
piobably SuSu.
In Nitiovica, the ueclaiation of inuepenuence by Kosovo in Febiuaiy 2uu8 that was iecognizeu
by the 0niteu States anu the Euiopean 0nion but not by the 0niteu Nations, was not iecognizeu
by Seibia oi the 0N anu was vehemently iejecteu by Seibs on the noithein siue of the Ibai
Rivei. Beie, Seibs maintain allegiance to the Seibian goveinment in Belgiaue. Seibia uoes not
accept the paitition of Seibia that cieateu the state of Kosovo. Kosovo Albanians on the
28
southein bank of the Ibai Rivei (Nitiovic) iecognize the Kosovai goveinment in Piistina anu
the Kosovo goveinment iegaius the noithein municipality of Kosovska Nitiovica as
illegitimate: Nitiovica on the noith siue of the Ibai Rivei is claimeu as pait of the Kosovo state.
In Kiikuk, Kuius want Kiikuk to be become pait of Kuiuistan, an autonomous iegion of Iiaq,
while Tuikmen, Aiabs, anu Assyiians stienuously object to such an aiiangement. They want to
iemain unuei the contiol of the cential goveinment in Baghuau, to iemain in "Aiab" Iiaq. A
iefeienuum that supposeuly woulu have iesolveu the issue shoulu have taken place by S1

Becembei 2uu7 but was postponeu until it can be ueteimineu who is a legitimate iesiuent of
Kiikuk. Since Sauuam's oustei some 4uu,uuu Kuius have maue theii way to Kiikuk. Nany have
legitimate claims on piopeities. Some uon't. Beteimining which Kuius aie legitimate iesiuents
of Kiikuk is a mattei on which Aiabs anu Tuikmen will give little giounu to the Kuius.
In Nicosia, the two-thiius of the population who aie uieek Cypiiots geneially want the
unification of the Islanu into a feueial state emphasizing the unity anu continuity of the state.
The Republic of Cypius is a membei of the E0. Its bounuaiies encompass the whole of the
islanu of Cypius. The one-thiiu of the population that is Tuikish Cypiiot geneially piefeis a
loose feueial system within a new state anu a closei ielationship to Tuikey. The self-acclaimeu
Tuikish Republic of Noithein Cypius (TRNC) is only iecognizeu by Tuikey anu otheiwise has
no inteinational legal stanuing. Nicosia is uiviueu: uieek Cypiiots on one siue of the 0N buffei
zone; Tuikish Cypiiots on the othei. To entei the Tuikish Cypiiot sectoi of Nicosia, one has to
go thiough the buffei zone anu police contiols at the Tuikish bounuaiy.
In thiee Kiikuk, Nicosia, anu Nitiovica theie aie piopeity iights issues: in each,
population movements took place as gioups sought the iefuge of theii own, anu moveu to
secuie enclaves, leaving behinu theii homes anu possessions. These movements floweu in both
uiiections.
In Nitiovica, Seibs live in piopeities to which Kosovais have legal title, anu Kosovais live in
piopeities to which Seibs have legal claim; anu in Kiikuk, as pait of his policy to biing the
Kuius unuei his uominion, Sauuam Bussein iemoveu tens of thousanus of Kuius fiom Kiikuk,
uispeiseu them thioughout the iest of Iiaq, anu moveu Sunni Aiabs into theii homes. The Iiaqi
goveinment is now tiying to placate ietuining Kuius who want to live in theii olu homes. Aiabs
in possession of these piopeities iefuse to simply hanu them ovei.
Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy has unueigone a uiffeient kinu of migiation. Almost all the Piotestants (in
favoi of continuing the union with Biitain) who once liveu in Citysiue (which has a
pieuominance of Catholic iesiuents) have left, ieuucing theii piesence to the meie hunuieus.
In thiee cities, iiveis aie natuial uiviueis. In Nitiovica, Seibs on the noithein siue of the Ibai,
Kosovais on the southein siue; in Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy, Catholics on the westein siue of the
Foyle, Piotestants in the Wateisiue on the eastein siue; in Belfast Catholics on the westein siue
of the Lagan, Piotestants on the eastein siue.
The centeipiece of the Foium's activities is an annual confeience wheie each city, in tuin,
invites its sistei cities to a confeience on its home tuif. Such confeiences incluue municipal
iepiesentatives, Nu0s that have eaineu the tiust of the political playeis ovei the yeais,
giassioots community oiganizations, anu acauemic institutions fiom acioss the uiviues, to
engage in a piocess that exposes them to each othei thiough shaiing theii iespective naiiatives
of conflict anu post conflict tiansitions.
29
The aim of these confeiences is not to pioviue an oppoitunity to talk shop. These confeiences
aie action oiienteu. They engage 4)(,#"#"+*$)% with the on-the-giounu expeiiences of ueliveiy of
basic seivices that aie efficient, encompass the entiie municipality, aie equitable in the sense
that one community uoes not feel that it is getting less than a faii shaie of the city's iesouices,
they exploie how ielationships aie negotiateu anu maintaineu between anu among
communities, how to set stanuaius of tianspaiency that will inciease theii populations tiust in
theii efficacy, anu unueitake "city piojects," collectively oi inuiviuually, which the paiticipating
cities will uesign uuiing the confeience with the specific iequiiement of having them completeu
befoie the following yeai's host confeience. The cities themselves will act as monitois of these
piojects, anu if possibilities piesent themselves, cities can engage in joint piojects oi collective
ones.
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NitiovicKosovska Nitiovica hosteu the inauguial confeience of the Foium foi Cities in Nay
2u1u. It was theii confeience, a ieflection of how the two communities, Albanian anu Seib weie
able to iise above the uiffeiences that pioviue the context foi theii conflict anu cieate a vibiant
piogiam that openeu to paiticipating cities the uay-to-uay expeiiences of Nitiovicans on both
siues of the Rivei Ibai; of how they hau founu ways to tianscenu the multiple issues that uiive
uivision -- the solutions to which aie in the hanus of theii iespective goveinments anu the
inteinational community, wheieas the failuie to iesolve these issues continues to have a uiiect
impact on theii uaily lives -- of how they weie engaging in collaboiative piojects foi the goou of
all Nitiovicians. In the enu, no mattei how theii conflict is iesolveu, they aie the people who
have to live with its consequences.
Nine cities sent some Su + uelegates, iepiesentative of the communities with ueep cleavages
among them in theii own cities. These incluueu the founuing cities - Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy,
Belfast, Nicosia (uieek anu Tuikish Cypiiots), Kiikuk, anu host Nitiovica, anu guest cities
incluueu - Nostai, Beiiut, }eiusalem, anu Baifa. Kauuna hau to withuiaw aftei the piesiuent of
Nigeiia uieu; piecipitating a constitutional ciisis in the piovince, but it iemains committeu. A
fuithei uozen "inteinational expeits" also attenueu. The piogiam was uesigneu to encouiage
intensive inteiaction among all. It incluueu site visits (Noith anu South), incluuing visits to
Su
schools, bieakaway sessions to uiscuss these expeiiences followeu by plenaiies piesiueu ovei by
inteinational panels anu locals to uiscuss the foui issues of most concein to Nitiovicans -
municipal seivices, piopeity claims anu the iight to ietuin, builuing an acceptable community
baseu police foice, anu a piesentation of Nitiovica's business mouel; sessions that alloweu eveiy
city to shaie the naiiatives of each othei's conflict; city pioject woikshops wheie each city was
iequiieu to uesign a pioject it woulu complete befoie the next confeience; anu a final plenaiy
wheie cities piesenteu theii piojects but moie impoitantly piojects specifically uesigneu to help
Nitiovica.
Finally, Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy agieeu to host the 2u11 confeience fiom 2S-26
th
Nay 2u11.
In Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy, we welcome the paiticipation of thiee new cities, Kauuna (Nigeiia),
Nitte (Beilin), anu Ramallah (West Bank) anu welcome back the oui membei cities.
The Foium foi Cities in Tiansition is an initiative of the }ohn }oseph Noakley Chaii of Peace anu
Reconciliation at the 0niveisity of Nassachusetts Boston. The Secietaiiat is shaieu by the
Noithein Iielanu Founuation, Belfast anu the Noakley Chaii. The puipose of the Secietaiiat is to
pioviue anu caiiy out the auministiative tasks associateu with confeiences of incieasing
magnituue anu to pioviue assistance to the cities oi the committee oiganizing a confeience on
behalf of the host city.
The Foium's Web site is www.citiesintiansition.net
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Pauiaig 0'Nalley
Biiectoi, Foium foi Cities in Tiansition
S1
FCT Secietaiiat
Forum for Cities
in Transition
The }ohn }oseph Noakley Chaii foi Peace anu Reconciliation at the 0niveisity of
Nassachusetts Boston was enuoweu to honoi the memoiy of Congiessman }ohn }oseph
Noakley by acauemic stuuy anu piactical inteivention in the piocesses of ieconciling
uiviueu peoples, communities, anu societies. The focus of this woik is inspiieu by
Congiessman Noakley's unielenting commitment to enuing the wai in Cential Ameiica
anu his impassioneu investigation of the muiuei of six }esuits in El Salvauoi openeu the
way to a peaceful settlement between the iebels anu the Salvauoian uoveinment.
The Forum for Cities in Transition (FCT) is an initiative of the John Joseph
Moakley Chair of Peace and Reconciliation at the McCormack Graduate School
of Policy and Global Studies, University of Massachusetts Boston (UMB). It was
founded at a conference at UMB, 16 to 19 April 2009. The founding cities are
Derry~Londonderry, Nicosia (Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities),
Kirkuk, and MitrovicKosovska Nitiovica.
Padraig OMalley, the John Joseph Chair of Peace and Reconciliation at the
McCormack Graduate School of Policy and Global Studies, University of
Massachusetts Boston is the founding Director of the FCT. Nancy Riordan of the
Moakley Chair and Allan Leonard of the Northern Ireland Foundation are the
Secretariat of the FCT.
The Noithein Iielanu Founuation is a small, non-piofit oiganisation
that uevelops piogiammes aiounu a shaieu anu bettei futuie in
Noithein Iielanu (community ielations), the exchange of
inteinational best piactices (conflict tiansfoimation), anu local
community activism (iuialuiban iegeneiation). The Noithein Iielanu Founuation woiks foi a
piogiessive anu outwaiu-looking Noithein Iielanu society, in a setting of toleiance anu ieconciliation.
S2
Forum for Cities
in Transition
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FCT Secietaiiat staff
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Pauiaig 0'Nalley is the }ohn }oseph Noakley Bistinguisheu Piofessoi of Peace anu
Reconciliation, NcCoimack uiauuate School of Policy Stuuies at 0niveisity of
Nassachusetts Boston anu authoi on topics ielateu to uiviueu societies. Among his
awaiu winning books aie A'(.$% +6 E"66$)$*,$F G(, G('()(H I #'$ A#)-993$ 6+) A+-#'
J6)",( with a 1S,uuu-woiu intiouuction by Nelson Nanuela (2uu7); A#",@% (*. A#+*$%F
K"/"*9 :"#' L*,$)#("* M()%, eu., (2uu6); N"#"*9 (# #'$ O)(/$F ='$ ;)"%' P-*9$) A#)"@$%
(*. #'$ Q+3"#",% +6 E$%4(") (199u); ='$ L*,"/"3 M()%F ;)$3(*. =+.(1 (198S). 0'Nalley
has iefineu a stiategy foi conflict inteivention baseu on the piemise that uiviueu
societies aie in the best position to help othei uiviueu societies. Be is Biiectoi of the
Iiaq Pioject, a collaboiative among the Noakley Chaii, the Institute of ulobal
Leaueiship, Tufts 0niveisity, anu the Ciisis Nanagement Initiative, Belsinki, Finlanu that iesulteu in SS
Iiaqi leaueis acioss the political uiviues signing the Belsinki Agieement in Baghuau in }uly 2uu8. Be was
boin in Bublin, Iielanu.
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Quintin 0livei is a conflict iesolution specialist with thiee uecaues expeiience fiom the
voluntaiy, statutoiy anu piivate sectois, woiking at all levels of goveinment. In 1998, he
set up anu ian the successful cioss-paity "YES" Campaign foi the Belfast (uoou Fiiuay)
Agieement Refeienuum, with impoitant suppoit fiom civic society. Bis conflict speciality
began with anti-apaitheiu woik in the 197us, soliuaiity activity in the Niuule East in the
198us, anu active involvement in applying appiopiiate lessons fiom Noithein Iielanu
towaius othei iegions, in the 199us. Quintin has applieu his skills in iespect to Isiael
anu Palestine, South Afiica, Cypius (2uu4 Refeienuum), 0ganua (2uuS Piesiuential
campaign), Colombia (civil society suppoit, 2uu8), foimei Yugoslavia, Sii Lanka, the Philippines, anu most
iecently Iiaq. In Noithein Iielanu, he enjoys close anu piouuctive ielations with all political paities as an
auvisei, lobbyist anu ieseaichei. Quintin heaus the Secietaiiat of the Iiaq Pioject.
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Allan Leonaiu is a specialist in Noithein Iielanu affaiis, aiiiving fiom Ameiica at the time
of the 1994 ceasefiies. Be seiveu as a policy officei at the Noithein Iielanu Assembly, anu
helu a senioi management position at the 0lstei Bistoiical Founuation. Pieviously, he was
iesponsible foi the uevelopment anu launch of the Tioubleu Images pioject at the
Noithein Iielanu Political Collection, Linen Ball Libiaiy; this exhibit has tiavelleu
woiluwiue. Allan's piofessional backgiounu incluues maiketing, communications,
exhibition anu event management, policy uevelopment, anu senioi management. Be is
paiticulaily skilleu at oiganisational anu netwoiking matteis. Be ieceiveu a NA uegiee in Iiish Political
Stuuies, fiom 0niveisity College Bublin, anu a BA uegiee (with Bistinction) in Inteinational Relations,
fiom Boston 0niveisity
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Nancy Rioiuan is the co-secietaiiat foi the Foium foi Cities Tiansition at 0Nass Boston
anu the Iiaq Pioject. Nancy holus an NSPA, Inteinational Relations fiom the 0niveisity
of Nassachusetts anu a BA in ulobalization Stuuies.
SS
%#1#;74# W:*;&7V":#3
Forum for Cities
in Transition
S4
Beiiut
Forum for Cities
in Transition
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Belegate Biogiaphies
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Samei Abuallah is the ueneial Cooiuinatoi of Nahwa Al Nuwatiniya
(Towaius Citizenship), a non-piofit oiganization that piomotes citizenship
euucation, paiticipation anu policy iefoim. Samei's expeiience incluues
uevelopment, humanitaiian aiu, community engagement, anu iefoim. Be also
seiveu as piojects officei anu logistics officei of the Banish Refugee Council,
an inteinational Nu0 that has been opeiating in Lebanon since 2uu4. Be
ieceiveu a B.A. uegiee in giaphic uesign fiom the Ameiican 0niveisity Beiiut
anu B.S. uegiee in Infoimation Technology anu Computing at the Aiab 0pen 0niveisity.
6WG C6I@K C7'17 dH7&4:2:V7+4D W#:&.4e
Nayla Abi Nasi is a piomotei of peace thiough chilu anu youth initiatives
anu paiticipation. Thiough hei woik with the Sustainable Bemociacy
Centei, Nayla has collaboiateu with youth fiom uiffeient confessional anu
political backgiounus acioss Lebanon to enhance theii involvement in
conflict iesolution anu pievention piocesses, empoweiing them to become
agents of change in peace builuing. Noieovei, Nayla is pait of a youth leu
auvocacy movement to intiouuce a new mouel of chilu anu youth
paiticipation in the uecision making anu taking piocesses of civil society
oiganizations anu public policy making.
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Youssef Bage Ali was boin in Riyauh (Sauui Aiabia) in 1982. Be liveu most of
his life theie till he finisheu his school yeais. Since then he moveu to his home
countiy, Lebanon, wheie he attaineu a BA ceitificate in Inteinational Affaiis
fiom the Lebanese Ameiican 0niveisity (LA0). Be is the only son to a six-
membei family anu piouu uncle to thiee nephews anu nieces.

Youssef has woikeu foi Nu0s that helpeu the Lebanese people suipass the
effects of the }uly 2uu6 invasion of Lebanon anu, as foi the pait ielateu to the
laws, foi thiee Nu0s such as LABE (Lebanese Association foi Bemociatic Elections) wheie he
helu the position of violations officei foi the Pailiamentaiy elections of 2uu9 anu Nunicipal
elections of 2u1u. Be also helu the position of Neuia 0fficei Assistant foi the Nu0 LTA
(Lebanese Tianspaiency Association) anu he is iesponsible foi a pioject titleu Lebanese
Pailiamentaiy Nonitoi at the Nu0 calleu Nahwa al Nuwatiniya (Towaius Citizenship).
Youseff's passion is to help people whethei by suppoiting them thiough aiu oi thiough
safeguaiuing theii iights by implementing anu woiking on auvancing the local anu
inteinational laws. Be aspiies to woik foi oiganizations such as the Inteinational Couit of
}ustice, the IL0 (Inteinational Laboui 0iganization) oi Inteinational Buman Rights Watch.
SS
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Zeina Nezhei is a uevelopment expeit with a focus on genuei issues anu
community uevelopment. She has been woiking as a consultant on vaiious
themes since 1996, anu was pioactive in linking uevelopment appioaches to
ieconciliation initiatives thiough vaiious piojects that she leau in Lebanon.
She has woikeu with Lebanese Women on the Foiegiounu in Times of Wai
anu post conflict peiiou, anu engageu with municipalities on enhancing iole
of women in community uevelopment anu uecision making. She stuuieu
inteinational affaiis at the Lebanese Ameiican 0niveisity, anu is a tiainei on
uiffeient subjects ielevant to hei fielu. Zeina aspiies to enhance hei
contiibution in piomoting the linkage between uevelopment anu peace anu
ieconciliation, anu to stiengthen the powei of local stakeholueis in influencing uonoi's
agenuas baseu on actual piioiities appiopiiate to local inteiests anu neeus.

S6
Belfast
Forum for Cities
in Transition
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Loiiaine Bennis woiks in Belfast City Council's uoou Relations 0nit managing a
Euiopean PEACE III funueu pioject 'uiowing a Shaieu City'. Bei woik aims to
uevelop unueistanuing of intei-agency collaboiation anu community
engagement in the context of conflict tiansfoimation. This builus on hei uoctoial
thesis which focuseu on the uisconnections between macio political uecisions
anu the impact on eveiyuay life. Loiiaine moveu into local goveinment fiom the
0niveisity of 0lstei wheie she piouuceu a numbei of meuia piojects which
piomoteu social inclusion. Significant piouuctions incluueu '0nheaiu voices', a shoit film of
victims' stoiies fiom the conflict anu the Piisons' Nemoiy Aichive , a collection of naiiatives
fiom those involveu with high-piofile piison sites, incluuing Aimagh uaol anu NazeLong Kesh.
Loiiaine has piesenteu ieseaich thioughout the 0K, Iielanu anu in the 0S.
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Bazel is oiiginally a chaiteieu town plannei anu has spent most of hei woiking life
with Belfast City Council. She is cuiiently the uoou Relations Nanagei, anu is
iesponsible foi ueveloping anu implementing the equality, community ielations, iace
ielations anu cultuial uiveisity piogiammes. This expansive iemit incoipoiates the
contentious physical manifestations of conflict such as flags anu bonfiies. Bazel also
leaus the Council's PEACE III piogiamme, which incluues builuing positive ielations
at the local level anu ueveloping institutional capacity foi seivice ueliveiy in a shaieu
city. She was pieviously a senioi community uevelopment woikei anu has
consiueiable expeiience of woiking closely with the electeu Nembeis of Council fiom all
political paities. She has also woikeu in policy uevelopment anu has expeiience of coipoiate
planning, peifoimance management anu unueitaking majoi public suiveys.
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Naik Bamilton has a BA (Bons) uegiee in Fiench anu Latin fiom Tiinity College,
Bublin; a Nasteis in Social Science in Ciiminology anu Ciiminal }ustice fiom
Queens 0niveisity, Belfast; a Nasteis in Science in Police Leaueiship anu
Nanagement fiom Leicestei 0niveisity; anu a Nasteis in Buman Rights Law at
Queens 0niveisity in Belfast. Be joineu the Royal 0lstei Constabulaiy in 1994
wheie he uevelopeu extensive expeiience in policing seiious public uisoiuei. As
Senioi Public 0iuei Commanuei foi Belfast he took active commanu at public
oiuei inciuents acioss the City. In Naich of 2uu9 he became Chief Supeiintenuent
anu took ovei the iole of Bistiict Commanuei, "A" Bistiict, Noith anu West Belfast. Be is
iesponsible foi leauing appioximately 7uu staff, incluuing swoin officeis anu civilian employees.

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S7
E6Y!EB@C?K f#++:9#& dH7&4:2:V7+4D W#19734e
}ennifei Bawthoine is the Beau of the Noithein Iielanu Bousing Executive's
Community Cohesion 0nit anu is iesponsible foi the ueliveiy of the Bousing
Executive's uoou Relations Stiategy, which incoipoiates Shaieu Bousing, Race
Relations, Inteifaces anu Flags, Emblems, anu Sectional Symbols. The Noithein
Iielanu Bousing Executive is one of the laigest social housing lanuloius in
Euiope, with ovei 1uu,uuu piopeities anu 6uu estates acioss Noithein Iielanu.
Piioi to this, }ennifei pieviously manageu the Bousing Executive's Public Relations Bepaitment
in Belfast.
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Neophytos Loiziues ieceiveu his PhB in Political Science at the 0niveisity of
Toionto in Nay 2uuS. Be is cuiiently a Lectuiei in Inteinational Politics anu
Ethnic Conflict at Queen's 0niveisity, Belfast. Be has pieviously been a ieseaich
fellow at the Belfei Centei at the Kenneuy School of uoveinment, Baivaiu
0niveisity anu he has taught at the Politics Bepaitment at Piinceton 0niveisity.
Be stuuies negotiations anu conflict iesolution in ueeply uiviueu societies anu he
is cuiiently completing a Biitish Acauemy funueu pioject titleu 'Boves against hawks in the
fiaming of peace policies anu nationalist mobilization'. Bis ieseaich piojects focus on human
iights anu conflict iesolution mouels foi 'settlei' vs. 'inuigenous' people conflicts as well as
stiategies of using uiiect uemociacy (iefeienuums) in peace piocesses. Be has publisheu in
}ouinal of Peace Reseaich, Pailiamentaiy Affaiis, Electoial Stuuies anu Pailiamentaiy Affaiis
anu his conflict iesolution mouels have been citeu by inteinational meuia incluuing the
Economist magazine.

S8
Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy
Forum for Cities
in Transition
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Angela Askin is a Community Relations 0fficei with Beiiy City Council, anu is one
of thiee Community Relations 0fficeis iesponsible foi the implementation anu
ueliveiy of the council's uoou Relations Stiategy, which incoipoiates uoou
Relations tiaining, iuentity anu inclusion, youth, ethnic minoiitiesanti-iacism,
shaieu space, anu haiu issues. The uoou Relations piogiamme in Beiiy City
Council, like all othei local municipalities in Noithein Iielanu, is funueu thiough
the Community Relations 0nit in the 0ffice of Fiist Ninistei anu ueputy Fiist Ninistei. Angela
anu hei colleagues woik with a iange of statutoiy, community, anu voluntaiy sectoi
oiganisations, to auuiess community ielations issues thiough piojects, euucation piogiammes,
publicity anu publications, anu auvisoiy assistance.
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Colm Cavanagh has woikeu since the 197us to help ue-segiegate the Noithein
Iielanu community. With othei Catholic anu Piotestant paients he co-founueu
the 0akgiove Integiateu Piimaiy anu 0akgiove Integiateu College in
Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy. Be is now Chaiipeison of the Noithein Iielanu Council foi
Integiateu Euucation. Be anu otheis founueu "Lonuon~Beiiy Connections Ltu" a
community iesponse to encouiage peisonal, cultuial, euucational anu business
links between Beiiy anu Lonuon in oiuei to help ue-fuse the iemaining fiiction in that 4uu-yeai
ielationship. Be is piesiuent of the intei-community Alliance Paity. As Business Bevelopment
Nanagei of the Noith West Regional College in Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy, he is keen to establish links
with TechnicalTechnology Colleges in the othei cities attenuing this Confeience.
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ueiaiu Bivei is a Bistoiy & Politics anu Community Economic Bevelopment
giauuate of the , with almost two uecaues of expeiience in the Community &
voluntaiy sectoi in the Noith-West. ueiaiu has consiueiable expeiience of woik in
the aieas of community uevelopment, community ielations, paiticipative youth
woik anu moie iecently in employability anu tiaining piojects. Be has been an
SBLP membei of Beiiy City Council since 2uu1 anu was the city's Nayoi fiom
2uu8-2uu9. Among the issues that he focuseu on uuiing his mayoial yeai weie, the initial stages
of the Regeneiation Plan foi the city as uevelopeu by Beiiy City Council anu Ilex, the
establishment of a Bomelessness Foium to which he allocateu 12% of the Nayoi's annual
buuget, anu the secuiing of funuing foi the City of Bope Collective which took foity-thiee young
peifoiming aits stuuents fiom eveiy post piimaiy school in the City to the 0niteu States to
peifoim foi 0S leaueis.

S9
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Nichael Boheity has ovei Su yeais expeiience woiking in his community anu
became a full-time community ielations activist in 1987. Be has been iecogniseu
as one of the leauing tiaineis anu facilitatois in this fielu of woik. Be initiateu the
fiist evei Community Relations Action Leaining Piogiamme in the eaily 9us anu
has uesigneu 0pen College Netwoik Piogiammes on exploiing Biveisity
Facilitating Community Relations Woik; uioup Woik anu Facilitation Skills as well
as Intiouuction to Conflict Resolution anu Neuiation Skills. Nichael's uevelopment of
specialiseu tiaining piogiammes in Community Relations anu Conflict Resolution woik has
enableu the Peace anu Reconciliation uioup (PRu) of which Nichael is the Biiectoi to maintain
its ability of successfully woiking in the fielu of Community Relations woik.
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Biian Bougheity NBE Bsc (Bons) has a Nasteis uegiee in Town Planning. Be is
cuiiently Biiectoi of St Columb's Paik Bouse in L'Beiiy. Be is also cuiiently
Chaiipeison of the Wateisiue Aiea Paitneiship anu Tiustee membei of the
Community Founuation Noithein Iielanu anu Apex Bousing. Be is a foimei
inuepenuent membei of the Noithein Iielanu Policing Boaiu anu community
uevelopment iepiesentative on the Noithein Iielanu Civic Foium. In }anuaiy
2uu7, he was awaiueu an NBE foi seivices to the community in Noithein Iielanu. Recently
Biian has been appointeu as an inuepenuent membei of the 0K City of Cultuie Company.
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Willie Lamiock is ueneial Secietaiy YNCA Lonuonueiiy, which woiks with
uisauvantageu anuoi uisaffecteu young people, thiough piogiammes that
incoipoiate the YNCA's chaiactei values of honesty, caiing, iespect anu
iesponsibility. The Lonuonueiiy YNCA is leau paitnei in an impoitant pioject to
encouiage the paiticipation of the Piotestant community, by piomoting a shaieu
sense of belonging, auuiessing issues of maiginalisation anu tackling attituues to
iacism anu sectaiianism. Willie is also a boaiu membei of the 0lstei 0nionist Paity (Executive);
Noith West Community Netwoik (Secietaiy); Easilift (Community Ruial Tianspoit); Noith West
Peace III Clustei (ueliveiy of Euiopean Peace funus); Beiiy Local Stiategy Boaiu (employment
issues); Stiategy Boaiu (city iegeneiation); anu Wateisiue Neighbouihoou Renewal Boaiu (Co-
Chaii). Willie spenus his spaie time ueeply involveu in oiganising the YNCA iugby club.
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Naeve NcLaughlin iepiesents the Noithlanus waiu in the city wheie she woiks
as Nanagei of ulen Bevelopment Initiative (uBI) - a community uevelopment
oiganisation. Fiist electeu to Beiiy City Council in 2uu1 Naeve is the Sinn Fein
Paity leauei on the council. Naeve became involveu in Republican politics at an
eaily age anu ieceiveu a BA honouis Begiee in Sociology, Bistoiy anu Politics anu
was active in politics uuiing hei time at 0niveisity College ualway. Naeve has
iecently being appointeu Sinn Fein spokespeison foi Touiism has been nominateu to the Beiiy
Bistiict Policing Paitneiship anu is leau Spokespeison on Noith West Region Cioss Boiuei
uioup.
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}im Rouuy is Chief Executive of City Centie Initiatives Beiiy. The CCI Boaiu is
maue up of senioi iepiesentatives fiom Beiiy City Council, the Bepaitment foi
Social Bevelopment, Ilex anu othei piivate-sectoi companies. }im giew up in
Beiiy in the 196us anu 197us, left at age 17 because of the Tioubles, but soon
ietuineu, becoming a fiie fightei in 1979, seiving foi neaily 2u yeais. }im got
involveu with the Beiiy City Football Club in 199S, wheie he also seiveu in
positions of Chief Executive anu Chaiiman.
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Eail Stoiey has seiveu as a cleigypeison on both siues of the boiuei in Iielanu.
Foimeily Biiectoi of the Chuich of Iielanu Baiu uospel Pioject ( an all-Iielanu
peace builuing pioject) he now iuns Topstoiey Communications
www.topstoiey.oig , which specializes in PR, community uevelopment,
ieconciliation anu leaueiship tiaining. Be is Biocesan Communications 0fficei foi
the Bioces of Beiiy anu Raphoe.
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Biew was boin anu giew up in Lonuonueiiy anu now lives in Nelson Biive, the
laigest loyalist estate in the Wateisiue. Biew is Chaiiman of the CawNelson
Biive Action uioup, which offeis auvice seivices to the community on Welfaie
Rights, Bousing, Roaus anu Enviionmental issues. Biew is an Inuepenuent
Nembei of the Local Bistiict Policing Paitneiship. Be also chaiis the Wateisiue
0iban Foium anu iepiesents the Wateisiue on both local anu aiea Consumei
Bousing Auvice gioups. Biew is secietaiy of the Boys Biigaue 0lu Boys Football
team. Be is also match secietaiy of the NW }unioi League. With his vast
expeiience of the issues facing communities touay, Biew is a gieat asset to the
existing B0P team of councillois.
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Chiis Yates joineu the Netiopolitan Police Seivice in 1991 anu spent 12 yeais
policing Lonuon, finishing his caieei in Lonuon as a Response Inspectoi in
Baiingey BC0 (Tottenham), a busy Lonuon Boiough with its faii shaie of gun
ciime, vice anu uiug pioblems. In }une 2uu2, he tiansfeiieu to the Police Seivice
of Noithein Iielanu (PSNI) Chiis is cuiiently iesponsible foi the uay-to-uay
policing of the the Noith West Region incluuing the City of BeiiyLonuonueiiy.
Since taking post in Beiiy Lonuonueiiy in 2uu6 he has leu the engagement piocess with both
Loyalist anu Republican communities. This piocess has biought communities anu the police
much closei togethei. Chiis also sits on a numbei of stiategic paitneiships who aie woiking
togethei to uelivei ieal change in the Noith West iegion.
41
Baifa
Forum for Cities
in Transition
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6I6-K @*+ dH7&4:2:V7+4D E7:97e
Ron Assaf holus a B.A of Euucation anu Isiael stuuies anu a Nasteis of Public
Auministiation, both fiom the 0niveisity of Baifa. Since 2uu6-2u1u, Ron has
been Executive Biiectoi of Beit - Bagefen, a non-piofit oiganization. Beit -
Bagefen's mission is to biing }ews anu Aiabs togethei thiough aits anu
euucational activity. 0vei the past uecaue he has also uiiecteu the euucation
uepaitment, uilboa uegional Council, the Boaiuing home foi chiluien at iisk
- Tibiiias; seiveu 2uuu-2uuS as the Isiaeli emissaiy (Euucatoi) to the West Baitfoiu }ewish
Community, CT , 0.S.A. anu establisheu in 199u-2uuu "Bevia Aheiet" - an institute that offeis
consultant, oiganizational uevelopment anu facilitation to oiganizations uealing with
euucation such as schools, municipalities, communities, youth movements etc. on the themes
of inteipeisonal communication, leaueiship skills, peisonal uevelopment anu moie.
hE6G@?A6EK h"7/&7 dH7&4:2:V7+4D E7:97e
Khamia Khaiieyah holus a Nasteis in 0iganizational Sociology, anu a B.A. in
Social Woik; B.A. in Sociology anu Anthiopology anu Aiabic language anu
liteiatuie - Baifa 0niveisity. Since 2uu1 she has woikeu as Nanagei of the
Community Social School uepaitment in Baifa Nunicipality anu has helu othei
positions as a facilitatoi in cioss-cultuial pioblem solving uialogue - Isiael
Centei foi Neuiation anu Negotiation, Beau Team Nanagei - Welfaie Ninistiy
School, anu as a Community Social Woikei - Welfaie Bepaitment, Baifa
municipality.
=6@IEBB%K -74": dH7&4:2:V7+4D E7:97e
Fathi Naishoou is Biiectoi of Shatil Baifa office, New Isiael Funu's capacity
builuing aim anu specialises in oiganisational consultation in geneial anu
Isiaeli Palestinian affaiis in paiticulai. The New Isiael Funu's Empoweiment
anu Tiaining Centei foi Social Change 0iganization in Isiael, was establisheu by
NIF in 1982 to pioviue Nu0s with consulting anu tiaining in oiganizational
uevelopment, auvocacy, meuia anu public ielations, coalition builuing, anu
iesouice uevelopment. With heauquaiteis in }eiusalem anu bianches in Beei Sheva, Baifa anu
the Tiiangle, Shatil piomotes community oiganizing as a piimaiy stiategy foi social change.
42
IE6)6WGK I"7":&7 dH7&4:2:V7+4D E7:97e
Shahiia Shalabi an oiganizational consultant in Shatil, the New Isiael
Funu's Capacity Builuing Centei foi social change. She is a Nembei of
Shatil's Conflict Tiansfoimation anu Nanagement Centei - anu uiiectoi
of the shaieu society piogiam in Shatil. She consults foi social change in
the aieas of: staff tiaining anu uevelopment, iesiuent empoweiment,
iesouice uevelopment, leaueiship tiaining, societal management, anu
community oiganization. She is a gioup facilitatoi foi women, uialogue
gioups anu conflict management. Shahiia is involveu in actions anu
activities that piomote genuei issues anu the position of women in the society.
\@6C?IhGK 6&:#117 dH7&4:2:V7+4D E7:97e
Aiiella vianeski is an aichitect anu town anu iegional planning
piactitionei. She also seives as the heau of the Conflict Resolution
Reseaich uioup, of the Centei foi 0iban anu Regional Stuuies, at the
Technion (IIT) anu as Chaiipeison of the Qualitative Planning anu
Bevelopment Nu0. Bei ieseaich anu piactice fielus of inteiest incluue:
conflict analysis, pievention anu iesolution; community paiticipation;
sustainable uevelopment; anu tians-bounuaiy, anu cioss-cultuial planning.
j?@?!IhAN!B)?%6CBK ?,+7 dH7&4:2:V7+4D E7:97e
Euna holus an N.A. in Sociology fiom Baifa 0niveisity (Bean's List) anu a B.A. in
Euucation, Sociology anu Anthiopology. Since 2uuS she is a membei of Baifa City
Council. Euna has taught anu facilitateu woikshops on issues of
multicultuialism, }ewish - Aiab ielations anu genuei equality in The 0niveisity
of Baifa anu in Bietton Ball College of the 0niveisity of Leeus - Isiael Extension,
wheie she seiveu also as the acauemic cooiuinatoi of the Baifa Bianch. In the
Ninistiy of Euucation anu at uivat Baviva - }ewish Aiab Centei foi Peace, she tiaineu teacheis,
school piincipals anu facilitatois of encounteis of }ews anu Aiabs on issues of Bemociacy anu
Equality in Co-existence. She began as a youth woikei in pooi neighboihoous of Baifa anu
uevelopeu young leaueiship piogiams anu set up a cauie of young }ewish anu Aiab leaueis. She
is a social activist. Engageu with gioups of }ews anu Aiabs since the sixties, she seiveu in the
eaily eighties as the }ewish Co-Chaiipeison of "Paitneiship," an Nu0 piomoting conuitions foi
equality between }ews anu Aiabs anu mutual iespect. Since 1982 has been an active membei of
seveial gioups anu coalitions of women foi a just peace anu against wais anu occupation.
Seiveu as the }ewish cooiuinatoi in "Engenueiing the Peace Piocess", an inteinational -
Palestinian - Isiaeli initiative which was cieateu to enhance the influence of women in the
peace piocess. As an active feminist she uevelopeu empoweiment piogiams foi women anu
facilitateu gioups anu staff in shelteis foi batteieu women anu in stiess neighboihoous.
4S
}eiusalem
Forum for Cities
in Transition
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6WJNE6=?%K -7., dH7&4:2:V7+4D f#&.371#/e
Fuau Abu-Bameu, iesiuent of Tsui Bahei- }eiusalem. Be holus an
N.A., in Nanagement anu Public Policy, Bebiew 0niveisity, }eiusalem;
Be is Chaiiman of Al Quus Bialogue Centei foi Community anu Cultuial
Bevelopment (http:alquus-uc.oig), Chaiiman of Sui Bahei
Euucational Suppoit Committee; a businessman anu a social activist.
Al Quus Centei is a non-piofit oiganization establisheu in 2uu7 foi the
puipose of impioving the quality of life of the Aiab iesiuents of
}eiusalem in vaiious aieas. The Centei iuns an enviionmental euucation
school piogiam anu is piepaiing to open the fiist enviionmental centei in East
}eiusalem anu a new business initiatives piogiam in coopeiation with the School of
Business Auministiation in the Bebiew 0niveisity. The centei also lobbies local
authoiities foi health, safety anu infiastiuctuie impiovements. Fuau is an Inauguial
Recipient of the Social Entiepieneuiship Awaiu, Bebiew 0niveisity.
6)NI66%K ?kN6,##+K dH7&4:2:V7+4D f#&.371#/e
Ez-Aueen Al-Saau, is a }eiusalem Intei-Cultuial Centei (}ICC ) Piojects
Cooiuinatoi. Be is ceitifieu in uioup Facilitation by the Zippoii Centei,
}eiusalem . Be has woikeu ovei 2u yeais in community uevelopment
anu cultuial management in the Aiab sectoi, incluuing cioss-cultuial
gioup facilitationmeuiation in isiael anu }eiusalem. Be is 48 yeais olu
maiiieu with S chiluien.
W?CNCBJCK 6"7&*+ dH7&4:2:V7+4D f#&.371#/e
Ahaion Ben-Noun, is S2, maiiieu anu a fathei to thiee. Be holus a position
at The Nunicipality of }eiusalem as the uiiectoi of the Public Builuing
uepaitment; Co-founuei of the }eiusalem Intei-Cultuial Centei anu a
giauuate of the Public Policy anu uoveinment Nanagement piogiam (N.A)
at Bebiew 0niveisity. Bis iole anu iesponsibilities incluues initiating,
planning anu constiuction of public euucational institutions in the city of
}eiusalem, foi all sectois.
FB)%W?@FK W*+' dH7&4:2:V7+4D f#&.371#/e
Ns. Bony uolubeig seives as the uiiectoi of the Community Seivices
Auministiation of the }eiusalem Nunicipality. Ns. uolubeig ieceiveu
hei Nasteis Begiee in Social Woik anu Ciiminology fiom the Bebiew
0niveisity (with honois) in 199S anu has completeu auvanceu couises
in executive tiaining anu uevelopment thiough Elka, a piogiam of }oint
Isiael. Bei main iesponsibilities at the }eiusalem Nunicipality aie
social seivices, public health, immigiant absoiption anu employment.
Pieviously she heaueu the }eiusalem Nunicipality's Social Seivices
Bepaitment as well as the }eiusalem anu Southein Bistiict of the
Ninistiy of Social Affaiis anu Social Seivices. In the fiamewoik of hei woik, Ns.

44
uolubeig has iepiesenteu Isiael in thiee Aliyah faiis in Fiance anu the Foimei Soviet
0nion. While woiking at the Ninistiy of Social Affaiis anu Social Seivices, she iepiesenteu
the Ninistiy as pait of piofessional uelegations abioau. Ns. Bony uolubeig has lectuieu
at piofessional confeiences in Isiael anu abioau, chaiieu panel uiscussions, taught
couises in piofessional tiaining woikshops foi manageis in the social seivices
uepaitments anu schools of social woik.
hEBJ@AK ?1:73 %7*., dH7&4:2:V7+4D f#&.371#/e
Elias Baouu Khouiiy is a }eiusalem-baseu Aiab-Isiaeli lawyei. Be
specializes in Real Piopeity law. Elias maue appeals seveial times to the
Supieme Couit of Isiael, anu has hau Palestinian politicians among his
clients in Isiaeli couits. Be is the fathei anu son of teiioiism victims. Elias
gaineu fame in the 197us when he leu a legal battle against the Isiaeli
settleis of Sebastia anu Elon Noieh. Elias Khouiy was boin in the ualilee.
Bis fathei has lost the family lanu to Isiael in the 1948 wai, took
citizenship in Isiael anu believeu he coulu woik patiently thiough Isiaeli law to get the
lanu back. Elias stuuieu law at the Bebiew 0niveisity of }eiusalem anu liveu in the Beit
Banina anu Shuafat neighboihoous of }eiusalem. Be has a piactice in }eiusalem.
h)GF=6CK !71 dH7&4:2:V7+4D f#&.371#/e
Tal Kligman is a gioup facilitatoi anu a Pioject 0ffice Biiectoi. She
specializes in the fielus of uialogue, multi-cultuial communication,
paiticipatoiy uemociacy, coalition builuing anu conflict management. She
iuns woikshops anu tiaining foi piofessionals anu iesiuents fiom uiveise
sociological anu cultuial backgiounus: seculai, ieligious anu ultia-
oithouox }ews anu seculai anu ieligious Palestinians. She cuiiently woiks
in the }eiusalem Intei-Cultuial Centei (}ICC) an oiganization that aims to
assist the city iesiuents, of vaiious iuentities, in becoming active anu iesponsible
paitneis to the uevelopment of theii communities. In auuition to the }ICC, She is involveu
in a numbei of oiganizations anu activities as a gioup facilitatoi (such as Neichavim
The Institute foi Auvancement anu Shaieu Citizenship, uishoiim, the Bebiew 0niveisity
in }eiusalem anu otheis). She cuiiently uevelops a new initiative that focuses on the
psychological patteins of the Palestinian -Isiaeli conflict. She has an NA in Special
Euucation anu an NA in Euucation Policy anu Nanagement fiom the Bebiew 0niveisity of
}eiusalem anu a gioup facilitatoi uiploma fiom the Zippoii Centei in }eiusalem.
!I68E6@K G47' dH7&4:2:V7+4D f#&.371#/e
Itay Tsachai is a pioject managei anu community meuiatoi anu
negotiatoi. Be specializes in cooiuinating anu managing conflict zone
piojects, while meuiating anu cieating conuitions foi negotiation
between leauing agents on both siues of the conflict. Itay specializes in
East }eiusalem anu is involveu in vaiious complex piojects in the aiea.
Foi the last two yeais Itay has woikeu with the }eiusalem Nunicipality
anu the }eiusalem Bevelopment Authoiity, finuing solutions to piomote
the situation of East }eiusalem quaiteis in aspects of infiastiuctuies, city
planning anu uiffeient aieas of eveiyuay life. In auuition, Itay is also
involveu in wiiting, uesigning anu ueveloping of euucational mateiials foi seveial
euucational oiganizations in Isiael. Itay Tsachai has a B.A. in Islam anu Neuiteiianean
Stuuies fiom the Bebiew 0niveisity, is a giauuate of pioject management couises by the
Technion- Isiael Institute of Technology anu is cuiiently stuuying foi his NBA -
seconu uegiee in Business Auministiation.

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Kauuna
Forum for Cities
in Transition
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6IE6-6K G/7/ =."7//7, C.&7'+ dH7&4:2:V7+4D h7,.+7e
In the 199us, Pastoi }ames Wuye anu Imam Nuhammau Ashafa leu opposing,
aimeu militias, ueuicateu to uefenuing theii iespective communities as violence
bioke out in Kauuna, noithein Nigeiia. In pitcheu battles, Pastoi }ames lost his
hanu anu Imam Ashafa's spiiitual mentoi anu two close ielatives weie killeu.
Now the two men aie co-uiiectois of the Nuslim-Chiistian Inteifaith Neuiation
Centie in theii city, leauing task-foices to iesolve conflicts acioss Nigeiia.
Ashafa is the co founuei of INC Nigeiia (since 199S). An Ashoka fellow 2uu6, he was
confeiieu with an honoiaiy uoctoiate uegiee of Alteinative Neuicine, Inuia in 2uuS. Be is
the Chief Imam of Ashafa Nosque Founuation. Be has combineu uou's woik to help seive
humanity in the aiea of peace builuing. Be has ieceiveu seveial awaius both nationally anu
inteinationally, among which incluues: The Tanenbaum Centie foi Intei-ieligious
unueistanuing (New Yoik) Peace Activist Awaiu 0SA 2uuu, Seaich foi Common uiounu
Inteinational Peace Builuing Awaiu 2uu4, The Kauuna Chambeis, peace Bumanitaiian
Awaiu 2uu2,Beioes of Peace Awaiu (INKBINuI ANAB0R0) Buiunui, 2uu4, Peace Nakeis
anu pieventing intei-ieligious Conflict awaiu by the Nigeiia People's Foium 0SA 2uuS,
Beiman Peace awaiu Recipient ueimany 2uuS, Apostle of Peace Awaiu by the Catholic Youth
Benaiy, Kauuna 2uuS, Nuslim Sisteis Awaiu foi Peace, Zaiia- Kauuna State 2uuS,
Ambassauois of Peace by the Intei-ieligious anu Inteinational Feueiation foi Woilu Peace,
2uuS. 0ne of the piojects that has yielueu lanumaik iesults anu is taking him anu his
colleague }ames aiounu the woilu is the uocumentaiy film "The Imam anu the Pastoi" which
is an inspiiational piesentation on foigiveness which was piouuceu by Foi the Love of
Tomoiiow Film 0K, the famous Kauuna Peace Beclaiation of Religious Leaueis 2uu2 anu the
Shenuam Peace Affiimation 2uuS. Ashafa has maue seveial papei piesentations foi the
piomotion of Peace both nationally anu inteinationally. Bis hobby is to pieach anu piopagate
Islam to all. Ashafa is maiiieu with chiluien.
E6A6WK @#Ml f*"+ f*3#V" dH7&4:2:V7+4D h7,.+7e
Rev }oseph }ohn Bayab is the Special Auvisei on Religious Affaiis (Chiistian
Natteis) to the Executive uoveinoi of Kauuna State, Noithein Nigeiia. Ni.
Bayab is a Baptist cleigyman anu was until Becembei 2u1u the Secietaiy of
the Chiistian Association of Nigeiia (CAN) Kauuna State chaptei, an office he
helu foi 8 yeais. Be also seiveu as the spokespeison of CAN 19 Noithein
States anu the Feueial Capital Abuja. Be has actively engageu in issues
ielating to ieligious ciises anu fieeuom, conflict iesolution, human iights anu
goou goveinance anu iecently ieligious peispective on climate change. Be is
wiuely tiavelleu anu has actively paiticipateu anu playeu vital ioles in society leauing to the
builuing of peaceful coexistence in Kauuna State anu noithein Nigeiia as a iegion at laige.
Bis woik has contiibuteu in a gieat measuie to political stability anu unity of Nigeiia. The
expeiience }oseph gatheieu in the couise of his woik on ieligious toleiance culminates in his
setting up of an Nu0; Chiistian Awaieness Initiative of Nigeiia (CBAIN), Be is the CE0 of
CBAIN, an oiganization committeu to iaising the consciousness of youths in Nigeiia towaius
peaceful coexistence anu uevelopment.
46
hJh6EK @#M -& =744"#0 E737+ dH7&4:2:V7+4D h7,.+7e
Fi. Natthew Bassan Kukah (Ph.B. Lonuon 199u) is a Catholic piiest at St.
Anuiew's Catholic Chuich, Kauuna, anu vicai ueneial of the Aichuiocese
of Kauuna. Piesiuent 0basanjo appointeu him a membei of the Buman
Rights violations Investigations Commission of the Feueial uoveinment
of Nigeiia fiom 1999-2uu2 anu Secietaiy of the National Political Refoim
Confeience in 2uuS. Piesiuents 0basanjo anu Yai'Auua also appointeu him Chaiiman of the
0goni-Shell Reconciliation effoit. Pieviously, Fi. Kukah seiveu as the Secietaiy-ueneial of
the Catholic Secietaiiat of Nigeiia. Be is the authoi of numeious books anu aiticles, most
iecently M"#*$%% #+ R-%#",$ (Bookciaft, 2u11).
=6h6@-GK 6"/#, dH7&4:2:V7+4D h7,.+7e
Senatoi Ahmeu Nakaifi was boin in 19S6 in Nakaifi. Be obtaineu his West
Afiican School Ceitificate at the Feueial uoveinment College Enugu anu
unueitook his I}NB foi the Ahmauu Bello 0niveisity (Zaiia) in 1982. To
eniich his banking caieei, then he obtaineu an NS. in Accounting anu
Finance fiom the Institute of Auministiation AB0 Zaiia. Fiom 1994 to 1997
he was appointeu into the Kauuna State Executive Council wheie he seiveu
as the Bonouiable Commissionei foi Finance anu Economic Planning. In
business, he has succeeueu in inuustiy anu uiplomacy pioviuing impoitant
piivate sectoi seivices. In politics, he was electeu as the Executive uoveinoi of Kauuna State
in 1999 with the piimaiy goal of iunning a goveinment that was ueuicateu to the seivice of
the collective inteiests of the state as necessitateu by the peculiai socio-political
enviionment on giounu. Be is now a senatoi of the Feueial Republic in the National
Assembly anu ovei the last yeais has ieceiveu seveial national anu inteinational honouis
such as the Peace Neiit Awaiu of the 0niteu Nations.
YJA?K H734*& f7/#3 =*M#1 dH7&4:2:V7+4D h7,.+7e
In the 199us, Pastoi }ames Wuye anu Imam Nuhammau Ashafa leu
opposing, aimeu militias, ueuicateu to uefenuing theii iespective
communities as violence bioke out in Kauuna, noithein Nigeiia. In pitcheu
battles, Pastoi }ames lost his hanu anu Imam Ashafa's spiiitual mentoi anu
two close ielatives weie killeu. Now the two men aie co-uiiectois of the
Nuslim-Chiistian Inteifaith Neuiation Centie in theii city, leauing task-
foices to iesolve conflicts acioss Nigeiia. }ames is the co founuei of INC
Nigeiia (since 199S). An Ashoka fellow 2uu6, he was confeiieu with a
honoiaiy uoctoiate uegiee of Alteinative Neuicine, Inuia in 2uuS. As a
ienowneu theologian anu an evangelist, }ames has combineu uou's woik to help seive
humanity in the aiea of peace builuing. Togethei with his colleague Ashafa, they biought
about the giowth of INC. Be has ieceiveu seveial awaius both nationally anu inteinationally,
among which incluues: The Tanenbaum Centie foi Intei-ieligious unueistanuing (New Yoik)
Peace Activist Awaiu 0SA 2uuu, Seaich foi Common uiounu Inteinational Peace Builuing
Awaiu 2uu4, The Kauuna Chambeis, Peace Bumanitaiian Awaiu 2uu2, Beioes of Peace
Awaiu (INKBINuI ANAB0R0) Buiunui, 2uu4, Peace Nakeis anu Pieventing Intei-ieligious
Conflict awaiu by the Nigeiia People's Foium 0SA 2uuS, Beiman Peace awaiu iecipient
ueimany 2uuS, Apostle of Peace Awaiu by the Catholic Youth Benaiy, Kauuna 2uuS, Nuslim
Sisteis Awaiu foi Peace, Zaiia- Kauuna State 2uuS, Ambassauois of Peace by the Intei-
ieligious anu Inteinational Feueiation foi Woilu Peace, 2uuS. 0ne of the piojects that has
yielueu lanumaik iesults anu is taking him anu his colleague Ashafa aiounu the woilu is the
47
uocumentaiy film "The Imam anu the Pastoi" which is an inspiiational piesentation on
foigiveness which was piouuceu by Foi the Love of Tomoiiow Film 0K, the famous Kauuna
Peace Beclaiation of Religious Leaueis 2uu2 anu the Shenuam Peace Affiimation 2uuS.
}ames has maue seveial papei piesentations foi the piomotion of peace both nationally anu
inteinationally. Be enjoys evangelism, anu has his peisonal ministiy Chiistian Tv piogiam in
Bausa language titleu "Nu Koma ua Asali" (Let's Retuin to the Basics). This piogiam, which
pieaches the gospel of Chiist, has been obseiveu to be veiy populai amongst the Bausa
listeneis. }ames is maiiieu with chiluien.

48
6=GCK 607, =l =*"7//#, dH7&4:2:V7+4D h:&<.<e
Awau N. Nohamau Amin was boin in Kiikuk in 1962. Be has a B.A. in English
anu his languages aie Kuiuish, Aiabic, Peisian, anu English. Be is politically
inuepenuent, anu his cuiient position is as a membei of the Kiikuk Piovincial
Council. Activities: Confeience of Iiaqi local leaueiships oiganizeu by 0N-
Babitat in Tuikey in 2uuS; Tiaining couises on stiategic planning oiganizeu
by Reseaich Tiiangle Institute (RTI) in 2uu7; Confeience on Ait.14u anu
Kiikuk helu in Washington B.C in 2uu7; Woikshops on Kiikuk uispute anu auministiation
issues oiganizeu by Fiieuiich Naumann Founuation in Amman 2uu8, Beilin 2uu9 anu The
Beau Sea 2u11.
6IIGK 6>,.117" I7/: dH7&4:2:V7+4D h:&<.<e
Abuullah Sami Assi was boin in Kiikuk in 1964. Be was euucateu at the
Nilitaiy Science College. Bis language is Aiabic. Bis political affiliation is
inuepenuent. Bis cuiient position is as a membei of the Kiikuk Piovincial
Council. Activities: Confeience of Iiaqi local leaueiships oiganizeu by 0N-
Babitat in Tuikey in 2uuS; Woikshop on uoveinance aiiangements in Kiikuk
oiganizeu by Fiieuiich Naumann Founuation helu in Amman, }oiuan,
Becembei 2uu8 anu Beilin 2uu9.
6jGjK %:13"7, H:&*4 dH7&4:2:V7+4D h:&<.<e
Blishau Piiot Aziz was boin in Kiikuk in 196S. Be attenueu the Inuustiial
Bigh School. Bis languages aie Kuiuish anu Aiabic. Bis cuiient position is
as a membei of Kiikuk Piovincial Council. Be is a membei of Kuiuistan
Bemociatic Paity.
Activities: woikshop of Local uoveinment Auministiation oiganizeu by
IRT in Sulaimaniya-Iiaq in 2uu8; Confeience of Iiaqi Chambeis of
Commeice in Eibil in 2uu6; Confeience of Women Rights oiganizeu by
0NICEF in Eibil in 2u1u.
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Rizgai Ali Bama-}an was boin in Kiikuk in 196u. Be was euucateu at The
Technical Institute anu Nilitaiy College. Bis languages aie Kuiuish, Aiabic,
Peisian, anu English. Be is a membei of the leaueiship committee of the
Kuiuistan Patiiotic 0nion (P0K). Be was the Chaiiman of the Kiikuk
Piovincial Council fiom Nay 2uuS to Naich 2u11. Activities: Confeiences of
Iiaqi opposition helu outsiue Iiaq in 2uu2; Woikshop on uoveinance
aiiangements in Kiikuk oiganizeu by Fiieuiich Naumann Founuation helu in Amman,
}oiuan, Becembei 2uu8 anu Beilin 2uu9.
Kiikuk
Forum for Cities
in Transition
<+)-7 6+) !"#"$% "* =)(*%"#"+*
49
hE6@6WK =*"7//#, h.,.& dH7&4:2:V7+4D h:&<.<e
Nohammeu Kuuui Khaiab was boin in Kiikuk in 1966. Be was euucateu at
the Nilitaiy Science College. Bis language is Aiabic. Bis political affiliation is
inuepenuent. Bis cuiient position is as a membei of the Kiikuk Piovincial
Council.
Activities: confeience Foium foi Cities in Tiansition, Nitiovica Nay 2u1u;
The Belsinki Agieement anu the Futuie of Kiikuk, Baghuau in 2uu9.
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Kalawezh Abuuljabbai Najeu was boin in Kiikuk in 19S4. She attenueu the
College of Law. Bei languages aie Kuiuish anu Aiabic. She was a pailiament
membei of the Kuiuistan Region up to 2uu4. She is a membei of Patiiotic
0nion of Kuiuistan paity. Bei cuiient position is as a membei of Kiikuk
Piovincial Council.
Activities: confeience on human iights oiganizeu by Iiaqi opposition in
Lonuon in 2uuu; woikshop on 'uenuei }ustice anu Women Rights' oiganizeu
by Inteinational Institute foi Buman Rights in Amman in 2uu4; Confeience
of Women Rights oiganizeu by 0NICEF in Eibil in 2u1u.
@6IE??%K G>&7":/ h"71:1 dH7&4:2:V7+4D h:&<.<e
Ibiahim Khalil Rasheeu was boin in Kiikuk in 1962. Be attenueu the
Technical Institute foi Auministiation anu Economics. Bis languages aie
Kuiuish anu Aiabic. Bis cuiient position is as a membei of Kiikuk
Piovincial Council. Be is a membei of Kuiuistan Islamic 0nion.
Activities: Woikshops on Kiikuk uispute anu auministiation issues
oiganizeu by Fiieuiich Naumann Founuation in Amman 2uu8, Beilin 2uu9
anu The Beau Sea 2u11. Woikshop anu stuuy toui on waste uisposal
oiganizeu by 0N0PS in Amman in 2uu8.
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Basan Tuian Bahauluuin Saeeu was boin in Kiikuk in 1962. Be attenueu the
College of Agiicultuie. Bis languages aie Tuikish, Aiabic, anu Kuiuish. Be is
ueputy chaiiman of Al-Aualah Tuikmani Paity, anu his cuiient position is the
Chaiiman of Kiikuk Piovincial Council. Activities: Confeience of Iiaqi local
leaueiships oiganizeu by 0N-Babitat in Tuikey in 2uuS; Kiikuk confeience in
Tuikey in 2uu7; Woikshop on Kiikuk uispute helu in Amman in Nay 2uu8
oiganizeu by Fiieuiich Naumann Founuation; Woikshop on (uoveinance aiiangements in
Kiikuk) oiganizeu by Fiieuiich Naumann Founuation helu in the Beau Sea, }oiuan Becembei
2uu8 anu Beilin 2uu9.
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Tahseen NohammeualiWeli was boin in Kiikuk in 19S8. Be attenueu the
Technical Institute foi Electiicity. Bis languages aie Tuikmani anu Aiabic.
Bis cuiient position is as a membei of Kiikuk Piovincial Council. Be is a
membei of leaueiship committee of Islamic 0nion foi Iiaqi Tuikman.
Activities: Confeience of Iiaqi local leaueiships oiganizeu by 0N-Babitat in
Tuikey in 2uuS; woikshops on Kiikuk uispute anu auministiation issues
oiganizeu by Fiieuiich Naumann Founuation in Amman 2uu8, Beilin 2uu9
anu The Beau Sea 2u11.
Su
ABJIG-K I0##41#+ G344:97+ dH7&4:2:V7+4D h:&<.<e
Sweetlen Isttifan Yousif was boin in Nainawah in 19S7. She attenueu the
Technical Institute-foi Accounting. Bei languages aie Assyiian anu Aiabic.
Bei cuiient position is as a membei of Kiikuk Piovincial Council. She is a
membei of National Assyiian Paity.
Activities: paiticipateu in most in-countiy woikshops anu confeiences on
finance anu accounting oiganizeu by the goveinment.
S1
Nitiovica
Forum for Cities
in Transition
<+)-7 6+) !"#"$% "* =)(*%"#"+*
G%@GjGK \71,#4# dH7&4:2:V7+4D =:4&*M:27e
valuete Iuiizi was boin in Nitiovica anu in the last uecaue was leauing the
multiethnic nongoveinmental oiganization Community Builuing Nitiovica (CBN), a
local Nu0 that seeks to biiuge the uiviue between the uiffeient communities living in
the Nitiovica iegion. In 2uu8 she was the Euiopean Winnei of Inteinational Women
of Couiage Awaiu by the 0S State Bepaitment. valuete is the honoiee of the
Soioptimist Peace Piize 2uu9 foi hei woik anu ueuication to the people anu peace in
Nitiovica. She is one of the founueis of the Nitiovica Foium anu iemains a local
activist by seiving as a Boaiu Nembei of many oiganizations anu Institutions. valuete stuuieu
geology anu cuiiently is finalizing hei NA stuuies on conflict tiansfoimation in 0niveisity of
Novi Sau in coopeiation with Responuing to Conflict-Biimingham anu Nansen Acauemy-
Noiway.
G\6CB\G8K B1:M#& dH7&4:2:V7+4D =:4&*M:27e
0livei Ivanovic has helu the position of State Secietaiy in the Ninistiy foi Kosovo
anu Netohija, uoveinment of the Republic of Seibia since 2uu8. Be is a membei
of the Piovisional Commission foi Kosovo, establisheu by the Seibian pailiament
following elections in 0ctobei 2uuu. Since 2uu1, Ni. Ivanovic has been a membei
of the Cooiuination Centei foi Kosovo anu Netohija establisheu by the
uoveinment of the Republic of Seibia anu the State 0nion of Seibia anu
Nontenegio. Be has been a membei of the Kosovo Pailiament, electeu in Novembei 2uu1 in the
fiist pailiamentaiy elections; membei of the Piesiuency of Kosovo Pailiament; membei of
Commission foi Foieign Coopeiation; membei of Social Bemociatic Paity (SBP) anu vice
Piesiuent of the Paity. Be giauuateu fiom the auvanceu technical school in Kosovska Nitiovica
anu fiom the Faculty of Economics at 0niveisity.
h6I!@6!GK 6M&:1 dH7&4:2:V7+4D =:4&*M:27e
Nayoi Aviil Kastiati was boin in 1948. Be finisheu Technical Faculty-Nachineiy
Section in Piishtina in 1976 anu gaineu the title of Engineei of Nachineiy-
Piouuction Section. Nayoi Kastiati was one of the fiist piofessois teaching
piofessional subjects in the countiy. Buiing 2u yeais he has achieveu to oiganize
anu manage piivate anu sustainable business. Fiom 1992-1999 was the ownei
anu managei of "Noiing" company in Nitiovica. Fiom 1999 on he was geneial
managei anu the ownei of "0il-Tiaue" in Nitiovica. In public engagement, he is a
membei of the piesiuency anu steeiing gioup of PBK-bianch in Nitiovica since 2uu2 anu
membei of the Steeiing Council of Kosova Chambei of Commeice. Be has also been suppoiting
euucational anu cultuial piojects. Be lives in Nitiovica with his wife Afiuita anu has a son anu
a uaughtei.
S2
IH6IBf?\G8K %&7;7+ dH7&4:2:V7+4D =:4&*M:27e
Biagan Spasojevic giauuateu fiom the 0niveisity of Piistina in 2uuu as a Civil
Engineei. Fiom 2uuu to 2uu8 he was a civil engineei in Kosovska Nitiovica
Nunicipality. Fiom 2uu8 to the piesent, he has been heau of the 0iban Planning
Bepaitment theie. Since 2uuS he has been a membei of the Auvisoiy Boaiu foi
Nitiovica - a bouy establisheu by 0niteu Nations Kosovo Auministiation
(0NNIK) with the aim to establish a link between the sepaiate municipal
authoiities of the ethnically uiviueu city of Nitiovica. In 2uu8 he initiateu establishment of the
Citizens Novement foi Kosovska Nitiovica - a local political paity with a focus on impiovement
of quality of eveiyuay life of citizens of Kosovska, Nitiovica. In the election in Nay 2uu8, the
Novement won two out of Su seats at the municipal assembly. With its two uelegates, the
Novement contiibuteu to the establishment of an existing municipal coalition anu seives as a
meuiatoi between confionteu political paities at the local level.
!\@%GIG8K j#1a<* dH7&4:2:V7+4D =:4&*M:27e
Zeljko Tviuisic was boin at 1978 in Pougoiici. Be is a piofessional jouinalist
foi moie than ten yeais, as of his fiist engagement as a jouinalist at the local
Rauio Station in Bijelo Polje (Nontenegio) at 1996. Be is piesently
peimanent coiiesponuent of the National News Agency TAN}0u fiom
Belgiaue, whilst in the same time he is the Euitoi in Chief at the most listeneu
Rauio Station in Seibian language in Kosovo ("Contact Plus Rauio", baseu in
Kosovska Nitiovica. Foi a peiiou of time he was also engageu as a Tv
jouinalist as well. Be was awaiueu }ouinalism Awaiu "Sasa veselinovic" in
2uuS (Belgiaue). In 2uu7, at a Regional Rauio Festival in Neum (Bosnia anu
Beizegovina) he was awaiueu with a fiist place in the categoiy of iauio aiticles. In 2u1u he was
awaiueu with the fiist piice by the 0NBP Kosovo 0ffice foi the iauio aiticle on the poveity in
Kosovo. Be is a Piesiuent of the Association of the }ouinalists of Kosovo anu Netohija. Be is at
his final yeai of stuuies at the Faculty of Philosophy, Bepaitment foi Seibian Language anu
Liteiatuie.
Jfh6CGK f#4*+ dH7&4:2:V7+4D =:4&*M:27e
}eton 0jkani was boin in 1971 in Nitiovica, wheie he finisheu the high school
on economics anu 0niveisity of economics latei on in Piishtina. Sins 1999
}eton woikeu foi Election uepaitment of the 0SCE mission in Kosovo wheie
oiganizeu the whole election piocess foi the Nitiovica iegion. }eton is membei
of Foium Nitiovica fiom business community. Sins 2uuS }eton 0jkani is ownei
of spoits centie Austialia in Nitiovica anu in 2u1u cieateu the piivate football
club FC Austialia in Nitiovica.

"#$% &'(

SS
Nitte
Forum for Cities
in Transition
<+)-7 6+) !"#"$% "* =)(*%"#"+*
WJ!)?@K f#99&#' dH7&4:2:V7+4D =:44#e
}effiey Butlei was boin in 19SS, in Flint NI, 0SA. Be woikeu foi thiee yeais
as a social woikei foi the Nichigan Bept. of Social Seivices aftei stuuying
Sociology anu ueiman at Nichigan State 0niveisity (BA 1979). }effiey came
to Beilin with a Fulbiight scholaiship in 1982 - ieceiveu a Nasteis Begiee
in Sociology fiom the Fiee 0niveisity of Beilin in 1988. Be was employeu
as a ieseaich associate at the Technical 0niveisity Beilin, Institute foi
Bospital Constiuction, in the giant pioject: "The elueily anu theii living
aiea"(1989 - 1992). Be has also been employeu as a ieseaich associate at
the Technical 0niveisity Beilin, Institute foi Biology, in the Public-Bealth
pioject "Integiation of health piomotion anu meuical measuies uuiing piegnancy"(1992 -
199S). Since 199S: iesponsible foi health iepoiting in the Bistiict 0ffice of Beilin-Tieigaiten -
aftei the uistiict iefoim (2uu1) in the Bistiict 0ffice of Beilin-Nitte. Bis woik focal points aie:
Bealth of chiluien anu auolescents, health inequalities, migiation anu health, uental health,
health of the elueily anu health aspects of spousal abuse.
?@!J@hK 6'17 dH7&4:2:V7+4D =:44#e
Nis. Eitik was boin in 196S in Istanbul, Tuikey. She spent hei chiluhoou in
Beilin anu Istanbul befoie finally immigiating to Beilin in 198u. Aftei stuuying
at Technische 0niveisitt Beilin she giauuateu with a Biploma in Business
Auministiation. Buiing hei stuuies Nis. Eitik alieauy staiteu to woik as a
teachei foi Tuikish anu ueiman as a Foieign Language. Fiom 2uuS to 2uu7 she
seiveu as ueiman Teachei in Tikisch-Beutsches Zentium e.v. which is the
paient institution of utz biluung anu qualifizieiung, a non-piofit oiganisation
foi fuithei euucation anu integiation foi which Nis. Eitik woiks in a leauing
position since 2uu7. Locateu in Neukolln anu with offices in Weuuing anu
Kieuzbeig, Beilin's so-calleu pioblem boioughs with multiethnic population anu a high
piopoition of peoples with Tuikish oi Aiabic migiation backgiounu, utz biluung &
qualifizieiung , a migiant self-oiganisation, is confionteu anu occupieu with the eveiy-uay
pioblems of a multicultuial society. Nis. Eitik heiself gets involveu with hei yeais of
expeiience as a volunteei anu moieovei because of hei backgiounu in paiticulaily sensitive
intia-uiban conflict issues such as uisciimination anu maiginalization.
F?E)?CK F7>&:#1# dH7&4:2:V7+4D =:44#e
uabiiele uehlen woikeu foi Su yeais as a teachei (subjects: histoiy, politics,
economics, anu ueiman) mainly at a compiehensive school of Beilin until hei
ietiiement foi health ieasons in 2uu6. She ieceiveu a giant fiom the
Fiieuiich-Ebeit-Stiftung (1972-1977) anu leaint social skills foi auult
euucation anu foi the euucation of chiluien of the woiking class (1972-1977,
voluntaiily Tuikish). Ns. uehlen was committeu to the political euucation in
the Feueial Republic of ueimany, of the Euiopean 0nion anu foi the new social question in a
woilu with immigiation. She oiganiseu tiavelling foi teacheis of Beilin to Polanu (1988-1994)
anu foi pupils to the ieuniteu ueimany (1989-2uu6). She giauuateu fiom the Technical
S4
0niveisity of Beilin in Social Sciences (1987) anu publisheu economic euucation at school
(1982-1988). Asiue, she has publisheu a histoiy of peuagogy (1998-2uu6) about school
iefoims in ueimany. Since hei move fiom Bonn to Beilin (1977) she uiu voluntaiy woik as a
guiue in Beilin: histoiy of the city incluuing museums anu memoiials. She was uelegateu 2u11
to the women's council of the Feueial Republic of ueimany in a woiking gioup foi "Women, Age
anu Poveity in a long-living society" by the ueiman Acauemic Association of Women (Beutschei
Akauemikeiinnenbunu e.v.).
EBW@68hK \*1<#& dH7&4:2:V7+4D =:44#e
volkei Bobiack stuuieu mechanical engineeiing at the Technical 0niveisity in
Naguebuig. Be woikeu as a uevelopment engineei in uiffeient institutions,
incluuing the Builuing Acauemy of the foimei East- Beilin. Aftei the fall of Wall,
he joineu the Social Bemociatic Paity anu became an electeu membei of the
boiough pailiament in Beilin-Nitte, with his main aiea of expeitise on issues
such as Beilins histoiy anu uiban uevelopment. 0n seveial occasions his woik
on memoiial boaius anu monuments in Beilin has been honouieu. Be was
builuing engineei on site in one of Beilins builuing societies. Foi the last two
yeais, volkei has been a pensionei, peipetually woiking in seveial commissions of the boiough
pailiament. Be is chaiiman of a local citizens association.
JE)GFK !"#&#37 dH7&4:2:V7+4D =:44#e
Theiesa 0hlig boin in 198S in the foimei ueiman Bemociatic Republic anu
giew up in the eastein pait of Beilin. In 2uu4 she finisheu giammai school anu
woikeu a yeai as an Au Paii in Naiylanu, 0SA fiom 2uuS-2uu6. In the autumn of
2uu6, she staiteu hei stuuies in Sociology, Psychology anu Folkloiistic Sciences
Cultuial Bistoiy with a focus on sociology of migiation. In 2uu9, she went to
valpaiaiso, Chile, weie she spent one semestei at the P0Cv (univeisity). Bei
inteiests incluue integiation with an emphasis on the sociology of migiation.
Cuiiently, Theiesa is an intein with the Commissionei of Integiation in Beilin,
Nitte. She will complete hei stuuies in late 2u12eaily 2u1S.
SS
Nostai
Forum for Cities
in Transition
<+)-7 6+) !"#"$% "* =)(*%"#"+*
mB@GmK h&:34:+7 dH7&4:2:V7+4D =*347&e
Kiistina Coiic was boin in 1979 in Nostai. Since 2uu6 she has been the
Piogiam Nanagei of the Youth Cultuial Centie, Abiaevic, in Nostai. In this
position, she uiiects meuia activities, cultuial anu aitistic piouuctions,
auvocacy campaigns, youth anu community piojects, as well as iegional anu
Euiopean coopeiation piojects. Kiistina is the foimei Assistant Biiectoi foi
the Political Resouice Centei of the 0iganization foi Secuiity anu Coopeiation
in Euiope (0SCE) in Ljubuki, West Beizegovina Canton. In this iole, she stiengtheneu the
capacities of civil society actois. She was pieviouly the ueneial Cooiuinatoi of a non-goveinment
oiganisation calleu N.I.F.0.C. (Nostai Inteicultuial Festival 0iganizing Committee). She oiganiseu
12 inteicultuial festivals anu youth aitistic exchanges with Fiance anu Spain; engageu in citizen
initiatives such as public spaces anu conscientious objection campaigns. She was also the
Assistant Biiectoi of the Bepaitment of Neuia Bevelopment anu Public Relations in the 0ffice of
the Bigh Repiesentative in Nostai.
I?-?@B\G8K B3M:4 dH7&4:2:V7+4D =*347&e
0svit Sefeiovic was boin on 12 }une 1976 in Nostai. Be holus a BSci in
Psychology, NA in Political Science both obtaineu in Fiance. Be is the Piesiuent
of the newly founueu union 'Civic fiont of 0theis' which aspiies to altei the BiB
Constitution aiming to establish a civic state as the nationalist iueologies in BiB
anu the entiie iegion have pioven unpiouuctive anu fiauuulent in the piocess of
implementation of theii piojects. An active membei of seveial associations in
Nostai whose chief goal is to oveipowei bias anu bigotiy that exist among vaiious ethnic gioups,
he woiks as a jouinalist foi ABRASNEBIA.info wiiting columns anu commentaiies on the cuiient
political scene in foimei Yugoslavia with an emphasis on the uiviueu city of Nostai anu
Beizegovina as a iegion facing challenges associateu with tiansition anu ethnic uivisions.
jJ)f?\G8K =#17 dH7&4:2:V7+4D =*347&e
Nela Zuljevic was boin in Nostai in 198S. She giauuateu fiom the Acauemy of
Fine Aits in Saiajevo in 2u1u. Since 2uu9, she cooiuinates the activities of Abait,
ait piouuction woiking within the Youth Cultuial Centie "Abiasevic" in Nostai.
Abait is an open aitistic platfoim, woiking on the piouuction of ait piojects anu
suppoiting uiban ieseaiches which engage with the issue of uiban polaiization.
Nela has so fai uesigneu anu cooiuinateu two majoi piojects: Ait in Biviueu Cities (2uu92u1u)
anu (Re)Collecting Nostai (2u1u2u11). Both piojects have been funueu by majoi inteinational
oiganisations, such as the Euiopean Cultuial Founuation anu the NBu-F piogiam Cultuie foi
Bevelopment.
S6
Nicosia
Forum for Cities
in Transition
<+)-7 6+) !"#"$% "* =)(*%"#"+*
6hGC8GK =.34797 dH7&4:2:V7+4D C:2*3:7e
Nustafa Aknc was boin in Limassol-Cypius in 1947. Be is an aichitect by
piofession. Be was electeu to the Constituent Assembly of Tuikish Cypiiots
which was establisheu aftei the events of 1974 at the age of 27. At 28, he was
electeu Nayoi of Nicosia (Noith) by the Tuikish Cypiiot iesiuents of the
noithein half of Nicosia. Be was ieelecteu twice anu seiveu foi 14 yeais.
Between 1999 anu 2uu1 he was Beputy Piime Ninistei anu Ninistei foi
Touiism in the Tuikish Cypiiot uoveinment. Be has been a membei of the Tuikish Cypiiot
Pailiament foi 1S yeais until 2uu9 anu is now ietiieu.
86F6h6CK !*1;7 dH7&4:2:V7+4D C:2*3:7e
Tolga Cagakan was boin in Nicosia in 1967. Be holus a masteis uegiee in
Business Auministiation. Be is woiking as the Assistant ueneial Nanagei of
Cypius vakf Bank Ltu. Be is foimei Nunicipal Counciloi of Nicosia Tuikish
Nunicipality (2uu6-2u1u). Be was a membei of the Boaiu of Biiectois of Cypius
Tuikish Banks Association (2uu6-2uu8), a membei of Boaiu of Biiectois of
TNSF (FBIC of N. Cypius) (2uu6-2uu8). Be has been a paiticipant to the
confeiences of the Foium foi Cities in Tiansition since Boston.
%?=?!@G6%?IK )#11*3 dH7&4:2:V7+4D C:2*3:7e
Lellos Bemetiiaues was boin in Nicosia in 19SS. Be was calleu to the Bai by the
Bon. Society of uiay's Inn in Lonuon, in 19SS, anu has been a piacticing
Baiiistei in Nicosia evei since. Fiom 196u to 197u he was a membei of the
Bouse of Repiesentatives of the Republic of Cypius anu seiveu as Cleik of the
Bouse anu Chaiiman of a numbei of committees. Fiom 1966 to 197u he was the
Flooi Leauei (in the Bouse) of the uoveinment Najoiity Paity the Patiiotic
Fiont anu seiveu as the uieek Cypiiot membei in the }oint Committee. Buiing
1961 anu 196S he paiticipateu in the sessions of the Consultative Assembly. 0p
to 2uu1 he was a membei of the Peimanent Confeience (now calleu the Congiess) of Local anu
Regional Authoiities of the Council of Euiope anu seiveu as the Chaiiman of its Cultuial
Committee foi foui yeais; he is now an honoiaiy membei of the Congiess. Be was the Nayoi of
Nicosia foi Su yeais fiom 1971 to 2uu1 anu he now holus the honoiaiy title of Nayoi foi life
anu othei honoiaiy titles. Buiing his mayoi-ship he coopeiateu veiy closely with his
counteipait on the Tuikish Cypiiot pait of Nicosia Ni. Nustafa Akinci in veiy uifficult uays foi
the city anu achieveu togethei, intei alia, impoitant agieements foi the public seweiage system
anu the mastei plan of the capital of Cypius, which aie still implementeu by both siues on the
same piinciple of those agieements.
S7
E6%fGH6@)BJK =7&:7 dH7&4:2:V7+4D C:2*3:7e
Naiia Baujipavlou is an associate piofessoi at the Bepaitment of Social anu
Political Sciences, 0niveisity of Cypius. She teaches Compaiative Politics,
uenuei Stuuies, Conflict Resolution, Inteinational Peace anu Secuiity, anu the
Cypius Conflict fiom a multi-uisciplinaiy peispective. She was euucateu in
Cypius, the 0niteu Kinguom anu the 0niteu States. She has a Ph.B in Social anu
Political Change, Boston 0niveisity, 0.S.A (1987). She was a post-uoctoial
stuuent at Baivaiu 0niveisity (1991-9S). She was a visiting scholai at the school of
Inteinational anu Public Affaiis (SIPA), Columbia 0niveisity, 0.S.A, (1996-97), wheie with Bi.
Anuiea Baitoli founueu the Centei of Inteinational Conflict Resolution (CICR)anu she
continues to be a senioi ieseaich associate anu supeivisoi to giauuate stuuents who woik on
Cypius. She is a founuing membei anu piesiuent Cypius Peace Centei anu Cypiiot Women's
Nu0, "Banus Acioss the Biviue." She is a consultant anu membei of expeit teams at the Council
of Euiope on issue of intei-cultuial uialogue anu equality between men anu women, a tiainei
foi 0NFPA anu tiaineu women in Afghanistan, Tunisia anu Biauislava on genuei anu conflict
iesolution, anu a tiainei foi WINPEACE (Women's Initiatives foi Peace, uieece anu Tuikey) foi
the stuuents euucational peace camps. Bei book, titleu "M+7$* (*. !'(*9$ "* !14)-%F
<$7"*"%7%8 (*. O$*.$) "* !+*23",#85D was publisheu by I.B. Tauiis Piess, in 2u1u.
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Nehmet Baimanc is one of the Pioject Nanageis of the 'Engage-Bo Youi Pait
foi Peace' pioject at the Nanagement Centie in Noithein Cypius. In this
capacity he is iesponsible foi uiiecting all inteinal contiol ieviews anu special
piojects within the Civil Society anu Reconciliation piogiamme. Be woiks
closely with 0NBP auvisois to ensuie the pioject activities aie implementeu
in line with the pioposeu time fiames, in auuition to wiiting weekly columns
as pait of the pioject foi the 'Balkin Sesi' newspapei, one of the oluest newspapeis in Noithein
Cypius. Be also wiites weekly foi an online web poital entitleu the 'Inuepenuent Neuia
Centie.' Last but not least, he is iesponsible foi the execution of the pioject at IS0 Stanuaius.
Piioi to joining the Nanagement Centie, he was the ueneial Nanagei at 'Noithein Tiavel Ltu'
fiom u1.u4.2uuS thiough to u2.u9.2uu9. Be has expeiience in the following inuustiies:
Touiism, Civil Society, Neuia anu Politics. Be specializes in Pioject Nanagement anu
auministiation of hanuling system managements. Nehmet Baimanc giauuateu fiom Liveipool
}ohn Nooies 0niveisity in 2uu1 with a NA in Euiopean Stuuies anu Politics. Be is a Political
Analyst. Be is a membei of the Social Bemociatic Paity anu was the 0nueisecietaiy ueneial of
the paity fiom 2uu8-2u1u anu is cuiiently acting as an auvisoi in E0 matteis foi the Paity's
Cential Committee.
=6\@G%?IK 8*3473 dH7&4:2:V7+4D C:2*3:7e
Costas Naviiues was boin anu iaiseu in Nicosia, the Capital of Cypius in
Kaimakli aiea. Theie he stuuieu accounting anu woikeu as an accountant in
big fiims in Cypius foi 1u yeais. Aftei that he establisheu his own tiauing
company. Buiing that time he was involveu in Cypius Politics. Aftei the
Tuikish Invasion in Cypius in 1974 (he was even moie actively involveu in the
politics of his countiy, being one of the senioi officeis of the goveining paity in
Cypius at that time (Bemociatic Paity). Fiom 1996 he was electeu in the City Council of
Nicosia. This is his S
iu
consecutive teim as a city counciloi anu as the leauei of the Bemociatic
Paity's Nicosia Council Team.
S8
Ramallah
Forum for Cities
in Transition
<+)-7 6+) !"#"$% "* =)(*%"#"+*
Y6%GZ6WJ @?=?GIK %*7 dH7&4:2:V7+4D @7/7117"e
Nis. Waui is the Executive Biiectoi of Business Women Foium-Palestine since
2uu8. BWF is a nonpiofit oiganization establisheu in 2uu6 with a mission to
stiengthen the iole of businesswomen as leaueis in the Palestinian economy
thiough auvocacy, netwoiking, anu the piovision of business seivices. Nis.
Waui has ovei 1S yeais of expeiience in the piivate sectoi anu uevelopment
fielus wheie she was the Piogiam cooiuinatoi foi the CWEP0FAN-Q0EBEC
Pioject which latei tiansfoimeu into what is now known as ASALA, an
oiganization that pioviues micio-cieuit to women. Nis. Waui has attenueu
auvanceu tiaining couises in iegional anu inteinational Nu0s anu fuithei
uevelopeu hei capacity in Nanagement foi Small anu Neuium Scale Enteipiises (SNEs) by
acquiiing a piofessional ceitificate in business in auuition to hei BA in Business
Auministiation at the 0niveisity of Biiziet, Ramallah.
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Ns. Ruba Abualqauei is fiom Tulkaiem, Palestine wheie she liveu with hei
family anu giew up unuei Isiaeli occupation. She is the youngest of foui giils
anu one boy. Ruba stuuieu accounting at Al Quus 0pen 0niveisity, which has
campuses all ovei the West Bank-Palestine. She cuiiently woiks, volunteeis
anu lives in Ramallah, which is the main city of the West Bank anu the centei of
goveinment. She woiks with Relief Inteinational, which is a humanitaiian
oiganization with piojects all ovei the West Bank. Some of these piojects
incluue youth centeis thioughout the iegion, as well as scholaiship funus foi
pooi stuuents who otheiwise woulu be unable to attenu univeisity. She caies
ueeply about hei homelanu anu people anu hopes one uay, eveiyone can iesolve the conflicts
in the iegion in oiuei to puisue life in peace without thieats to anyone.
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Nahmouu Abuulla BaiAli is a Stiuctuial engineei anu the Beputy Nayoi of
Ramallah City, wheie he foimeu the electing list fiom left anu inuepenuent
membeis in 2uu6 anu won the majoiity positions in the council. Be is
iesponsible foi the stiategic planning, uiban anu engineeiing policies in the
council. 0sually he iepiesents the Ramallah Nunicipality in meetings,
woikshops anu confeiences conceining uiban uevelopment anu planning. Ni.
BaiAli is a social activist in othei piofessional anu civil society oiganizations
such as the engineeiing association, Nu0's anu the pio-uemociatic movement
in Palestine.
S9
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}ohnny Bahu is fiom a Palestinian family with his fathei fiom Ramallah anu
his mothei }eiusalem. Be was boin in San Fiancisco, Califoinia while his
fathei attenueu giauuate school anu then the family ietuineu to Ramallah
when he was 2 yeais olu. Be spent his chiluhoou between Ramallah anu
}eiusalem. Be liveu in Ramallah anu went to school in the olu City of
}eiusalem. Baving a gieen IB now, anu uue to checkpoints anu closuies he is
not alloweu access to }eiusalem which he consiueis "home" as much as
Ramallah. Ni. Bahu has a B.A. in Computei Infoimation Systems, 0niveisity
}oiuan anu a Nastei's Begiee in IT Nanagement fiom Cainegie Nellon
0niveisity in Pittsbuigh, Pennsylvania, 0SA. Be is cuiiently co-ownei anu the IT Bevelopment
Nanagei of AL-uhassan Infoimations Systems, a softwaie company, baseu in Ramallah,
pioviuing IT solutions anu suppoit foi both the piivate anu public sectois in Palestine. Ni.
Bahu iecently launcheu the website http:www.paliealtimes.com in oiuei to talk about many
of the untolu stoiies about Palestine anu Palestinians. At 26 yeais of age, he became the
youngest canuiuate iunning foi municipal elections. Be was numbei 6 on the Ramallah foi
Eveiyone list, which is a coalition list of inuepenuents anu foiwaiu thinking political paities.
Bis goal is to motivate young people in civic paiticipation anu uemociacy piactice anu to
auvocate the neeu foi cieating civic engagement platfoims to incluue uiffeient membeis of the
community, especially those who aie often maiginalizeu such as women anu youth. Recently,
elections weie cancelleu but he plans to iun again this summei.
6u
8:4' H&*c:1#3
Forum for Cities
in Transition
61
Beiiut
Forum for Cities
in Transition
<+)-7 6+) !"#"$% "* =)(*%"#"+*
City Piofile
Beiiut is the capital anu laigest city of Lebanon with a population of ovei 2.1 million as of 2uu7.
The population of Beiiut holus 7S% of the uiban population of Lebanon. Locateu on a peninsula
at the miupoint of Lebanon's coastline with the Neuiteiianean Sea, it seives as the countiy's
laigest anu main seapoit anu also foims the Beiiut Netiopolitan Aiea, which consists of the city
anu its subuibs. The fiist mention of this metiopolis is founu in the ancient Egyptian Tell el
Amaina letteis, uating to the 1Sth centuiy BCE, anu the city has been continuously inhabiteu
since.
Theie aie wiue-ianging estimates of Beiiut's population, fiom as low as 9S8,94u people, to
1,SuS,129 people, to as high as 2,u12,uuu. The lack of an exact figuie is uue to the fact that no
population census has been taken in Lebanon since 19S2. Best estimates on ieligious gioups
suggest: Nuslim S9.7% (Shia, Sunni, Biuze, Isma'ilite, Alawite oi Nusayii), Chiistian S9%
(Naionite Catholic, uieek 0ithouox, Nelkite Catholic, Aimenian 0ithouox, Syiian Catholic,
Aimenian Catholic, Syiian 0ithouox, Roman Catholic, Chaluean, Assyiian, Copt, anu Piotestant);
othei 1.S%.
Beiiut is the most ieligiously uiveise city of the Niuule East, with Chiistians anu Nuslims both
having a significant piesence. It is a custom, but not constitutionally iecognizeu, foi Lebanon's
Piesiuent to be a Naionite Chiistian, the Piime Ninistei Sunni Nuslim, anu the Speakei of the
Pailiament Shiite Nuslim. 0ntil the miu-2uth centuiy, Beiiut was also home to a small }ewish
community, in the Waui Abu }amil neighbouihoou. Family matteis such as maiiiage, uivoice anu
inheiitance aie still hanuleu by the ieligious authoiities iepiesenting a peison's faith. Calls foi
civil maiiiage anu a civil family law aie unanimously iejecteu by the ieligious authoiities, anu
most of the poweiful political blocks. Civil maiiiages helu in anothei countiy aie iecognizeu by
Lebanese civil authoiities, but the cuiient Lebanese family law uoes not incluue iefeiences to
such maiiiages anu hence the all matteis ielateu to oi iesulting fiom such maiiiages aie
iesolveu thiough the ielevant ieligious couits.
Befoie the civil wai bioke out in 197S, the neighbouihoous of Beiiut weie faiily heteiogeneous,
but they have become laigely segiegateu by ieligion since the conflict. East Beiiut is
chaiacteiizeu by a laigely Chiistian population, with a small Nuslim minoiity. Neanwhile, West
Beiiut is categoiizeu by a Nuslim majoiity, piimaiily Sunni, with small communities of Shi'ites,
Biuze, anu Chiistians. Since the enu of the civil wai in 199u, East anu West Beiiut have begun to
see a shy inciease in Nuslims anu Chiistians moving into each half. Beiiut's southein subuibs
aie laigely populateu by Shi'ite Nuslims, while Beiiut's Eastein subuibs aie laigely Chiistian.
Noithein Beiiut has hau anu continues to have a laige Lebanese Piotestant community since the
19th centuiy.
Beiiut holus Lebanon's seat of goveinment anu plays a cential iole in the Lebanese economy
with its coipoiate fiims anu banks. The city is the focal point of the iegion's cultuial life,
ienowneu foi its piess, theaties, cultuial activities, anu nightlife.
By the seconu half of the 19th centuiy, Beiiut was in the piocess of ueveloping close commeicial
anu political ties with Euiopean impeiial poweis, Fiance in paiticulai. Euiopean inteiests in
62
Lebanese silk anu othei expoit piouucts tiansfoimeu the city into a majoi poit anu commeicial
centei. Neanwhile, 0ttoman powei in the iegion continueu to uecline. Sectaiian anu ieligious
conflicts, powei vacuums, anu changes in the political uynamics of the iegion culminateu in the
186u Lebanon conflict. Beiiut became a uestination foi Naionite Chiistian iefugees fleeing fiom
the woist aieas of the fighting on Nount Lebanon anu in Bamascus. This in tuin alteieu the
ethnic composition of Beiiut itself, sowing the seeus of futuie ethnic anu ieligious tioubles theie
anu in gieatei Lebanon. Bowevei, Beiiut was able to piospei in the meantime. This was again a
piouuct of Euiopean inteivention, anu also a geneial iealization amongst the city's iesiuents
that commeice, tiaue, anu piospeiity uepenueu on uomestic stability.
In 1888, Beiiut was maue capital of a wilaye, oi "piovince" in Syiia. By this time, Beiiut hau
giown into a veiy cosmopolitan city, anu hau close links with Euiope anu the 0niteu States.
Beiiut also became a centie of missionaiy activity that spawneu impiessive euucational
institutions, such as the Ameiican 0niveisity of Beiiut. Fiench influence in the aiea soon
exceeueu that of any othei Euiopean powei. In 1911, the population mix was iepoiteu in the
Encyclopeuia Biitannica as Nuslims, S6,uuu; Chiistians, 77,uuu; }ews, 2Suu; Biuze, 4uu;
foieigneis, 41uu.
Aftei the collapse of the 0ttoman Empiie following Woilu Wai I Beiiut, along with the iest of
Lebanon, was placeu unuei the Fiench Nanuate. Aftei Lebanon achieveu inuepenuence in 194S,
Beiiut became its capital city. It iemaineu an intellectual capital of the Aiab woilu anu quickly
became a financial centei foi much of the Aiab woilu anu majoi touiist uestination. Buiing post
inuepenuence yeais, Beiiut enuuieu seveial ciitical moments, incluuing the migiation of
thousanus of iefugees fiom Palestine into South Lebanon anu Beiiut, aftei the 1948 wai with
Isiael, the 19S8 inteinal aimeu ievolution, oiganizeu by Lebanese pio-Aiab unionism factions
against the pio-West piesiuent Camille Chamoun, anothei iounu of migiation of Palestinian
iefugees in 1967 aftei the 2nu Aiab wai with Isiael, anu latei on the migiation of the Palestine
Libeiation 0iganization fiom }oiuan in197u71 to establish its heauquaiteis in Beiiut. Bespite
all these tuibulent yeais, Beiiut continueu to piospei, economically, cultuially, anu politically, as
it became known foi its accommouation of political activists anu leaueis of Aiab libeiation anu
civil iights movements fiom acioss the Aiab woilu. This eia of piospeiity enueu in 197S when
the Lebanese Civil Wai bioke out in Lebanon. Buiing most of the wai, Beiiut was uiviueu
between the pieuominantly Nuslim west anu Chiistian east aieas of the city. The uowntown
aiea, pieviously the home of much of the city's commeicial anu cultuial activities, became a no
man's lanu known as the "uieen Line." Nany inhabitants fleu to othei countiies. Thousanus of
otheis weie killeu thioughout the wai, anu much of the city was uevastateu. A paiticulaily
uestiuctive peiiou was the 1982 Isiaeli invasion, uuiing which most of West Beiiut was unuei
siege by Isiaeli tioops. Subsequently, southein Lebanon was occupieu by the Isiaeli Befense
foice until 2uuu when Isiael withuiew its tioops. The civil wai left behinu it a multituue of
issues, incluuing thousanus of inteinally uisplaceu families, a uevastateu economy anu a
uamageu infiastiuctuie.
Since the enu of the wai in 199u, aftei the Aiab-sponsoieu anu Inteinationally blesseu Taif
accoiu, the people of Lebanon have been iebuiluing Beiiut, anu by the stait of the 2uu6 Isiael-
Lebanon wai, the city hau somewhat iegaineu its status as a touiist, cultuial, anu intellectual
centei in the Niuule East, as well as a centei foi commeice, fashion, anu meuia. Reconstiuction
of uowntown Beiiut has been laigely uiiven by Soliueie, a uevelopment company establisheu in
1994 by late Rafik Baiiii.
The 2uuS assassination of foimei Lebanese Piime Ninistei Rafik Baiiii neai the Saint ueoige
Bay in Beiiut shook the entiie countiy. Bunuieus of thousanus of people gatheieu foi a ially
against Syiian piesence in Beiiut in Naich 14th, exactly one month aftei the ueath of Baiiii. The
6S
last Syiian tioops withuiew fiom Beiiut on 26 Apiil 2uuS. The two countiies establisheu
uiplomatic ielations on 1S 0ctobei 2uu8.
The political uynamic in Lebanon changeu significantly aftei 2uuS. Piominent Chiistian leaueis
came back to powei, fiom exile oi piison. Syiian influence on inteinal politics uecieaseu to a
notable extent. Two pailiamentaiy (2uuS, 2uu9) anu one municipal (2u1u) elections weie helu.
Anu a seveie political uivision emeigeu ovei the state's position towaius national anu iegional
matteis. At the same time, long anu uifficult uiscussions weie initiateu aiounu electoial law,
national uefense stiategy, anu constitutional poweis of the piesiuent, anu uecentialization, to
othei long neglecteu national matteis. Civil society continues to giow in stiength anu outieach,
anu is playing a majoi iole in peace builuing anu uevelopment.
64
Belfast
Forum for Cities
in Transition
<+)-7 6+) !"#"$% "* =)(*%"#"+*
City Piofile
Belfast is the capital of anu the laigest city in Noithein Iielanu, with a population of about
267,Suu. Belfast is a centei foi inuustiy, the aits, highei euucation, business anu law in
Noithein Iielanu. The city suffeieu gieatly uuiing the peiiou of uisiuption, conflict, anu
uestiuction calleu the "Tioubles," but moie iecently has unueigone peiious of calm, anu
substantial economic anu commeicial giowth.
The colonization of Iielanu, a pieuominantly Catholic countiy, began in the 164us when Anglo
Piotestants anu Scotch Piesbyteiians began to settle in what touay is much of Noithein
Iielanu. Belfast became a substantial settlement in the 17th centuiy, uuiing the time of the
Plantation of 0lstei.
In the 18th anu 19th centuiies, Belfast was one of the cities at the coalface of the Inuustiial
Revolution anu emeigeu as Iielanu's pie-eminent inuustiial city. Inuustiies thiiveu, incluuing
linen, iope-making, tobacco, heavy engineeiing, anu shipbuiluing, anu at the enu of the 19th
centuiy, Belfast biiefly oveitook Bublin as the laigest city in Iielanu.
The Titanic was built in Belfast in 1912 at the Bailanu anu Wolff (B&W) shipyaius, which
became one of the laigest shipbuilueis in the woilu, employing up to SS,uuu woikeis in its
heyuay. But employment was highly uisciiminatoiy, with few Catholics employeu in the
inuustiial sectoi. Aftei WWII, Shoits, the aiiplane manufactuiei, set up a plant in Belfast,
aujacent to the shipyaius anu the same uisciiminatoiy piactices pievaileu.
Belfast is a city in which segiegation of Catholics, who mostly aspiie to become pait of a
uniteu Iielanu, anu Piotestants, who mostly want to stay in the 0K, became the ueteimining
factoi in the lanuscape of the city's social, geogiaphical, anu political lanuscape - all ieasons
contiibuting to Belfast's long histoiy of sectaiian iioting.
Aftei Iielanu was paititioneu in 1921, Belfast became the capital of Noithein Iielanu, a self-
goveining piovince of the 0K, anu communal uiffeiences weie exaceibateu with fiequent
bouts of sectaiian violence. Catholics weie uisciiminateu against in vaiious sectois of
employment anu in housing, anu weie uenieu oppoitunities foi auvancement in both the
public anu piivate sectois as they weie consiueieu uisloyal to Noithein Iielanu anu loyal to
the Iiish state on its southein boiueis.
Between 192u anu 1969, all oigans of goveinment anu policing iemaineu fiimly within the
contiol of the 0nionist majoiity. Foimei Noithein Iielanu Piime Ninistei Sii }ames Ciaig
famously calleu it "a Piotestant state foi a Piotestant people" (in iesponse of Iiish Taoiseach,
Eamon ue valeia, who uesciibeu Iielanu as a Catholic nation). 0nionists aigue that
uisciimination was not just causeu by ieligious oi political bigotiy, but also the iesult of moie
complex socio-economic, socio-political, anu geogiaphical factois.
Whatevei the cause, the existence of peivasive uisciimination, anu the mannei in which
Nationalist angei at it was hanuleu, was a majoi contiibuting factoi to the long-iunning
6S
conflict known as the Tioubles. In the lattei pait of the 196u's, Catholics, unuei the umbiella
of the Noithein Iielanu Civil Rights association (NICRA), oiganizeu mass uemonstiations
uemanuing theii full iights as citizens of the 0K. These uemonstiations became the tiiggei
that unleasheu violent political uniest, which went thiough its most violent phase between
1968 anu 1994.
In the 197us, Belfast was the scene of bombings at iestauiants anu public places, anu boie the
biunt of the killings in the following uecaues. In mixeu aieas, Catholics fleu fiom those
pieuominantly Piotestant-populateu, anu Piotestants fiom those pieuominantly Catholic-
populateu. At the time, it amounteu to the laigest inteinal uisplacement of a civilian
population since WWII. The iesults of this uisplacement aie still visible touay, West Belfast is
almost entiiely Catholic; East Belfast, aujacent to the inuustiial mega centies, entiiely
Piotestant. Noith Belfast iemains mixeu. Besiues physical sepaiation, the two communities
aie uiviueu by sepaiate school systems, sepaiate spoits, language, cultuie, anu national
aspiiations.
In 1969, when communal violence was at its woist, the Biitish goveinment sent in the aimy
ostensibly to 'save' Catholics fiom what appeaieu an imminent Piotestant pogiom. A 'peace
wall' was eiecteu by the Biitish Aimy, cutting stieets in two anu stietching acioss fouiteen
neighboihoous.
Attituues towaius the Biitish Aimy changeu aftei Bloouy Sunuay in 1972 when 26 piotestois
at the Noithein Iielanu Civil Rights Naich in BeiiyLonuonueiiy weie killeu by the Aimy.
Bloouy Sunuay is often calleu a 'tuining point' in The Tioubles; the violence appeaieu to
inciease aftei the inciuent.
Fuitheimoie, Paiamilitaiy gioups piolifeiateu; the piesence of the Biitish Aimy iesuscitateu
a nascent IRA. 0n the 0nionist (Loyalist) siue, the 0BA anu 0vF weie foimeu oi ieviveu to
'piotect' Piotestant communities fiom the IRA.
The IRA anu loyalist paiamilitaiy ceasefiies of 1994, the signing of the uoou Fiiuay Agieement
(uFA) in 1998, anu the St Anuiews Agieement in 2uu6 all biought a foim of peace to Noithein
Iielanu, a uevolveu Noithein Iielanu Assembly with 1u8 membeis, anu a cioss-paity
Executive. Both Iiish anu Biitish iuentities aie accoiueu paiity of esteem: citizens may choose
theii national iuentity. Binuing uecisions iequiie concuiient majoiities of 0nionists anu
Nationalists. Cioss-boiuei bouies hanule issues common to both the Republic of Iielanu anu
Noithein Iielanu. Buman iights anu equality aie unueipinneu by iobust legislation anu stiong
agencies.
Thus, the minoiity Catholic population gaineu a shaie of political powei in Noithein Iielanu,
anu the Republic of Iielanu gaineu a voice in Noithein Iiish affaiis. In ietuin, Catholics agieeu
that a uniteu Iielanu woulu iequiie that a majoiity of Noithein Iielanu voteis give theii
consent. In a uual iefeienuum helu on Nay 22, 1998, Noithein Iielanu appioveu the accoiu by
a vote of 71peicent to 29 peicent, anu the Iiish Republic by a vote of 94 peicent. This leu to a
peiiou of sustaineu economic giowth anu laige-scale ieuevelopment of the city centie anu the
wateifiont.
Noithein Iielanu has a population of 1.7S million people. In the late 196us, the Piotestant
piopoition was 6u% anu the Catholic piopoition 4u%. In a 2uu1 census, SS.1% of the
66
Noithein Iiish population came fiom a Piotestant backgiounu anu 4S.8% came fiom a
Catholic backgiounu.
Belfast has witnesseu a similai hemoiihaging of Piotestants. The City of Belfast has a
population of 276,4S9, anu lies at the heait of metiopolitan Belfast, which has a population of
appioximately 8uu,uuu. In 1961, the Piotestant population of Belfast was 6S%; it has fallen in
eveiy census since. The ieason foi this exouus appeais to be ielateu to socio-economic factois.
The Catholic community now makes up the majoiity of Belfast's population, with many
Piotestants having moveu away.
In 1997, 0nionists lost oveiall contiol of Belfast City Council foi the fiist time, with the
balance of powei helu by cioss-community Alliance Paity evei since. Theie have been foui
Nationalist Loiu Nayois of Belfast, two fiom the Social Bemociatic anu Laboui Paity (SBLP)
anu two fiom Sinn Fein. Alex Naskey, an avoweu Republican anu senioi membei of Sinn Fein
was electeu Loiu Nayoi in 2uu2. Be was the fiist Catholic electeu to the office. The political
tumult that it inciteu took seveial yeais of collective political psychotheiapy to aiiest.
Aftei ten yeais of peace, it is noteu that Belfast is moie segiegateu than evei. Since the uoou
Fiiuay (Belfast) Agieement of 1998, moie peace walls have been eiecteu, now numbeiing 82
acioss the city. None aie coming uown. Nuch hatieu iemains.
The EamesBiauley iepoit, a commission set up in 2uu7 to iepoit on the best way of uealing
with the past, publisheu its iepoit in }anuaiy 2uu9. Among its iecommenuations is a Legacy
Commission, which woulu sit foi five yeais anu be heaueu by an inteinational commissionei.
Its iemit woulu covei: (a) helping society towaius a shaieu anu ieconcileu futuie thiough a
piocess of engagement with community issues aiising fiom the conflict (the Reconciliation
Foium); (b) ieviewing anu investigating histoiical cases; (c) conuucting a piocess of
infoimation iecoveiy; anu (u) examining cases linkeu oi thematic cases emeiging fiom the
conflict. 0n 12 Apiil 2u1u, the Westminstei goveinment foimally uevolveu policing anu
justice poweis to the Noithein Iielanu Assembly.
In 2u12, Belfast celebiates the centenaiy of the Titanic, its most famous cieation. Noieovei,
the ambitious Titanic Pioject (7bn) will commemoiate both the skill of Belfast's maiitime
histoiy anu tiansfoim a 18S-acie site on the banks of the iivei Lagan into a new mixeu use
maiitime quaitei, incluuing apaitments, business anu leisuie uses. A new wateifiont
lanumaik builuing at the heau of Titanic's slipway, uesigneu by leauing inteinational
aichitects, is going to be a new Belfast 'must-see' site foi inhabitants anu touiists. It will
incluue a 'Titanic Expeiience' exhibition, an 'immeisive theatie' uiving unueiwatei to exploie
the wieck, a Titanic-themeu banqueting suite anu a community aits facility foi local
exhibitions, peifoimances anu confeiences.
67
Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy
Forum for Cities
in Transition
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City Piofile
Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy is a city in the noithwest pait of the piovince of Noithein Iielanu that is
uiviueu by the Rivei Foyle. The west bank Citysiue is majoiity Catholic anu the east bank
Wateisiue is majoiity Piotestant. The population of the city was 8S,6S2 in the 2uu1 census anu
was majoiity Catholic. It is the seconu laigest city in Noithein Iielanu.
The name of the city itself is a souice of uivision among its inhabitants. The name Beiiy is
ueiiveu fiom a uaelic woiu .+S)$, which means "oak giove;" an oak leaf is incoipoiateu in the
city's official emblem. In 161S, the city's name was lengtheneu to Lonuonueiiy, uue to the iole
that the Coipoiation of Lonuon hau in the Piotestant settlement of the city. In 1984, Nationalists
in the city council voteu successfully to change theii bouy's official name fiom Lonuonueiiy City
Council to Beiiy City Council. 0nionists weie infuiiateu, anu they insisteu on Lonuonueiiy as
the piefix to the council's name. Bespite the actions of the Nationalists, Lonuonueiiy is the city's
anu county's official anu legal name; it woulu iequiie an Act of Pailiament at Westminstei to
change eithei.
0n iauio anu Tv, to avoiu offence, the teim "Beiiy-stioke-Lonuonueiiy" is commonly useu.
Sometimes this is shoiteneu to "Stioke City." Roau signs in the Republic of Iielanu use the name
Beiiy. Lonuonueiiy is useu on ioau signs in Noithein Iielanu; howevei, the "Lonuon" pait of the
woiu is often uefaceu. Alteinatively, you will see the teim "L'Beiiy" useu on Noithein Iielanu
ioau signs.
Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy is one of the oluest continuously inhabiteu places in Iielanu. The eailiest
histoiical iefeiences uate to the sixth centuiy, when a monasteiy was founueu theie by Saint
Columba.
Planteis, oi settleis, mostly Scotch Piesbyteiians anu Anglican oi English Piotestants aiiiveu in
the 16uus as pait of the plantation of 0lstei. They built the walleu city of Lonuonueiiy to settle
0lstei with a population suppoitive of the Ciown. Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy is the last iemaining city
in the Biitish Isles to be suiiounueu by uefensive walls. It has the most complete seiies of city
walls in the islanus.
In Becembei 1688, the gates of the city weie shut against the auvancing Catholic 0lstei aimy of
King }ames II. This was the beginning of the Siege of Beiiy. In Apiil 1689, King }ames came to
the city anu calleu upon it to suiienuei. The King was iebuffeu anu the siege lasteu until the enu
of }uly 1689. Evei since, this episoue has been useu by Piotestants as a histoiical thieat that the
people might again be incoipoiateu into a Catholic Iielanu.
In 1921, following the Anglo-Iiish Tieaty anu the paitition of Iielanu, Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy
became a boiuei city. Even though Catholics weie a majoiity of the population, politicians anu
business people employeu systemic geiiymanueiing of electoial bounuaiies anu the use of
business voting iights in local elections, which enableu the Piotestants to ietain contiol of the
city council anu local auministiation.
68
This was a majoi cause of Catholic giievance, which went unauuiesseu foi seveial uecaues.
Catholics weie uisciiminateu against thioughout Noithein Iielanu, with Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy
becoming a flashpoint of uisputes.
Civil iights campaigns began in the miu 196us, as an attempt to uiaw attention to giievances felt
by Catholics acioss Noithein Iielanu. This became a mass movement when public
uemonstiations weie oiganizeu by the Noithein Iielanu Civil Rights Association (NICRA). Initial
uemonstiations happeneu without violence, anu weie opposeu by Piotestant Loyalists who felt
the campaign was a covei foi Iiish Republicans who wanteu to integiate the Noithein Iielanu
state into the Republic of Iielanu iathei than iefoim it. . Nonviolent piotest was met with
opposition that was incieasingly violent.
A maich oiganizeu foi S 0ctobei 1968 was banneu in auvance. When 4uu people tiieu to
pioceeu in uefiance of the ban, the Royal 0lstei Constabulaiy (R0C), the oveiwhelmingly
Piotestant police foice, useu batons to bieak up the maich. The scenes weie iecoiueu by
television cameias, anu the subsequent news coveiage spaikeu iioting in the city. Nany people
consiuei this event as the staiting uate of the Noithein Iielanu conflict: the "Tioubles."
A gioup calleu People's Bemociacy maicheu fiom Belfast to Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy fiom }anuaiy 1
to 4, 1969. 0n each uay of the maich, Loyalists confionteu, jostleu, anu physically attackeu the
maicheis. The R0C maue no effoit to pievent the attacks, one of which occuiieu in the
Wateisiue aiea of Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy. Latei that evening, membeis of the R0C attackeu people
anu piopeity in the Catholic Nationalist Bogsiue aiea of the city, which spaikeu seveial uays of
seiious iioting.
The way in which the police hanuleu the maich confiimeu the opinion of many Catholics that
the R0C coulu not be tiusteu to pioviue impaitial policing in Noithein Iielanu, anu it fuithei
alienateu Catholics fiom the Noithein Iielanu state itself.
Civil uniest ieacheu a peak in the summei of 1969. The annual tiauitional maiching season
spaikeu iiots in Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy, but the woist iioting occuiieu in August, following an
Appientice Boys paiaue commemoiating the Siege of Beiiy. Aftei thiee uays of Catholic iioting
against the police, which became known as the Battle of the Bogsiue, the Biitish uoveinment at
Westminstei agieeu that Biitish Aimy tioops woulu be ueployeu on the stieets in Noithein
Iielanu.
Nany Catholic Nationalists initially welcomeu the Biitish Aimy tioops as a safeguaiu against
theii feais of Piotestant pogioms. Neanwhile, many 0nionist politicians iesenteu the
inteifeience by the Biitish uoveinment in the affaiis of Noithein Iielanu. Inueeu, the
intiouuction of Biitish tioops pioveu to be a significant uevelopment towaius the establishment
of uiiect iule of Noithein Iielanu by Westminstei.
Inteinment without tiial of people suspecteu of being membeis of illegal paiamilitaiy gioups
was ieintiouuceu to Noithein Iielanu in August 1971. Fiom 1971 to 197S, a total of 1,981
people weie uetaineu: 1,874 weie CatholicRepublican, while 1u7 weie PiotestantLoyalist.
Inteinment uniteu Catholics in theii opposition to the piesence of Biitish Aimy tioops anu
paveu the way foi iesuigence of suppoit foi the Iiish Republican Aimy (IRA). 0ntil then, the IRA
hau been mostly uoimant since the 192us, with little populai suppoit.
Bloouy Sunuay iefeis to events that took place on Sunuay, Su }anuaiy 1972. A maich was
oiganizeu by NICRA to piotest the policy of inteinment. Appioximately 1S,uuu people took pait
69
in the maich. Biitish Aimy tioops pieventeu the maich fiom moving into the city centei. The
main bouy of the maich then moveu to "Fiee Beiiy Coinei" in the Bogsiue foi a ially. Some
young men began thiowing stones at soluieis neaiby. Soluieis moveu in to make aiiests, anu in
thiity minutes 1S men hau been shot ueau anu anothei inuiviuual uieu latei of his injuiies.
The events of Bloouy Sunuay causeu much shock anu ievulsion inteinationally. They also
iesulteu in a fuithei uiamatic inciease in suppoit foi the IRA. The IRA was veiy much in the
ascent in some Catholic communities, paiticulaily in Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy, Belfast, anu boiuei
counties aujacent to the Republic of Iielanu.
Theie was a foimal inquiiy by the Biitish uoveinment immeuiately aftei the killings. This
Wiugeiy Tiibunal founu no fault on the pait of the soluieis, while stating that theie was a
"stiong suspicion" that some of those killeu "hau been fiiing weapons oi hanuling bombs."
Those involveu in the maich pioviueu eviuence to the contiaiy.
The Bloouy Sunuay Inquiiy establisheu in1998 began heaiings in 2uuu anu uiu not concluue
until 2uuS. It is one of the longest anu most expensive in Biitish legal histoiy. The inquiiy's final
iepoit was scheuuleu foi a 22 Naich 2u1u uate of ielease, but cuiiently iemains in goveinment
hanus foi ievisions.
Recently, conceins have been iaiseu by Piotestants about the city's uivisions. Between 1971 anu
1991, within Beiiy Bistiict Council Aiea, the Piotestant population ueclineu by S1 peicent,
while Catholic population incieaseu by S6 peicent. Fewei than Suu Piotestants now live in the
Citysiue, compaieu to 18,uuu in 1969. The uemogiaphics suggest that the city is well on its way
to becoming peimanently uiviueu.
But conceiteu effoits aie being maue by local community, chuich, anu political leaueis fiom
both tiauitions to ieuiess the pioblem. Theie is a consensus that much woik iemains.
Noieovei, Beiiy is still suffeiing the thieat of paiamilitaiy violence fiom a small minoiity. 0vei
the past seveial yeais, iepublican uissiuents have peipetiateu seiious inciuents against the PSNI
such as a 2uu-pounu cai bomb at a police station on 2 August 2u1u. Almost 1uu bombing
inciuents occuiieu in Noithein Iielanu in the past yeai, ieflecting the upsuige in uissiuent
iepublican activity. Constable Ronan Keii, age 2S, was killeu in 0magh in Apiil 2u11, as elections
began. This piompteu unpieceuenteu political unity acioss uemociatic foices. Fiist Ninistei
Petei Robinson ueuicateu his paity's electoial successes to Keii's memoiy.
In the iecent local elections helu on S Nay 2u11, SBLP maintaineu its position as the biggest
paity in Beiiy City Council, with 14 councilois compaieu to Sinn Fin's 12, B0P's S anu 00P's
one.
Beiiy-Lonuonueiiy was selecteu as the 0K City of Cultuie in 2u1S. The Inuepenuent Auvisoiy
Panel (IAP), which chose Beiiy, consiueieu the city's capacity to "auuiess past conflicts as a
souice of inspiiation" anu believeu the willingness of civic leaueis to confiont the legacy of its
iecent histoiy was one of the most positive aspects of its biu. The potential step-changes that
the city coulu achieve aie veiy substantial, by helping cieate a new naiiative about the city as
well as iealising community, social anu economic benefits.
7u
Baifa
Forum for Cities
in Transition
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City Piofile
Locateu in noithwestein Isiael along the Bay of Baifa, the city of Baifa is situateu between
the Neuiteiianean Sea anu Nount Caimel. It is 9S km fiom Tel Aviv anu 126 km fiom Beiiut,
Lebanon. Baifa is the thiiu laigest city in Isiael anu is the countiy's main poit. Although
}uuaism is by fai the majoiity ieligion in Baifa (8u%), the city's population of 267,uuu is also
maue up of Palestinian Nuslims (appioximately 4%), Palestinian Chiistians (appioximately
6%), with othei faiths, incluuing Biuze anu Baha'i, oi those inuiviuuals who categoiize
themselves as nonieligious, making up the othei 1u% of the population.
Baifa's histoiy uates back to pie-uieek anu Roman times with aichaeological eviuence
inuicating a thiiving poit city existeu in the aiea. Biblical anu Talmuuic iefeiences aie maue
to the site. Aftei this, the city was subjecteu to a seiies of conquests by the Byzantine Empiie,
Aiab-Nuslims, Euiopean Ciusaueis anu Namluks, 0ttoman Tuiks, anu Nanuate-eia Biitish.
Baifa's uevelopment has uepenueu on the stiategic goals imposeu by this seiies of iuleis.
The 7
th
centuiy Aiab-Nuslim conquest of the Byzantines biought a wave of uevelopment to
Baifa. The 9
th
centuiy saw the expansion of the shipyaius, anu the establishment of sea tiaue
with Egypt. By the 1u
th
anu 11
th
centuiies, the aiea expeiienceu both economic anu cultuial
giowth. At this time, both Aiab Nuslims anu }ews contiibuteu to the giowing piospeiity,
with }ews involveu in tiaue, commeicial enteipiises, anu the shipyaius, with Nuslims
managing the goveinment anu auministiation of the city.
This eia of piospeiity anu co-existence enueu in 11uu when the Ciusaues biought
uestiuction to Palestine. The city's inhabitants fought the invaueis, but the shipyaius weie
uestioyeu anu the citizens massacieu. The Ciusaues ietuineu Baifa to its eailiei status as a
tiny fishing anu faiming village. Although Ciusaueis eventually alloweu Baifa to ie-establish
itself as a seconuaiy poit to Acie, in 126S, the Namluks conqueieu Baifa, anu uestioyeu the
poit city to piotect against futuie Ciusauei conquest. It was not until 1S16, when the
0ttomans uefeateu the Namluks that Baifa began to ieemeige as the centei of shipping in
the iegion.
Buiing the foui hunuieu yeais of 0ttoman iule, ieligious toleiance was piacticeu in Baifa. A
Chiistian gioup, known as the Caimelites, built a monasteiy at Nount Caimel. Theii
influence was gieat, paiticulaily in the aiea of meuicine anu euucation. Both Beuouins anu
Egyptians, as well as Napoleon, hau, at vaiious times, political influence ovei Baifa uuiing the
0ttoman Eia; anu all alloweu non-Nuslim to settle in the iegion. By the 186u's, Baifa hau
ieemeigeu as a centei foi commeice, anu the ueiman Templeis immigiateu to Baifa anu
establisheu a colony at the base of Nount Caimel. Like the Caimelites, the Templeis hau a
laige impact on the poit city. They auvanceu tianspoitation, anu encouiageu a thiiving
business community. Auuitionally, the influence of the Baha'i helpeu foige mouein Baifa. The
Baha'i ieligion emphasizes toleiance anu peace. Touay, Baifa iemains the centei of the Baha'i
faith. The last majoi contiibution of the 0ttoman eia was the builuing of a majoi iailway anu
moueinizeu uock. This set the stage foi Baifa to emeige as a technological anu inuustiial
71
centei in the twentieth centuiy. 0ttoman iule enueu with the uefeat of the empiie by allieu
foices in Woilu Wai 0ne, at which time the Biitish Nanuate peiiou began.
0nuei the Biitish, Baifa's economy flouiisheu as the poit was expanueu anu oil iefineiies
weie built. The existence of the new poit encouiageu mass migiation of both Palestinians
anu }ews to the city. Piioi to Woilu Wai 0ne, the city's population was pieuominately Nuslim
anu Chiistian Aiabs, with only 1S% being }ewish. By 1944, as Woilu Wai II uiew to a close,
the }ewish population hau steauily incieaseu to S2% of a population that now numbeieu
128,uuu. The Palestinian population also multiplieu, as Baifa became a viviu uiban anu
cultuial centei of Palestine uuiing the yeais of the Biitish manuate.. Initially, Baifa's
economic inteiests hau an insulating effect, piotecting the city fiom the giowing tensions
taking place thioughout the iest of Palestine This effect uiu not last, howevei, as Baifa's
}ewish population became incieasingly politically active. Resiuential neighboihoous became
moie segiegateu, with the Aiabs being ciowueu into the pooiei aieas of the city. With this
segiegation, acts of violence escalateu anu eventually tuineu into outiight waifaie between
Palestinians anu }ews.
The 0niteu Nations passeu the Paitition Plan foi Palestine in 1947, anu in the wai that
eiupteu following this uecision the }ewish Baganah uefeateu the Aiab foices anu took
contiol of Baifa in Apiil 1948. When the fighting was ovei, only S,uuu of the 7S,uuu
Palestinians who liveu in the city piioi to the wai weie left in Baifa. The iest hau become
iefugees - fleeing the aiea (accoiuing to the foimal Isiaeli veision) oi being uepoiteu
(accoiuing to the Palestinian veision). Baifa's olu city was uestioyeu in an effoit to pievent
the ietuin of its iesiuents, anu most of the Palestinian piopeities weie confiscateu by the
state. In the afteimath of the wai, the State of Isiael was boin, anu much of Baifa's lanu was
ieuistiibuteu by the state to an influx of new }ewish immigiants settling in the poit city.
0f the five mixeu cities in Isiael touay, Baifa is the most cohesive. While most iesiuential
neighboihoous aie segiegateu between Aiabs anu }ews, some apaitment builuings aie
shaieu between the two gioups. Aiab businesses aie pationizeu by Isiaeli }ews, anu social
inteiaction between the two gioups appeais to be impioving. A case in point woulu be the
fact that in Becembei, the city hosts the "Festival of Festivals," which celebiates Banukkah,
Chiistmas anu Ramauan. Buiing this festival, thousanus of people tiavel to Baifa to
paiticipate in the celebiation anu walk along the "Co-existence Walk," which passes thiough
the city's olu neighboihoous. In spite of this founuation of goou will, numeious issues iemain
touay.

}ewish anu Aiab schools in Baifa iemain laigely segiegateu, anu Chiistians have a sepaiate
piivate school system with highei euucational achievement levels than Aiab public schools.
Because of this, }ews anu Chiistians have highei stuuent populations at the univeisity level.
Wheie the Palestinian Chiistian population has been able to achieve a bioau iepiesentation
in the miuule class, Palestinian Nuslims aie mostly limiteu to the woiking class. In geneial,
Palestinians live in pooiei neighboihoous, anu have limiteu access to upwaiu mobility.
Although Baifa enjoys gieatei inteinal stability than othei mixeu cities, it falls shoit of
pioviuing equality amongst the factions that call the city theii home. Palestinians aie socially
anu economically uisauvantageu in compaiison to theii }ewish counteipaits. Few own theii
own lanu, anu although the city's uiveise economy has pioviueu ample jobs, the cost of living
is high, making piospeiity illusive uieam foi the vast majoiity of the Aiab population.
72
}eiusalem
Forum for Cities
in Transition
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City Piofile
}eiusalem, accoiuing to the Toiah0lu Testament, was the capital of Isiael some Suuu
yeais ago. }eiusalem is a city steepeu in antiquity, having been uestioyeu anu iebuilt on
numeious occasions. Conqueieu anu ie-conqueieu many times, Pompey's conquest in 6S
BCE usheieu in the peiiou of Roman anu Byzantine iule that lasteu until the Nuslim
conquest in CE 6S6-6S8. In the 16
th
centuiy }eiusalem, along with the iest of Palestine,
was absoibeu into the 0ttoman Empiie. Buiing the last uecaues of the nineteenth centuiy,
the uemogiaphics of Palestine began to change. The fiist clashes between Aiab Nuslims
anu }ews occuiieu aftei an inciease in Russian anu Eastein Euiopean }ewish immigiation
to Palestine that began in the 188u's. Aftei the uefeat of the 0ttomans in Woilu Wai I, the
Biitish weie given a manuate ovei Palestine in 1922. The Nanuate Eia applieu the
piinciples of the Balfoui Beclaiation, which piomiseu a }ewish homelanu, while
maintaining the iights of non-}ewish communities, in Palestine. At the time of the
Nanuate, the Nuslim population of }eiusalem was 1u,6uu, the }ewish population was
S1,uuu, anu the Chiistian population was 11,66S.
In 1947, the 0N pioposeu a paitition of Palestine into two states. The }ewish state was
allocateu SS peicent of the lanu foi less SS peicent of the population anu the Palestinian
state was allocateu 4S peicent of the lanu foi appioximately 66 peicent of the population.
}eiusalem woulu become an "inteinational city." The Zionists accepteu the paitition, while
Palestinians anu the Aiab states iejecteu it. 0n 14 Nay 1948, the Biitish Nanuate was
teiminateu; Isiael ueclaieu its inuepenuence anu the fiist AiabIsiaeli wai bioke out. The
Zionists pievaileu, anu claimeu an auuitional 2S peicent of the lanu. }eiusalem was
uiviueu: West }eiusalem became pait of Isiael while East }eiusalem came unuei the
juiisuiction of }oiuan. In the AiabIsiaeli wai of 1967, Isiael gaineu contiol of both West
anu East }eiusalem. The inteinational community has nevei accepteu this annexation.
Since 1967, theie have been numeious Aiab-Isiaeli conflicts anu numeious effoits to
make peace, incluuing the piesent effoits being speaiheaueu by Piesiuent 0bama's
Special Envoy to the Niuule East Senatoi ueoige Nitchell. The peace effoits of the past
have faileu to ieconcile the uiffeiences between all paities, anu bitteiness anu hatieu on
both siues peisist. Citizens within the city maintain little inteiaction with municipal
authoiities anu seivices in Palestinian neighboihoous in East }eiusalem aie not on pai
with seivices in pieuominantly }ewish neighboihoous. The boiueis of }eiusalem iemain a
topic of gieat contention between }ews anu Palestinians, with the question of who
contiols East }eiusalem being a funuamental issue to be uealt with.
The 0lu City of }eiusalem is uiviueu into Nuslim, }ewish, Chiistian, anu Aimenian
quaiteis. It is unique in that it is sacieu to the thiee Abiahamic faiths. The Temple Nount
oi A3 P()(7C(3CA'()"6, houses seveial holy sites ieveieu by the thiee ieligions. The
Westein (Wailing) Wall, which iuns the length of the westein siue of Temple Nount, is the
iemaining wall of Solomon's Temple, which was uestioyeu by the Babylonians, anu is
}uuaism's most sacieu site. Al Baiam-al-Shaiif is the sanctuaiy that contains both the al-
Aqsa Nosque anu the Bome of the Rock, anu is Islam's thiiu most sacieu site. The (3CJT%(
7S
G+%T-$ was constiucteu in the seventh centuiy ovei the iuins of the }ewish Temple that
was uestioyeu by the Romans in 7u CE, while the Bome of the Rock was built ovei the site
fiom which Nuhammau is saiu to have ascenueu to Beaven. }ust a shoit walk away is the
Chuich of the Boly Sepulchei, sacieu to Chiistians because it houses both the place of
}esus' Ciucifixion anu the tomb in which he was buiieu. Nembeis of all thiee faiths fiom
aiounu the woilu tiavel to the 0lu City to visit these sites foi ieligious obseivation,
howevei, Palestinians living in the West Bank anu uaza cannot easily get to the Temple
Nount.
Staiting in 2uu2, Isiael built a Sepaiation Wall, which cuts a line along the outei iim of
}eiusalem, enclosing Palestinians within the West Bank anu making access to }eiusalem
extiemely uifficult foi Palestinians who aie not iesiuents of the city oi who have woik
peimits. In 2uu8, }eiusalem hau a population of appioximately 76u,8uu; appioximately
429,uuu }ews, anu 268,uuu Aiabs. Religiously, 64% of the population is }ewish, SS% is
Nuslim anu 2.S% is Chiistian. Clashes, wai, anu contestation between Palestinians anu
}ews have been the hallmaiks of the city's histoiy foi 9u yeais anu show no sign of abating
oi being of less intensity. 0n the contiaiy, the status of }eiusalem will be a key anu
contentious issue in futuie negotiations on the Palestinian-Isiaeli conflict. Compounuing
these immense pioblems facing the city in the context of peace agieement between Isiael
anu the Palestinians aie the }ewish settlements that now extenu fiom }eiusalem into aieas
of the West Bank anu the question of iesiuential constiuction in East }eiusalem.
74
Kauuna
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City Piofile
Kauuna is the capital of Kauuna State, Nigeiia with a population of about 1.S million people.
Languages incluue English, Bausa, anu seveial local languages. Religion: the noithein pait of
the state is pieuominantly Nuslim, while the southein pait is pieuominantly Chiistian; a small
numbei of piactitioneis of tiauitional Afiican ieligions aie also piesent. The aiea of Kauuna is
7,626.2u sq. kilometies.
The 0niteu Kinguom foimeu Nigeiia in 1914 fiom two pieviously sepaiate colonies: one in the
Nuslim-majoiity noith anu one in the Chiistian-majoiity south, ensuiing that this uiviue
woulu iemain cential in the nation's politics. The countiy is fuithei uiviueu into six zones, anu
majoi political positions aie iotateu among these zones - S in the noith anu S in the south -
which assuies an ethnic balance. The piesiuent anu goveinois aie limiteu to two teims of foui
yeais each.
Kauuna, the capital of Kauuna state, is situateu on the Kauuna Rivei, the main tiibutaiy of the
Nigei Rivei anu home to many ciocouiles. The city's name ueiives fiom the Bausa woiu foi
ciocouiles, "Kaua." It was founueu by the Biitish as the capital of Noithein Nigeiia in 1917,
anu was iecognizeu as the commeicial, inuustiial, anu political centei of Noithein Nigeiia.
0f the 6 million people who live in Kauuna State touay, 1.S million people live in the city of
Kauuna, which is ioughly split 4u6u between Chiistians anu Nuslims. By uesign, the colonial
authoiities cieateu a settlement pattein that segiegateu the two faiths; howevei the local
population iesisteu this anu moveu libeially thioughout the city. In geneial, a majoiity of
Chiistians inhabit the southein siue of the city, anu a majoiity of Nuslims live in the noithein
siue. 0nlike othei cities in Nigeiia, Kauuna is chaiacteiizeu by its uibanization anu uoes not
have the typical "settlei" veisus "inuigenous population" tension. This is laigely because
Kauuna is an economic centei anu many people move theie foi woik.
Kauuna once hau a flouiishing textile inuustiy, howevei, most of the factoiies closeu uue to
economic policy neglect uuiing militaiy iule, anu moie iecently, competition fiom Chinese
impoits. Cuiiently the economy of Kauuna is suppoiteu mainly thiough tiaue in cotton-
textiles anu beveiages, anu fuinituie factoiies. A pipeline ueliveis oil fiom the Nigei Belta to
the oil iefineiy anu petiochemical plant, an impoitant employei in a city with high
unemployment. A 2uu9 Woilu Bank stuuy shows that one out of eveiy five auults in Nigeiia is
unemployeu. Kauuna is listeu as one of the six cities with the highest unemployment. Kauuna
state is the home of many impoitant institutes of highei euucation incluuing the Nigeiian
Nilitaiy Tiaining College, Kauuna Polytechnic, Ahmauu Bello 0niveisity, Kauuna State
0niveisity, Nigeiian College of Aviation Technology, anu the Nigeiian Institute foi
Tiypanosomiasis Reseaich. The Nigeiian Nilitaiy Tiaining College is the only militaiy institute
that tiains Nigeiian officeis in the Aimy, Aii Foice, anu Navy.
In 2uuu, the city of Kauuna maue inteinational heaulines when a violent conflict between
Nuslims anu Chiistians in the city left 2,uuu ueau anu ovei 1u,uuu injuieu in a clash that
lasteu fiom Febiuaiy to Nay of that yeai. 0vei 2,uuu piopeities weie uestioyeu, incluuing 17u
7S
chuiches anu mosques, anu between 6u,uuu to 6S,uuu people weie inteinally uisplaceu. The
violence was spaikeu uuiing a piotest by Chiistian gioups in iesponse to the uebate foi the
intiouuction of the ciiminal coue of Islamic Shaii'a law in Kauuna state. In 2uu2, Kauuna was
once moie iockeu by violence ovei what is known as the "Niss Woilu Riots" in which 2Su
people weie killeu within thiee uays.
As a iesult of these bouts of violence, the Kauuna state goveinment unuei uoveinoi Ahmeu
Nakaifi instituteu seveial impoitant iefoims known as the "Kauuna Compiomise," which has
pioviueu a mouel foi othei Nigeiian states. 0nuei the Compiomise, the Shaii'a ciiminal coue
was implementeu only in Nuslim-majoiity local goveinments in the state anu with cleai
assuiances that it woulu only be applieu to Nuslims. Thus theie is a tiipaitite couit system of
seculai, tiauitional, anu Shaii'a couits. The state goveinment in iecent yeais has also
incieaseu the piesence of secuiity agencies acioss the state.
Religious anu tiauitional leaueis still have gieat influence in the community anu often assist in
meuiation effoits. 0ne souice of conflict, howevei, was the powei vesteu by the Biitish in
colonial times to the Emii of Zaiia as the heau of tiauitional leaueis in the state. 0nuei the
Kauuna Compiomise, howevei, uoveinoi Nakaifi gianteu auuitional chiefuoms to vaiious
local goveinments of the state, such that Chiistians now have state-iecognizeu tiauitional
leaueis among theii constituencies.
With these changes, veiy little public uniest has been seen since the inciuents of 2uuu anu
2uu2, anu Kauuna iemains a mouel to which othei Nigeiian states along the ethnic anu
ieligious uiviues look foi solutions to theii own conflicts. Nonetheless, tensions among the
communities iemain, especially amiu piotiacteu unemployment as Kauuna's last textile mill
shut its uoois in 2uu9, anu the piesence of secuiity foices iemains high. Nigeiia faies pooily
on Tianspaiency Inteinational's Coiiuption Suivey.

76
Kiikuk
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City Piofile
The population of Iiaq is estimateu at 28 million, although 2.S million have fleu the countiy to
escape sectaiian violence, which is one of the laigest souices of iefugees since 2uuS, anu
anothei 5lU million have been uisplaceu inteinally. Best estimates foi ethnic gioups aie that
7S to 8u peicent aie Aiab anu 1S to 2u peicent aie Kuius. Significant minoiity ethnic gioups
togethei constitute about S peicent of the population. These incluue Tuikmen, Assyiians, anu
Chalueans. Best estimates of ieligious affiliation show that 97 peicent of the population is
Nuslim. 0f these 6u to 6S peicent is Shia anu S2 to S7 peicent is Sunni. Chiistians anu othei
non-muslim gioups make up S peicent.
Kuiuistan has been an autonomous iegion of Iiaq since 1991, when the inteinational
community applieu a no-fly zone aftei the fiist uulf Wai.
Kiikuk lies about 1Su miles noith of Baghuau. The oiigin of the name Kiikuk is Assyiian.
Kiikuk is ueiivative of the Assyiian name (Kaikha B-Bet Slokh), which means the city
besiegeu by a wall. The piesent city of Kiikuk stanus on the site of the ancient Assyiian city
calleu Aiabkha, which existeu in the Sth Nillennium BC. The city ieacheu gieat piominence in
the 11th anu 1uth centuiies BC unuei the Assyiians' iule. The oluest pait of the city is
clusteieu aiounu a citauel built on an ancient mount. Kiikuk contains oilfielus accounting foi
1S peicent of Iiaq's pioven ieseives. The iegion aiounu Kiikuk accounts foi as much as 4u
peicent of Iiaq's oil piouuction anu 7u peicent of its natuial-gas piouuction; 6actois that
contiibute to making "owneiship" of Kiikuk a mattei of contention.
Kiikuk is the most ethnically uiveise city in Iiaq. Between the 197us anu 2uuS, the iegime of
Sauuam Bussein upiooteu moie than 1uu,uuu Kuius (some estimates say 2uu,uuu) in his
effoits to "Aiabize" the city. Kuius stake a histoiical claim uating back to the late nineteenth
centuiy, when, they asseit, Kuius maue up thiee-quaiteis of the population of Kiikuk
4)+/"*,$. A 19S7 census showeu, howevei, that Tuikmen pieuominateu, making up S7 peicent
of the population, while Kuius maue up SS peicent, Aiabs 22 peicent, anu Chiistians one
peicent insiue the ,"#1 +6 U")@-@. That census ievealeu that in the Kiikuk 4)+/"*,$8 the
population piopoitions weie as follows: Kuius at 48 peicent; Tuikmen at 21 peicent; Aiabs at
28 peicent anu Chiistians at less than 1 peicent. It shoulu be noteu that some souices suggest
that the 19S7 census showeu that Kuius weie the majoiity.
Statistics in Iiaq anu the usages to which they aie put aie highly contioveisial anu uiffeient
censuses have geneiateu uiffeient iesults anu weie highly politicizeu. Sunni Aiabs,
meanwhile, cite a 1997 census that showeu Aiabsboth Shiite anu Sunnimaue up S8
peicent of the city's population. Some expeits say the uata is faulty because unuei the "Ethnic
Coiiection Policy," many Kuius anu Tuikmen unwillingly changeu theii Iiaqi National
Iuentification Caiu, i.e., to be iegaiueu as Aiabs, so they woulu not iisk being expelleu fiom
theii houses to othei piovinces.
Since the toppling of the iegime in 2uuS, hunuieus of thousanus of inteinally uisplaceu Kuius
anu Tuikmen ietuineu to Kiikuk to ieclaim theii lost piopeities oi iesiue in camps on the
77
eastein fiinge of the city. Some expeits say theii motivation was to iebalance the city's
population in piepaiation foi the Becembei 2uu7 iefeienuum. Nost expeits say Kuius now
make up a cleai majoiity anu ietain contiol ovei most of the city's impoitant political posts,
because of a iuling allowing aiounu 7u,uuu uisplaceu Kuius to vote. The Tuikmen, once the
founuation of the city's uiban elite, have been most affecteu as a iesult of continuous ethnic
violence. Peihaps up to SSu,uuu Kuius have ietuineu to Kiikuk. Although theie aie no
uefinitive figuies available, it is geneially accepteu that Kuius aie now in the majoiity.
Aiticle 14u of the Iiaq Constitution stipulateu that a piovince-wiue iefeienuum to ueteimine
the status of Kiikuk woulu take place befoie S1 Becembei 2uu7. Bowevei, citing secuiity
conceins, the goveinment faileu to conuuct the iefeienuum. Tuikmen in paiticulai aie
opposeu to a Kiikuk iuleu by Kuius, because they see it as the fiist step to incoipoiate Kiikuk
into Kuiuistan. Tuikmen complain of being scapegoateu by Kuius, subject to attack anu
uisciimination. 0thei ethnic gioups haiboi similai complaints in the face of aggiessive moves
on the pait of the Kuius who have taken majoiity contiol of Kiikuk piovince, allowing them to
place Kuiuish loyalists in key positions in the civil seivice, take contiol of Kiikuk's intelligence
seivices anu policemen, while Kuiuish Peshmeiga (the aimy of Kuiuistan) iemain baseu
outsiue the city.
Tuikey feais that a Kuiuistan with Kiikuk as its capital anu sitting atop such oil abunuance
woulu constitute a move by Kuiuistan towaiu cieating an inuepenuent Kuiuish state. Ankaia's
piimaiy concein is that such a move by the Kuiuish Regional uoveinment (KRu) to seek
gieatei autonomy coulu spill ovei into its own boiueis anu spaik uniest among Tuikey's own
12 million Kuius. Iiaq's Sunni anu Shiite nationalists, feaiing an eventual split-up of Iiaq, say
Kiikuk is home to Aiabs as well as Kuius anu thus shoulu not be incoipoiateu into Iiaq's
autonomous iegion of Kuiuistan. They accuse Kuius of foicibly uiiving Sunni anu Shiite Aiabs
out of theii homes, of oveistating theii claim to Kiikuk, as well as "ieveise ethnic cleansing" by
uisplacing some of the city's Aiab iesiuents. But to most Kuius, Kiikuk is theii "}eiusalem,"
linkeu by centuiies of histoiy anu cultuie.
Although piovincial elections weie helu thioughout Iiaq on S1 }anuaiy 2uu9, no elections weie
helu in Kiikuk because of uisagieement iegaiuing the size of the city's population. A 0N uiaft
pioposal (as pait of the Piovincial Election Law a special aiticle ielateu to Kiikuk was issueu:
Aiticle 2S) stipulates a tempoiaiy powei-shaiing agieement oi joint auministiation on an
equally piopoitionate basis: S2 peicent iepiesentation each foi Kuius, Aiabs anu Tuikmen anu
4 peicent foi minoiities. This pioposal has been auopteu by the Kiikuk Piovincial Council
(KPC).
Kiikuk is Iiaq's tinueibox of conflict, with the potential of all-out wai between the Peshmeiga
anu Iiaqi secuiity foices as well as inteinecine ethnosectaiian violence among Tuikmen,
Kuius, anu Aiabs.
Iiaqi national elections helu in Naich 2u1u hau a SS% tuinout, but it iemains to be seen if a
tiansition in powei occuis in the vaiious piovinces anu uisputeu iegions incluuing Kiikuk,
whethei violence anu ethnic tensions will follow. The election iesults cleaily ieflecteu the
ethnic situation on the giounu in Kiikuk, since Aiab anu Tuikmen joineu the Al-Iiaqia list
leaueu by Ayau Allawi (iepiesenting the majoi Aiab Sunni political block) gaineu 6 seats in the
Piovince of Kiikuk (incluuing 2 foi the Tuikmen) while the only Kuiuish list that succeeueu in
getting 6 seats was the Kuiuistani Alliance, leu by the two majoi paities, Patiiotic 0nion of
Kuiuistan (P0K) anu Kuiuistan Bemociatic Paity (KBP). The Chiistians assuieu theii only seat
in Kiikuk thiough the piivilege of the Election Law quota system foi minoiities in the countiy.

78
Nitiovic Kosovska Nitiovica
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City Piofile
Kosovo was the last pait of Yugoslavia to pioclaim inuepenuence in a move iecognizeu by 69
countiies (out of 192 0N membeis) to uate but not Seibia. The final status of Kosovo theiefoie
iemains contesteu. In }uly 2u11, the Inteinational Couit of }ustice iuleu that Kosovo's
ueclaiation of inuepenuence fiom Seibia in 2uu8 was not illegal unuei inteinational law, in
iesponse to a complaint fiom Seibia that it hau violateu its teiiitoiial integiity. As of Naich
2u11, Seibia anu Kosovo began uiiect talks to tiy to enu theii uispute - theii fiist talks since
Kosovo ueclaieu inuepenuence in 2uu8.
0f Kosovo's appioximately 2.1 million people, it is estimateu that Albanians compiise at least
88 peicent anu Seibs at most 7 peicent of the population. Aftei yeais of tiying to ieach some
accommouation between the Belgiaue goveinment anu Kosovo Albanians, the 0niteu Nations
appointeu meuiatoi Naiti Athisaaii put foiwaiu a plan calling foi supeiviseu Kosovo
inuepenuence. The 0niteu States (0S) anu the Euiopean 0nion (E0) embiaceu the plan, but
the 0niteu Nations uiu not; Russia, which siueu with the Seibs on the issue, withhelu its vote in
the Secuiity Council. In Febiuaiy 2uu8, Kosovo's Albanian-majoiity Piovisional Institutions of
Self-uoveinment ueclaieu inuepenuence fiom Seibia, again with iecognition fiom many
Westein countiies anu the 0niteu States, but not the 0niteu Nations. Aftei agieement fiom the
0niteu Nations ueneial Assembly, the Seibian goveinment iequesteu an opinion on the legality
of the inuepenuence ueclaiation fiom the Inteinational Couit of }ustice (IC}). Consequently, IC}
iuleu that Kosovo's ueclaiation of inuepenuence fiom Seibia in 2uu8 was not illegal unuei
inteinational law.
The municipality of Nitiovic Kosovska Nitiovica lies about 4u km noith of Piistina. It
consists of one town anu foity-nine villages. Since 1999, the town has been uiviueu along the
IbiIbai Rivei. Nitiovic Kosovska Nitiovica has a histoiy of communal violence. With the
wai's enu, a seveie outbieak of violence in 2uu4 anu the ueclaiation of inuepenuence, the
population moveu in two uiiections: Seibs who weie living on the southein bank of the iivei to
the noithein siue anu Albanians on the noith siue to the south. The noithein pait of the
municipality has a Seib majoiity anu the southein pait an Albanian majoiity.
The noithein pait is auministeieu by both the 0niteu Nations Auministiation-Nitiovica anu by
its own electeu municipality, which is ultimately iun by Belgiaue. The southein pait is
goveineu by its own municipal institutions, which iegaiu the noithein municipality
goveinment as illegal anu ue juie claim juiisuiction ovei the whole municipal teiiitoiy.
Bioauly speaking, Kosovo Albanians feai paitition of the city anu that the Seibian goveinment
will attempt to sevei the noithein tip of the piovince anu have it integiateu into Seibia. Kosovo
Seibs feai being ieintegiateu into a Kosovo-Albanian contiolleu town, a small, maiginalizeu
gioup in an inuepenuent Kosovo, iisking intimiuation anu the slow emasculation of theii
cultuie anu language.
Nitiovic Kosovska Nitiovica city itself is less than thiee squaie kilometeis in size with a
population of appioximately 8S,uuu. 0n the noithein siue of the iivei, Kosovai Seibs account
foi an estimateu 16,uuu people anu on the southein siue theie aie an estimateu 66,uuu
79
Kosovai Albanians. Theie aie also seveial othei ethnic communities living on the city anu its
suiiounuing villages. Foi all piactical puiposes, the two laigest communities live in uiffeient
systems (with uiffeient languages, cuiiencies, telecommunications, anu electiicity supply anu
so on). An estimateu 18% of all Seibs in Kosovo live in noith Nitiovic Koseovska Nitiovica.
Following the NAT0-leu campaign in 1999, which iesulteu in the ietieat of the Yugoslav Aimy
anu Seibian Police Foices fiom Kosovo, the "Kumanovo Nilitaiy-technical Agieement" anu 0N
Secuiity Council Resolution 1244, establisheu the basis foi the 0niteu Nations Nission in
Kosovo (0NINK) to become the auministiative authoiity anu the NAT0-leu Kosovo Foice
(KF0R), the chief secuiity authoiity.
0NNIK, which stiuggleu to exeicise authoiity in Nitiovica foi seveial yeais, has been ieplaceu
by E0LE, an E0 opeiation with a mission piimaiily to ensuie enfoicement of the law on both
siues of the iivei.
The E0's iule of law mission , E0LE, which is neutial on the status of Kosovo, pioviues
mentoiing, monitoiing anu auvising on policing thioughout Kosovo, incluuing Nitiovic
Kosovska Nitiovica. KF0R also maintains a secuiity piesence. The Inteinational Civilian 0ffice,
a bouy set up by states iecognizing Kosovo's inuepenuence, also has an office in Nitiovic
Kosovska Nitiovica. 0ne of the IC0'S tasks incluue implementing Ahtisaaii's uecentialization
pioposals, which woulu see the cuiient municipality split in two, goveineu by a joint
commission.
8u
Nitte (Beilin)
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City Piofile
With a population of aiounu S27,uuu in the yeai 2uu9 Nitte is the thiiu laigest uistiict in
the ueiman capitol (anu feueial state) of Beilin. The uistiict was foimeu fiom thiee foimei
Beilin uistiicts - Tieigaiten, Weuuing anu Nitte - in the couise of a consoliuation of the city
auministiation in 2uu1 uuiing which 12 uistiicts weie cieateu fiom the pievious 2S. Nitte
was one of the two uistiicts wheie foimei East anu West ueiman uistiicts came togethei.
Nitte thus went thiough two tiansitions in iecent histoiy, one in 199u when ueiman
ieunification came anu the seconu in 2uu1 when the uistiict iefoim took place.
Nitte is the Beilin uistiict with the laigest shaie of its population belonging to ethnic
minoiity gioups (almost 4S%). The laigest single ethnic gioup in Nitte is of Tuikish uescent
(27% of the foieign population in the uistiict) that oiiginally came as laboi migiants in the
196us anu 197us. The next laigei gioups come fiom foimei Yugoslavia (1u%), Polanu (9%)
anu Aiab countiies (8%). Nany of the foieign iesiuents aie socially uisauvantageu anu often
have not completeu an occupational tiaining piogiam. Nany (especially oluei) foieign
iesiuents lack sufficient ueiman language skills.
The thiee foimei uistiicts aie veiy uiffeient fiom each othei. Weuuing is on the whole
uensely populateu anu tiauitionally an inuustiial aiea wheie woikeis often liveu. This went
back as fai as the eaily yeais of ueiman inuustiialization. Since the ieciuitment of laboi
migiants, Weuuing has become home to a laige numbei people belonging to ethnic minoiity
gioups, especially Tuikish people who live veiy segiegateu in the noitheast pait of the
foimei uistiict. The majoiity of the population of Weuuing is socially uisauvantageu.
The foimei uistiict of Tieigaiten is veiy uiveise. 0n the one hanu theie aie socially
uisauvantageu neighboihoous in the Noith anu South that aie similai to Weuuing, but with
othei ethnic gioups. In auuition to Tuikish people, theie aie also many people fiom Aiab
countiies, Polanu oi foimei Yugoslavia. Nany of the foieign iesiuents in Tieigaiten came as
iefugees. 0n the othei hanu, Tieigaiten was pait of the section of Beilin wheie the ueiman
cential goveinment was locateu befoie the Seconu Woilu Wai anu has many histoiic
embassys anu goveinmental builuings that weie iestoieu to theii oiiginal functions aftei
the ieunification. Tieigaiten also has the "Tieigaiten", a laige foimal gaiuen that is an
attiaction foi touiists anu Beilin iesiuents alike.
The foimei uistiict of Nitte is veiy uiffeient fiom the othei two. The ueiman woiu Nitte
means "centei" anu the histoiic centei of Beilin was in the foimei uistiict of Nitte. Nany of
the famous museums, catheuials anu sights in Beilin aie theie. Nitte was also a location of
the ueiman cential goveinment befoie the Seconu Woilu Wai anu the goveinmental seat of
the ueiman Bemociatic Republic (East ueimany) aftei the wai. The social situation of the
population is much bettei than in Tieigaiten anu Weuuing. The foimei uistiict of Nitte has
fewei people fiom ethnic minoiity gioups than Weuuing anu Tieigaiten anu they come
fiom uiffeient countiies (pieuominately fiom the foimei Soviet bloc oi people woiking in
embassies).
The auministiation in the city anu state of Beilin is stiuctuieu somewhat peculiaily. 0n the
one hanu, the uistiict pailiaments anu commissioneis aie electeu by the people anu have
81
somewhat iestiicteu poweis of making uecisions anu setting piioiities. The uistiicts aie
biggei than most autonomous cities in ueimany, but the uistiict offices have much moie
limiteu poweis. They aie technically a pait of the state auministiation anu ieceive theii
funuing fiom the state tieasuiy. This means that eveiy attempt to economize in oiuei to
ieuuce the huge state uebt iestiicts the fiscal autonomy of the uistiicts. Anothei peculiaiity
is the fact that the uistiict mayoi uoes not have authoiity ovei the entiie uistiict
auministiation. Theie aie five uistiict commissioneis (six incluuing the mayoi) belonging to
main political paities iepiesenteu in the uistiict pailiament anu each is iesponsible foi his
oi hei own uepaitment.
As a whole, the people living in Nitte - also the ueimans - aie socially uisauvantageu
compaieu to most othei uistiicts. This means that the uistiict auministiation - especially in
aieas like the schools, the Kinueigaiten, the Bealth Bept. anu the Youth Seivices
Bepaitment geneially taiget this gioup. 0ne of the most impoitant instiuments foi helping
socially uisauvantageu aieas is calleu neighboihoou management (Quaitieismanagement
QN). This is a feueial goveinment piogiam to actively help uisauvantageu aieas. At the
moment it is the most impoitant souice of funuing foi measuies in many uiffeient aieas
(schools, integiation measuies, health piomotion measuies, builuing piojects).
0ne of the gieatest pioblems in Beilin (anu thus also in Nitte) is the huge uebt (aiounu 6u
billion ) that Beilin has accumulateu since the financial ieuistiibution plan that existeu in
foimei West ueimany (Beilinfoiueiung) anu was phaseu out aftei the ueiman unification.
Because West-Beilin was like an inlanu in the miuule of East ueimany, it neeueu financial
subsiuies to iemain solvent. Beilin was not a favoiable site foi inuustiy (high tianspoitation
costs) anu many businesses woulu have shut uown without assistance. This was also uone
foi piestige ieasons (Beilin was a Westein outpost in the Eastein bloc). East Beilin was
similaily subsiuizeu in East ueimany as the showcase foi the Waisaw Pact countiies.
Expectations weie high in the yeai 2uuu that a ieunifieu Beilin woulu emeige as a stiong
economic site between the Eastein anu Westein economic iegions. Aftei a shoit peiiou of
economic giowth, howevei, the economic anu cuiiency union between East anu West
ueimany leu eventually to the collapse of the Eastein Euiopean economies (anu also of the
inuustiial base in the eastein pait of ueimany) anu to a ueep iecession in ueimany anu
Beilin. Bue to the manifolu costs of iebuiluing the unifieu city anu the geneially high level of
goveinment employment, Beilin is still suffeiing fiom the economic buiuens of the
ieunification.

82
Nostai
Forum for Cities
in Transition
<+)-7 6+) !"#"$% "* =)(*%"#"+*
City Piofile
Nostai is a city anu municipality in Bosnia anu Beizegovina (BB), the biggest anu the most
impoitant city in the Beizegovina iegion anu the centei of the Beizegovina-Neietva Canton of
the Feueiation BB.
The fiist wiitten iecoius about the city can be uateu to 1474 anu they speak of a small village
suiiounuing a suspension biiuge ovei the Neietva iivei. Buiing the 0ttoman peiiou (1S
th
-19
th

centuiy) the settlement expanueu to become one of the most impoitant auministiative anu
commeicial centies in Bezegovina with the uevelopment of the settlement into the moie
mouein city of Nostai anu the ienovation of the biiuge into the beautiful single-span masoniy
aich calleu the "Staii Nost" oi the "0lu Biiuge." It is fiom this biiuge in which the name of the
city is ueiiveu as "Nostai" means "biiuge keepei" in the local language.
The Austio-Bungaiian Empiie absoibeu Nostai in 1878 anu it iuleu theie until the afteimath
of Woilu Wai I in 1918. Buiing theii iuling, the Austio-Bungaiians implementeu uiban policies
that moueinizeu the city though uevelopment of tiaffic infiastiuctuie anu uibanization of the
new city centie.
Buiing the 2u
th
centuiy, the city was affecteu by wiuei geopolitical ciicumstances, becoming
fiist a pait of Kinguom of Yugoslavia, then the Inuepenuent State of Cioatia, anu finally the
Socialist Feueial Republic of Yugoslavia. Aftei Woilu Wai II, the city giauually became a majoi
inuustiial anu touiist centei anu piospeieu economically uuiing the time of the Socialist
Feueial Republic of Yugoslavia. Fiom 1992, aftei Bosnia anu Beizegovina ueclaieu
inuepenuence fiom Yugoslavia, the town was subject to conflicts which enueu aftei the signing
of Bayton Agieement in 199S.
Accoiuing to a Census conuucteu in 1991, 7S,86S people weie iecoiueu living in the city. Touay
it is estimateu that aiounu 127,u66 people live in the city aiea.
Nostai has been a uiviueu city foi the last uecaue anu theie aie no inuicatois of change in the
neai futuie. The uivision was biought about by the 9u's wai in Yugoslavia anu since then, a
stieet in the centie of the city calleu the "Boulevaiu" has functioneu as the boiueiline between
the Bosnian-Cioat anu the Bosniak communities.
The city is almost equally uiviueu between Cioats anu Bosniaks, with the Cioats having a slight
numeiical euge. Theie is a small numbei of Seibs living in the city, howevei most left uuiing
the Wai. Nostai was a key city in Wai between Seibia anu Bosnia & Beizegovina with most of
the city, incluuing the iconic Staii Nost, being uestioyeu by constant shelling fiom all siues.
Bowevei, it anu much of the othei histoiical stiuctuies uestioyeu in the Wai, have been oi aie
in the piocess of being ieconstiucteu.
The biiuge being ieopeneu in 2uu4, has not biought the Cioats anu the Bosniaks togethei, anu
the city iemains uiviueu. The Cioats live on the Westein siue of the iivei anu the Bosniaks
iesiue on the Eastein siue. Politically, the Cioats anu the Bosniaks shaie powei equally as
outlineu in the Bayton Accoius of 199S which enueu the uevastating wai. 0nfoitunately, the
8S
institutionalizeu sepaiation has playeu out in the stieets as well with veiy pooi ielations being
seen between the two ethnic gioups. Theie is gieat mistiust anu uislike between the two siues,
anu in fact it has been noteu by some that it is as if theie is a wall between the two siues of the
iivei, not a biiuge.
Rebuiluing piojects to iestoie the city's once wonueiful aichitectuie has been the main
ieconciliation effoit foi the city, anu much foieign investment has contiibuteu to this cause.
Touay, the uivision is suppoiteu piimaiily by:
- paiallel euucation systems uiviueu on national basis
- paiallel cultuial institutions which gloiify the nationalist attituues with theii piogiams
- iueologies which have changeu thioughout the last centuiy anu aie ieflecteu in aichitectuie
- infiastiuctuie: the uiviueu watei supply system anu waste management among otheis
- uiban constiuction woiks, planneu to suppoit anu upkeep the city being uiviueu: biiuges
built to avoiu tiaffic connections between the two paits, a stieet with foui tiaffic lanes in the
place of the boiueiline, etc.
It is impoitant to mention that although in the absence of a physical baiiiei, the city is cleaily
uiviueu in teims of eveiyuay life. Whilst theie have been attempts to iehabilitate shaieu spaces,
the two communities still live next to each othei without inteiactions. Consensus has so fai
been ieacheu only in matteis iegaiuing the stiengthening of uiban polaiization, uiscaiuing any
possibility of iehabilitating public spaces.
84
Nostai
Forum for Cities
in Transition
<+)-7 6+) !"#"$% "* =)(*%"#"+*
City Piofile
Cypius is an islanu in the noitheastein coinei of the Neuiteiianean, at a uistance of Suu km
noith of Egypt, 9u km west of Syiia, S6u km fiom uieece, anu 6u km south of Tuikey; hence at
the ciossioaus of thiee continents, geogiaphically speaking. The population of Cypius is
estimateu at 796,uuu appioximately 77 peicent uieek Cypiiot, 18 peicent Tuikish Cypiiot,
anu S peicent "othei." Religious affiliation follows similai patteins between uieek 0ithouox
anu Nuslim.
Cypiiot histoiy ievolves aiounu thiee empiies the Byzantine Empiie foi almost nine
centuiies aftei the uivision of the Roman Empiie in 28S AB that molueu uieek Cypiiot cultuie
anu cieateu the basis of a lasting uieek 0ithouox Chiistian iuentity; the 0ttoman Empiie foi
thiee centuiies, beginning in 1S71 that biought Tuikish migiants to the islanu; anu the Biitish
Empiie foi neaily a centuiy beginning in 1878 that establisheu Cypius as a cential Biitish
colony.
Politically, the concept of $*+%"% unification with the uieek "motheilanu" became
impoitant to liteiate uieek Cypiiots in the uecaues aftei uieece gaineu its inuepenuence fiom
the 0ttomans in 1829. Nany uieek Cypiiots hau suppoiteu the uieek inuepenuence effoit that
began in 1821, leauing to seveie iepiisals by the 0ttoman Empiie.
In 1878, thiee centuiies of 0ttoman auministiation came to an enu, when the Biitish Empiie
took possession of the islanu anu annexeu it in 1914. uoveinment was uevolveu along ethnic
lines. The ieligious uiviue was ieinfoiceu by nationalist iueologies emanating fiom Euiope,
which cieateu the basis foi two uistinct nationalities with uiffeient loyalties. In 192S, unuei
the Tieaty of Lausanne, the nascent Tuikish iepublic ielinquisheu any claim to Cypius.
In 19SS, uieek Cypiiots began a gueiiilla wai against Biitish iule anu foi unification with
uieece. Tuikish Cypiiots opposeu $*+%"% anu uemanueu eithei unification with Tuikey oi
paitition. In 196u, Cypius gaineu inuepenuence aftei uieek anu Tuikish communities ieacheu
a compiomise agieement on a constitution that iequiieu powei shaiing.
The Constitution of Cypius oiiginally pioviueu foi shaieu goveinmental poweis between the
islanu's uieek anu Tuikish Cypiiot communities. It uiviueu the Nicosia Nunicipality into uieek
anu Tuikish sectois with a mayoi foi each sectoi anu two sets of city councilois. But ueep
uivisions anu mistiust between the two gioups leu to violent clashes in 196S-1964 anu 1967.
Tensions between the uieek Cypiiot majoiity anu Tuikish Cypiiot minoiity came to a heau in
Becembei 196S, when violence bioke out in the capital of Nicosia. Tuikish Cypiiots stoppeu
paiticipating in the goveinment. In 1964 when it appeaieu that Tuikey might invaue Cypius
on the pietext of its iight to piotect the minoiity Tuikish Cypiiot community, the goveinment
biought the mattei befoie the 0N. The 0N establisheu, with the consent of the goveinment,
the 0N Peacekeeping Foice on Cypius (0NFICYP), whose oiiginal manuate was "to use its best
effoits to pievent a iecuiience of fighting anu, as necessaiy, to contiibute to the maintenance
anu iestoiation of law anu oiuei anu a ietuin to noimal conuitions."
0n 2u }uly 1974, Tuikey invaueu Cypius. The pietext was a coup against Piesiuent Nakaiios
on }uly 1S, instigateu by the militaiy junta of uieece, which was intent on establishing $*+%"%5
8S
Tuikey iesponueu with an invasion, on the pietext of piotecting Tuikish Cypiiots anu
occupieu S6 peicent of the soveieign teiiitoiy of Cypius. Some 18u,uuu uieek Cypiiots weie
foicibly expelleu fiom oi fleu theii homes. In the non-Tuikish contiolleu pait of the islanu,
some Su,uuu Tuikish Cypiiots fleu in the opposite uiiection. The 0N anu all othei institutions
of the inteinational community conuemneu Tuikey's actions. Aftei wiuespieau fighting, a
cease-fiie was ueclaieu in August, anu the islanu became uiviueu into sepaiate uieek anu
Tuikish Cypiiot sections. But again, uespite inteinational piessuie, Tuikey iefuseu to
withuiaw.
In 198S, Tuikish Cypiiots maue a 0nilateial Beclaiation of Inuepenuence (0BI), in the face of
inteinational conuemnation, anu establisheu the Tuikish Republic of Noithein Cypius (TRNC)
in theii aiea. The TRNC is iecognizeu only by Tuikey. The naming anu iecognition of the TRNC
is a contioveisial issue among uieek Cypiiots, anu use the teim "so-calleu TRNC." 0theis will
use the teim "self-ueclaieu." The E0 uses the phiase "aieas not unuei the effective contiol of
the iepublic of Cypius." In 2uu8, appioximately 4u,uuu Tuikish aimy tioops weie stationeu in
the Tuikish Cypiiot pait of Cypius. The Tuikish Cypiiots aie heavily uepenuent on tiansfeis
fiom the Tuikish uoveinment. Ankaia uiiectly finances aiounu one-thiiu of the TRNC's
buuget.
The Republic of Cypius, inteinationally iecognizeu as encompassing all of Cypius, is unable to
exeicise its manuate in the aiea of Cypius unuei the contiol of Tuikish Cypiiots backeu by
Ankaia. 0nly Tuikey uoes not iecognize the iepublic of Cypius as the legal goveinment of the
entiie islanu. Anu only Tuikey iecognizes the noithein section as an inuepenuent countiy.
Biviueu Nicosia (calleu K$2@+%"( by the uieek Cypiiots anu calleu K$2@+%'( by Tuikish
Cypiiots) is the capital in both sections. Touay, in that pait of Nicosia unuei effective contiol of
the iepublic of Cypius, the uieek Cypiiot population is 28u,uuu while the aiea of Nicosia on
the noithein siue of the 0N buffei zone has a population of about 8S,uuu Tuikish Cypiiots.
Nany Cypiiots, who lost theii homes anu possessions uuiing the uecaues of conflict,
emigiateu. In the 0K alone, theie aie estimateu touay ovei 2uu,uuu uieek Cypiiot emigiants
anu 1uu,uuu Tuikish Cypiiots. It is estimateu that peihaps 1uu,uuu Tuikish settleis have
settleu in the self-ueclaieu TRNC, although the numbei is to be confiimeu in a pioposeu 0N
census. 0f the 2u,uuu uieek Cypiiots, who iemaineu in the TRNC aiea aftei 1974, fewei than
Suu iemain cuiiently.
The Republic of Cypius was aumitteu to the E0 on 1 Nay 2uu4, officially iepiesenting the
entiie islanu. Bowevei, the (,T-"% ,+77-*(-#(")$ (the Euiopean bouy of law) uoes not apply
in the noithein pait of the islanu. Tuikish Cypiiots have oi can obtain citizenship of the
Republic of Cypius, which entitles them to tiavel anu woik in Euiope. Bowevei, the noithein
pait of the islanu cannot initiate uiiect tiaue anu flights to thiiu countiies.
Although numeious effoits have been maue to biing about the ieunification of Cypius, all have
faileu. The iight of uisplaceu owneis to theii piopeities has been confiimeu by the Euiopean
Commission on Buman Rights (ECBR).Tuikey's membeiship application to the Euiopean
0nion, somewhat in limbo at piesent, is also pieuicateu on the islanu's unification.
In iecent yeais, both siues have puisueu confiuence-builuing measuies towaiu that enu. In
2uuS, iestiictions on the ciossings between the two paits of the islanu weie lifteu anu in
Naich 2uu7, the baiiicaue stiuctuies on Leuia Stieet in Nicosia weie uemolisheu while
intense uiplomatic effoits aie unueiway to open new ciossings acioss the uieen Line. Since
2uu8, uieek anu Tuikish Cypiiot leaueis have launcheu intensive negotiations aimeu at
enuing the uivision of the islanu. Bowevei, public expectations foi a compiehensive settlement
iemain low.
86
Ramallah
Forum for Cities
in Transition
<+)-7 6+) !"#"$% "* =)(*%"#"+*
City Piofile
Ramallah is a clean, tiuy anu beautiful city locateu in the heait of Palestine, 1S km to the
noith of }eiusalem, on the top of a mountainous plateau anu suiiounueu by a magnificent
lanuscape. The name Ramallah is composeu of "iam," an Aiamaic woiu that means "iiuge,"
anu the Aiabic woiu foi uou, "Allah." Ramallah was iecognizeu as a city uuiing 0ttoman iule,
anu the fiist municipal council was establisheu in 19u8 with Elias 0ueh as the fiist mayoi foi
the city. Touay, Ns. }anet Khouii is Nayoi.
By the beginning of the 2uth centuiy, Ramallah was an active agiicultuial town. It was
ueclaieu a city in 19u8 anu hau an electeu municipality as well as paitneiship piojects with
the aujacent town of al-Biieh. The Biitish Aimy occupieu Ramallah in Becembei 1917. The
city iemaineu unuei Biitish Nanuate iule until 1948.
With the cieation of Isiael in 1948, anu the ensuing conflict, Palestinians fiom the coastal
cities fleu to the mountainous aieas. Bue to the population inciease, Ramallah giew fiom a
small town into a city. The neeu foi new houses anu public facilities alloweu the city
expansion to spieau in all uiiections, especially in the uiiection of the town of El-Biieh. New
commeicial builuings weie constiucteu in auuition to some public builuings such as the
police station, the Bashemite School anu the iauio station. This junctuie cieateu new
aichitectuial style in the iesiuential builuings to seive the low-income population. Bue to
the 1948 wai, a ueteiioiation of the economic situation occuiieu anu many people
immigiateu to the neighbouiing Aiab countiies, especially the uulf countiies. The money
that came fiom these immigiants helpeu in ueveloping living conuitions, anu paiticipateu in
the city's uevelopment. Ramallah enteieu a piospeiity peiiou, which maue it a touiist centie
that attiacteu people fiom uiffeient Aiab countiies to come anu spenu the summei in its
milu weathei.
By 19SS, Ramallah's population hau uoubleu, but the economy anu infiastiuctuie weie still
not equippeu to hanule the influx of pooi villageis. Natives of Ramallah left, piimaiily to the
0niteu States.
By 1946, 1,Suu of Ramallah's 6,uuu natives (oi about a quaitei) hau emigiateu, anu Aiabs
fiom the suiiounuing towns anu villages paiticulaily Bebion, bought up the piopeity anu
homes the migis left behinu.
Ramallah was ielatively tianquil uuiing the yeais of }oiuanian iule between 1948 anu 1967,
with iesiuents enjoying fieeuom of movement between the West Bank, }oiuan, Lebanon,
Syiia, anu elsewheie. }oiuan hau annexeu the West Bank, applying its law to the teiiitoiy.
Bowevei, many Palestinians weie jaileu foi being membeis of what the }oiuanian
goveinment iegaiueu as illegal political paities, incluuing the Palestine Communist Paity
anu othei socialist anu pio-inuepenuence gioups. }oiuanian law also iestiicteu the cieativity
anu fieeuom uesiieu by many Palestinians at the time.
87
Buiing the Six-Bay Wai in 1967, Isiael captuieu Ramallah, imposing a militaiy closuie anu
conuucting a census a few weeks latei. Eveiy peison iegisteieu in the census was given an
Isiaeli iuentity caiu which alloweu the beaiei to continue to iesiue theie. Those who weie
abioau uuiing the census lost theii iesiuency iights. Foi iesiuents of Ramallah, the situation
hau now ieveiseu itself; foi the fiist time in 19 yeais iesiuents coulu not fieely visit Isiael
anu the uaza Stiip anu engage in commeice theie.
0nlike the }oiuanians, Isiael uiu not attempt to annex all of the West Bank oi offei
citizenship to the iesiuents. Ramallah iesiuents weie issueu peimits to woik in Isiael. The
city iemaineu unuei Isiaeli militaiy iule foi ovei foui uecaues. The Isiaeli Civil
Auministiation (ICA) establisheu in 1981, was in chaige of civilian anu uay-to-uay seivices
such as issuing peimission to tiavel, builu, expoit oi impoit, anu host ielatives fiom abioau.
The ICA iepiinteu }oiuanian textbooks foi uistiibution in schools but uiu not upuate them.
The ICA was in chaige of tax collection anu lanu expiopiiation, which sometimes incluueu
olive gioves that Aiab villageis claimeu to have tenueu foi geneiations. Accoiuing to the
Isiaeli Buman Rights activists, }ewish settlements in the Ramallah aiea, such as Beit El anu
Psagot, pieventeu the expansion of the city anu cut it off fiom the suiiounuing villages. As
iesistance incieaseu, Ramallah iesiuents weie jaileu oi uepoiteu to neighboiing countiies
foi membeiship in the Palestine Libeiation 0iganization (PL0). In Becembei 1987, the
populai upiising known as the ;*#"6(.( eiupteu.
Ramallah iesiuents weie among the eaily joineis of the fiist ;*#"6(.(. The Intifaua 0nifieu
Leaueiship, an umbiella oiganization of vaiious Palestinian factions, uistiibuteu weekly
bulletins on the stieets of Ramallah with a scheuule of the uaily piotests, stiikes anu action
against Isiaeli patiols in the city. At the uemonstiations, tiies weie buineu in the stieet anu
the ciowus thiew stones anu Nolotov cocktails.
The IBF iesponueu with teai gas anu iubbei bullets. Schools in Ramallah weie foicibly shut
uown, anu openeu giauually foi a few houis a uay. Bouse aiiests weie caiiieu out anu
cuifews weie imposeu that iestiicteu tiavel anu expoits in what Palestinians iegaiueu as
collective punishment. In iesponse to the closuie of schools, iesiuents oiganizeu home
schooling sessions to help stuuents make up misseu mateiial; this became one of the few
symbols of civil uisobeuience. The ;*#"6(.( leaueiship oiganizeu "tiee plantings" anu
iesoiteu to the tactics useu in pie-1948 Palestine, such as oiueiing geneial stiikes in which
no commeicial businesses weie alloweu to open anu no cais weie alloweu on the stieets.
In 1991, the Palestinian uelegation to the Nauiiu Inteinational Peace Confeience incluueu
many notables fiom Ramallah. As the ;*#"6(.( wounu uown anu the peace piocess moveu
foiwaiu, noimal life in Ramallah iesumeu. 0n Septembei 1S, 199S the famous White Bouse
hanushake between Isiaeli Piime Ninistei Yitzhak Rabin anu Palestinian Leauei Yassei
Aiafat took place, cementing the 0slo Accoius which cieateu the Palestinian Authoiity (PA).
In Becembei 199S, in keeping with the 0slo Accoius, the Isiaeli aimy abanuoneu the centie
of Ramallah anu withuiew to the city outskiits.
Although consiueieu an inteiim solution, Ramallah has become the ue facto capital of the
Palestinian Authoiity, hosting almost all goveinmental ministiies.
The yeais between 199S anu 2uuu (the "0slo Yeais") biought ielative piospeiity to
Ramallah. Nany expatiiates ietuineu to establish businesses theie anu the atmospheie was
one of optimism. Bowevei, by 2uuu, unemployment began to iise anu the economy of
Ramallah ueclineu. The Isiael Befense Foice iemaineu in contiol of the teiiitoiies; the
88
fieeuom of movement enjoyeu by Ramallah iesiuents piioi to the fiist Intifaua was not
iestoieu.
Tiavel to }eiusalem iequiieu special peimits, anu expansion of Isiaeli settlements aiounu
Ramallah incieaseu uiamatically. A netwoik of bypass ioaus foi use of Isiaeli citizens only
was built aiounu Ramallah, anu lanu was confiscateu foi settlements. Nany official
uocuments pieviously hanuleu by the Isiaeli Civil Auministiation (ICA) weie now hanuleu by
the Palestinian Authoiity but still iequiieu Isiaeli appioval. A Palestinian passpoit issueu to
Ramallah iesiuents was not valiu unless the seiial numbei was iegisteieu with the Isiaeli
authoiities, who contiolleu boiuei ciossings.
The failuie of the Camp Baviu summit in }uly 2uuu leu to the outbieak of the (3CJT%( ;*#"6(.(
(Seconu Intifaua) in Septembei 2uuu.
In 2uu2, Ramallah was ie-occupieu by Isiael, which iesulteu in cuifews, electiicity cuts,
school closuies anu uisiuptions of commeicial life. Nany Ramallah institutions, incluuing
goveinment ministiies, weie vanualizeu, anu equipment was uestioyeu oi stolen. The IBF
took ovei local Ramallah television stations, anu social anu economic conuitions
ueteiioiateu. Nany expatiiates left, as uiu many othei Palestinians who complaineu that the
living conuitions hau become intoleiable. The Isiaeli West Bank sepaiation wall has
fuitheieu Ramallah's isolation.
In Becembei 2uuS, local elections weie helu in Ramallah in which canuiuates fiom thiee
uiffeient factions competeu foi the 1S-seat municipal council foi a foui-yeai teim. The
council electeu }anet Khouii as mayoi, the fiist woman to holu the post.
By 2u1u, Ramallah has become the leauing centei of economic anu political activity in the
teiiitoiies unuei the contiol of the Palestinian Authoiity. A builuing boom in the eaily yeais
of the 21st centuiy saw apaitment builuings anu "five-stai" hotels eiecteu, paiticulaily in the
Al-Nasyoun neighboihoou. In 2u1u, moie than one hunuieu Palestinian businesses weie
iepoiteu to have moveu to Ramallah fiom East }eiusalem, because they pay less in taxes anu
have moie customeis.
The PA is uiviueu into thiee zones. In aiea "A", compiising 12% of the West Bank teiiitoiy, the
PA has full iesponsibility foi auministiation anu secuiity; foi aiea "B", compiising 2u% of the
teiiitoiy, the PA has full iesponsibility foi auministiation but secuiity iemains unuei contiol
of the Isiaeli Befense Foice (IBF); anu aiea "C", compiising 68%, the teiiitoiy is unuei full
contiol of the IBF.
Nany foieign nations have locateu theii uiplomatic missions to the Palestinian Authoiity in
Ramallah, incluuing, as of 2u1u, Aigentina, Austialia, Austiia, Koiea, South Afiica, Noiway,
Sii Lanka, Switzeilanu, China, Polanu, Poitugal, The Netheilanus, Russia, }oiuan, Biazil,
Finlanu, Benmaik, Iielanu, ueimany, Inuia, }apan, the Czech Republic, Canaua anu Nexico.
The city is suiiounueu by about 7u villages anu locateu on the main ioau between noith anu
south of the West Bank. In the 2uu7, Palestinian Cential Buieau of Statistic (PCBS) census,
theie weie 27,46u people living in the city. Touay, the population of Ramallah incieases
uuiing the uay to moie than 12u,uuu visitois coming mainly foi woik anu shopping, while at
night time the population is about 4u,uuu. Ramallah was histoiically a Chiistian town, but
touay Nuslims foim the majoiity of the population, with a stiong Chiistian minoiity.

89
H7+#11:343

Forum for Cities
in Transition
9u
Forum for Cities
in Transition
<+)-7 6+) !"#"$% "* =)(*%"#"+*
Panellists
H7+#1 %:32.33:*+D C*&4"#&+ G&#17+, H#72# H&*2#33
WJ@F?IIK C:711 dH7+#11:34e
Niall Buigess was boin in Bublin. Be is Biiectoi ueneial of the Anglo-Iiish
Bivision, Bepaitment of Foieign Affaiis, Bublin; Foimei Iielanu ueneial
Consul: Chicago anu New Yoik.; Seiveu as }oint Biiectoi with Inteinational
Funu foi Iielanu (IFI) 2uuS-2uu6.
,# W@nCK W7:&>&# =?H dH7+#11:34e
Baiibie ue Bin was boin in Bublin anu euucateu at 0niveisity College
Bublin. She also stuuieu at Queen's 0niveisity Belfast wheie she qualifieu
with a Post-uiauuate Ceitificate in Euucation. Be Bin fiist became involveu
in politics thiough the campaign to suppoit the Republican hungei stiikes of
the eaily 198us anu she paiticipateu in the woik of the National B-Blocks
Aimagh Committee. In 1982 ue Bin became a membei of Sinn Fin (SF)
anu latei joineu its iuling executive, the Aiu Chomaiile, on which she
continues to sit. Buiing this time she has also helu a numbei of impoitant
positions incluuing those on its inteinational committee anu cultuial
section. Buiing the multi-paity talks, which weie to culminate with the
signing of the uoou Fiiuay Agieement (uFA) in Apiil 1998, she was a membei of the SF
negotiating team having been electeu to the Noithein Iielanu Foium in Nay 1996 foi the
constituency of West Belfast (1996-98). Eaily in 2uu4 Be Bin won the nomination to be hei
paity's canuiuate foi the constituency of Noithein Iielanu in the election to the Euiopean
pailiament. In the subsequent election she was electeu on the fiist count
%BC6)%IBCK f#99&#' dH7+#11:34e
Ni. }effiey Bonaluson is 48 yeais olu anu is maiiieu to Eleanoi with
two chiluien - Claiie ageu 2u anu Lauia ageu 19. Be joineu the Young 0nionist
movement at the age of 18 anu went on to become Chaiiman of the 0lstei
Young 0nionist Council in 198S anu 1986. In 198S he was electeu to the
Noithein Iielanu Assembly with the uistinction at the age of 22 of
being the youngest peison to win a seat at Stoimont. This followeu a peiiou
woiking foi his local NP, Enoch Powell as Constituency Agent. Following the
uecision by Sii }ames Nolyneaux to ietiie fiom the Bouse of Commons, }effiey
was electeu to Pailiament on 1 Nay 1997 anu was ie-electeu on 6 Nay 2u1u foi
a fouith teim. Be was a key membei of the 0lstei 0nionist Paity negotiating team in the
talks culminating in the Belfast Agieement in Apiil 1998.

As a iesult of inteinal policy uiffeiences, }effiey iesigneu fiom the 0lstei 0nionist Paity uuiing
91
Becembei 2uuS. Be subsequently joineu the Bemociatic 0nionist Paity (B0P) in }anuaiy 2uu4
anu became a key membei of the B0P negotiating team foi the ieview of the Belfast Agieement
which culminateu in a new Agieement at St Anuiew's in the autumn of 2uu6.

Following the iestoiation of Bevolveu uoveinment in Nay 2uu7, }effiey was appointeu as the
leau B0P membei of the Noithein Iielanu Policing Boaiu. Be also chaiieu the Assembly anu
Executive Review Committee whose iemit incluueu the piepaiations foi the uevolution of
Policing anu }ustice Poweis to the Assembly.

}effiey was also appointeu by Bei Najesty the Queen as a Nembei of the Piivy Council with a
special inteiest in secuiity matteis. Be is the B0P Spokesman on Bome 0ffice anu Befence
issues in the Bouse of Commons.
In Febiuaiy 2uu8, }effiey was appointeu to Ninisteiial 0ffice in the 0ffice of the Fiist Ninistei
in the Noithein Iielanu uoveinment. As a Ninistei, he helu iesponsibility foi victims issues,
Chiluien anu Young People, policies on 0luei Peisons, co-oiuinating Executive business in the
Assembly anu geneially assisting the Fiist Ninistei with the uischaige of his Ninisteiial
functions.
Be steppeu uown fiom the Noithein Iielanu Assembly following the 2u1u ueneial Election anu
is a membei of the Befence Committee in the Bouse of Commons anu of the 0K Belegation to
the Council of Euiope Pailiamentaiy Assembly.
%J@h6CK =7&< dH7+#11:34e

Naik fiist became involveu in politics uuiing his stuuent uays when he was
electeu Beputy Piesiuent of Queens Stuuents 0nion. The following yeai, he
moveu to Bublin aftei being electeu Beputy Piesiuent of the 0nion of Stuuents
in Iielanu, 0SI. In 1984 he ietuineu to Beiiy to woik foi }ohn Bume as his
Westminstei Assistant. Be subsequently became a key figuie in the paity,
oiganising NP election victoiies foi Seamus Nallon anu Euuie Ncuiauy in
1986 anu 1987.
In 199u Naik became Chaiipeison of the SBLP, seiving until 199S, anu was electeu to Beiiy
City Council in 199S . Be was a key membei of the SBLP team uuiing the negotiations leauing to
the uoou Fiiuay Agieement anu was uesciibeu by jouinalists as its chief uiaftsman.
Aftei leauing a iesounuingly successful yes campaign foi the SBLP, Naik was electeu to the
Noithein Iielanu Assembly in 1998 foi Foyle. Be was appointeu to the Noithein Iielanu
Executive as Ninistei foi Finance anu Peisonnel. Be implementeu a iaft of iauical initiatives
incluuing setting up the Executive Piogiamme Funus, a mechanism foi ensuiing that public
money was spent accoiuing to the piioiities of the people iathei than the piactices of the past.
In 2uu1 Naik ieplaceu Seamus Nallon as Beputy Fiist Ninistei. Be also succeeueu }ohn Bume
as SBLP Leauei. Naik has iepiesenteu Beiiys inteiests with uistinction as the NP foi Foyle
since 2uuS. Be has a stiong peuigiee on many issues incluuing justice issues, economic
uevelopment, healthcaie anu chiluiens iights. Be has establisheu a ieputation as a leauing
auvocate on inteinational uevelopment issues anu on civil libeities, anu was uesciibeu by
Libeity as an incieuible anu poweiful ally foi human iights. Naik stoou uown as paity leauei
in Febiuaiy 2u1u to be ieplaceu by Naigaiet Ritchie. In Novembei 2u1u Naik iesigneu fiom
the Noithein Iielanu Assembly to concentiate on his iole as NP foi Foyle.
92
f?--@?AK Y:11:7/ dH7+#11:34e
Sii Bill }effiey was a 0K civil seivant who ietiieu towaius the enu of 2u1u as
Peimanent Secietaiy in chaige of the Ninistiy of Befence. Between eaily 1998
anu late 2uu2 he was Political Biiectoi at the Noithein Iielanu 0ffice auvising
the Piime Ninistei.

Bill }effiey was boin in 1948 anu euucateu at Alan ulen's School in ulasgow anu
ulasgow 0niveisity. Be joineu the Bome 0ffice in 1971 anu in his eaily yeais in
the Bepaitment seiveu in a iange of ioles, incluuing as Piivate Secietaiy to the
Peimanent Secietaiy fiom 197S to 1976.
Fiom 1988 to 1992 he heaueu the Piison Seivice's cential peisonnel uivision, befoie moving to
the Immigiation anu Nationality Biiectoiate wheie he was 0nuei Secietaiy iesponsible foi
opeiations anu iesouices anu Chief Inspectoi of the Immigiation Seivice until 1994. Be then
moveu to the Cabinet 0ffice as Beputy Beau of the Economic anu Bomestic Secietaiiat,
iesponsible foi co-oiuinating goveinment business on home anu social affaiis anu foi
piepaiing anu managing the uoveinment's legislative piogiamme. Be oveisaw the piepaiation
of the fiist Queen's Speech anu foi the piogiamme of constitutional changes aftei the 1997
ueneial Election. Between 1998 anu 2uu2, Bill was Political Biiectoi at the Noithein Iielanu
0ffice, auvising the Piime Ninistei anu successive Secietaiies of State on the Noithein Iielanu
political piocess. Be was involveu in the negotiation of the Belfast (uoou Fiiuay) Agieement,
anu subsequent effoits to achieve the Agieement's implementation.
=6FGCCGIK h#+ dH7+#11:34e
Loiu Ken Naginnis was boin in County Tyione anu euucateu at the Royal
School Bungannon anu Stianmillis Teachei Tiaining College, Belfast befoie
puisuing a caieei as a teachei. In auuition Naginnis was to seive in the
0lstei Special Constabulaiy ('B-Specials') anu latei the 0lstei Befence
Regiment (0BR). Be was fiist ietuineu as a public iepiesentative in Nay
1981 as an 0lstei 0nionist Paity (00P) councilloi on Bungannon Bistiict
Council (1981-9S). In August 1981 Naginnis was the paity's unsuccessful canuiuate at the
Westminstei by-election in Feimanagh anu South Tyione. This uefeat howevei was oveituineu
at the geneial election of 198S when he won the seat with a comfoitable majoiity (198S-2uu1).
In auuition to his iole as an NP, Naginnis also sat in the Noithein Iielanu Assembly (1982-86)
anu acteu as the 00P's spokesman on secuiity matteis (1982-2uu1).
Following the iesignation of }ames Nolyneaux, then leauei of the 0lstei 0nionist Paity (00P),
in 199S Naginnis contesteu the leaueiship anu was wiuely seen by many commentatois as
iepiesenting the libeial wing of the paity. Although his attempt faileu Naginnis soon emeigeu
as a close ally of the new leauei of the 00P, Baviu Tiimble, anu this became moie eviuent when
in Nay 1996 he was ietuineu to the Noithein Iielanu Foium (1996-98). As a membei of the
00P's uelegation to the all-paity talks that weie to finally piouuce the uoou Fiiuay Agieement
(uFA) he was a fiim suppoitei of the stance anu tactics auopteu by Tiimble. Fuitheimoie in the
subsequent iefeienuum campaign on the uFA in Nay 1998 Naginnis actively campaigneu foi a
'Yes' vote. Latei he was also to piove a piominent uefenuei of the appioach taken by his leauei
in the face of inteinal paity ciiticism anu in paiticulai ovei the uecision to paiticipate in a
powei shaiing Executive with Sinn Fein (SF) without complete uecommissioning by the Iiish
Republican Aimy (IRA). Piioi to the 2uu1 Westminstei geneial election Naginnis announceu
his intention to ietiie as an NP anu latei in 2uu1 aftei ieceiving a life peeiage took his seat in
the Bouse of Loius as Loiu Naginnis of Biumglass.
9S
IB%?@W?@FK C7+2' dH7+#11:34e
Nancy Soueibeig seiveu as 0.S. Ambassauoi to the 0niteu Nations, 1997-2uu1,
Foieign Policy Auvisoi to the Clinton Auministiation anu Siu Ranking 0fficial of
the National Secuiity Council, 199S-1997. Ns. Soueibeig biings hei to the table
hei bieauth of expeiience in the foimation of 0S foieign policy, incluuing
piomoting peace in Noithein Iielanu, paiticipating in a 0niteu Nations mission to
Inuonesia anu East Timoi, negotiating key 0niteu Nations iesolutions iegaiuing
the Niuule East anu Afiica, conuucting shuttle uiplomacy in Latin Ameiica,
assisting in the uevelopment of the Clinton Auministiation's policy of political
economic noimalization with vietnam anu auvising Piesiuent Clinton on policies iegaiuing
China, }apan, Russia, Angola, the Balkans, Baiti, as well as seveial conflicts in Afiica. With neaily
twenty yeais of expeiience in the foimation of 0.S. foieign policy, Nancy Soueibeig has been
involveu in most of the conflicts aiounu the woilu anu speaks anu wiites iegulaily on national
secuiity issues. Ns. Soueibeig is highly qualifieu to uiscuss touay's ciises in Iiaq, Afghanistan,
Noith Koiea, Iian, Afiica anu the Niuule East anu what effects peacekeeping, teiioiism,
nonpiolifeiation, anu the 0niteu Nations can have on the outcomes.
H7+#1 %:32.33:*+D ?2*+*/:2 %#M#1*V/#+4ZJ&>7+ @#;#+#&74:*+
8)6@hK F&#; dH7+#11:34e
uieg Claik auvises local anu national goveinments anu majoi coipoiations
on local economic uevelopment issues woilu-wiue. Bis cuiient ioles incluue
Chaiiman of the 0ECB Local Economic anu Employment Bevelopment
(LEEB) Foium on Bevelopment Agencies anu Investment Stiategies; Senioi
Fellow of the 0iban Lanu Institute, ENEAInuia; Chaiiman of Biitish
Business Impiovement Bistiicts anu visiting Piofessoi at the Cass Business
School in Lonuon. Fiom 1988 to 2uu6 uieg Claik helu a vaiiety of posts
incluuing: Leau Auvisoi on City anu Regional Bevelopment at the 0ffice of
the Beputy Piime Ninistei, 0K uoveinment; Executive Biiectoi of Stiategy anu
Communications at the Lonuon Bevelopment Agency; Nanaging Biiectoi, Economic
Bevelopment at the uieatei Lonuon Enteipiise; Chief Executive of the Lonuon Enteipiise
Agency: '0ne Lonuon', anu Inteinational Piogiammes Biiectoi at the Lonuon Bocklanus
Bevelopment Coipoiation.
-J))?@K =7&< dH7+#11:34e
Naik Fullei is the Chaiiman anu Chief Executive 0fficei of the Nonitoi
uioup, a fiim he co-founueu in 198S. Nonitoi is active in seveial businesses
incluuing management consulting, executive uevelopment, ieseaich anu
piinciple investing (piivate equity; ventuie capital).
Since its founuation, Nonitoi has enjoyeu significant giowth; it cuiiently
employs neaily 2,uuu staff in twenty-nine offices locateu in eighteen
countiies. As Chief Executive, Naik's iesponsibilities incluue oveisight of
oveiall uioup stiategy anu human iesouice uevelopment. Be also plays an active iole in the
uevelopment anu management of a select numbei of client ielationships, anu leaus Nonitoi's
Niuule East initiative anu National Secuiity anu Economic Bevelopment anu Secuiity piactice,
as well as the non-piofit Nonitoi Institute.
Naik foimeily seiveu as an Assistant Piofessoi of Business Auministiation at the Baivaiu
94
uiauuate School of Business Auministiation, wheie he taught couises in stiategy foimulation,
implementation, anu inuustiy anu competitive analysis. While a piofessoi, Naik was Co-
Biiectoi of Baivaiu's Pioject on the Auto Inuustiy anu the Ameiican Economy, anu also seiveu
on the staff of Baivaiu's Pioject on Negotiation.
Naik has authoieu oi co-authoieu moie than 1uu books, aiticles anu teaching cases, incluuing
8*/V#4:4:*+ :+ F1*>71 G+,.34&:#3 (1986), W.3:+#33 73 Y7& (2uuu), anu f7V7+i3 W.3:+#33
@#+7:337+2# (2uuS). Bis speech on H&*3V#&:4'K 8*/V#4:4:M#+#33 7+, =*&71 H.&V*3#
iecently appeaieu in the Chinese Euition of the E7&M7&, W.3:+#33 @#M:#0 (Becembei, 2uu7).
Be has seiveu as a guest lectuiei at a numbei of univeisities, incluuing Baiuaiu, Yale, NIT,
Pennsylvania, Noithwestein anu Tsinghua.
Naik giauuateu fiom Baivaiu College wheie he ieceiveu a BA uegiee in histoiy with Bigh
Bonois anu was a membei of Phi Beta Kappa. Be latei ieceiveu an NBA fiom Baivaiu Business
School anu a }B fiom Baivaiu Law School with Bonois.
=8FGC)?AK 6:,##+ dH7+#11:34e
Aiueen Ncuinley is seconueu by uoveinment to the post of CE0 of Ilex 0iban
Regeneiation Company in Beiiy~Lonuonueiiy, iesponsible foi the
uevelopment anu ueliveiy of a Regeneiation Plan in the city, the uevelopment
of two key foimei militaiy sites anu the builuing of a new 1S.S million Peace
Biiuge. Foi ovei 1u yeais she was Peimanent Secietaiy in Cential
uoveinment of the Bepaitment foi Employment anu Leaining, Bighei anu
Fuithei Euucation, Skills anu Inuustiy, Employment Rights anu Seivices,
Piepaiation foi Woik anu Reseaich anu Bevelopment anu fiom 1999 - 2uu6 she was
Peimanent Secietaiy in the Bepaitment of Cultuie, Aits anu Leisuie in Noithein Iielanu
iesponsible foi Cultuial anu Linguistic Biveisity, Aits, Spoits, Nuseums, Libiaiies, 0iunance
Suivey, Public Recoius 0ffice, Inlanu Wateiways anu Fisheiies. Piioi to that she woikeu in local
goveinment foi 2S yeais anu was foimeily Chief Executive of Feimanagh Bistiict Council anu,
foimeily, theii Biiectoi of Bevelopment woiking in economic anu community uevelopment anu
planning in Stiabane, Feimanagh anu Bonegal.
She is a giauuate of Salfoiu 0niveisity with a BSc Bons Begiee in Enviionmental Science
(197S), hei fiist post was as a Plannei with Bonegal County Council. She then took up post as a
Community Seivice 0fficei with Feimanagh Bistiict Council anu, subsequently foi 1S yeais,
with Stiabane Bistiict Council. Buiing that time she attaineu an NSc in Social Policy,
Auministiation anu Planning fiom the 0niveisity of 0lstei (198S). She has successfully
completeu the PSTC Leaueiship Challenge Piogiamme anu the 0niteu States Infoimation
Agency Piogiamme on Sustainable Economic Bevelopment (1994) anu the Baivaiu Women in
Powei Leaueiship Piogiamme (2uu6). In 1998 she was confeiieu with an Bonoiaiy Boctoiate
foi hei seivices to the community by the 0niveisity of 0lstei anu awaiueu an 0BE in the
Nillennium Bonouis list (2uuu). She was awaiueu honoiaiy membeiship of the Royal Society
of 0lstei Aichitects in 2uu4, in 2uu7 a 'Women of Inspiiation' Awaiu anu in 2uu9 she was
nominateu as a Cultuial Champion by Aits & Business anu is an acauemician of the Acauemy of
0ibanism (in 2u11).
She is a membei of the NI Committee of the Biitish Council anu a Biiectoi of the Noithein
Iielanu Chief Executives' Foium anu Feimanagh Tiust. She was inauguial Chaii of the Centie
foi Applieu Leaining foi the NICS (staff Su,uuu) foi S yeais anu Chaii of the PSu People Sub-
uioup foi 6 yeais.
9S
She was a membei of the PSEP E0 Nonitoiing Committee, the Consultative Foium foi Peace
anu Reconciliation, the NICvA Nillennium Bebate uioup anu the }CC Negotiating Council. She
was a membei anu foimei Chaiiman of the Local uoveinment Tiaining uioup anu a membei of
the Ninisteiial Steeiing uioup who piouuceu Stiategy 2u1u, a ieview of the Noithein Iielanu
Economy.
C?))GIK ):7/ dH7+#11:34e
Liam was appointeu to the position of CE0 of InteiTiaueIielanu in 2uuu,
having been seconueu to set up the cioss-boiuei Tiaue anu Business
Bevelopment Bouy in 1999, following its inception unuei the Belfast (uoo u
Fiiuay) Agieement.
Liam has leu the oiganisation foi ovei 1u yeais anu has gaineu extensive
cioss-boiuei business expeiience which has eaineu him positions on a
numbei of influential Boaius anu oiganisations acioss the islanu.
Liam has extensive economic uevelopment expeiience anu is an authoiity on
cioss boiuei tiaue anu the impoitance of establishing links between businesses Noith anu
South to piomote economic uevelopment.
Bi%BE?@!AK F7&M7+ dH7+#11:34e
uaivan 0'Boheity is ownei of the uaivan 0'Boheity gioup that encompasses
a vaiiety of enteitainment venues anu hotels acioss the city. Bis gioup
began ovei 1S yeais ago anu he now employs ovei Suu people. The coming
of peace to 0lstei signalleu the stait of 0'Boheity's mini-builuing anu
uevelopment. 0f couise, with the situation in 0lstei now uiamatically
impioveu, 0'Boheity, like his business compatiiots, is keen that touiists
shoulu be encouiageu to come to the city.
H7+#1 %:32.33:*+D !"# @*1# *9 Y*/#+ :+ !&7+3:4:*+ I*2:#4:#3
hG)=J@@6AK 6M:17 dH7+#11:34e
Avila Kilmuiiay is Biiectoi of the Community Founuation foi Noithein Iielanu
(pieviously Noithein Iielanu voluntaiy Tiust) a position she has helu since
1994. The Founuation is an inuepenuent chaiitable giant-making oiganisation
whose mission is to 'uiive social change'.
Avila has hau a long involvement in the Women's Novement anu was a founuei
membei of the Noithein Iielanu Women's Coalition. She has woikeu in the aiea
of community uevelopment since 197S anu has wiitten extensively on community
uevelopment, Women's issues anu civil society.
W?))K 8"&:34:+# dH7+#11:34e
Chiistine Bell is authoi of a iepoit publisheu by the Inteinational Council on
Buman Rights Policy entitleu: "Negotiating }ustice Buman Rights anu Peace
Agieements" (2uu6), among numeious othei publications. She has been a
paiticipant in vaiious peace negotiations uiscussions, giving constitutional law
anu human iights law auvice anu also in tiaining foi uiplomats, meuiatois anu
lawyeis. Reseaich inteiests lie in the aieas of tiansitional justice, peace
96
agieements anu inteinational law, minoiity iights, uisciimination, anu genuei anu law. She is
cuiiently woiking on piojects in the following aieas: Buman iights anu conflict iesolution;
Peace agieements anu the foice of law; uenuei anu tiansitional justice; Paiticipatoiy
uemociacy, civil society anu tiansitions fiom conflict; Constitutional bluepiints foi peace anu
ieconciliation on an all-Iielanu basis; anu uealing with the past in Noithein Iielanu.
%?) @?K ?/7+.#17 dH7+#11:34e
Emanuela Bel Re is an expeit in geopolitics anu secuiity issues, Balkan issues,
illegal tiafficking of women, migiation stuuies, anu lectuiei in inteinational
ielations, social anu economic issues. Bei topics of ieseaich incluue: ieligious
teiioiism; pan-Euiopean coiiiuois; inteiethnic conflicts; peacekeeping, conflict
pievention anu conflict iesolution; migiation fluxes; tiansnational oiganiseu
ciime; anu new ieligious movements.
H7+#1 %:32.33:*+D !&7+39*&/:+; 8*//.+:4:#3 !"&*.;" 4"# 6&43
@BIIK H7.1:+# dH7+#11:34e
Pauline is the Aitistic Biiectoi at The Playhouse anu has iole in ICAN netwoik.
?ECK ?&:< dH7+#11:34e
Eiik Ehn is an Ameiican playwiight anu uiiectoi known foi pioposing the
Regional Alteinative Theatie movement. The foimei uean of theatei at CalAits,
the Califoinia Institute of Aits, he is heau of playwiiting anu piofessoi of
theatie anu peifoimance stuuies at Biown 0niveisity.
Bis play Naiia Kizito is baseu on the 1994 genociue in Rwanua anu is the iesult
of his ieseaich in that Cential Afiican countiy. Its piemieie launcheu Atlanta's 7
Stages 2uu4-uS season. Be is a co-founuei of the RAT movement, an
inteinational netwoik of alteinative theateis. Be is also the founuei of an
annual confeience calleu "Aits in the 0ne Woilu," which biings togethei
peifoiming aitists, scholais, anu human iights activists to investigate theatei on the subject of
genociue anu ieconciliation.
=886@!C?AK 61:2# dH7+#11:34e
Beiiy City Council ueliveis an Aits anu Regeneiation piogiamme thioughout
the city. The Aims incluue: incieasing awaieness of the potential foi
ieuevelopment anu ienewal; piouuce cieative ways of expiessing the iueas of
communities, inuiviuuals anu usei gioups; inspiie paiticipation by useis of the
aiea anu pioviue a system foi unueiiepiesenteu communities oi inuiviuuals to
voice theii iueas oi conceins aiounu the ieinvigoiation of theii aiea; anu
piomote the woik of the aits in ielation to iegeneiation.
97

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Beclan Ncuonagle woikeu anu exhibiteu as an aitist foi a peiiou aftei
giauuating fiom Belfast College of Ait befoie being appointeu the fiist
0iganisei of the 0ichaiu ualleiy in Beiiy in 1978. Bis piactice as a cuiatoi has
incluueu the 0ichaiu ualleiy in Beiiy anu the ICA Exhibitions piogiamme in
Lonuon. Be was fiist Biiectoi of the Iiish Nuseum of Nouein Ait in Bublin
199u-2uu1 anu has also uiiecteu inuepenuent piojects such as the fiist Tyne
Inteinational, A New Necessity 199u in uatesheauNewcastle upon Tyne anu
has initiateu innovative Public Ait anu Community anu Euucation Piogiammes. Be selecteu anu
cuiateu the exhibition 'A Shout In The Stieet' Collective Bistoiies of Noithein Iiish Ait seiies,
foi the uoluen Thieau ualleiy in Belfast, 2uu8. Be was shoit-listeu foi the Tuinei Piize
1987 anu has also seiveu on the Tuinei Piize }uiy 199S anu othei national anu
inteinational Awaiu }uiies anu has been Exteinal Examinei in a numbei of 0K thiiu level
Institutions in ulasgow, Nanchestei anu Lonuon. Be speaks anu wiites iegulaily on ielations
between the aitistait, the institution anu communities anu is a contiibuting Euitoi of
Aitfoium New Yoik anu a membei of the euitoiial Panel of Engage 0K. Be was Iiish
Commissionei foi the 199S venice anu 1994 Sao Paulo Biennales, has seiveu on many Boaius
anu Iiish uoveinment cultuial bouies anu, in 2uu4, completeu the City Aits Centie's Civil Aits
Inquiiy in Bublin. Be has seiveu on the BBC's Bioaucasting Council foi Noithein Iielanu anu
has been a mentoi on the Cloie Leaueiship Piogiamme Lonuon anu is a membei of the Boaiu
of the Liveipool Biennial, City Aits, Bublin anu Piojectbase in Coinwall. Be is an electeu Fellow
of the Royal Society of the Aits, Lonuon, anu was a membei of the Nuseum Woiking uioup of
the Bealing Thiough Remembeiing Pioject, Belfast 2uu4 - 2uu8. Be is also a membei of the
Auvisoiy uioup of Tate Connects, Tate ualleiy, Lonuon anu a Boaiu membei of the Iiish
Aichitectuie Founuation.
Be was the founuing Biiectoi of Inteiface, a piactice baseu ieseaich centie in the School of Ait
anu Besign at the 0niveisity of 0lstei in Belfast 2uu4-2uu8, which ueals with issues of ait,
uesign anu context anu is cuiiently the Biiectoi of the National College of Ait anu Besign, in
Bublin.
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Piofessoi Bianuon Bambei is Biiectoi of the Inteinational Conflict Reseaich
Institute (INC0RE), an associate site of the 0niteu Nations 0niveisity baseu
at the 0niveisity of 0lstei. Be is also visiting Piofessoi of Psychology at the
0niveisity of the Witwateisianu in }ohannesbuig. Be was boin in South
Afiica anu cuiiently lives in Belfast. Be has wiitten extensively on the South
Afiican Tiuth anu Reconciliation Commission, the psychological implications
of political violence, anu the piocess of tiansition anu ieconciliation in South
Afiica, Noithein Iielanu anu abioau. Be has publisheu some 4u book
chapteis anu scientific jouinal aiticles, anu his latest book =)(*%6+)7"*9 A+,"$#"$% (6#$) Q+3"#",(3
V"+3$*,$F =)-#'8 W$,+*,"3"(#"+*8 (*. G$*#(3 P$(3#' was publisheu by Spiingei in 2uu9.
98
6)%?@%G8?K f*"+ dH7+#11:34e
Loiu }ohn Alueiuice was, until his ietiiement in 2u1u, a Consultant Psychiatiist
in Psychotheiapy, anu pieviously a Senioi Lectuiei at Queen's 0niveisity Belfast
anu a visiting Piofessoi at the 0niveisity of viiginia. Be has a paiticulai inteiest
in the psychology of teiioiism anu violent political conflict anu has foi some
yeais been the Chaiiman of the Woilu Feueiation of Scientists Peimanent
Nonitoiing Panel on the Notivations foi Teiioiism. Since 1989, he has been the
Leauei of the Alliance Paity, the Speakei of the Noithein Iielanu Assembly,
Commissionei of the Inuepenuent Nonitoiing Commission anu the Piesiuent of
Libeial Inteinational - the woilu-wiue feueiation of some 1uu libeial political paities. Be is
cuiiently the Chaiiman of the Libeial Bemociats in the Bouse of Loius.
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Baviu Bolton is uiiectoi of the Noithein Iielanu Centie foi Tiauma anu
Tiansfoimation. The Centie pioviues specialist tiauma theiapy seivice foi
people suffeiing post tiaumatic stiess uisoiuei anu othei mental health
uisoiueis as a consequence of the Noithein Iielanu conflict. The Centie has also
ieseaicheu the impact of the conflict completing a ianuomiseu contiolleu tiial in
2uu7 which investigateu the uetaileu impact of the violence on the mental
health of the paiticipants anu assesseu the effectiveness of tiauma focuseu cognitive theiapy,
the tieatment useu by the Centie (Buffy et al; BN}, 2uu7).
In 2uu8 the Centie, in paitneiship with the 0niveisity of 0lstei, iepoiteu on the wiuei
population impact of the Tioubles in the =)(-7(8 P$(3#' I !+*23",# stuuy (Feiiy et al 2uu8), anu
the paitneiship is cuiiently assessing the health economic impact of the mental health
consequences of the yeais of violence anu the impact on the ageing population.
In auuition to its ieseaich anu theiapy piogiammes, the Centie has uevelopeu an accieuiteu
tiauma focuseu vocational tiaining piogiamme aimeu at piactitioneis in the statutoiy anu
voluntaiy sectois who suppoit people with tiauma ielateu uisoiueis linkeu to the conflict.
The Centie's inteinational piogiamme has focuseu on piactitioneis woiking in aieas affecteu
by conflict anu has incluueu the ueliveiy of piogiammes in Sii Lanka, Bosnia, New Yoik with
the NYPB anu FBNY, anu most iecently a 2-yeai piogiamme in Nepal. www.nictt.oig
W@??CNI=A!EK =7&:# dH7+#11:34e
Naiie Bieen-Smyth is Piofessoi of Inteinational Politics anu Biiectoi of
Reseaich in the School of Politics at the 0niveisity of Suiiey. She is also Co-
Biiectoi anu co-founuei with Piofessoi Sii Nichael Aaionson of the Centie foi
inteinational inteivention which is baseu in the School of Politics anu linkeu
with piogiammes in Seoul National 0niveisity in South Koiea anu Singiuunum
0niveisity in Belgiaue, Seibia. Piioi to hei appointment at Suiiey, Bieen-
Smyth was founuei anu Biiectoi of the Centie foi the Stuuy of Rauicalisation
anu Contempoiaiy Political violence (CSRv) in the Bepaitment of
Inteinational Politics, Abeiystwyth 0niveisity anu on the staff of the
0niveisity of 0lstei anu the faculty at Smith College Nassachusetts. She was 2uu2-2uuS
}ennings Ranuolph Senioi Fellow at the 0niteu States Institute of Peace. In 1994, she founueu
the Institute foi Conflict Reseaich anu initiateu The Cost of the Tioubles Stuuy, the fiist stuuy of
the impact of political violence on the population of Noithein Iielanu. She has woikeu with the
99
Special Repiesentative of the Secietaiy ueneial of 0niteu Nations foi Chiluien anu Aimeu
Conflict. She is a founuei euitoi of the jouinal !)"#",(3 A#-."$% +* =$))+)"%7 . Bei latest books aie
=)-#' (*. H-%#",$ (6#$) /"+3$*# ,+*23",#F 7(*(9"*9 /"+3$*# 4(%#% (Routleuge, 2uu7) anu a jointly
euiteu woik with Richaiu }ackson anu }eioen uunning !)"#",(3 =$))+)"%7 A#-."$% (Routleuge,
2uu9) anu Teiioiism; A ciitical intiouuction with }ackson, uunning anu Lee }aivis (2u11). She
is cuiiently euiting the Ashgate Reseaich Companion on Political violence which will be
publisheu in late 2u11.
E?6)?AK 6&1#+# dH7+#11:34e
Ailene Bealey is a social woikei anu family theiapist who has woikeu in Belfast foi
moie than 26 yeais with tioubleu chiluien anu young people anu theii families. In
the eaily 199u's she uevelopeu a cultuially sensitive systemic appioach to the
tieatment of families affecteu by tiauma emanating fiom the civil conflict in
Noithein Iielanu. In 1998 she was appointeu to the Family Tiauma Centie as
Centie Nanagei anu Consultant Family Theiapist. She has been involveu foi many
yeais in the uevelopment of systemic family theiapy in Noithein Iielanu. Ailene
has piesenteu woikshops both nationally anu inteinationally anu publisheu on the
subject of family tiauma. She was Chaii of the Institute foi Conflict Reseaich in Belfast foi moie
than 1u yeais anu is cuiiently Chaii of the Boaiu of the Clanwilliam Institute in Bublin. In 2uuS
she was seconueu to the Biitish Reu Cioss to woik with 0K suivivois of the tsunami in
Thailanu.
E?!E?@GCF!BCK =7.&##+ dH7+#11:34e
Nauieen was iesponsible foi the Community Relations Piogiamme foi
Beiiy City Council foi ten yeais, befoie leaving to set up The }unction; A
Community Relations Resouice anu Peace Builuing Centie. She has
heaueu up seveial majoi piojects such as "Towaius 0nueistanuing anu
Bealing", a pioject on uealing with the past using stoiytelling anu
positive encountei uialogue. The Pioject woiks acioss all communities
anu gioupings, biinging uiveise voices togethei to shaie stoiies they woulu otheiwise nevei
heai. The Pioject has uevelopeu accieuiteu tiaining iesouices to wiuen anu uisseminate the
leaining. She cuiiently heaus up 'Ethical anu Shaieu Remembeiing: Commemoiation in a New
Context', to auuiess at a societal level the legacy of a uecaue of change anu violence in Iielanu
fiom 1912-1922, the centenaiies of which will be iemembeieu ovei the next uecaue. Nauieen
has tiavelleu extensively in ielation to hei woik anu has ueliveieu talks anu tiaining in Euiope,
0SA anu Canaua.
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=286@!EAK I"7.+ H7.1 dH7+#11:34e
Bi Shaun NcCaithy is a Senioi vice Piesiuent of the Nonitoi uioup, a global
stiategy consulting fiim with its heauquaiteis in Cambiiuge Nassachusetts.
Shaun is a senioi geo-political secuiity anu iisk auvisoi, he is a leauing membei of
Nonitoi's National Economic Bevelopment anu Secuiity (NEBS) Piactice,
iesponsible foi business uevelopment anu the effective oveisight of ielateu piojects
in Afiica, the Niuule East anu Eastein Euiope. Be is also a business uevelopment
managei foi Nonitoi Quest, a secuiity company in Lonuon that specialises in spoits
integiity, contingency planning, ciisis anu emeigency management anu supply chain integiity.
1uu
0f late he has been woiking with piivate anu public sectoi clients to implement an integiateu
appioach to economic uevelopment anu national secuiity with focus on the iole of the secuiity
establishment in suppoit of economic uevelopment anu cieating economic giowth
oppoitunities foi maiginaliseu communities.
Shaun has uual Biitish anu South Afiican citizenship anu holus uegiees in Political Science,
Public Auministiation anu Stiategic Stuuies fiom the 0niveisity of South Afiica anu a Ph.B. in
Inteinational Relations fiom the 0niveisity of St. Anuiews. Be has publisheu numeious aiticles
foi }ane's Intelligence Review anu is the authoi of the book ='$ <-*,#"+* +6 ;*#$33"9$*,$ "* !)"%"%
G(*(9$7$*#F =+:().% #'$ ;*#$33"9$*,$ Q)+.-,$)C!+*%-7$) E",'+#+71 XJ%'9(#$ YZZ[\ (*. 7+%#
)$,$*#31 ( 4(4$) +* *(#"+*(3 $,+*+7", .$/$3+47$*# (*. %$,-)"#1 "* O$+ A#)(#$9", Q-3%$. Be is
cuiiently woiking on his next publication which encapsulates his cuiient focus on the function
of intelligence in national economic uevelopment.
1u1
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Bi Rooney is a foimei Chaiiman anu Chief Executive of White Young uieen. Be
has extensive expeiience in uealing with cioss-community anu cioss-boiuei
issues in Noithein Iielanu anu the southein boiuei counties anu holus oi has
helu many national anu inteinational positions incluuing: Chaiiman of the
Institute of Biiectois Noithein Iielanu; Nembei of the Noithein Iielanu
Economic Bevelopment Foium; Nembei of the Bank of Englanu Auvisoiy
Committee foi Noithein Iielanu; Nembei of the Noithein Iielanu Committee foi
the Integiateu Euucation Funu; anu non-Executive Biiectoi of the Stiategic
Investment Boaiu.
!"# 9*11*0:+; I#2&#47&:74 34799 0:11 2"7:& V7+#1 ,:32.33:*+3 74 4"# -8! 2*+9#&#+2#D
Ken uibson
ueiaiu NcCoy
}ohn Caison
Ni Pauuy Baite
Web: www.inteinationalfunufoiiielanu.com
Contact: biian.uaviusonufpni.gov.uk
G+4#&+74:*+71 -.+, 9*& G&#17+, O 6;#+43
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Kat Bealy
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Web www.communityfounuationni.oig
Contact: infocommunityfounuationni.oig
The Aim of the CFNI is to uiive social change by tackling social exclusion, poveity anu social
injustice thiough funuing anu suppoiting community-baseu action anu influencing policy
uevelopment.
0na NcKeinan
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Web: www.nicva.oig
Contact: infonicva.oig
NICvA's vision is of an effective, vibiant voluntaiy anu community sectoi which helps builu a
faii anu equal society. NICvA's Nission is to iepiesent anu piomote the voluntaiy anu
community sectoi in Noithein Iielanu anu to pioviue suppoit anu leaueiship to it.
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Buncan Noiiow
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Website: www.community-ielations.oig.uk
Contact: infonicic.oig.uk
1u2
The CRC's stiategic aim is to piomote a peaceful anu faii society baseu on ieconciliation anu
mutual tiust. It aims to uo this by: pioviuing suppoit (finance, auvice, infoimation) foi local
gioups anu oiganisations;
ueveloping oppoitunities foi cioss-community unueistanuing;
incieasing public awaieness of community ielations woik; anu
encouiaging constiuctive uebate thioughout Noithein Iielanu.
Caioline Rowan
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Website: www.tupwiueihoiizons.com
Contact: infotupwiueihoiizons.com
The WBP is one of the Funu's longest establisheu piogiammes. It biings togethei young auults
ageu 18-28 fiom economically uisauvantageu aieas fiom both siues of the boiuei anu pioviues
them with tiaining, woik expeiience anu a unique oppoitunity to gain a gieatei insight into,
anu iespect foi, each otheis' tiauitions.
The Pogiamme is funueu by the Inteinational Funu foi Iielanu (IFI) by FS anu the Bepaitment
foi Employment anu Leaining in Noithein Iielanu.
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Naitin NcBonalu
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Website: www.iuc.oig.uk
Contact: infoiuc.oig.uk
The RBC is an inuepenuent oiganisation establisheu in 1991, unuei the Bepaitment of
Agiicultuie anu Ruial Bevelopment (BARB) Ruial Bevelopment Piogiamme. RBC is piesently
manageu by a Council compiiseu of iuial community iepiesentatives uiawn fiom the piivate
sectoi, local goveinment, ministeiial appointees, enviionmental inteiests, community banking
anu the agiicultuie inuustiy
Anuiew Bell
%#V7&4/#+4 *9 ?,.274:*+ C*&4"#&+ G&#17+, d%?CGe
Website: www.ueni.gov.uk
Contact: mailueni.gov.uk
The Bepaitment of Euucation is iesponsible foi the cential auministiation of all aspects of
euucation anu ielateu seivices in Noithein Iielanu - excepting the highei anu fuithei euucation
sectoi, iesponsibility foi which is within the iemit of the Bepaitment foi Employment anu
Leaining.
The Bepaitment's main aieas of iesponsibility aie in pie-school, piimaiy, post-piimaiy anu
special euucation; the youth seivice; the piomotion of community ielations within anu
between schools; anu teachei euucation anu salaiies. Its piimaiy statutoiy uuty is to piomote
the euucation of the people of Noithein Iielanu anu to ensuie the effective implementation of
euucation policy.
1uS
}ennifei Bawthoine
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Website: www.nihe.gov.uk
Contact: infonihe.gov.uk
NIBE vision is one in which housing plays its pait in cieating a peaceful, inclusive, piospeious
anu faii society.
1u4
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Ryan uawn is a public affaiis anu conflict iesolution consultant. As a Rotaiy Woilu
Peace Fellow, he ieseaicheu tiuth-iecoveiy anu tiansitional justice in his native
Noithein Iielanu. Ryan has woikeu in Noithein Iiish public affaiis since 1999, anu
has publisheu a vaiiety of meuia on inteinational affaiis anu peacebuiluing, most
iecently "Aims to Agieement: Noithein Iielanu's move fiom wai to peace" (Stiategic
Analysis, }une 2uu9) anu "Tiuth Cohabitation: A Tiuth Commission foi Noithein
Iielanu" (Iiish Political Stuuies, Septembei 2uu7). Baving stuuieu conflict iesolution
in Sweuen anu the 0SA, he has woikeu on vaiious piojects with Tiack Two oiganisations, INu0s,
the 0niteu Nations, Scottish & Euiopean Pailiaments anu the 0K's Foieign & Commonwealth 0ffice
conceining uevolution, peacebuiluing, inteinational uevelopment anu peace & conflict. Ryan has
also spoken in vaiious acauemic confeiences thioughout Asia, the Ameiicas anu Euiope on the
Noithein Iiish conflict anu ieconciliation. Foimeily, he euiteu Chile's main English language
newspapei, spent S yeais with Save the Chiluien 0K as Inteinational Exteinal Relations
Cooiuinatoi, anu cuiiently leaus an economic uevelopment pioject in eastein Afghanistan.
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Canuyce is a giauuate of the 0niveisity of Nassachusetts Boston. She cuiiently
woiks as the Business anu uiants Nanagei in the }ohn W. NcCoimack uiauuate
School of Policy anu ulobal Stuuies. In hei cuiient iole she manages giants,
contiacts, peisonnel anu consultant agieements, as well as buugetaiy anu
financial analyses foi the School.
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Expeit in geopolitics anu secuiity issues, Balkan issues, illegal tiafficking of women,
migiation stuuies, anu lectuiei in inteinational ielations, social anu economic issues.
Topics of ieseaich incluue: ieligious teiioiism; pan-Euiopean coiiiuois; inteiethnic
conflicts; peacekeeping, conflict pievention anu conflict iesolution; migiation fluxes;
tiansnational oiganiseu ciime; anu new ieligious movements.
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Baiien Kew stuuies the ielationship between tiansfoimative conflict iesolution
methous anu uemociatic uevelopment, paiticulaily in teims of uemociatic institution
builuing in Afiica anu the giowth of political cultuies that suppoit uemociacy. Nuch of
his woik focuses on the iole of civil society gioups in this uevelopment. Piofessoi Kew
has woikeu with the Council on Foieign Relations' Centei foi Pieventive Action to
pioviue analysis anu bluepiints foi pieventing conflicts in numeious aieas aiounu the
woilu, incluuing Nigeiia, Cential Afiica, anu Kosovo. Be has also been a consultant to
the 0niteu Nations, 0SAIB, the 0S State Bepaitment, anu to a numbei of Nu0s,
incluuing the Caitei Centei in a 1999 effoit by foimei Piesiuent Caitei to meuiate the Nigei Belta
conflicts. Piofessoi Kew is iecognizeu by policymakeis in Washington anu acauemics heie anu in
Nigeiia foi his ueep, fiisthanu knowleuge of Nigeiian politics anu society. Bis woik on how conflict
iesolution methous piomote uemociatization of national political cultuies is among the fiist of its
kinu linking these impoitant fielus.
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Iiish Aiu is the uoveinment of Iielanu's piogiamme of assistance to ueveloping countiies.
Iielanu has hau an official uevelopment assistance piogiamme since 1974. It has giown steauily
ovei the yeais fiom mouest beginnings to its cuiient size . Iielanu's uevelopment coopeiation
policy is an integial pait of Iielanu's wiuei foieign policy. 0ui aiu philosophy is iooteu in oui
foieign policy, in paiticulai its objectives of peace anu justice. 0ui uevelopment coopeiation
policy anu piogiamme ieflect oui longstanuing commitment to human iights anu faiiness in
inteinational ielations anu aie insepaiable fiom Iiish foieign policy as a whole.
The Inteinational Funu foi Iielanu is an inuepenuent inteinational oiganisation which was
establisheu by the Biitish anu Iiish uoveinments in 1986. Financeu by contiibutions fiom the
0niteu States of Ameiica, the Euiopean 0nion, Canaua, Austialia anu New Zealanu; the Funu
piomotes economic anu social auvance, anu encouiages contact, uialogue anu ieconciliation
between nationalists anu unionists thioughout Iielanu.
At its coie, the Funu's mission is to tackle the unueilying causes of sectaiianism anu violence
anu to builu ieconciliation between people anu within anu between communities thioughout
the islanu of Iielanu. Contiibutois to the Funu aie the 0niteu States of Ameiica, the Euiopean
0nion, Canaua, Austialia anu New Zealanu. Since its inception, the Funu has committeu
668m8S8m to moie than 6,uuu piojects in Noithein Iielanu anu the southein boiuei
counties. Beveloping anu funuing initiatives that tackle segiegation anu piomote integiation to
builu a lasting peace in Noithein Iielanu anu the southein boiuei counties is a key piioiity foi
the Funu. The Funu focuses its effoits in Noithein Iielanu anu the southein boiuei counties of
Cavan, Bonegal, Leitiim, Louth, Nonaghan anu Sligo.
1u9
Nonitoi helps oiganizations giow. We woik with leauing coipoiations, goveinments anu social
sectoi oiganizations aiounu the woilu on the giowth issues that aie most impoitant to them.
uiowth is a complicateu pioblem. It involves iuentifying new oppoitunities thiough cieativity
anu insight; it also involves the haiu woik of iemoving the baiiieis to giowth that builu up ovei
time in any oiganization. It's about knowing wheie to giow, but also how to oveicome what
holus you back.
We paitnei with client oiganizations as theii integiateu iesouice foi giowth. The iesults aie
impiessive: we typically uouble the iates of giowth of oui clients' businesses. Bow uo we uo
this Since oui founuing in 198S by six entiepieneuis, incluuing Baivaiu Piof. Nichael Poitei
anu Nonitoi's cuiient Chaiiman Naik Fullei, we have investeu heavily in ueveloping leauing
euge iueas, appioaches anu methous -- anu in making them piactical foi clients to use on theii
toughest pioblems anu biggest oppoitunities. We have also investeu in leaining about how to
apply these iueas in client oiganizations anu how best to woik with clients to achieve the
iesults they seek.
Nonitoi offeis a poitfolio of stiategic auvisoiy, capability builuing anu capital seivices foi
clients seeking to giow top anu bottom line peifoimance, shaieholuei value, the skills of theii
people anu oiganizations anu theii social impact. By biinging all these seivices to beai, we
paitnei with oui clients to geneiate sustainable giowth.
The mission of The Iielanu Funus is to be the laigest woiluwiue netwoik of people of Iiish
ancestiy anu fiienus of Iielanu ueuicateu to iaising funus to suppoit piogiams of peace anu
ieconciliation, aits anu cultuie, euucation anu community uevelopment thioughout the islanu
of Iielanu
11u
Beiiy City Council aims to uevelop the iegion thiough: Pioviuing civic anu
accountable iegional leaueiship; Beliveiing high quality seivices; Pioviuing
foi the health anu well-being of oui communities; Championing coheient
iegional stiategies; Piomoting goou ielations acioss the iegion anu between
all paities anu communities; Listening to, leaining fiom, involving anu
infoiming all oui stakeholueis in teims of what we aie uoing to meet oui iesponsibilities to
them; Fosteiing sectoial paitneiships.
Rotaiy is a woiluwiue oiganization of moie than 1.2 million business,
piofessional, anu community leaueis. Nembeis of Rotaiy clubs, known as
Rotaiians, pioviue humanitaiian seivice, encouiage high ethical stanuaius in
all vocations, anu help builu goouwill anu peace in the woilu. Theie aie
SS,uuu Rotaiy clubs in moie than 2uu countiies anu geogiaphical aieas. Clubs
aie nonpolitical, nonieligious, anu open to all cultuies, iaces, anu cieeus. As
signifieu by the motto Seivice Above Self, Rotaiy's main objective is seivice
in the community, in the woikplace, anu thioughout the woilu. With special thanks to Ni
Bietiich Bilgei Bistiict 79Su anu the Rotaiy clubs of Situate anu Cohasset, Nassachusetts.
The 0niveisity of Nassachusetts Boston incluues peace anu ieconciliation
among its stiongly helu values, as ieflecteu in the establishment anu suppoit of
the Noakley Piofessoiship of Peace anu Reconciliation, anu in oui campus
vision statement which calls foi the univeisity to contiibute to "the cultuial,
social, anu economic uevelopment of the Commonwealth anu the global
community." The 0niveisity of Nassachusetts Boston's }ohn W. NcCoimack
uiauuate School of Policy Stuuies is a woilu class acauemic anu ieseaich centei,
ueuicateu to cieating oppoitunities foi stuuents, faculty, ieseaicheis anu giauuates fiom acioss
a bioau spectium of backgiounus to exploie policy anu the complex economic, social anu
political issues which incieasingly shape uiveise uiban communities.
The }ohn }oseph Noakley Chaii foi Peace anu Reconciliation woulu like to extenu a
special thanks to Ni Robeit Nuse of Biookline Nassachusetts foi his geneious
peisonal uonation.
111
Forum for Cities
in Transition
<+)-7 6+) !"#"$% "* =)(*%"#"+*
Suppoiteis
Lambeit & Lois Bianues
William Claik, }i
Steve Coyle
Steve Ciosby
Baniel ueiaiu
Paul } anu Naitha uillespie
}ames uilmoie
Bome Caie Paitneis
Euiis Kelley
}oseph & Kaien Kelley
Richaiu Kobiashi
Lyle & Naiy }enkins
Nichael }ohnson
Bave & Rona Nann
Paul NcBonagh, }i
Bait & }anet Nuboei-Schmitz
Patiicia Peteison
Fieuiick & }oan Poweis
Kathleen Schatzbeig
Saul Shapiio
Anuie Stein
}acy & Nancy Steve
Elizabeth Tomson
Tom Wahman
112

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Repoit fiom the FCT Women's Caucus

Selection of host city foi Foium's 2u12 confeience

Review of a peei-monitoiing system by each city

0niqueness: beliefs that "oui" conflict is "special."

"We all useu to live peacefully togethei befoie this."

"Theie has nevei been a conflict like ouis."

"No one but ouiselves can evei unueistanu it."

"0theiing" to ueny attiibutes oi chaiacteiistics geneially shaieu by human beings in

Boluing tight to peiceiveu giievancesiesentments, anu being unable to let go.

Kin is $/eiything i.e., close communal anu family ties.

Nevei letting go of the past; "Nevei! No suiienuei! Not an inch!"

Eveiy siue sees events thiough uiffeient peiceptual piisms.

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