30 Question 2013 Part 1

Applied Physics [300218 (15)] Unit-1 Theory of Relativity
ALOKE VERMA, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED PHYSICS, SRITECH, NEW RAIPUR Page 1

Question-1: Give Galileos Principle of relativity.
Answer: A particle has different coordinates in different frames at the same instant. The equations
which relate the coordinates of two frames of references is called the transformation equations. The
equation relating the coordinates of a particle in two inertial frames are called the Galilean
transformation.
Suppose we are in inertial frame of reference S and find the coordinates of some event that
occurs at the time t are x, y, z.
An observer located in a different inertial frame S which is moving with respect to S at the
constant velocity v
, will find that the same event occurs at time t and has the position coordinates x,
y, and z.

Fig.1. Galilean Transformation
Assume that v
is in positive x (+x) directions. When origins of S and S coincide, measurements in the

x direction made in S is greater than those of S by t v
(distance).
Hence, vt x t v x ' x = =

t ' t & z ' z ; y ' y = = = No relative motion ------- (1)
The universal nature of this as assumed in classical physics is expressed by the equation t ' t = . These set
of equations are are known as Galilean transformations.
Similarly, the inverse Galilean transformation can written as
' vt ' x x + =
' t t & ' z z ; ' y y = = = ------- (2)
Velocity and acceleration Transformation
From the first equation from the set eq. (1);
vt x ' x =
Differentiating it with respect to t, one gets
v
dt
dx
dt
' dx
= =
Since t=t from eq. (1), then
' dt
' dx
dt
' dx
=
v
dt
dx
' dt
' dx
=
Analogously,
dt
dz
' dt
' dz
;
dt
dy
' dt
' dy
= =


Second Method:-
A particle has different coordinates in different frames at the same instant. The equations which relate
the coordinates of two frames of references is called the transformation equations. The equation
relating the coordinates of a particle in two inertial frames are called the Galilean transformation.
In fig.1. is an inertial frame in which an event occurs at any instant t at a point P. The coordinates of
the points P are (x,y,z,t). If another frame Sis moving with a velocity v relative to the frame S along its
X-axis and the coordinate axes of the frame S are parallel to that at the frame S, with their origins O
and O coincident at t=t=0, the coordinates of the same event at the point P in frame S will be
(x,y,z,t). The coordinates of the point P in frame S and S are related as:
t ' t ; z ' z ; y ' y ; vt x ' x = = = = ------ (1)
' t t ; ' z z ; ' y y ; ' vt ' x x = = = + = ----- (2)

Fig.1. Galilean Transformation
If the position vectors of the point P at any instant in frames S and S are r and ' r respectively in, then
the vector triangle OOP,
P ' O ' OO OP + =
vt ' r r + =
vt r ' r = ------ (3)
Differentiating above equation with respect time t, we get
v
dt
r d
dt
' r d
=
v V ' V = ------- (4)
The equation (4) is called the Galilean Law of Addition of Velocity.
Again differentiating above equation (4) with respect time t, we get
0 =
dt
V d
dt
' V d

We Know that a
dt
V d
and ' a
dt
' V d
= = ,therefore
a ' a = ------ (5)
Thus the acceleration of the particle observed in frames S and S is the same. In other words, the frame
S is also inertial like the frame S.

Question-2: Describe Michelson Morley experiment with the help of neat diagram and discuss its
negative result.
Or
What was the objective of conducting the Michelson-Morley experiment? Describe the experiment.
How is the negative result of the experiment interpreted?
Or
Describe Michelson Morley experiment and show how the negative results obtained from this
experiment were interpreted.
Answer: In 1887 Michelson and Morley performed an experiment to find the velocity of earth relative
to ether which was assumed to be stationary or an absolute frame of reference in which the speed of
light is same (= c) in all direction

Fig.1. Experimental arrangement of Michelson-Morley experiment
Where, S = Monochromatic light source, P = partially silvered glass plate which inclined at 45 with
the vertical, m
1
and m
2
= perfectly reflected glass mirror, T = Telescope.

Fig.2. Theory of the Michelson- Morley experiment
Where, l M O PM ; ct P M M P ; vt
1 1 1 1
= ' = = ' ' = ' = ' = ' =
1 1
M M P O OP
In,
1 1
M PM ' ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 1
2 2
1
1
ct l ct M M PM M P + = ' + = '
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
l v c t c t v l t c = + =
( )
( )
2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2
v c
l
t l v c t

= =

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
c
v
1 c
l
t
c
v
1 c
l
t ------ (1)
Now the total time of travel of light from the plate P to the mirror M
1
and the back from M
1
to the
plate P is
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
= =

2
2 2
1
2
2
2
2
1
c 2
v
1
c
l 2
c
v
1
c
l 2
c
v
1 c
l 2
t 2 t ; {By binomial expansion}
------ (2)
And the total time of travel of light from the plate P to the mirror M
2
and the back from M
2
to the plate
P is
( ) { }
{ } c 2
v c
l
v c v c
v c
l
) v c ( v c
v c
l
v c
l
v c
l
t t t
2 2 2 2
2 2
b f 2
= + +
=
+ +
=
+
+
= + =

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
c
v
1 c
l 2
c
v
1 c
lc 2
v c
lc 2
t

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

2
2
1
2
2
c
v
1
c
l 2
c
v
1
c
l 2
; {By binomial expansion} ----- (3)
The time difference in the time of travel of the light in the two mutually perpendicular directions
)
`
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = =
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 2
c 2
v
1
c
v
1
c
l 2
c 2
v
1
c
l 2
c
v
1
c
l 2
t t t A

)
`
=
)
`
+ =
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
c 2
v
c
v
c
l 2
c 2
v
1
c
v
1
c
l 2

3
2
2
2
2
2 2
c
lv
c 2
v
c
l 2
c 2
v v 2
c
l 2
t =
)
`
=
)
`

= A ----- (4)
Hence, the path difference for the light rays travelling in the two mutually perpendicular directions is
2
2
3
2
c
lv
c
lv
. c t c x = = = A A ------ (5)
Now the entire apparatus is rotated by 90. Therefore the path difference is
2
2
c
lv
x = ' A ------ (6)
Thus, the change in path difference between the light waves coming from the two directions due to
rotation of the apparatus by 90 is

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
c
lv 2
c
lv
c
lv
c
lv
c
lv
x x x = + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
= ' = A A ------- (7)
In the Michelson-Morley experiment . Sec / m 10 3 c .; Sec / m 10 3 v ; m 11 l
8 4
= = =
( )
( )
m 10 22
10 3
10 3 22
10 3
10 3 11 2
c
lv 2
x
8
16
8
2
8
2 4
2
2

= =
---- (8)
For the yellow light (mean wavelength =5500=5.510
-7
m) the number of fringe shifted is
4 . 0
55
22
10 5 . 5
10 22 x
n
7
8
= =
= =

---- (9)
This result is called negative result of Michelson-Morley experiment because Michelson and Morley
observed no fringe shift when the experiment was repeated after six month.
Conclusions from the negative result-
1. The velocity of earth is zero relative to the ether.
2. The speed of light does not depend on the motion of source or on the motion of observer.
3. The concept of ether to be stationary is found to be wrong.
Question-3: Derive inverse Lorentz transformation equation for space and time co-ordinate. Show
that when V<<C, then transformation convert into Galilean transformation.
Or
State the basic postulates of special theory of relativity and deduce Lorentz transformation equations
for space and time.
Or
Give Postulates of special theory of relativity and deduce Lorentz Transformation.
Answer: The following are the two basic postulates of special theory of relativity proposed by Einstein-
1. All the frames of reference in relative motion with a constant velocity are equivalent for the
description of the laws of physics. In other words, the laws of physics are the same in all inertial
frames of reference moving with a constant velocity with respect to one another.
2. The speed of light is equal in all the inertial frames of reference. In other words, the speed of
light in free space has the same value in all inertial frames of reference. The speed of light is 2.998
10
8
m/Sec.
The equations relating the coordinates of a particle in the two inertial frames based on special
theory of relativity are called the Lorentz Transformations.
In fig.1, S and S are the two inertial frames. Frame S is moving relative to the frame S with
velocity v along the positive X-axis.
Let there be a point source of light at the origin O of the frame S. the wavefront of the light
emitted at t=0, when reaches a point P, the position and time observed by the observers at O and O are
(x,y,z,t) and (x,y,z,t) respectively.
According to the special theory of relativity, the speed of light is same (= c) in both the frames,
hence the time taken by the light to reach from O to P as observed in the frame S is


Fig.1. Two inertial frame in relative motion
( )
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
z y x c t
c
z y x
t
c
z y x
c
OP
t
+ + =
+ +
=
+ +
= =

0 c t z y x
2 2 2 2 2
= + + ------- (1)
And the time taken by the light to reach from O to P as observed in the frame S is
( )
c
z y x
c
P O
t
2 2 2
' + ' + '
=
'
= '
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
z y x c t
c
z y x
t
' + ' + ' = '
' + ' + '
= '

0 c t z y x
2 2 2 2 2
= ' ' + ' + ' ------- (2)
From eq.(1) and (2), we get
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
c t z y x c t z y x ' ' + ' + ' = + + ------- (3)
Since the frame S is moving relative to the frame S along S-axis, the lengths in direction perpendicular
to the direction of motion are un affected i.e.,
z z and y y = ' = ' , ------- (4)
Therefore from eq.(3),
2 2 2 2 2 2
c t x c t x ' ' = ------- (5)
The transformation between x and x coordinates is given by simple relation
( ) vt x k x = ' ------- (6)
Where k is constant, independent of x and t.
And ( ) t v x k x ' + ' ' = ------- (7)
Where k is constant, independent of x and t.
Substituting the value x from eq. (6) in eq. (7), we get

( ) { } t v vt x k k x ' + ' =
( ) { }
{ }
kvt kx
k
x
t v
t v kvt kx
k
x
t v vt x k
k
x
+
'
= '
' + =
'
' + =
'

)
`
|
.
|
\
|
'
=
'
+ = '
k k
1
1 x vt k
k
x
kx kvt t v
)
`
|
.
|
\
|
'
= '
k k
1
1
v
x
t k t ------- (8)
Putting the value of x from eq. (6) and the value of t from eq. (8) in eq. (9) , we get
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
k k
1
1
v
x
t k c vt x k t c x
)
`
|
.
|
\
|
'
=
( )

)
|
.
|
\
|
'
+ |
.
|
\
|
'
+ =
2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
k k
1
1
v
x
k k
1
1
v
xt 2
t k c t v vt 2 x k t c x
2
---(9)
Equating the coefficients of t
2
on both sides of the eq. (9), we have
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
k
v c
c
v c k c
v k k c c
k c v k c
=
=
=
=

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
c
v
1
1
c
v
1 c
c
k
c
v
1
1
c
v
1 c
c
k

--------- (10)
Similarly, equating the coefficient of 2xt on both sides of eq. (9), we get
|
.
|
\
|
'
=
|
.
|
\
|
'
=
|
.
|
\
|
'
+ =
k k
1
1 c v
k k
1
1
v
k c
v k
k k
1
1
v
k c
v k 0
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2


2
2
2
2
c
v
1
k k
1
k k
1
1
c
v
=
'
'
=

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
'
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
c
v
1
c
v
1
c
v
1
c
v
1 k
k
1

|
|
.
|
\
|
= '
2
2
c
v
1
1
k -------- (11)
Substituting the value of k and k in eq. (6) and (8), we get
2
2
2
2
2
c
v
1
c
vx
t
' t and
c
v
1
vt x
x
= ' --------- (12)

Thus the Lorentz transformations are
2
2
2
2
2
c
v
1
c
xv
t
' t and z z ; y y ;
c
v
1
vt x
x
= = ' = '
= ' ----- (13)

Question-4: Derive the formula for the variation of mass with velocity according to special theory of
relativity.
Or
Deduce the variation of mass with velocity. Show that
where the symbols have their

usual meaning.
Answer: According to the Newtonian mechanics, mass is an invariant quantity. If a stationary body of
mass m is acted upon by a finite and constant force F for a time t due to which it acquires a velocity v,
then the gain in momentum of the body is
t F mv P = = ----- (1)
The maximum momentum that can be gained by a body is
mc P
max
= ----- (2)
Where c is the velocity of light.
According to the special theory of relativity the mass of body is not constant, but it depends on
the velocity of the body. When the body is at rest ( v=0 ), the mass of the body is m
0
and when the
velocity of the body becomes equal to the velocity of light ( v=c ), the mass of the body becomes infinite.
Consider a frame S relative to which a particle is moving with the velocity v along the X-axis.
The moving mass of the particle in frame S is m. Consider another frame S in which the particle is
stationary. The rest mass of the particle in frame S is m
0
. If the displacement of the particle relative to
the frame S in time t is y along Y-axis, then the velocity of particle along Y-axis in the frame S is

t
y
m P momentum its and
t
y
v
0 ' y y
'
'
=
'
'
=
'
A
A
A
A
------ (3)
Similarly,
t
y
m P and
t
y
v
0 v y
y
A
A
A
A
= = ------ (4)
From the Lorentz transformations y y ' = , hence y y ' = A A and according to time dilation
2
2
c
v
1
t
t
'
=
A
A
t
y
.
c
v
1 m
c v 1
t
y
m
t
y
m P
2
2
2 2
y
'
'
=
'
= =
A
A
A
A
A
A
----- (5)
Since the momentum of the particle is invariant, therefore P
y
=P
y
. From eq. (3) and eq. (4), we get
t
y
.
c
v
1 m
t
y
m
2
2
0
'
'
=
'
'
A
A
A
A

2
2
0
c
v
1 m m =
2
2
0
c
v
1
m
m
= ------- (6)
The above expression gives the variation of mass with velocity.
Second Method:
According to Newtonian Mechanics, the mass of an object is independent of its motion. But according
to Einstein, the mass of an object in motion is different from its mass at rest. We shall now verify this
by considering the hypothetical experiment of Tolman and Lews.
Consider two systems of coordinates S and S, the later moving with velocity v relative to S
along positive direction of their common X-axis as shown is fig.1. We consider the collision of two
objects in system S and observer it from the system S. Let two objects masses m
1
and m
2
are travelling
parallel to X-axis with u and u, respectively. Let objects collide and after collision coalesce into a
single object.
Here it should be noted that the definition of momentum (= mass velocity) and the principles
of conservation of mass and momentum also hold well in relativity same as in classical mechanics. So,
according to the conservation of mass, the mass of the coalesced objects after collision should be 2m.
Since the two objects were moving with same velocity in opposite directions, therefore, after collision
they are at rest for an observer in system S . Using the law of addition of velocities, the velocities u
1

and u
2
in system S corresponding to u and u are given by
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
2
1
c
uv
1
v u
u ------ (1)

And
|
.
|
\
|

+
=
2
2
c
uv
1
v u
u ------ (2)
Further, we assume that the mass of the object moving with velocity u
1
is m
1
and that of the object
moving with velocity u
2
be m
2
. According to the principle of conservation of momentum, we have
Momentum before collision= Momentum after collision
i.e. ( )v m m u m u m
2 1 2 2 1 1
+ = + ------- (3)
where v is the velocity of single object after collision.
Using equation (1), (2) and (3), we get
( )v m m
c
uv
1
v u
m
c
uv
1
v u
m
2 1
2
1
2
1
+ =
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+

|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
2
2
2
1
c
uv
1
v u
v m v
c
uv
1
v u
m
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
c
uv
1
v u
c
uv
v
m
c
uv
1
c
uv
v v u
m
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2
2
2
1
c
uv
1
c
uv
1
m
m
------- (4)
Now using equation (1), we get
2
2
2
2
2
1
c
1
.
c
uv
1
v u
c
u
1
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=

2
2
c
c
uv
1
v u
1
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=

2
2
c
uv
1
c
v u
1
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=


2
2
2
2 2
c
uv
1
c
v uv 2 u
1
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ +
=
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
c
uv
1
c
v
c
uv 2
c
u
c
uv
1
c
u
1
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
4
2 2
2
2
2
1
c
uv
1
c
v
c
uv 2
c
u
c
v u
c
uv 2
1
c
u
1
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ +
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
c
uv
1
c
u
1
c
v
1
c
uv
1
c
v
1
c
u
c
v
1
c
u
1
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
------ (5)
Similarly
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
c
uv
1
c
u
1
c
v
1
c
u
1
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= ------ (6)
From equation (5) and (6), we get
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
c
uv
1
c
uv
1
c
u
1
c
u
1
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|

=
------ (7)
Therefore
0
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
m
c
u
1
c
u
1
m
m
=
=
2
2
2
0
2
2
2
1
0
1
c
u
1
m
m and
c
u
1
m
m
= ------ (8)
Finally, we get in general form
2
2
0
c
v
1
m
m
=

The above expression gives the variation of mass with velocity.
Question-5: Deduce Einsteins mass Energy relation E=mc
2
, considering the variation of mass with
velocity.

Answer:- According to the Einstein, the mass and velocity are equivalent to each other. If a mass m is
converted into energy, the energy produced is E=mc
2
, where c is the speed of light. This is called the
mass energy equivalence relation.
Let a particle of mass m moving with a velocity v is displaced by a distance dx by applying a
force F on it. The work done by the force is
( )
dx .
dt
dm
v dx
dt
dv
m
dx .
dt
dm
v
dt
dv
m dx . mv
dt
d
dk
dx . F dw dk
+ =
|
.
|
\
|
+ = =
= =

dm v mvdv dk
2
+ = ;
)
`
= v
dt
dx

------ (1)
But
2 2
0
2
2
2
2
2
0
c m
c
v
1 m
c
v
1
m
m =
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
2
0
2 2 2 2
m v m c m = ------ (2)
On partial differentiation of eq. (2), we get
vdv m 2 dm mv 2 dm mc 2
0 vdv m 2 dm mv 2 dm mc 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
+ =
=

mvdv dm v dm c
2 2
+ =
------ (3)
From eq. (1) and (3), we get
dm c dk
2
= ------- (4)
Hence gain in kinetic energy in acquiring the velocity v from rest is
( )
2
0
2
0
2
m
m
2
c m mc m m c dm c k
0
= = =
}
------ (5)
The eq. (5) gives the expression for the kinetic energy of the particle at relativistic velocity.
But at v=0, the rest energy of the particle =
2
0
c m ------ (6)
Total energy of the particle E= kinetic energy + rest energy
2
0
2
0
2
c m c m mc E + =
2
mc E = ------ (7)
The above equation is called the Einstein equation of mass-energy equivalence.
Question-6. Calculate the percentage contraction of rod moving with a velocity 0.8c in a direction
inclined at 60 to its own length.
Answer: the component of the length of the rod along its direction of motion
0 0
L
2
1
60 cos L = =
And the component of its length, perpendicular to its direction of motion
0 0
L
2
3
60 sin L = =
Where L
0
= length of the rod, placed along the x-axis, in frame S(at rest).

In this case cos component undergoes change in length.
Hence
( )
c 3 . 0
c
c 8 . 0
1 L
2
1
L
2
2
0 x
= =
Other component
0 y
L
2
3
L =
Total length of the rod in frame S (moving frame) is

( )
0 0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
L 9165 . 0 L 84 . 0
L
4
3
L 09 . 0 L
2
3
L 3 . 0 L
= =
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =

The percentage contraction produced in length of the rod
% 34 . 8 100
L
L 9165 . 0 L
0
0 0
=
=
Question-7: What will be the apparent length of a meter stick measured by an observer at rest when
the stick is moving along its length with a velocity equal to c
2
3
?
Answer: As
2
2
0
1
c
v
L L =
4
3
4
3
2
2
2
2
= =
c
c
c
v

2 4
3 4
4
3
1 1
0
0 0
2
2
0
L
L L
c
v
L L =
= = = m L 1
0
=
. 5 . 0
2
1
m L = =
Question-8: Calculate the velocity of a particle at which its mass will be 5 times the mass at rest.
Answer:
2
2
0
1
c
v
m
m
=
According to question
0
5m m = , therefore we have
2
2
0
0
c
v
1
m
m 5
=

25
1
1
c
v
25
1
c
v
1
5
1
c
v
1
c
v
1
1
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= = =
=
. sec / m 10 94 . 2
10 3 98 . 0 v
c 98 . 0 v
c
25
24
v c
25
24
v
25
24
c
v
8
8
2 2
2
2
=
=
=
= = =


Question-9: Show that a particle which travels with the speed of light must have a zero rest mass.
Answer: The relativistic mass of a particle with speed v is
2
2
0
1
c
v
m
m
=
Therefore rest mass is
2
2
0
1
c
v
m m =
when , c v = then 0
0
= m
Thus, a particle traveling with the speed of light must have a zero rest mass.

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Applied Physics [300218 (15)] Unit-1 Theory of Relativity

ALOKE VERMA, DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED PHYSICS, SRITECH, NEW RAIPUR Page 1

is in positive x (+x) directions. When origins of S and S coincide, measurements in the

= ' --------- (12)

= ' ----- (13)

where the symbols have their

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