The 17th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC’06)
PERFORMANCE OF IEEE802.16-2004 BASED SYSTEM IN JAMMING ENVIRON-
MENT AND ITS IMPROVEMENT WITH LINK ADAPTATION
Juan Li
Communications Laboratory
Helsinki University of Technology
Otakaari 7 Espoo, Finland
ABSTRACT
As the first standard for WiMAX product, IEEE802.16-2004
is facing different threats in the physical layer, including radio
frequency jamming. In this paper, the performance of an
IEEE802.16-2004 based system in jamming environment is
evaluated by computer simulations. Two categories of jam-
ming, multitone pilot jamming and partial-band jamming, are
investigated. The results reveal that, the system exposed to
multitone pilot jamming suffers greater throughput loss than
the system exposed to partial-band jamming, when the same
total jamming power is applied. The system tolerance to mul-
titone pilot jamming increases with decreasing number of
jammed pilots, whereas the system performance under partial-
band jamming is more complicated and can be divided into
three stages depending on the power level of jamming. A car-
rier-to-interference-noise ratio (CINR) based link adaptation
algorithm is also proposed to enhance the system resistance to
jamming. According to the simulations, the system perform-
ance is improved by applying the algorithm.
I. INTRODUCTION
As a promising broadband wireless access technology,
IEEE802.16-2004 [1] acts as backhaul for Wi-Fi hot spots
and potentially provides last-mile broadband wireless access
to Internet. In order to accommodate a number of applica-
tions, IEEE802.16-2004 has designed several air interfaces. It
supports operations on both high frequency side (10-66GHz)
where line-of-sight (LOS) is required and low frequency side
(below 11GHz) where non-line-of-sight (NLOS) is signifi-
cant. For commonly adopted NLOS operation, it is expected
to provide up to 75Mbps throughput for a system of 20MHz
channelization, with a typical coverage range of 4.8-8 kilome-
ters, maximally 48 kilometers [2]. However, its efficiency
will be degraded by variable spectrum threats and vulnerabili-
ties. Radio frequency jamming, either unintentional or mali-
cious, is such kind of attack that impacts the system perform-
ance by flooding the physical layer with interferences. There-
fore evaluating the system performance under jamming is of
practical significance.
Jamming denies the system reliability in many ways. In
the IEEE802.16-2004 based system adopting orthogonal fre-
quency division multiplexing (OFDM), the datastream is
transmitted over a number of orthogonal low rate subcarriers.
The jammer can impact the system by launching the most
common partial-band jamming, in which part or even all the
subcarriers are interfered. Moreover, if prior knowledge of the
system is obtained, the jammer can evenly divide the power
among several tones to jam the pilot subcarriers, which is
named as multitone pilot jamming here. Both types of jam-
ming are often encountered in real systems.
1-4244-0330-8/06/$20.00©2006 IEEE
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Sven-Gustav Häggman
Communications Laboratory
Helsinki University of Technology
Otakaari 5A Espoo, Finland
As mentioned in [3], link adaptation is a potential coun-
termeasure against jamming. It has been widely applied in
wired and wireless communication systems [4, 5, 6, 7]. Based
on the evaluation of channel condition, link adaptation ac-
commodates low data rate mode with highly protected modu-
lation/coding to harsh channel, and high data rate mode with
weakly protected modulation/coding to good channel. Though
IEEE802.16-2004 offers the possibility to implement link
adaptation, no research in this field has been reported so far.
Hence, developing applicable link adaptation algorithm for
IEEE802.16-2004 based system also falls into the interest of
the present work.
This paper is organized in follow: a review on one of the
physical layer (PHY) specifications of IEEE802.16-2004,
WirelessMAN-OFDM, is given in Section II. Section III pre-
sents an extensive investigation on the performances under
multitone pilot and partial-band jamming. Link adaptation is
introduced in Section IV as mitigation to jamming, which is
verified for both jamming categories. Conclusions are made
in section V.
II. THE INVESTIGATED PHYSICAL LAYER
The primary operation bands of IEEE 802.16-2004 in-
clude 10-66 GHz licensed bands, frequencies below 11GHz
and license-exempt frequencies below 11GHz (primarily 5-6
GHz). According to these operation bands, IEEE 802.16-2004
PHY defines five specifications for different operation sce-
narios. Among them, WirelessMAN-OFDM PHY is based on
orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) tech-
nology and designed for NLOS operation in the frequency
bands below 11GHz. It is selected to be the air interface of
the system under investigation in this paper.
At the transmitter side, the information data first under-
goes channel coding composed of randomization, forward
error correction (FEC), and interleaving. Randomizer uses a
Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) to scatter long data
strings of zeros or ones. Forward error correction concate-
nates an outer Reed-Solomon encoder with an inner rate-
compatible convolutional encoder. FEC helps to correct the
errors in subcarriers to a certain limit. The interleaver takes
two permutations to rearrange the subcarriers so that the burst
errors are distributed more uniformly at the demodulation
input. After channel coding, data bits are mapped and modu-
lated onto the allocated subcarriers by BPSK, 16-QAM and
64-QAM modulation. Subsequently, data are transmitted by
OFDM method. In the receiver side, all the procedures car-
ried out in the transmitter side are implemented again but in a
reverse direction.
In IEEE802.16-2004 WirelessMAN-OFDM PHY, there
are seven mandatory modulation/coding modes which are
 The 17th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC’06)

listed in Table.1 [1]. For later purpose, they are numbered as Where PER is packet-error-rate, Thrptmax is the maximum
mode 1 to mode 7. throughput which is a function of the air interface option and
channel bandwidth. The maximum throughputs of all the
Table 1: Mandatory modulation/coding modes
modes under the simulation settings in Table 2 are listed in
Mode. Modulation Block size (bytes) RS code CC Table 3.
No. Uncoded Coded code rate
1 BPSK 12 24 (12,12,0) 1/2 Table 3: Maximum throughput for seven modes
2 QPSK 24 48 (32,24,4) 2/3
3 QPSK 36 48 (40,36,2) 5/6
Mode 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4 16-QAM 48 96 (64,48,8) 2/3 Thrptmax(Mbps) 1.2 2.4 3.6 4.8 7.2 9.6 10.8
5 16-QAM 72 96 (80,72,4) 5/6
6 64-QAM 96 144 (108,96,6) 3/4 At the receiver side, jamming is added to the specified
7 64-QAM 108 144 (120,108,6) 5/6 subcarriers with varying signal-to-jamming ratio (SJR) val-
ues. Assume that at the receiver side a total power of Jtot
One OFDM symbol can be divided into two parts in time
jamming is distributed evenly over m subjammers, where m is
domain: the cyclic prefix (CP) time Tg and the useful symbol
equal to the number of subcarriers need to be jammed. The
time Tb. The cyclic prefix locates in the beginning of the
power of one subjammer is J 0 = J tot m . SJR is defined as
symbol and is a duplication of the tail of the useful symbol,
which is introduced to mitigate the effect of multipath. In Eb Eb
frequency domain, an OFDM symbol is composed of a series SJR(linear ) = = (2)
NJ J0 W
of subcarriers. In WirelessMAN-OFDM PHY, the number of
subcarriers is 256. As shown in Fig. 1 [1], three types of sub- where Eb is the signal energy per bit, NJ is the power spectral
carriers can be categorized: 192 data subcarriers carrying pay- density, and W stands for the bandwidth of one subjammer.
load, 8 pilot subcarrier mainly for channel estimation, and 56 Depending on the number of jammed subcarriers, several
null subcarriers for guarding purpose. The pilot subcarriers jamming scenarios are tested. They are: four scenarios multi-
distribute evenly among the data subcarriers. tone pilot jamming where 1/2/4/8 pilot(s) is(are) jammed;
three scenarios partial band jamming where 30%, 50% and
100% of the total 200 non-null subcarriers are continuously
jammed from the left most side (refer to Fig. 1). For each
scenario, all the modes in Table.1 are tested with SJR varying
from 1 to 40dB. For every mode under one SJR value jam-
ming, 106 information bits are transmitted through the chan-
Figure 1: OFDM symbol Frequency domain description nel. After data recovery, the packet error rate is recorded and
Channel estimation is mandatory for the OFDM systems the throughput is calculated.
employing coherent detection. Comb type pilot channel esti-
mation [8] is capable of collecting instant information of the IV. SYSTEM PERFORMANCE UNDER JAMMING
channel and therefore used in this research. The channel esti- With the obtained simulation results, the performance of
mation for the payload subcarriers is achieved by interpola- the system is investigated in terms of throughput.
tion, using the channel information obtained at the 8 pilot
subcarriers. A. Performance Comparison in Single Jamming Scenario
The simulation result for 8 pilots jamming is chosen as exam-
III. SIMULATION ple and shown in Fig. 2. The performances of the other six
The computer simulation in this paper is carried out by Monte scenarios are similar.
Carlo method with the aid of Matlab. Besides jamming, the 12
Mode 1
system in the simulation is subjected to multipath fading and 11 Mode 2
Mode 3
additive white Gaussian noise. The multipath channel is simu- 10 Mode 4
Mode 5
9 Mode 6
lated as a frequency selective, slow fading channel by snap- 8
Mode 7
Throughput(Mbps)

shot method. The parameters adopted in the simulation are 7

listed in Table.2. 6

Table 2: Parameters used in simulation 4

channel bandwidth 7 MHz Nfft 256 2

Nused 200 sampling factor n 8/7 1

CP ratio G (Tg / Tb) 1/4 SNR 20 dB 0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
OFDM symbol duration 40 µs SJR(dB)
channel path gains [0 -4 -8] dB
channel path delays [0 1.5 4] µs
Figure 2: Throughput performance under multitone pilot
The system performance is evaluated in terms of jamming: jamming 8 pilots.
throughput. The throughput is calculated by
As SJR increases, mode 1 to mode 7 (except for mode 3)
Thrpt = Thrpt max ⋅ (1 − PER ) (1) obtains the highest throughput performance alternatively,
which is in accordance with their protection level. One excep-

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 The 17th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC’06)

tion is mode 3 (QPSK 5/6), its throughput curve intersects the operating in mode 2 tolerates 25 times more jamming power
throughput curve of mode 2 (QPSK 2/3) at higher SJR value than that in mode 6.
than the throughput curve of mode 4 (16QAM 2/3). As the
Table 4: Power of jamming when Thrpt / Thrptmax = 10%
result, mode 3 (QPSK 5/6) never becomes the most efficient
mode, which holds true for all the other jamming scenarios. It Jam Jam Jam Jam
suggests that the influence of Hamming distance is larger than Mode 1 pilot 2 pilots 4 pilots 8 pilots
that of minimum Euclidean distance in the corresponding SJR 1 never never never 0.1600
range. Similar phenomenon has been also reported in other 2 never 0.1000 0.0320 0.0200
papers such as [6]. 3 never 0.0260 0.0180 0.0100
4 never 0.0165 0.0135 0.0055
B. Performance Comparison between Multitone Pilot Jam- 5 0.0065 0.0034 0.0024 0.0019
ming and Partial-Band Jamming 6 0.0063 0.0018 0.0009 0.0006
In order to reveal the performances of the systems in dif- 7 0.0013 0.0009 0.0008 0.0003
ferent jamming environment, comparisons among the seven Jam Jam Jam
jamming scenarios are made. The performances of the rela- Mode 30% Bd. 50% Bd. 100% Bd.
tively robust mode 2 (QPSK-2/3) and the relatively weaker 1 never never 0.6800
mode 6 (64-QAM 3/4) are chosen as examples. Their 2 0.2050 0.1750 0.1950
3 0.0760 0.0804 0.1040
throughputs versus jamming power are plotted in Fig. 3 and
4 0.0820 0.0580 0.0560
Fig. 4. The throughput is presented in percentage which is the
5 0.0195 0.0190 0.0240
ratio of actual throughput to the maximum throughput of the
6 0.0082 0.0074 0.0078
corresponding mode. The total jamming power ‘1’ is the 7 0.0042 0.0040 0.0049
power used in 100% bandwidth jamming. The results for For the scenario ‘Jam 1 pilot’, the tolerances of the sys-
other modes are similar. tems operating in mode 1 to 4 present ‘saturation’ characteris-
100%
Jam
Jam
1 pilot
4 pilots
Jam 2 pilots
Jam 8 pilots
tic: after the jamming reduces the throughputs to a certain
level, the system is insensitive to the increase of jamming
90% Jam 30% Bd. Jam 50% Bd.
Jam 100% Bd.
80%
power and the throughput remains almost constant. It shows
70%
that ‘jam 1 pilot’ is mild for system with strong modula-
Thrpt/Thrptmax x100%

60%

50%
tion/coding modes. Actually, mode 1 (BPSK 1/2) presents
40%
‘saturation’ characteristic to most of the jamming scenarios
30%
except ‘Jam 8 pilots’ and ‘Jam 100% bandwidth’, suggesting
20%
that this newly added operation mode (not specified in
10%
IEEE802.16a-2003) is necessary and endows more robustness
0%
for the system.
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Power of Jamming
0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Before the throughput decreases to 10% of the maximum
throughput, the system performances under partial band jam-
Figure 3: Throughput performance of mode 2 ming are always superior to those under multitone pilot jam-
under seven jamming scenarios ming. As shown in Fig. 3 and 4, the throughput curves of the
100%
two categories jamming form an area which looks like an eye
Jam 1 pilot Jam 2 pilots
90%
Jam 4 pilots
Jam 30% Bd.
Jam 8 pilots
Jam 50% Bd.
shape, whose width represents the throughput difference be-
Jam 100% Bd.
80% tween them. The wider the ‘eye’ opens, the bigger the
70% throughput difference is. The width of ‘eye’ opening dimin-
Thrpt/Thrptmax x100%

60% ishes gradually in sequence from mode 1 to 7, which results

50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0 0.001 0.002
Figure 4: Throughput performance of mode 6
under seven jamming scenarios
With increasing jamming power, the throughput curves
descend faster sequentially from mode 1 to 7. The tolerance
to jamming decreases accordingly. For all the operation
modes, Table 4 lists the jamming powers when the through-
puts diminish to 10% of their maximum throughput. For in-
stance, when 30% percentage of bandwidth is jammed, the
throughputs of mode 6 and mode 2 drop to this level at power
0.0082 and 0.2050 respectively, indicating that the system
from the decreasing modulation/coding protections (notice
that different x-axis scales are used in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4).
Within each category of jamming, the system performs
differently as well. With the number of jammed pilots in-
creases from 1 to 8, the system tolerance to multitone pilot
0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01
jamming decreases. Take mode 6 (Fig. 4) as an example:
Power of Jamming
when jamming power is 0.001, the throughput of scenario
‘jamming 8 pilots’ is less than one percentage of that of
‘jamming 1 pilot’; When power of jamming is 0.003, the first
scenario ‘jamming 1 pilot’ still produces 16% of the maxi-
mum throughput, while the other three scenarios have no pro-
duction. It suggests that in multitone pilot jamming the num-
ber of jammed pilots is the decisive factor for its jamming
severity.
For partial band jamming, the system performance passes
through three stages: when the jamming power is low, the
sequence of the system tolerance to jamming from high to
low is: 100%, 50%, 30% bandwidth jamming. At this stage,

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 The 17th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC’06)

the increased power of subjammer is the major factor for
jamming severity; when the jamming power is high, the se-
quence reverses into: 30%, 50%, 100% bandwidth jamming.
At this stage, the increased number of jammed subcarriers is
the major factor that adverse the system performance. There
is a transition between the two stages, during which the ef-
fects of two factors are comparable.
the situation: link 1 is the transmission between the transmit-
ter and the receiver. It maintains fixed; link 2 is the transmis-
sion between the jammer and the receiver. It decreases as the
jammer approaches the receiver.
Link 1, d1
Link 2, d2

V. LINK ADAPTATION
Based on the system performance evaluations above, one link
adaptation algorithm is proposed and its effectiveness is dis-
cussed in this section.
A. Algorithm
The key issue for a link adaptation algorithm is to select
channel quality metric. It must be an applicable and fair pa-
rameter that is able to reflect the quality of the channel. When
the reported value of the channel quality metric is outside the
specified range of the current operation mode, the system will
adapt to another stronger/weaker mode. In this research the
channel quality metric is chosen to be mean carrier-to-
Jammer
Receiver Transmitter
Figure 5: Jamming scenario assumption
As the jammer approaches the receiver, we assume the
SJR to be a function of d 22 . In the testing, we choose 15811m
and 500m as the maximum and minimum value of d2, such
that after 150000 trials the SJR for scenario ‘jamming 100%
bandwidth’ changes from 30dB to 0dB. As the total jamming
power is fixed, the SJR locuses for other six jamming scenar-
ios are different and drawn in Fig. 6 as well.
30
20

interference-and-noise-ratio (CINR). Since, first of all, its

10
measurement is mandated by the standard. It can be obtained
directly from the subscriber station channel quality measure-
SJR (dB)

ment with no bother to change the standard protocol. Second,

it provides information on the actual operating condition of -10
Jam
Jam
1 pilot
2 pilots
the receiver, including interference, noise level and signal -20
Jam
Jam
Jam
4 pilots
8 pilots
30% Bd.
strength, hence, it is able to reflect the real channel condition. Jam
Jam
50% Bd.
100% Bd.

To estimate the CINR of a single message, one possible -30

14500 12500 10500 8500 6500 4500 2500 500
method is suggested in [1]. Distance (m)

N −1
∑ s[k , n]
2 Figure 6: Assumed SJR changing locuses for seven scenarios
CINR[k ] = n=0
N −1
∑ r [k , n] − s [k , n ]
n =0
where r[k,n] is the n-th received sample within message k,
s[k,n] is the corresponding detected or pilot sample corre-
sponding to symbol n. The mean CINR statistic is derived
from multiple samples of the single message:
 CINR[0]
µ CINR [k ] = 
 (
1 − α )
µ

avg CINR [k − 1] + α avg CINR[k ] k >0
k is the time index for the message. αavg is an averaging pa-
rameter in the range of [0, 1] which is specified by base sta-

tion. µ CINR [k ] is the actual value that can be obtained from
the subscriber station,
Another consideration for the link adaptation algorithm is
reporting time, which refers to the time period between two
continuous checking of the channel quality. The principle for
selecting the length of reporting time is: neither too short to
waste radio resource, nor too long to fail the channel condi-
tion tracking. Here it is set to be 10 bursts where every burst
is assumed to contain one OFDM symbol.
B. Jamming Environment for Test
To measure the performance of proposed link adaptation al-
gorithm in jamming environment, we conceive a simple case
as shown in Fig. 5. We assume a jamming source, for in-
stance, an airplane, moves straightly towards the receiver at a
very high and constant speed. There are two connections in
(2) The system performance under such a jamming environ-
2
ment is simulated with and without link adaptation algorithm.
The simulation parameters are the same as in Table 2. Each
run of simulation lasts for 150000 trials, and in each trial 10
bursts are transmitted. When link adaptation is applied, the
system begins transmission with the most robust mode 1
(BPSK 1/2). Whenever reporting time is reached, the mean
k=0 CINR is reported based on the previous 10 history values by
(3)
(3), and compared with specified CINR thresholds. According
to the result, the system decides the operation mode for the
next ten trials. The CINR thresholds are the throughput inter-
sections from curves ‘throughpout vs. CINR’ which obtained
from simulations like the previous one but without jamming.
The link adaptation algorithm is tested for seven jam-
ming scenarios. The result for jamming 100% bandwidth is
shown in Fig. 7. The results for the other six scenarios are
similar.
In Fig. 7, the performance of system with link adaptation
is compared with the systems operating with fixed modes. As
the distance d2 decreases, the jamming to the receiver in-
creases, the throughputs degrade accordingly. The through-
puts of systems with fixed mode are presented by thin lines in
the figure. They obtain the highest throughput alternatively
but none of them can persist through the entire simulation
time. In other words, the system performance is not opti-
mized. However, when link adaptation is applied, the
throughput is almost the envelope of throughput curves of the

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 The 17th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC’06)

12 http://www.WiMAXforum.org/news/press_releases/Telephony_WiMAX
with LA
fix mode
fix mode
1
2
.pdf , last visit on May 26, 2006
10 fix mode 3
fix mode
fix mode
4
5 [3] Karhima, T.; Silvennoinen, A.; Hall, M.; Haggman, S.-G.; “IEEE
fix mode 6
802.11b/g WLAN tolerance to jamming”,
Throughpout (Mbps)

fix mode 7
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Vol 240/4-6 (2004) pp 315-327.
2

0 GPRS.”, Vehicular Technology Conference, 1999 IEEE 49th, Volume: 2
14500 12500 10500 8500
Distance (m)
Figure 7: Throughput performance of link adaptation and seven
fixed modes in 100% bandwidth jamming, αavg = 0.5.
seven fixed modes as shown by the bold line. The system
obtains higher average throughput than any of the fixed mode.
It proves that the link adaptation algorithm implemented in
this research gives satisfactory performance.
It is noticed that ideal link adaptation should produce
throughput curve exactly as the envelope the seven curves,
practically it can never be reached due to unavoidable mis-
judgement. The imperfect portion of the link adaptation curve
is very small in our simulations. It confirms that the link ad-
aptation algorithm adopted here is efficient enough.
The improved system performance with link adaptation
proves its ability to resist jamming.
[5] Queseth, O.; Gessler, F.; Frodigh, M. “Algorithms for link adaptation in
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229

VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the performance of IEEE802.16-2004 based
system under both multitone pilot and partial-band jamming
are evaluated with the aid of computer simulations. The re-
sults show that the simulated throughput versus jamming
power curves descends faster for weaker modulation/coding
modes, indicating that weaker modes possess lower tolerance
to jamming. Saturation phenomena to most of the jamming
scenarios are observed for system operating with mode BPSK
1/2. It proves the necessity and robustness of this newly de-
fined operation mode.
Multitone pilot jamming affects the system more severely
than partial-band jamming under the same jamming power. In
multitone pilot jamming, the number of jammed pilots de-
cides the jamming severity and jamming 8 (full) pilots de-
grades the system to the most. In partial band jamming, sys-
tem performance is degraded by either increased power of
subjammer or increased number of subjammer, depending on
the level of jamming power.
A mean carrier-to-interference-noise ratio (CINR) based
link adaptation algorithm is accordingly proposed. The simu-
lated throughput curves for link adaptation almost matches
the envelope of the throughput curves for fixed modula-
tion/coding mode. This means that the system performance is
optimized and the tolerance to jamming is enhanced.

REFERENCES
[1] IEEE std 802.16-2004, ™ IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan
area networks Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Ac-
cess Systems, The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc.,
October 1, 2004.
[2] Dan O’Shea, “A Standard Argument: Why WiMAX will Rule”, [Online].
Available:

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