CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 SOLAR ENERGY:
Throughout the history of human being major advances in the civilization have
accompanied by an increase consumption of energy. Since 1973, the ord
!energy" has been continuously in the nes. Solar energy is the most popular
and abundant continuing energy source available to human ooer.
Solar energy has much greater present and future potential because it produces
large #uantities of energy at lo cost ith minimal impact on the environment i.e.
it satisfies three !$%s" &energy, economy and ecology'.
The solar energy is the electromagnetic radiation emission from the sun. (t emits
in the form of sunlight, infrared rays, ultra violet rays, cosmic rays, )*rays etc.
Solar radiation is produced by the nuclear fusion of different elements inside the
sun. The rate of solar emission from the sun is +.3,1-
9
.g/sec. The poer from
the sun intercepted by the earth is appro,imately 1.0 , 1-
11
12 314. 1ost of the
sun%s energy that ma.es the 93,---,---*mile journey is in the form of visible and
ultraviolet light.
The energy radiated from the sun comes in earth in to ays of radiation.
1. 5eam 6adiation
7. 8iffuse 6adiation
1
1.2 SOLAR ENERGY AS A RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY:
The fascination of reneable energy is that it is not dindling, rather any
depleting and it does not damage environment and rather it contributes toards a
hazard free environment. 6eneable energy sources have proven their reliability
and competitiveness in comparison ith conventional sources of energy. (t is
reported by Sayigh &1997' 3+4 that in the united state alone, at present the annual
turnover of the reneable energy industry is more than to billion dollars.
(n the present orld, hich is threatened ith the non*availability and soaring
price of fuel oil supplies, one is bound to loo. into the future energy prospect ith
considerable scepticism. (n the third orld country li.e 5angladesh here fuel is
imported by hard earned foreign currency and e,traction of oil from her on ells
if any, is much e,pensive because of technological gaps and dependent on the
import of costly high technologies, any improvement or utilization of solar energy
may help this nation toards self*sufficiency. Solar energy is a very large,
ine,haustible source of reneable energy. (t is one of the promising options to
ma.e more e,tensive use of reneable source of energy derived from the sun,
because solar energy is the cheapest form of energy and does not re#uire any
e,changeable value either. Solar energy can be used both directly and indirectly.
(t can be used directly in a variety of thermal applications li.e heating ater and
air, drying, distillation and coo.ing. (ndirectly the sun causes inds to blo, plants
to gro, rain to fall and temperature differences to occur from the surface to the
bottom of the oceans. 9seful energy can be obtained for commercial and
noncommercial purposes through reneable sources.
2
1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF METHOD FOR SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION:
: broad classification of the various methods of solar energy utilization is
presented in figure 1.1. (t can be seen that energy from the sun can be used
directly and indirectly. The direct means include thermal and photovoltaic
conversion, hile the indirect means include the use of aterpoer, the ind,
5iomass, ave energy and the temperature difference in ocean.

;ig. 1 <lassification of the various methods of solar energy utilization
1.4 AVAILABILITY OF SOLAR ENERGY IN BANGLADESH:
Solar energy is one of the most available and enormous sources of energy in
5angladesh, here the ma,imum and minimum day times are 17.= and 1- hours
respectively in the year round. The geographical position of 5angladesh is
beteen 7-
>
3+? and 7@
>
30? Aorth latitude. The total potential is estimated as
77.7*70.= , 1-
0
12 years 3+4. (n 5angladesh, the solar energy that reaches @+1+
Thermal Bhotovoltaic 2aterp
oer
2ind 5iomass 2ave
energy
3
8irect
(ndirect
Ccean
temperature
difference
Solar energy utilization
s#*Dm in one hour is e#ual to the total yearly energy consumption of
5angladesh.
1.5 PROSPECT OF SOLAR ENERGY IN BANGLADESH:
5angladesh is endorsed ith an abundance of sunshine during most of the year.
The various uses of solar energy in 5angladesh are described beloE
&a' Traditional useE Traditionally solar energy is used for drying of agriculture
products, fishes, fruits, cloths and production of salt.
&b' Breheated aterE (t is used for normal coo.ing, cottage industries, hotels
etc.. Fot ater &beteen @-
>
< to 1--
>
<' is used in te,tile and paper
industries.
&c' 8istillation and BurificationE Solar distillation unit is a very important
device to ma.e fresh ater from salty ater.
&d' Solar electric poerE This type of system is most suitable for remote
places here electricity from the grid is not available.
(n addition to domestic poer, solar photovoltaic &BG' cell can be
used for the folloing purposes, such as
&i' BG operated refrigerator
&ii' BG operated pump
&iii' Telecommunication
&iv' 1ilitary
&v' Aavigation and toer lighting.
&vi' 8omestic use
4
1.6 SOLAR WATER HEATER:
: solar ater heater absorbs the solar radiation falling on it, converts this energy
to heat and transfer this heat to ater floing through the heater. (n passive solar
ater heating system, the absorber pipe is generally coated ith a material that
absorbs a high fraction of the solar radiation falling on it. : surface, coated ith
blac. paint can absorb as much as the solar radiation than any others. 1ost of
the solar radiation is absorbed and converted to heat. Some of this absorbed
heat is conducted through the pipe to the riser tubes and then through the riser
tubes alls to the ater. The transfer of heat to the ater rises the ater
temperature. Some of the heat is lost to the surroundings. The heat losses
should .eep as lo as possible.
1ethods of reducing heat losses includeE
Butting the absorber pipe in an insulating bo,.
Blacing e,tra insulation behind the absorber pipe to reduce heat loss from
the bac. of the pipe.
Blacing a transparent cover over the bo, for to reasons
&a' (t prevents the ind from bloing over the hot absorber pipe
and cooling it.
&b' (t transmits solar energy but prevents heat radiated from the
absorber pipe.
5
1. ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR WATER HEATER:
Solar ater heaters offer a number of advantages such asE
Simple to construct and install,
:lmost no maintenance and running cost
6etrofittable to e,isting houses
$conomically competitive ith electrical ater heaters
6e#uired temperature easily achieved ith simple e#uipment
1.! OB"ECTIVES:
(n the advanced countries, there e,ist many models of ater heater for heating
ater by using solar radiation. 5ut all of these are not easy to ma.e or provide for
all classes of people of the society of our country. So in this project or. a solar
ater heater is designed as simple as possible. (t may also be tried to ma.e the
system economical and easy to convenient to the people of all classes of our
country. Thus, discarded fluorescent lamps are used as the cover pipe and
aluminum pipe is used as the absorber pipe for better heat collection and to
ma.e the system economical.
So, as a summery the main objective of this project or. is
1. 8esign of a solar ater heater in respect of size and
shape.
6
7. <onstruction of a ater heater by the use of indigenous
and lo cost materials.
3. Berformance test of the solar ater heater.
1.# SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
1.#.1 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
(n a developing country li.e 5angladesh, here the countries energy imports
account for more than @=H of total e,ports, fossil fuels are often scarce, ma.ing
solar thermal energy one of the fe lo cost options available. Ienerally solar
ater heater can be classified in to categoriesE
&i' 8irect absorption of solar radiation here the sun%s rays incident on the
absorber material after passing through a transparent material.
&ii' (ndirect solar ater heater here the ater is fast heated in a solar
collector and then stored in a storage tan..
1.#.2 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
&i' There is a possibility of damage of the solar ater heating system due
to heavy rain or some other adverse climatic conditions for the lac.ing
of solar radiation.
&ii' The process cannot be carried in any place here, there is no supply
of ater and availability of sufficient solar radiation.
7
&iii' The solar ater cannot be used for fulfilling the large purpose li.e
industries, commercial buildings etc.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Solar energy has been in used for many years to heat ater, and the design
re#uirements of solar ater heating e#uipments have been studied for more than
1-- years. (nterest in solar ater heating in the past as limited to those having
the understanding and enthusiasm necessary to build their on e#uipment.
(nteresting description of the early solar ater heating device is given by Iarg. :
solar ater heater industry in South ;lorida as started in 19--. (t is estimated
that about 3---- to =---- units ere installed by 19=-, but around that time their
popularity began to decline due to readily available cheap energy from fossil fuel
374.
Technical advances in solar ater heating have been very rapid in the last +-
years. (n recent time, solar ater heater find ide application in large
establishment li.e hotels, hostels, hospitals, industries such as te,tile, paper and
food processing, domestic uses and in heating simming pools. Cver the last @-
years pioneering or. has been done mainly in 9S:, the 9D, :ustralia, South
:frica, (srael and (ndia and many different type of solar ater heaters have been
designed and build. : large arena of solar ater heater as installed in the
8
dormitory of $%& U'()%*+(,- (' "./.' in 19=9 and this heater can also be used
as public baths.
(n :llahabad, (ndia, a collector as made from corrugated I( sheet. (n different
flo the temperature of the ater is obtained higher than 7-
>
being averaged
over eight hour period, lo only about one lb per hour as maintained. :nother
solar ater heater as constructed in 9S: by $0%'+12. Fere a bo, of sheet
metal the top of hich is corrugated to present a series of conve, surfaces is
used as solar heat absorber. : arrangement of heating ater ith solar energy
for supplying the domestic needs for a small family in 8elhi, using easily and
ine,pensive construction materials &Ialvanized (ron', as constructed by
Mathur [4].
Solar ater heating is a good e,ample to illustrate one of the aspects of the
direct use of solar energy hich has not been mentioned so far. 5y internet
searching and from reference boo.s e find some project or.s on solar ater
heater. "2&' C.'().', in his boo. named !How to Build a Solar Hot Water
System" discuss about various hot ater system and their construction system
3=&i'4. James Dulley or.s on Solar Batch Water Heater. A Greek Solar
Industry Association or.ed on design construction of Domestic Solar Water
Heater [4]

$,periments have been made in 8ha.a in 5angladesh by 8$S: 3=&iv'4. (n this
e,periment, corrugated sheet, flat collector as found to be ine,pensive and
satisfactory solar ater heater. : ater heating system using solar energy as
9
1
w
0.252
a m
m
h
1
f N
T T
T
C
N

1
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

+
( )( )
( )
1
1
]
1

+
+
+
+
N
f N
N
T T T T
g p p
a m a m

1 2
1 0425 . 0
1
2 2
developed by <<85 in 190+, and later on a prototype of the same as installed
at the mission hospital at 6ajshahi 3=&v'4.
CHAPTER 3
DESIGN 3 FABRICATION OF THE SOLAR WATER HEATER
3.1 DESIGN CRITERIA
:mount of heat gain,
J K ;LM(
T
&NO' P 9
Q
&T
m
* T
a
'R ******** &1'
2here,
Bipe $fficiency ;actor, ;LK -.7+
Transmittance * :bsorptance Broduct, &NO' K -.7
1ean Temperature, T
m
K 30S<
:mbient Temperature, T
a
K 7@S<
Solar (ntensity, (
T
K13=3 2/m
7

Feat loss co*efficient K 9
Q
Ao,
9
Q
K

3TK-S, QK-.-19-=m4
3 h

K=.7U3.0GK=.7U 3.0,3K17.14
Ao. of glass cover, AK1
10
( )
=70.09
-.7+
Q
-.7=7
cosT 7-+.+79
<
( ) -.+3@ -.-91A 1
31@.9
a
T
7

h
3-

h
9
f +
,
_

,
_

V K =.@7,1-
*0
2/m
7
*.
+
;rom e#
n
&1',
JK +33.77 K :
p
(
T
:
p
K -.37- m
7

5y trial and error method,
l K 3.@=7m K 17 ft
d K -.-770 mK 1.-97 inch
2e choose,
l K 17 ft
dK -.7= inch

:bsorber pipe area, :
p
K Wdl K 339.79 in
7
K -.719 m
7
Feat loss, J
Q
K9
Q
:
p
&T
m
* T
a
' K 79.13 2
9seful heat gain, J
u
K :
p
(
T
*J
Q
K -.719 , 13=3 P 79.13 K 717.17 2

Theoretical efficiency4
97 . 0
p

07 . 0
g

11
73.7-H
79@.3-7
717.17
T
(
p
:
u
J
X

12
;ig. 7E Solar ater heater
3.2 MATERIALS USED
The performance of the solar ater heater depends on the design of the solar
ater heater and the materials used for the fabrication or.. The elements and
the materials used for constructing the solar ater heater are described beloE
A5+&*5%* /(/%:
:bsorber pipe absorbs the incoming solar radiation and transfer the resulting
heat to the or.ing fluid. ;actors that determine the choice of absorber materials
areE
&i' Figh thermal conductivity
&ii' 8urability
&iii' $ase of handling
&iv' :vailability
&v' Iood corrosion resistance
&vi' <ompressive strength
&vii' <ost
Thermal conductivity of various materials is investigated. <opper and aluminum
are generally preferred as absorber pipe because of its e,tremely high thermal
conductivity and resistance to corrosion. Thermal conductivity of aluminum is 7-+
2/m/< and copper is 30@ 2/m/<. Though copper has a high thermal
13
conductivity as compared ith the aluminum but aluminum is chosen as the
absorber pipe material for this project or.. :luminum is less costly than
commonly used materials and easily available in our country. The thermal
conductivities for some important materials are shon in A//%'6(7 1.
A5+&*5%* /(/% 1&.,('8:
The to re#uirements for an absorber pipe coating areE
&i' (t should absorb a large fraction of the solar radiation falling on it.
&ii' (t should not deteriorate at the high temperature, hich may be
reached by the pipe.
:n ideal absorber pipe surface ould also be a poor radiator of heat hen its
temperature rose. Foever most common surface that are good absorber of
radiation are also good radiator of heat.
5lac. coating is a good e,ample of commonly used coating that is a both a good
absorber of radiation and a good radiator of heat. Such surfaces may absorb up
to 9@H of the solar radiation falling on them. The coating used in the absorber
pipe must be able to ithstand the temperature encountered inside the absorber
pipe.
C&)%* ,95%:
The characteristics of the cover tubes through hich the solar energy is
transmitted are e,tremely important in the functioning of the collector. The
14
functions of cover tubes are to transmit ma,imum solar energy to the absorber
pipe, to minimize upard heat loss from the absorber tubes to the environment
and to shield the absorber pipe from direct e,posure to eathering. The most
critical factors for the cover tubes materials are the strength, durability, non*
degradability and solar energy transmittance. Transparent cover tubes are
usually used on solar collector. This must be highly transparent to the
avelengths of incoming sunlight and it is best if it also is opa#ue to the longer
heat avelengths that are being re*heated by the absorber pipe.
(n this project or., discarded fluorescent tubes are used as the cover tube of
the absorber pipe. 8iscarded fluorescent lamps are chosen to ensure the proper
use of discarded materials and for reducing cost.
The #uestion may be arose that plastic sheet as not used although it is a cheap
material. The folloing table gives the anser.
Transmittance of glass and plastic sheetE
<over 1aterials Short ave
Transmissivity from
solar radiation
Transmittance to long
ave
Transparent glass -.00 -.-3
Transparent Blastic -.09 -.0-
I'+90.,(&':
(nsulation is necessary to reduce heat losses from the absorbing pipe and pipes
of the solar ater heater. ;or insulation, the gap beteen the absorber pipe and
15
the cover pipe is vacuumed and rubber cor. is used to seal the ends of the joint
area.
3.3 FABRICATION OF THE SOLAR WATER HEATER:
The overall design is divided into to sub*assembly components. The assembled
parts areE
&i' 2ooden frame
&ii' :bsorber pipe ith aluminum pipe covered ith fluorescent tube.
3.3.1 S/%1(:(%6 D(;%'+(&' &: W&&6%' :*.;%:
Qength of the frame K 3.= ft
2idth of the frame K 7 ft
3.3.2 S/%1(:(%6 D(;%'+(&' &: ,2% A5+&*5%* /(/%:
Qength of the :luminum pipe K 7.9 ft
Cuter diameter of the :luminum pipe K Y inch.
Aumber of :luminum pipe K 3
Cuter diameter of the fluorescent tube K 1.= inch.
:t first the entire surface of the aluminum pipe as blac.ened for increasing its
absorbing capacity. Then the :l pipe as covered ith the fluorescent lamp and
horizontally placed on the ooden frame. The gap beteen the :l pipe and glass
tube as done vacuumed and enclosed ith rubber cor. to seal it. They ere
clamped as they do not move. :s ne,t step, the :l pipes ere joined ith the
plastic pipe. The fluorescent lamp of the ater heater allos the sunLs heat to get
inside. Cnce the heat is inside it cannot escape because the inside of the tube is
16
vacuumed and all the holes are sealed. The heat is absorbed by the blac.
surface of the pipe and the ater flos through inside the pipe get heated.
3.4 PHOTOGRAPH
17
CHAPTER 4
E<PERIMENTS AND RESULTS
4.1 E7/%*(;%',.0 D.,.:
8ay Time 2ater
inlet
Temp.
&S<'
2ater
outlet
Temp.
&S<'
Temperature
8ifference
&S<'
Solar
(ntensity,
(
T
&2/m
7
'
:verage
daily solar
intensity,
(
T
&2/m
7
'
$fficiency
H
1-.3- a.m. 7+ 70 + 73-
7=7
1-.90
11.-- a.m. 7+ 37 @ 1=- 1@.+@
11.3- a.m. 7= 3= 1- 7@- 77.++
17.-- p.m. 7= 3@ 11 1-1- 3-.19
17.3- p.m. 70 39 11 117= 3-.19
1.-- p.m. 77 39 17 17=- 37.93
1.3- p.m. 77.= 30 1-.= 71- 70.01
7.-- p.m. 7@ 37.= 11.= @=- 31.=@
7.3- p.m. 7@.= 30 11.= =-- 31.=@
3.-- p.m. 7@ 37.= 11.= 01- 31.=@
3.3- p.m. 7@ 3@ 1- ++- 77.++
18
TABLE 1
=D.,% >.11.>?
F&* ;.++ :0&@ *.,%

m
A 658;B;('
19
TABLE 2
=D.,% 11.11.>?
F&* ;.++ :0&@ *.,%

m
A 558;B;('
8ay Time 2ater
inlet
Temp.
&S<'
2ater
outlet
Temp.
&S<'
Temperature
8ifference
&S<'
solar
intensity,
(
T
&2/m
7
'
:verage
daily solar
intensity,
(
T
&2/m
7
'
$fficiency
H
1-.3-a.m 7+.= 33 0.= @@=
7@=
19.=3
11.-- a.m. 7= 3@ 9 01- 7-.@0
11.3- a.m. 7@ 30.= 17.= 709 70.77
17.-- p.m. 7@ 39 13 0-- 79.07
17.3- p.m. 70 +1 13 91= 79.07
1.-- p.m. 70 39 11 0+1 7=.77
1.3- p.m. 77.= 30 1-.= =3= 7+.17
20
21
TABLE 3
=D.,% 13.11.>?
F&* ;.++ :0&@ *.,%

m
A 6>8;B;('
8ay Time 2ater
inlet
Temp.
&S<'
2ater
outlet
Temp.
&S<'
Temperature
8ifference
&S<'
Solar
(ntensity,
(
T
&2/m
7
'
:verage daily
solar
intensity,
(
T
&2/m
7
'
$fficiency
H
1-.3-a.m 7@ 3+ 0 0-9
0=3
17.90
11.-- a.m. 77 3= 0 93+ 17.90
11.3- a.m. 77 37 1- 1-=- 77.+0
17.-- p.m. 70 +1 13 11@- 79.77
17.3- p.m. 70.= +7 13.= @=- 3-.3+
1.-- p.m. 79 +7 13 @7= 79.77
1.3- p.m. 79.= +7.= 17 7++ 7@.9@
22
23
TABLE 4
=>5.12.>?
F&* ;.++ :0&@ *.,%

m
A 5>8;B;('
8ay Time 2ater
inlet
Temp.
&S<'
2ater
outlet
Temp.
&S<'
Temperature
8ifference
&S<'
Solar
(ntensity,
(
T
&2/m
7
'
:verage
daily
solar
intensity,
(
T
&2/m
7
'
$fficiency
H
1-.3-a.m. 73 77 + 071
91-
7.-7
11.-- a.m. 73 70 = 070 0.70
11.3- a.m. 7= 33 0 910 1+.-+
17.-- p.m. 7@ 3+ 0 0-3 1+.-+
17.3- p.m. 7@ 37 11 1-+3 19.31
1.-- p.m. 70 +- 17 907 71.-7
1.3- p.m. 77.= 39 11.= 979 7-.19
24
25
TABLE 5
=25.>2.>!?
F&* ;.++ :0&@ *.,%

m
A >8;B;('
8ay Time 2ater
inlet
Temp.
&S<'
2ater
outlet
Temp.
&S<'
Temperature
8ifference
&S<'
Solar
(ntensity,
(
T
&2/m
7
'
:verage
daily
solar
intensity,
(
T
&2/m
7
'
$fficiency
H
1-.3-a.m. 71 3- 9 97=
1-19.7
19.7+
11.-- a.m. 73 31.= 0.= 990 10.@=
11.3- a.m. 73.= 3= 11.= 1197 7=.73
17.-- p.m. 7+ 3@ 13 11@3 70.=7
17.3- p.m. 7+ 30 1= 11+0 37.91
1.-- p.m. 77 37 11.= 1-79 7=.73
1.3- p.m. 7@ 37.= 17 17-9 77.+7
7.-- p.m. 7@ 37 11 1-37 7+.13
7.3- p.m. 77 37.= 1-.= @93 73.-3
3.-- p.m. 7@ 3@ 1- @90 71.9+
26
27
TABLE 6
=24.>2.>!?
F&* ;.++ :0&@ *.,%

m
A >8;B;('
8ay Time 2ater
inlet
Temp.
&S<'
2ater
outlet
Temp.
&S<'
Temperature
8ifference
&S<'
Solar
(ntensity,
(
T
&2/m
7
'
:verage
daily solar
intensity,
(
T
&2/m
7
'
$fficiency
H
1-.3-a.m. 73 37 9 1-7-
17@+
1=.93
11.-- a.m. 73 3+ 11 1737 19.+7
11.3- a.m. 7= 33 0 13-- 1+.1@
17.-- p.m. 7= 3= 1- 139- 17.7
17.3- p.m. 7=.= 37.= 17 1+1= 71.7+
1.-- p.m. 7@ 3+.= 0.= 137- 1=.-+
1.3- p.m. 7@ 33 7 11=- 17.10
28
29
30
4.2 PERFORMANCE TEST
The efficiency of the solar ater heater,
X K # / :
p
(
T
Fere,
:
B
K :rea of absorber pipe
(
T
K (ntensity of solar radiation
# K :mount of heat absorbed,
:nd,
J K m <
B
&T
out
P T
in
'
2here,
m K 1ass flo rate of ater &.g/min'
<
B
K Specific heat of ater &Z/.g S< '
T
out
K Cutlet temperature of ater
T
in
K (nlet temperature of ater
31
4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The efficiency of the solar ater heater depends on the heat intensity. The more
the intense heat on absorber pipe the more the ater heater is efficient.
The intensity of solar energy varies according to the sun position. Thus the
intensity is depending at different time in a day.
The solar cell as used to measure the intensity of solar radiation. 2hen the s.y
as cloudy the intensity of solar radiation as less. (t as found from the
e,perimental data that the efficiency as high at noon, it increases from 9.-- am
to 17.3- pm and decreases after 1.-- pm. ;or mass flo rate 7- gm/min, @=
gm/min, @- gm/min, ==gm/min and =- gm/min the highest efficiencies are
37.91H, 37.93H, 3-.3+H, 79.07H and 71.-7H respectively.
:ll the figures of temperature differences vs daytime &;ig. 1.1, 7.1, 3.1, +.1, =.1,
@.1' shos a parabolic curve because up to a particular time of the day the
temperature difference is increased and after that it starts to decrease. :gain, all
the figures of the efficiency vs temperature difference &;ig. 1.7, 7.7, 3.7, +.7, =.7,
@.7' shos a straight line because efficiency alays increase ith the increase of
temperature difference.
32
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 CONCLUSION:
The project or. as started ith the three main objectives and those ere
design, fabrication and performance test of a solar ater heater and all the
objectives have been fulfilled. The main point of vie as to ma.e a simple
design and to minimize the cost and to use the local available materials properly.
The design of the heater as made carefully and the materials re#uired for
fabrication ere selected, hich ere ine,pensive comparison ith the other
materials. The highest efficiency as found at noon. 8ue to discontinuity of flo
rate and variation of intensity the efficiency as not found accurately. The
efficiency as found different at different ater flo rate.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION:
The solar ater heater as made according to the design. 5ut it ould be much
better if the more number of aluminum pipes can be used. (f the number of :l
pipe ill increase, the absorber area ill be increased so that higher efficiency
can be achieved. 5ut the number of pipes should not be increased as much so
that the construction cost ill high. ;or increasing the number of pipes, the space
beteen the pipes should not be shorter. There must be a minimum distance
33
beteen the pipes otherise heat absorbing capacity of the pipes may be
decrease.
The aluminum pipe is covered by the fluorescent lamp and the gap beteen
these to is vacuumed but it as not properly done for some limitations. (f this
can be vacuumed properly the amount of heat absorbed can be increased and
as a result the heater ill give a better performance.
(n the present heater no reflector is used. 5ut the use of a reflector such as
mirror can trap more sun radiation hich ill increase the heat gaining capacity.
Since the :l pipe is very thin so that it is difficult to bend it for ma.ing the series
of pipe. ;or this reason plastic pipe is used to join them. 8ue to use of plastic
pipe a small loss can be occurred though insulation is used. : suitable and
effective alternative ill ma.e this more useful.
: storage unit can be arranged ith the heater to store hot ater.
8ue to the crisis of conventional energy, it is must for every energy e,pert to find
out the possible ays of e,tracting pure and less costly reneable sources of
energy. (n a poor country li.e 5angladesh they are need simple technology
ithout affecting the hard earned foreign currency.
34
COST ANALYSIS
M.,%*(.0+ S/%1(:(1.,(&' T.C.
2ooden ;rame 3ft , 7.=ft +7=.--
:luminum Bipe 8ia -.7= inch. 9ft
[ T.. 7-.-- ft
10-.--
Blastic Bipe 8ia -.7= inch. 3ft 7-.--
Tap 7 Bieces 3-.--
Thermometer 7 Bieces +-.--
6ubber <or. @ Bieces 9-.--
<lamp @ Bieces 11-.--
Silicon 5ond 1 Tube 7--.--
Blaster of Baris 1 Bac.et 3-.--
Total K 117=.--
35
NOMENCLATURE
S-;5&0+
1ass flo rate per unit area &.g/hr*m
7
'

m

Specific heat of ater &Z/.g/<' <
p
2ater inlet temperature &C' T
in
2ater outlet temperature &C' T
out
:bsorber pipe area &m
7
' :
p
(ntensity &2/m
7
' (
T
Thermal <onductivity &.2/mC' D
$fficiency &H' X
<ollector efficiency factor ;
Feat transfer coefficient &Z/hr*m
7
<' 9
Q
:bsorptivity of absorber surface O
Stefan*5oltzmann constant &2/m
7
*D
+
' V
$missivity \
36
APPENDI< 1
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOME IMPORTANT METALS
N.;% &: M%,.0+ T2%*;.0 C&'691,()(,- =CWB;1?
:luminum &pure' 7-+
Qead 3=
(ron &pure' 73
<arbon steel &cK-.=H' =+
<opper &pure' 30@
Silver&pure' +-7
Tin&pure' @+
]inc&pure' 117.7
5rass&7-H<u, 3-H]n' 111
APPENDI< 2
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOME IMPORTANT NONDMETALS
N.;% &: M%,.0+ T2%*;.0 C&'691,()(,- =CWB;1?
Sa dust -.-=9
2ool -.-=7
Fair -.-3@
Styrofoam -.-33
37