CHAPTER 1

Introduction
Chapter 1 Multiple Choice
1. Forensic science is the application of science to:
a. Crime-scene reconstruction.
b. Civil laws.
c. Criminal laws.
d. Both civil and criminal laws.
Answer: d
Objective: Define forensic science and list the major disciplines it encompasses.
a!e number: "
#evel: Basic
". $he fictional character of %herloc& 'olmes was created b(:
a. Dalton.
b. Do(le.
c. Darwin.
d. Denton.
Answer: b
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: +
#evel: Basic
,. -ho is &nown as the .father of forensic to/icolo!(01
a. Orfila
b. #ocard
c. Osborn
d. #attes
Answer: a
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 2
#evel: 3ntermediate
4. -ho developed the s(stem &nown as anthropometr(1
a. 5oddard
b. 5ross
c. Bertillon
d. 5alton
Answer: c
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 2
#evel: Basic
2. -ho undertoo& the first definitive stud( of fin!erprints as a method of personal identification1
a. 5ross
b. #attes
c. #ocard
d. 5alton
Answer: d
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 2
#evel: Basic
6. -ho devised a techni7ue for determinin! the blood !roup of a dried bloodstain8 which he
applied to criminal investi!ations1
a. #attes
b. 5ross
c. #ocard
d. Bertillon
Answer: a
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 9
#evel: Basic
+. -ho established the comparison microscope as the indispensable tool of the modern firearms
e/aminer1
a. 5oddard
b. #attes
c. 5ross
d. 5alton
Answer: a
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 9
#evel: Basic
9. -ho wrote the first treatise describin! the application of science to the field of criminal
investi!ation1
a. #ocard
b. Osborn
c. 5ross
d. 5alton
Answer: c
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e numbers: 2:6
#evel: 3ntermediate
;. -ho established the first wor&able crime laborator(1
a. Osborn
b. #ocard
c. Bertillon
d. 5alton
Answer: b
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 9
#evel: 3ntermediate
1<. -hat is the oldest forensic laborator( in the =nited %tates1
a. >ew ?or& Cit( olice Department
b. Federal Bureau of 3nvesti!ation
c. %ecret %ervice
d. #os An!eles olice Department
Answer: d
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 11
#evel: Difficult
11. -hich entit( maintains the lar!est crime laborator( in the world1
a. %cotland ?ard
b. )o(al Canadian @ounted olice
c. Federal Bureau of 3nvesti!ation
d. #os An!eles olice Department
Answer: c
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 11
#evel: Difficult
1". -hich of the followin! would not be included in the wor& of the biolo!( unit of a crime lab1
a. Blood t(pin!
b. Comparison of hairs
c. D>A profilin!
d. Fin!erprint anal(sis
Answer: d
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the =.%. criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: 12
#evel: Difficult
1,. -hich unit is responsible for e/aminin! bod( fluids and or!ans for the presence of dru!s and
poisons1
a. $o/icolo!( unit
b. h(sical science unit
c. Biolo!( unit
d. $race evidence unit
Answer: a
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the =% criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: 16
#evel: Difficult
14. -hich one of the followin! people did not ma&e a contribution to forensic to/icolo!(1
a. Aalentin )oss
b. Alphonse Bertillon
c. Carl -ilhelm %cheele
d. @athieu Orfila
Answer: b
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 2
#evel: Difficult
12. 3n Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael8 the =% %upreme Court ruled that the .!ate&eepin!0
role of a trial jud!e:
a. -as restricted to scientific testimon(.
b. Applied onl( to cases involvin! capital crimes.
c. -as subject to appeal b( a hi!her court.
d. Applied to all e/pert testimon(.
Answer: d
Objective: Compare and contrast the Frye and Daubert decisions relatin! to the admissibilit( of
scientific evidence in the courtroom.
a!e number: ""
#evel: 3ntermediate
16. $he concept of .!eneral acceptance0 of scientific evidence relates to what1
a. Frye standard
b. B/clusionar( rule
c. First Amendment
d. @iranda warnin!s
Answer: a
Objective: Compare and contrast the Frye and Daubert decisions relatin! to the admissibilit( of
scientific evidence in the courtroom.
a!e number: "<
#evel: 3ntermediate
1+. -hich of the followin! ma&es a false statement1 An e/pert witness must be able to
demonstrate:
a. Bducation in hisCher area of e/pertise.
b. A formal de!ree in forensic science.
c. %i!nificant e/perience in a relevant field.
d. -or&in! &nowled!e of the subject matter.
Answer: b
Objective: B/plain the role and responsibilities of the e/pert witness.
a!e numbers: "":",
#evel: Difficult
19. -ho is the final evaluator of forensic evidence1
a. olice
b. Dur(
c. Accused
d. @edia
Answer: b
Objective: B/plain the role and responsibilities of the e/pert witness.
a!e number: "1
#evel: Difficult
1;. Bite mar&s would be least li&el( to be found in cases involvin!:
a. %e/ual abuse
b. @urder
c. Arson
d. Assault
Answer: c
Objective: #ist the speciali*ed forensic services8 aside from the crime laborator(8 that are
!enerall( available to law enforcement personnel.
a!e number: 1+
#evel: 3ntermediate
"<. Forensic odontolo!( refers to the stud( of which of the followin!1
a. $eeth
b. Dru!s
c. Bones
d. )oc&s
Answer: a
Objective: #ist the speciali*ed forensic services8 aside from the crime laborator(8 that are
!enerall( available to law enforcement personnel.
a!e number: 1+
#evel: 3ntermediate
"1. $he case of Coppolino v. State hi!hli!hts issues dealin! with what1
a. %earch and sei*ure
b. Admissibilit( of the pol(!raph
c. Acceptabilit( of new scientific tests
d. -arrantless searches
Answer: c
Objective: Compare and contrast the Frye and Daubert decisions relatin! to the admissibilit( of
scientific evidence in the courtroom.
a!e number: ""
#evel: Difficult
"". $he scientific method re7uires that scientific evidence be validated b( what means1
a. Formulatin! pertinent 7uestions
b. Formulatin! h(potheticals
c. erformin! e/periments
d. All of the above
Answer: d
Objective: Define forensic science and list the major disciplines it encompasses.
a!e number: "<
#evel: 3ntermediate
",. -hich of the followin! services does not normall( lie within the e/pertise of the forensic
scientist1
a. Dru! identification
b. -ood comparisons
c. Document e/amination
d. ol(!raph e/amination
Answer: d
Objective: Define forensic science and list the major disciplines it encompasses.
a!e number: 16
#evel: Difficult
"4. -hat judicial case set forth the most current !uidelines for determinin! the admissibilit( of
scientific e/aminations in the federal courts1
a. Frye v. United States
b. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals
c. Coppolino v. State
d. Mapp v. United States
Answer: b
Objective: Compare and contrast the Frye and Daubert decisions relatin! to the admissibilit( of
scientific evidence in the courtroom.
a!e number: "1
#evel: Difficult
"2. $he effectiveness of an e/pertEs testimon( is almost alwa(s dependent on:
a. $he abilit( of the e/pert to tal& in clear8 concise lan!ua!e.
b. $he educational bac&!round of the e/pert.
c. $he scientific validit( of the tests used.
d. All of the above
Answer: d
Objective: B/plain the role and responsibilities of the e/pert witness.
a!e numbers: "":",
#evel: 3ntermediate
"6. $he dramati*ation of forensic science on television has led to a phenomenon &nown as what1
a. >C3% effect
b. >?D effect
c. C%3 effect
d. #AD effect
Answer: c
Objective: B/plain the role and responsibilities of the e/pert witness.
a!e number: 4
#evel: Basic
"+. $he la( witness provides testimon( that relies on what1
a. %cientific education
b. ersonal opinions
c. ersonal &nowled!e
d. %cientific e/perience
Answer: c
Objective: B/plain the role and responsibilities of the e/pert witness.
a!e number: "4
#evel: 3ntermediate
"9. -hat =.%. %upreme Court case made it necessit( for the forensic scientist to appear in court1:
a. Melende!Dia ". Massachusetts
b. Craw#ord v. $ashin%ton
c. Coppolino v. State
d. Frye v. United States
Answer: a
Objective: Compare and contrast the Frye and Daubert decisions relatin! to the admissibilit( of
scientific evidence in the courtroom.
a!e number: "4
#evel: Basic
";. -hat area of forensic science e/amines the relationship between human behavior and le!al
proceedin!s1
a. Forensic ps(cholo!(
b. Forensic sociolo!(
c. Forensic patholo!(
d. Forensic ps(chiatr(
Answer: d
Objective: #ist the speciali*ed forensic services8 aside from the crime laborator(8 that are
!enerall( available to law enforcement personnel.
a!e number: 1+
#evel: Basic
,<. -hat area of forensic science is concerned with failure anal(sis8 accident reconstruction8 and
causes and ori!ins of fires or e/plosions1
a. Forensic en!ineerin!
b. Forensic ps(chiatr(
c. Forensic anthropolo!(
d. Forensic odontolo!(
Answer: a
Objective: #ist the speciali*ed forensic services8 aside from the crime laborator(8 that are
!enerall( available to law enforcement personnel.
a!e number: 1+
#evel: Basic
,1. $he current s(stem of crime laboratories in the =nited %tates can best be described as which
of the followin!1
a. Centrali*ed
b. )e!ional
c. Decentrali*ed
d. >ational
Answer: c
Objective: Account for the rapid !rowth of forensic laboratories in the past fort( (ears.
a!e number: 1,
#evel: 3ntermediate
,". Appro/imatel( how man( crime labs are currentl( operatin! in the =nited %tates Fincludin!
federal8 state8 count(8 and municipal labsG1
a. "2<
b. 4<<
c. 12<
d. "<<
Answer: b
Objective: Account for the rapid !rowth of forensic laboratories in the past fort( (ears.
a!e number: 1"
#evel: Difficult
,,. -hich of the followin! can be said to e/plain the rapid !rowth of crime labs durin! the last
fort( (ears1
a. %upreme Court decisions in the 1;6<s
b. A sta!!erin! increase in crime rates in the =nited %tates
c. $he advent of D>A profilin!
d. All of the above
Answer: d
Objective: Account for the rapid !rowth of forensic laboratories in the past fort( (ears.
a!e number: 1"
#evel: Basic
,4. 3n the case of Daubert ". Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, &nc.8 the =% %upreme Court
advocated that a .!ate&eeper0 determine the admissibilit( and reliabilit( of scientific evidence.
-ho is this !ate&eeper1
a. B/pert witness
b. rosecutor
c. Dur(
d. $rial jud!e
Answer: d
Objective: Compare and contrast the Frye and Daubert decisions relatin! to the admissibilit( of
scientific evidence in the courtroom.
a!e number: "1
#evel: Difficult
,2. $he eleven sections of the American Academ( of Forensic %cience include all of the
followin! e/cept:
a. 5eneral
b. ArsonCe/plosives
c. Durisprudence
d. Criminalistics
Answer: b
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: "
#evel: 3ntermediate
Chapter 1 True-False
1. Harl #andsteiner and #eone #attes are associated with the area of blood t(pin!.
Answer: $rue
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e numbers: +:9
#evel: Basic
". Colin itchfor& was the first individual e/onerated usin! D>A profilin!.
Answer: False
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: ;
#evel: 3ntermediate
,. Dr. -alter C. @cCrone made si!nificant contributions to forensic science involvin!
microscop(.
Answer: $rue
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 9
#evel: Basic
4. $he increase in crime rates in the =nited %tates has led to an increase in the number of crime
laboratories.
Answer: $rue
Objective: Account for the rapid !rowth of forensic laboratories in the past fort( (ears.
a!e number: 1"
#evel: 3ntermediate
2. All illicit dru! sei*ures must be sent to a forensic laborator( for confirmator( anal(sis.
Answer: $rue
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: 1"
#evel: 3ntermediate
6. 3t is the responsibilit( of the forensic investi!ator to determine innocence or !uilt.
Answer: False
Objective: Define forensic science and list the major disciplines it encompasses.
a!e number: "4
#evel: Difficult
+. $he Bureau of Alcohol8 $obacco8 Firearms8 and B/plosives is a state-run a!enc(.
Answer: False
Objective: Account for the rapid !rowth of forensic laboratories in the past fort( (ears.
a!e number: 1,
#evel: 3ntermediate
9. $he current s(stem of crime laboratories in the =nited %tates is decentrali*ed.
Answer: $rue
Objective: Account for the rapid !rowth of forensic laboratories in the past fort( (ears.
a!e number: 1,
#evel: Difficult
;. Forensic odontolo!ists loo& at bones to identif( victims.
Answer: False
Objective: #ist the speciali*ed forensic services8 aside from the crime laborator(8 that are
!enerall( available to law enforcement personnel.
a!e number: 1+
#evel: 3ntermediate
1<. $he principle of .!eneral acceptance0 comes from Frye v. United States.
Answer: $rue
Objective: Compare and contrast the Frye and Daubert decisions relatin! to the admissibilit( of
scientific evidence in the courtroom.
a!e number: "<
#evel: Basic
11. $he American Academ( of Forensic %ciences is the lar!est forensic science or!ani*ation in
the world.
Answer: $rue
Objective: Define forensic science and list the major disciplines it encompasses.
a!e number: "
#evel: 3ntermediate
1". %ir Arthur Conan Do(leEs %herloc& 'olmes had a lar!e influence on populari*in! scientific
crime-detection methods.
Answer: $rue
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: +
#evel: Basic
1,. $he =nited %tates does not have a national s(stem of forensic laboratories.
Answer: $rue
Objective: Account for the rapid !rowth of forensic laboratories in the past fort( (ears.
a!e number: 1,
#evel: Difficult
14. One major problem in the forensic D>A communit( is the bac&lo! of unanal(*ed D>A
samples.
Answer: $rue
Objective: Account for the rapid !rowth of forensic laboratories in the past fort( (ears.
a!e number: 1,
#evel: 3ntermediate
12. )e!ional laboratories have diminished the accessibilit( of a crime laborator( to man( local
law enforcement a!encies.
Answer: False
Objective: Account for the rapid !rowth of forensic laboratories in the past fort( (ears.
a!e number: 1,
#evel: Difficult
16. %oil anal(sis is performed b( the biolo!( unit.
Answer: False
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: 12
#evel: 3ntermediate
1+. $he firearms unit ma( also anal(*e tool mar&s.
Answer: $rue
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: 12
#evel: Basic
19. A voiceprint transforms a visual !raphic displa( into speech.
Answer: False
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: 16
#evel: Difficult
1;. $he five units of a basic a crime lab are the ph(sical science unit8 the biolo!( unit8 the
firearms unit8 the document e/amination unit8 and the photo!raph( unit.
Answer: $rue
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e numbers: 14:12
#evel: 3ntermediate
"<. h(sical evidence is subject to bias.
Answer: False
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: "<
#evel: Basic
"1. One of the earliest crime laboratories was founded b( Albert Osborn.
Answer: False
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 9
#evel: Difficult
"". $he case of Frye v. United States deals with the le!al issue of !eneral acceptance of scientific
principles.
Answer: $rue
Objective: Compare and contrast the Frye and Daubert decisions relatin! to the admissibilit( of
scientific evidence in the courtroom.
a!e number: "<
#evel: Difficult
",. erformin! a pol(!raph e/amination is not normall( within the e/pertise of the forensic
scientist.
Answer: $rue
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: 16
#evel: 3ntermediate
"4. $he effectiveness of an e/pertEs testimon( does not usuall( depend on the educational
bac&!round of the e/pert.
Answer: False
Objective: B/plain the role and responsibilities of the e/pert witness.
a!e number: ",
#evel: Basic
"2. Forensic science is the application of science to criminal laws onl(.
Answer: False
Objective: Define forensic science and list the major disciplines it encompasses.
a!e number: "
#evel: Basic
"6. #ocardEs e/chan!e principle states that8 whenever two objects come into contact with one
another8 there is e/chan!e of materials between them.
Answer: $rue
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 9
#evel: Basic
"+. 3n 1;+"8 >ew ?or& be!an creatin! an inte!rated networ& of state-operated forensic
laboratories consistin! of re!ional and satellite facilities.
Answer: False
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 11
#evel: Difficult
"9. $he increase in =% crime rates since the 1;6<s has not had an( effect on the !rowth of crime
laboratories.
Answer: False
Objective: Account for the rapid !rowth of forensic laboratories in the past fort( (ears.
a!e number: 1"
#evel: Basic
";. $he federal !overnment has no sin!le law enforcement or investi!ative a!enc( that has
unlimited jurisdiction throu!hout the countr(.
Answer: $rue
Objective: Account for the rapid !rowth of forensic laboratories in the past fort( (ears.
a!e number: 1,
#evel: Difficult
,<. Differences in local laws have no effect on the t(pes of services offered b( crime labs in
different communities.
Answer: False
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: 14
#evel: Basic
,1. $he comparison of hairs and fibers would be performed in the biolo!( unit.
Answer: $rue
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: 12
#evel: 3ntermediate
,". $he e/amination of !arments and other objects in order to detect firearm dischar!e residues
would be performed in the biolo!( unit.
Answer: False
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: 12
#evel: 3ntermediate
,,. rovidin! e/pert testimon( is not one of the main functions of a forensic scientist.
Answer: False
Objective: B/plain the role and responsibilities of the e/pert witness.
a!e numbers: "<8 ""
#evel: Basic
,4. An e/pert witness !ives testimon( on events or observations that arise from personal
&nowled!e.
Answer: False
Objective: B/plain the role and responsibilities of the e/pert witness.
a!e number: "4
#evel: Difficult
,2. A la( witnessEs testimon( cannot usuall( contain the personal opinions of the witness.
Answer: $rue
Objective: B/plain the role and responsibilities of the e/pert witness.
a!e number: "4
#evel: Difficult
,6. $he ph(sical science unit is responsible for e/aminin! burned or charred documents.
Answer: False
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e numbers: 14:12
#evel: 3ntermediate
,+. $he to/icolo!( unit would determine the amount of alcohol consumed b( an individual.
Answer: $rue
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: 16
#evel: 3ntermediate
Chapter 1 Fill in the Blank
1. Forensic science is the application of science to the IIIII.
Answer: #aw
Objective: Define forensic science and list the major disciplines it encompasses.
a!e number: "
#evel: Basic
". $he Chinese manuscript IIIII is one of the earliest records of the application of forensics to
criminal cases.
Answer: 'i 'u (i
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 4
#evel: Difficult
,. 3n 19"98 IIIII invented the polari*in! microscope.
Answer: -illiam >ichol
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 2
#evel: Difficult
4. Fin!erprintin! replaced IIII as a method of personal identification.
Answer: Anthropometr(
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 2
#evel: 3ntermediate
2. $he principle that states that a cross-transfer of materials occurs when two objects come into
contact with each other is &nown as IIIII.
Answer: #ocardEs e/chan!e principle
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 9
#evel: Basic
6. 5oddardEs wor& helped to establish the IIIII as the indispensible tool of the firearms
e/aminer.
Answer: Comparison microscope
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 9
#evel: Difficult
+. Four major federal crime laboratories are those of the Dru! Bnforcement Administration8 the
Federal Bureau of 3nvesti!ation8 the Bureau of Alcohol8 $obacco8 Firearms8 and B/plosives8 and
the IIIII.
Answer: =% ostal 3nspection %ervice
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 1,
#evel: 3ntermediate
9. $he IIIII unit applies principles and techni7ues of chemistr(8 ph(sics8 and !eolo!( to the
identification and comparison of crime-scene evidence.
Answer: h(sical science
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: 14
#evel: Basic
;. $he document e/amination unit studies the handwritin! and IIIII on 7uestioned documents
to ascertain their authenticit( andCor source.
Answer: $(pewritin!
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: 12
#evel: Basic
1<. $he IIIII unit anal(*es telephoned threats and audio-recorded messa!es.
Answer: Aoiceprint anal(sis
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: 16
#evel: Basic
11. Collectin! evidence from a cell phone is an e/ample of forensic IIIII and di!ital anal(sis.
Answer: Computer
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: 1;
#evel: 3ntermediate
1". $he forensic scientist should be an advocate onl( of the IIIII.
Answer: $ruth
Objective: Define forensic science and list the major disciplines it encompasses.
a!e number: "4
#evel: Difficult
1,. IIIII help criminal investi!ators retrieve evidence.
Answer: Bvidence technicians
Objective: Define forensic science and list the major disciplines it encompasses.
a!e number: "2
#evel: 3ntermediate
14. B/tensive information about forensic science can be found on the IIIII.
Answer: 3nternet
Objective: Define forensic science and list the major disciplines it encompasses.
a!e number: "6
#evel: 3ntermediate
12. $he judicial case that set forth the current !uidelines for determinin! the admissibilit( of
scientific e/aminations in the federal courts is IIIII.
Answer: Daubert ". Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, &nc.
Objective: Compare and contrast the Frye and Daubert decisions relatin! to the admissibilit( of
scientific evidence in the courtroom.
a!e number: "1
#evel: Difficult
16. IIIII is considered to be the .father of forensic to/icolo!(.0
Answer: @athieu Orfila
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 2
#evel: 3ntermediate
1+. IIIII undertoo& the first definitive stud( of fin!erprints and developed a methodolo!( of
classif(in! them for filin!.
Answer: Francis 'enr( 5alton
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 2
#evel: 3ntermediate
19. IIIII was the first to use a comparison microscope to anal(*e bullets to determine whether
the( were fired from the same !un.
Answer: Calvin 5oddard
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 9
#evel: Difficult
1;. $he fee-for-service concept has encoura!ed the creation of a number of IIIII laboratories.
Answer: rivate
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: 14
#evel: Difficult
"<. $he IIIII unit performs D>A profilin! of dried bloodstains and other bod( fluids.
Answer: Biolo!(
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: 12
#evel: Basic
"1. $he IIIII unit e/amines bod( fluids and or!ans to determine the presence or absence of
dru!s and poisons.
Answer: $o/icolo!(
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: 16
#evel: Basic
"". $he IIIII unit dispatches speciall( trained personnel to the crime scene to collect and
preserve ph(sical evidence that will later be processed at the crime laborator(.
Answer: Crime-scene investi!ation
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: 1+
#evel: 3ntermediate
",. $he case of IIIII assi!ned the trial jud!e the tas& of ensurin! that an e/pertEs testimon(
rests on a reliable foundation and is relevant to the tas& at hand.
Answer: Daubert ". Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, &nc.
Objective: Compare and contrast the Frye and Daubert decisions relatin! to the admissibilit( of
scientific evidence in the courtroom.
a!e number: "1
#evel: Difficult
"4. $he IIIII witness evaluates evidence that the court lac&s the e/pertise to do.
Answer: B/pert
Objective: B/plain the role and responsibilities of the e/pert witness.
a!e number: ""
#evel: 3ntermediate
"2. A IIIII witness must !ive testimon( on events or observations that arise from personal
&nowled!e.
Answer: #a(
Objective: B/plain the role and responsibilities of the e/pert witness.
a!e number: "4
#evel: 3ntermediate
"6. $he IIIII unit helps prepare photo!raphic e/hibits for courtroom presentation.
Answer: hoto!raph(
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: 12
#evel: Basic
Chapter 1 Matching
@atch the word in the first column to its definition in the second column. Bach answer can be
used onl( once.
[[CMP! " #T $ET THE BR"ER$ AR%#" THE CE&&$ I# THI$ TAB&E'((
1. B/pert witness a. A s(stematic procedure that involves ta&in!
a series of bod( measurements as a means of
distin!uishin! one individual from another
". #ocardEs e/chan!e principle b. A process that uses strict !uidelines to
ensure careful and s(stematic collection8
or!ani*ation8 and anal(sis of information
,. %cientific method c. #ie detector
4. Forensic science d. An individual who the court has determined
possesses a particular s&ill in or &nowled!e of
a trade or profession that is not e/pected of the
avera!e la(person and that will aid a court in
determinin! the truth of a matter at trial
2. Anthropometr( e. Aisual !raphic displa( of speech
6. ol(!raph f. Application of science to the laws
+. Aoiceprint !. Describes the services of a crime laborator(
9. Criminalistics h. States that, when two objects come into contact with each other,
a cross-transfer of materials occurs
1. d Fpa!e ""G
". h Fpa!e 9G
,. b Fpa!e "<G
4. f Fpa!e "G
2. a Fpa!e 2G
6. c Fpa!e 16G
+. e Fpa!e 16G
9. ! Fpa!e ,G
#evel: Basic
Chapter 1 Essa)
1. #ist four major reasons for the increase in the number of crime laboratories in the =nited
%tates since the 1;6<s.
Answer:
$he re7uirement to advise criminal suspects of their constitutional ri!hts and their ri!ht
of immediate access to counsel has almost eliminated confessions as a routine
investi!ative tool
$he sta!!erin! increase in crime rates in the =nited %tates
$he fact that all illicit-dru! sei*ures must be sent to a forensic laborator( for confirmator(
chemical anal(sis before the case can be adjudicated in court
$he advent of D>A profilin!
Objective: Account for the rapid !rowth of forensic laboratories in the past fort( (ears.
a!e numbers: 1":1,
#evel: 3ntermediate
". #ist three advanta!es of havin! re!ional crime laboratories that operate as part of a statewide
s(stem.
Answer:
3ncreases the accessibilit( of local law enforcement a!encies to a crime laborator(
@inimi*es duplication of services
Bnsures ma/imum interlaborator( cooperation throu!h sharin! of e/pertise and
e7uipment
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e number: 1,
#evel: 3ntermediate
,. #ist the three basic functions of a forensic scientist.
Answer:
Anal(*in! ph(sical evidence
rovidin! e/pert testimon(
Furnishin! trainin! in the proper reco!nition8 collection8 and preservation of ph(sical
evidence
Objective: Define forensic science and list the major disciplines it encompasses.
a!e number: "<
#evel: Basic
4. Discuss the major outcomes of the trials Frye v. United States and Daubert v. Merrell Dow
Pharmaceuticals, &nc.
Answer should include points such as the followin!:
3n Frye v. United States, the court ruled that8 in order for e/pert testimon( to be admitted at
trial8 a 7uestioned procedure8 techni7ue8 or principle must be .!enerall( accepted0 b( a
meanin!ful se!ment of the relevant scientific communit(.
3n Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, the =.%. %upreme Court char!ed the trial jud!e
with ensurin! that an e/pertEs testimon( rests on a reliable foundation and is relevant to
the case.
Objective: Compare and contrast the Frye and Daubert decisions relatin! to the admissibilit( of
scientific evidence in the courtroom.
a!e numbers: "<8 "1
#evel: Difficult
2. -hat is the main difference between the testimon( !iven b( an e/pert witness and that !iven
b( a la( witness1
Answer should include points such as the followin!:
$he ordinar( or la( witness must !ive testimon( that does not contain the personal opinions
of the witness.
$he e/pert witness ma( e/press his or her personal opinion as to the si!nificance of specific
findin!s.
Objective: B/plain the role and responsibilities of the e/pert witness.
a!e number: "4
#evel: 3ntermediate
6. Describe the advanta!es of incorporatin! an evidence collection unit into the or!ani*ational
structure of the crime laborator(.
Answer should include points such as the followin!:
Bvidence technicians under the continuous direction of the crime laborator( are more li&el(
to have received thorou!h trainin! in the !atherin! of evidence at the crime site.
Bvidence technicians who are continuall( e/posed to the problems and techni7ues of the
forensic scientist are better prepared to adopt new procedures or modif( e/istin!
procedures to improve evidence collection.
Bvidence technicians wor&in! out of the forensic laborator( will have at their disposal all the
proper tools and supplies for proper collection and pac&a!in! of evidence for future
scientific e/amination.
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e number: "2
#evel: 3ntermediate
Chapter 1 Critical Thinking
1. Describe the evidence to be collected and the specialists or crime laborator( units that would
be needed to properl( anal(*e the followin! crime scene to answer the !iven 7uestions.
On @onda(8 %eptember "68 "<118 a small airplane believed to be transportin! members of
a @e/ican dru! cartel and a shipment of dru!s and firearms of un&nown t(pe or si*e
recorded a short .ma(da(0 call at 9:<2 a.m. before crashin! into a farmhouse in #aredo8
$e/as. #ocal police report that the abandoned farmhouse is fre7uented b( homeless
individuals8 and there ma( have been several inside at the time of impact. On impact8 the
airplaneEs nearl( full !as tan& caused a fire that incinerated those within the plane and
those within the farmhouse.
$he investi!ators need to deduce the followin!:
a. 'ow did the airplane malfunction to cause the crash1
b. -ho was on the airplane and in the farmhouse1
c. -hat were the contents of the airplaneEs car!o1
Answer should include points such as the followin!:
All evidence should be collected b( the crime-scene unit or trained personnel.
a. All available portions of the airplane should be collected and anal(*ed b( a forensic
en!ineer to ac7uire information about potential causes of the crash. $he ma(da(
si!nal should be recorded and anal(*ed b( the voiceprint anal(sis unit to ac7uire
information about potential causes of the crash. %amples of !asoline should be
collected and anal(*ed b( the ph(sical science unit to to ac7uire information about
potential causes of the crash.
b. An( discovered remains should be collected and anal(*ed b( a forensic odontolo!ist
to ac7uire information about the victims. $issue from discovered remains should be
collected and anal(*ed b( the biolo!( unit for blood t(pe or D>A to ac7uire
information about the victims.
c. All available portions of the car!o materials should be collected. otential dru!
evidence should be anal(*ed b( the ph(sical science unit8 and potential firearms
evidence should be anal(*ed b( the firearms unit to ac7uire information about the
contents of the airplaneEs car!o.
Objective: Describe the services of a t(pical comprehensive crime laborator( in the criminal
justice s(stem.
a!e numbers: 14:1+
#evel: 3ntermediate
". For each of the earl( forensic science methods listed here8 state the more recent technolo!( or
discipline that has ta&en its place in forensic science in7uir(.
a. 3dentification via anthropometr(
b. Firearms bullet and cartrid!e anal(sis via unassisted vision
c. 3dentification via blood t(pin!
d. oison identification via stomach content anal(sis
e. Collections and anal(sis of evidence via untrained police officers
Answer:
a. Fin!erprintin!
b. Comparison microscope
c. D>A
d. $o/icolo!(
e. Crime-scene unit and crime laboratories
Objective: )eco!ni*e the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
a!e numbers: 28 +:1<
#evel: Basic
Ans*er +e)
Chapter 1
@ultiple Choice:
1. d
". b
,. a
4. c
2. d
6. a
+. a
9. c
;. b
1<. d
11. c
1". d
1,. a
14. b
12. d
16. a
1+. b
19. b
1;. c
"<. a
"1. c
"". d
",. d
"4. b
"2. d
"6. c
"+. c
"9. a
";. d
,<. a
,1. c
,". b
,,. d
,4. d
,2. b
$rue-False:
1. $rue
". False
,. $rue
4. $rue
2. $rue
6. False
+. False
9. $rue
;. False
1<. $rue
11. $rue
1". $rue
1,. $rue
14. $rue
12. False
16. False
1+. $rue
19. False
1;. $rue
"<. False
"1. False
"". $rue
",. $rue
"4. False
"2. False
"6. $rue
"+. False
"9. False
";. $rue
,<. False
,1. $rue
,". False
,,. False
,4. False
,2. $rue
,6. False
,+. $rue
Fill in the Blan&:
1. #aw
". 'i 'u (i
,. -illiam >ichol
4. Anthropometr(
2. #ocardEs e/chan!e principle
6. Comparison microscope
+. =% ostal 3nspection %ervice
9. h(sical science
;. $(pewritin!
1<. Aoiceprint anal(sis
11. Computer
1". $ruth
1,. Bvidence technicians
14. 3nternet
12. Daubert ". Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, &nc.
16. @athieu Orfila
1+. Francis 'enr( 5alton
19. Calvin 5oddard
1;. rivate
"<. Biolo!(
"1. $o/icolo!(
"". Crime-scene investi!ation
",. Daubert ". Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, &nc.
"4. B/pert
"2. #a(
"6. hoto!raph(
@atchin!:
1. d
". h
,. b
4. f
2. a
6. c
+. e
9. !
Bssa(:
1.
$he re7uirement to advise criminal suspects of their constitutional ri!hts and their ri!ht
of immediate access to counsel has almost eliminated confessions as a routine
investi!ative tool
$he sta!!erin! increase in crime rates in the =nited %tates
$he fact that all illicit-dru! sei*ures must be sent to a forensic laborator( for confirmator(
chemical anal(sis before the case can be adjudicated in court
$he advent of D>A profilin!
".
3ncreases the accessibilit( of local law enforcement a!encies to a crime laborator(
@inimi*es duplication of services
Bnsures ma/imum interlaborator( cooperation throu!h sharin! of e/pertise and
e,uipment.
,.
Anal(*n! ph(sical evidence
rovidin! e/pert testimon(
Furnishin! trainin! in the proper reco!nition8 collection8 and preservation of ph(sical
evidence.
4.
3n Frye v. United States, the court ruled that8 in order for e/pert testimon( to be admitted8 a
7uestioned procedure8 techni7ue8 or principle must be .!enerall( accepted0 b( a
meanin!ful se!ment of the relevant scientific communit(.
3n Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, the =% %upreme Court char!ed the trial jud!e
with ensurin! that an e/pertEs testimon( rests on a reliable foundation and is relevant to
the case.
2.
$he ordinar( or la( witness must !ive testimon( that does not contain the personal opinions
of the witness.
$he e/pert witness ma( e/press his or her personal opinion as to the si!nificance of specific
findin!s.
6.
Bvidence technicians under the continuous direction of the crime laborator( are more li&el(
to have received thorou!h trainin! in the !atherin! of evidence at the crime site.
Bvidence technicians who are continuall( e/posed to the problems and techni7ues of the
forensic scientist are better prepared to adopt new procedures or modif( e/istin!
procedures to improve evidence collection.
Bvidence technicians wor&in! out of the forensic laborator( will have at their disposal all the
proper tools and supplies for proper collection and pac&a!in! of evidence for future
scientific e/amination.
Critical $hin&in!:
1. All evidence should be collected b( the crime-scene unit or trained personnel.
a. All available portions of the airplane should be collected and anal(*ed b( a forensic
en!ineer to ac7uire information about potential causes of the crash. $he ma(da( si!nal
should be recorded and anal(*ed b( the voiceprint anal(sis unit to ac7uire information
about potential causes of the crash. %amples of !asoline should be collected and anal(*ed
b( the ph(sical science unit to to ac7uire information about potential causes of the crash.
b. An( discovered remains should be collected and anal(*ed b( a forensic odontolo!ist to
ac7uire information about the victims. $issue from discovered remains should be
collected and anal(*ed b( the biolo!( unit for blood t(pe or D>A to ac7uire information
about the victims.
c. All available portions of the car!o materials should be collected. otential dru! evidence
should be anal(*ed b( the ph(sical science unit8 and potential firearms evidence should
be anal(*ed b( the firearms unit to ac7uire information about the contents of the
airplaneEs car!o.
".
a. Fin!erprintin!
b. Comparison microscope
c. D>A
d. $o/icolo!(
e. Crime-scene unit and crime laboratories