Alaska-Class Cruiser - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

7/23/2014 Alaska-class cruiser - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A detailed outboard profile of the Alaska class design.
Class overview
Name: Alaska class
Builders: New York Shipbuilding
Corporation[1][2][3]
Operators: United States Navy
Succeeded by: N/A
In commission: 17 June 1944 17 February 1947
General characteristics
Class & type: Large cruiser
Displacement:
29,771 tons (standard)
34,253 tons (full load)[4]
Length: 808 ft 6 in (246.43 m) overall[4]
791 ft 6 in (241.25 m) waterline
Beam: 91 ft 9.375 in (28.0 m)[4]
Draft:
27 ft 1 in (8.26 m) (mean)
[1]
31 ft 9.25 in (9.68 m) (maximum)[4]
Propulsion: 4-shaft General Electric steam
turbines, double-reduction gearing,[5]
8 Babcock & Wilcox boilers[6]
150,000 shp (112 MW)[4]
Speed: 31.4 knots (58.2 km/h; 36.1 mph)[2]
to 33 knots (61 km/h;
38 mph)[6][7][8]
Range: 12,000 nautical miles (22,000 km;
13,670 miles) at 15 knots (28 km/h;
17 mph)[4]
Alaska-class cruiser
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Alaska-class cruisers were a class of six cruisers ordered
prior to World War II for the United States Navy. They were
officially classed as large cruisers (CB), but others have
regarded them as battlecruisers. Their intermediate status is
reflected in their names relative to typical U.S. battleship and
cruiser practices: all being named after "territories or insular
areas" of the United States.
[C]
Of the six planned, two were
completed, the third's construction was suspended on 16 April
1947, and the last three were canceled. Alaska and Guam
served with the U.S. Navy for the last year of World War II as
bombardment ships and fast carrier escorts. They were
decommissioned in 1947 after spending only 32 and 29 months
in service, respectively.
The idea for a large cruiser class originated in the early 1930s
when the U.S. Navy sought to counter Deutschland-class
"pocket battleships" being launched by Germany. Planning for
ships that eventually evolved into the Alaska class began in the
later 1930s after the deployment of Germany's Scharnhorst-
class battleships and rumors that Japan was constructing a new
battlecruiser class.
[7][D]
To serve as "cruiser-killers" capable of
seeking out and destroying these post-Treaty heavy cruisers the
class was given large guns of a new and expensive design,
limited armor protection against 12-inch shells, and machinery
capable of speeds of about 3133 knots (3638 mph, 58
61 km/h).
Contents
1 Background
1.1 Design
1.2 Possible conversion to aircraft carriers
2 Construction
3 Service history
4 "Large cruisers" or "battlecruisers"?
5 Armament
5.1 Main battery
5.2 Secondary battery
5.3 Anti-aircraft battery
6 Ships
Complement: 1,517[6][8]1,799[9]2,251[1][2][A]
Armament:
9 12"/50 caliber Mark 8 guns
(304.8 mm)
[4]
(3 3)
12 5-inch (127 mm)/38 caliber
dual-purpose
[5]
guns
[4]
(6 2)
[5]
56 40 mm (1.57 in)
[4]
Bofors (14
4)
[5]
34 20mm
Oerlikon
(34 1)[4][5]
Armor:
Main side belt: 9" gradually thinning
to 5"
[6]
Armor deck: 3.84.0"
[6]
Weather (main) deck: 1.40"
[4][6]
Splinter (third) deck: 0.625"
[6]
Barbettes: 1113"
[6]
Turrets: 12.8" face, 5" roof, 5.25
6" side and 5.25" rear.
[6]
Conning tower:10.6" with 5"
roof[6][8]
Aircraft
carried:
4 OS2U Kingfisher or SC
Seahawk
[10][B]
Aviation
facilities:
Enclosed hangar located
amidships[6][11]
7 See also
8 Footnotes
9 Endnotes
10 References
11 External links
Background
Heavy cruiser development steadied between World War I and
World War II thanks to the terms of the Washington Naval
Treaty and successor treaties and conferences, where the
United States, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy agreed to limit
heavy cruisers to 10,000 tons displacement with 8-inch main
armament. Up until the Alaska class, US cruisers designed
between the wars followed this pattern.
[12]
The initial impetus for the Alaska design came from the
deployments of Germany's so-called pocket battleships in the
early 1930s. Though no actions were immediately taken, these
thoughts were revived in the late 1930s when intelligence
reports indicated Japan was planning or building "super cruisers"
that would be much more powerful than the current US heavy
cruisers.
[3][6][11][13][E]
The navy responded in 1938 when the
General Board asked the Bureau of Construction and Repair to
conduct a "comprehensive study of all types of naval vessels for
consideration for a new and expanded building program".
[14]
The US President at the time, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, may have taken a lead role in the development of the class
with his desire to have a counter to raiding abilities of Japanese cruisers and German pocket battleships.
[15]
While these
claims are difficult to verify,
[6][16]
they have led to the speculation that their design was "politically motivated".
[17]
Design
One historian described the design process of the Alaska class as "torturous" due to the numerous changes and
modifications made to the ship's layouts by numerous departments and individuals.
[7]
Indeed, there were at least nine
different layouts,
[18]
ranging from 6,000-ton Atlanta-class antiaircraft cruisers
[19]
to "overgrown" heavy cruisers
[7]
and
a 38,000-ton mini-battleship that would have been armed with twelve 12-inch and sixteen 5-inch guns.
[19]
The General
Board, in an attempt to keep the displacement under 25,000 tons, allowed the designs to offer only limited underwater
protection. As a result, the Alaska class, when built, were vulnerable to torpedoes and shells that fell short of the
ship.
[20]
The final design was a scaled-up Baltimore class that had the same machinery as the Essex-class aircraft
carriers. This ship combined a main armament of nine 12-inch guns with protection against 10-inch gunfire into a hull
that was capable of 33 knots (61 km/h; 38 mph).
[13]
Alaska being launched on 15
August 1943
The Alaskas were officially funded in September 1940 along with a plethora of other ships as a part of the Two-Ocean
Navy Act.
[11][21][F]
Their role had been altered slightly: in addition to their surface-to-surface role, they were planned
to protect carrier groups. Because of their bigger guns, greater size and increased speed, they would be more valuable
in this role than heavy cruisers, and would provide insurance against reports that Japan was building super cruisers
more powerful than U.S. heavy cruisers.
[11]
Possible conversion to aircraft carriers
Yet another drastic change was considered during the "carrier panic" in late 1941,
when the Navy realized that they needed more aircraft carriers as quickly as possible.
Many hulls currently under construction were considered for conversion into carriers.
At different times, they considered some or all of the Cleveland-class light cruisers,
the Baltimore-class heavy cruisers, the Alaska class, and even one of the Iowa-
class battleships; in the end, they chose the Clevelands,
[22]
resulting in the
conversion of nine ships under construction at the New York Shipbuilding
Corporation shipyard, Camden, New Jersey as the light aircraft carriers comprising
the Independence-class.
A conversion of the Alaska cruisers to carriers was "particularly attractive"
[22]
because of the many similarities between the design of the Essex-class aircraft
carriers and the Alaska class, including the same machinery.
[23]
However, when
Alaska cruisers were compared to the Essex carriers, converted cruisers would have
had a shorter flight deck (so they could carry only 90% of the aircraft),
[22]
would
have been 11 feet (3.4 m) lower in the water, and could travel 8,000 nautical miles (15,000 km) fewer at 15 knots
(28 km/h; 17 mph). In addition, the large cruiser design did not include the massive underwater protections found in
normal carriers due to the armor weight devoted to counter shell fire. Lastly, an Alaska conversion could not satisfy the
navy's goal of having new aircraft carriers quickly, as the work needed to modify the ships into carriers would entail
long delays. With this in mind, all planning involved with converting the Alaskas was ended on 7 January 1942.
[24]
Construction
Of the six Alaska-class cruisers that were planned, only three were laid down. The first two, Alaska and Guam, were
completed. Construction of Hawaii, the third, was suspended on 16 April 1947 when she was 84% complete.
[3][14]
The last three, Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Samoa, were delayed since all available materials and slipways were
allocated to higher priority ships, such as aircraft carriers, destroyers, and submarines. Construction had still not begun
when steel shortages
[25]
and a realization that these "cruiser-killers" had no more cruisers to huntas the fleets of
Japanese cruisers had already been defeated by aircraft and submarinesmade the ships "white elephants".
[6]
As a
result, construction of the last three members of the class never began, and they were officially canceled on 24 June
1943.
[26][27][28]
Service history
Alaska and Guam served with the U.S. Navy during the last year of World War II. Similar to the Iowa-class fast
battleships, their speed made them useful as shore bombardment ships and fast carrier escorts. Both protected
Franklin when she was on her way to be repaired in Guam after being hit by two Japanese bombs. Afterward, Alaska
Guam during her shakedown cruise
on 13 November 1944
The Iowa-class battleship Missouri
(top) and Alaska moored at the same
pier. Note the size difference.
supported the landings on Okinawa, while Guam went to San Pedro Bay to become the leader of a new task force,
Cruiser Task Force 95. Guam, joined by Alaska, four light cruisers, and nine destroyers, led the task force into the
East China and Yellow Seas to conduct raids upon shipping; however, they only encountered Chinese junks.
[1][2]
By
the end of the war, the two had become celebrated within the fleet as
excellent carrier escorts.
[8]
After the war, both ships were decommissioned and "mothballed" in
1947
[1][2]
after having spent 32 and 29 months in service, respectively.
[19]
In
1958, the Bureau of Ships prepared two feasibility studies to explore
whether Alaska and Guam could be suitably converted into guided-missile
cruisers. The first study involved removing all of the guns in favor of four
different missile systems. At $160 million, this proposed removal was seen as
cost-prohibitive, so a second study was initiated. The study left the forward
batteries (the two 12-inch triple turrets and three of the 5-inch dual turrets)
unchanged, and added a reduced version of the first plan on the stern of the
ship. Even though the proposals would have cost approximately half as much
as the first study's plan ($82 million), it was still seen as too expensive.
[29]
As a result, both ships were stricken from
the Naval Vessel Register on 1 June 1960. Alaska was sold for scrap on 30 June 1960, and Guam on 24 May
1961.
[1][2]
The still-incomplete Hawaii was considered for a conversion to be the Navy's first guided-missile cruiser for a time;
[G]
this thought lasted until 26 February 1952, when a different conversion to a "large command ship" was contemplated.
In anticipation of the conversion, her classification was changed to CBC-1. This would have made her a "larger sister"
for Northampton,
[6]
but a year and a half later (9 October 1954) she was re-designated CB-3. Hawaii was stricken
from the Naval Vessel Register on 9 June 1958 and was sold for scrap in 1959.
[3]
"Large cruisers" or "battlecruisers"?
Early in its development, the class used the US battlecruiser designation CC,
which had been planned for the Lexington class. However, the designation
was changed to CB to reflect their new status, "large cruiser", and the
practice of referring to them as battlecruisers was officially discouraged.
[16]
The U.S. Navy then named the individual vessels after U.S. territories, rather
than states (as was the tradition with battleships) or cities (for which cruisers
were named), to symbolize the belief that these ships were supposed to play
an intermediate role between heavy cruisers and fully-fledged
battlecruisers.
[7]
The Alaska-class certainly resembled contemporary US battleships
(particularly the North Carolina-class, South Dakota-class, and Iowa-
class) in appearance, including the familiar 2-A-1 main battery and massive
columnar mast, and displaced twice that of the newest heavy cruisers (the
Baltimore class).
[30]
In weight, the ships were only 5,000 tons less than the
London Treaty battleship standard displacement limit of 35,000 long tons (36,000 t), also longer than several treaty
battleships such as the King George V and North Carolina classes.
In design and armor the Alaska class are regarded as "large cruisers" rather than battlecruisers. Their design was
scaled up from the treaty cruisers limited by the Washington, London and Second London naval treaties.
[6]
In common
with U.S. heavy cruisers, they had aircraft hangars and a single large rudder. Their armor lacked the underwater
protection systems found on full-fledged battleships and even intermediate capital ships like the French Dunkerque and
German Scharnhorst classes. This left the Alaskas virtually defenseless against torpedoes, as well as vulnerable to
shells falling slightly short and continuing underwater to hit the hull.
[7]
While the Alaskas had more side armor than
other contemporary U.S. cruisers, their protection was only marginally capable of stopping 12" fire;
[31]
they were
vulnerable to battleship fire (1416" fire) at any range.
[32]
In addition, despite being much larger than the Baltimore class, the numbers of secondary and anti-aircraft batteries of
the Alaskas were similar. Whereas the Alaska class carried twelve 5"/38 caliber in six twin turrets, fifty-six 40 mm,
and thirty-four 20 mm guns, the Baltimore class carried the same number of 5"/38s, eight fewer 40 mm, and ten fewer
20 mm.,
[6]
considerably fewer than new U.S. battleships that had ten (save for South Dakota (BB-57)) 5"/38 twin
mounts while older refitted U.S. battleships had eight. Author Richard Worth remarked that when they were finally
completed, launched, and commissioned, they had the "size of a battleship but the capabilities of a cruiser". The
Alaska-class was similarly expensive to build and maintain as contemporary battleships yet far less capable due to
armor deficiencies, while only able to put up a comparable anti-aircraft defense as the much cheaper Baltimore
cruisers.
[7]
Despite these cruiser-like characteristics, and the U.S. Navy's insistence on their status as cruisers, the Alaska class
has been frequently described as battlecruisers.
[30]
The official navy magazine All Hands said "The Guam and her
sister ship Alaska are the first American battle cruisers ever to be completed as such."
[33]
Some modern historians take
the view that this is a more accurate designation because they believe that the ships were "in all sense of the word,
battlecruisers", with all the vulnerabilities of the type.
[9]
The traditional Anglo-American battlecruiser concept had
always sacrificed protection for the sake of speed and armamentthey were not intended to stand up against the guns
they themselves carried.
[34]
The Alaska's percentage of armor tonnage, 28.4%, was slightly less than that of fast
battleships; the British King George V class, the American Iowa class, and the battlecruiser/fast battleship HMS Hood
all had armor percentages between 32 and 33%, whereas the Lexington-class battlecruiser design had a nearly
identical armor percentage of 28.5%. In fact, older battlecruisers, such as the Invincible (19.9%), had a significantly
lower percentage.
[35]
Armament-wise, they had much larger guns than contemporary heavy cruisers; while the
Baltimore class only carried nine 8"/55 caliber Marks 12 and 15 guns,
[36]
the Alaska class carried nine 12"/50 caliber
guns that were as good as, if not superior to, the old 14"/50 caliber gun used on the U.S. Navy's pre-treaty
battleships,
[37]
Armament
Main battery
As built, the Alaska class had nine 12"/50 caliber Mark 8 guns mounted in three triple (3-gun) turrets,
[37]
with two
turrets forward and one aft, a configuration known as "2-A-1". The previous 12" gun manufactured for the U.S. Navy
was the Mark 7 version, which had been designed for and installed in the 1912 Wyoming-class battleships. The Mark
8 was of considerably higher quality; in fact, it "was by far the most powerful weapon of its caliber ever placed in
service."
[38]
Designed in 1939, it weighed 121,856 pounds (55,273 kg), including the breech, and could sustain an
Guam firing her main battery during a
training session sometime in 1944
1945.
Crew of a Bofors 40 mm
gun on Alaska mount loading
clips into the loaders of the
left pair of guns on 6 March
1945 during the Battle of
Iwo Jima.
average rate of fire of 2.43 rounds a minute. It could throw a 1,140 pounds (520 kg) Mark 18 armor-piercing shell
38,573 yards (35,271 m) at an elevation of 45, and had a 344-shot barrel life
[37]
(about 54 more than the much larger
but similar 16"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun found in the Iowa battleships.).
[39]
The turrets were very similar to those of the Iowa-class battleships, but differed in several ways; for example, the
Alaska-class had a two-stage powder hoist, instead of Iowa-class's one-stage hoist. These differences made operating
the guns safer and increased the rate of fire. In addition, a "projectile rammer" was added to Alaska and Guam. This
machine transferred shells from storage on the ship to the rotating ring that
fed the guns. However, this feature proved unsatisfactory, and it was not
planned for Hawaii or any subsequent ships.
[37]
Because Alaska and Guam were the only two ships to mount these guns,
only ten turrets were made during the war (three for each ship including
Hawaii and one spare). They cost $1,550,000 each and were the most
expensive heavy guns purchased by the U.S. Navy in World War II.
[16]
Secondary battery
The secondary battery of the Alaska class
was composed of twelve dual-purpose
(anti-air and anti-ship) 5"/38 caliber guns in
twin mounts, with four offset on each side of the superstructure (two on each beam)
and two centerline turrets fore and aft. The 5"/38 was originally intended for use on
only destroyers built in the 1930s, but by 1934 and into World War II it was being
installed on almost all of the U.S.'s major warships, including aircraft carriers,
battleships, and heavy and light cruisers.
[40]
Anti-aircraft battery
For anti-aircraft armament, the Alaska-class ships carried 56 40 mm guns and 34
20 mm guns. These numbers are comparable to 48 40 mm and 24 20 mm on
the smaller Baltimore class heavy cruisers and 80 40 mm and 49 20 mm on the
larger Iowa battleships.
[1][41][42]
Arguably the most efficient light anti-aircraft gun of World War II, the 40 mm Bofors
was used on nearly every major warship in the U.S. and UK fleets during World War II from about 1943 to 1945.
Although they were a descendant of German and Swedish designs, the Bofors mounts used by the United States Navy
during World War II had been heavily "Americanized", which brought the guns up to U.S. Navy standards. This new
standard resulted in a gun system set to English standards (now known as the Standard System) with interchangeable
ammunition, simplifying the logistics situation for World War II. When coupled with hydraulic couple drives to reduce
salt contamination and the Mark 51 director for improved accuracy, the 40 mm Bofors became a fearsome adversary,
accounting for roughly half of all Japanese aircraft shot down between 1 October 1944 and 1 February 1945.
[43]
The Oerlikon 20 mm anti-aircraft gun was one of the most extensively used anti-aircraft guns of World War II; the
U.S. alone manufactured a total of 124,735 of these guns. When activated in 1941, they replaced the 0.50" M2
Browning machine gun on a one-for-one basis. The Oerlikon gun remained the primary anti-aircraft weapon of the
United States Navy until the introduction of the 40 mm Bofors in 1943.
[44]
An outboard profile Alaska, c. 1944. The
camouflage paint scheme is USN Measure 32/1D.
Ships
Name Namesake Pennant Builder Ordered
Laid
down
Launched Commissioned Fate
Alaska
Territory of
Alaska
CB-1
New York
Shipbuilding
Corporation,
Camden
9
September
1940
17
December
1941
15 August
1943
17 June 1944
Broken
up at
Newark,
1961
Guam
Territory of
Guam
CB-2
2
February
1942
12
November
1943
17 September
1944
Broken
up at
Baltimore,
1961
Hawaii
Territory of
Hawaii
CB-3
20
December
1943
3
November
1945
N/A
Broken
up at
Baltimore,
1960
Philippines
Commonwealth
of the
Philippines
CB-4
N/A N/A
Cancelled
June
1943
Puerto
Rico
Territory of
Puerto Rico
CB-5
Samoa
Territory of
American
Samoa
CB-6
USS Alaska (CB-1) was commissioned on 17 June
1944. She served in the Pacific, screening aircraft
carriers, providing shore bombardment at Okinawa, and
going on raiding missions in the East China Sea. She was
decommissioned on 17 February 1947 after less than
three years of service and was scrapped in 1960.
[1]
USS Guam (CB-2) was commissioned on 17
September 1944. She served in the Pacific with Alaska on almost all of the same operations. Along with
Alaska, she was decommissioned on 17 February 1947 and was scrapped in 1961.
[2]
USS Hawaii (CB-3) was intended as a third ship of the class, but she was never completed. Numerous plans to
utilize her as a guided-missile cruiser or a large command ship in the years after the war were fruitless, and she
was scrapped.
[3]
USS Philippines (CB-4), Puerto Rico (CB-5), and Samoa (CB-6) were planned as the fourth, fifth, and sixth
ships of the class, respectively. All were going to be built at Camden, New Jersey, but they were canceled
before construction could begin.
[26][27][28]
See also
Design B-65 cruiser
Footnotes
A. ^ Sources vary greatly on just how many people composed the complement of the ships.
B. ^ The Seahawk made its operational debut upon Guam on 22 October 1944.
C. ^ With only a very few exceptions, U.S. battleships were named for states, e.g. USS Nevada (BB-36) or USS New
Jersey (BB-62), while cruisers were named for cities, e.g. USS Juneau (CL-52) or USS Quincy (CA-71). See United
States ship naming conventions. Alaska and Hawaii were insular areas of the United States at the time; they became the
forty-ninth and fiftieth States in 1959.
D. ^ Jane's thought that this mythical battlecruiser, the notional Chichibu class, would have six 12-inch guns and 30 knots
(56 km/h; 35 mph) speed packed into a 15,000-ton ship. See Fitzsimons, Volume 1, 58 and Worth, 305.
E. ^ Japan actually developed plans for two super cruisers in 1941, though it was mostly in response to the new Alaska
ships. However, the ships were not ordered due to the greater need for carriers. See Design B-65 cruiser.
F. ^ Over two hundred other ships were ordered at the same time: two Iowa-class battleships, five Montana-class
battleships, twelve Essex-class aircraft carriers, four Baltimore-class heavy cruisers, 19 Cleveland-class light cruisers,
four Atlanta-class light cruisers, 52 Fletcher-class destroyers, twelve Benson-class destroyers and 73 Gato-class
submarines.
G. ^ A similar proposal was made to convert the uncompleted Iowa-class battleship USS Kentucky (BB-66) into the first
guided-missile battleship, but as with the proposal for Hawaii this conversion never materialized, and Kentucky was
scrapped in 1958.
Endnotes
1. ^
a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h
"Alaska" (http://hazegray.org/danfs/cruisers/cb1.txt). Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.
Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
2. ^
a

b

c

d

e

f

g
"Guam" (http://hazegray.org/danfs/cruisers/cb2.txt). DANFS. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
3. ^
a

b

c

d

e
"Hawaii" (http://hazegray.org/danfs/cruisers/cb3.txt). DANFS. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
4. ^
a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k
Dulin, Jr., Garzke, Jr., 184.
5. ^
a

b

c

d

e
Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed., Volume 1, 59.
6. ^
a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l

m

n

o

p

q
Gardiner and Chesneau, 122.
7. ^
a

b

c

d

e

f

g
Worth, 305.
8. ^
a

b

c

d
Miller, 200.
9. ^
a

b
Osbourne, 245.
10. ^ Swanborough and Bowers, 148.
11. ^
a

b

c

d
Pike, John (2008). "CB-1 Alaska Class" (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/cb-1.htm).
GlobalSecurity.org. Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20081020120645/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/cb-1.htm) from the
original on 20 October 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
original on 20 October 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
12. ^ Bauer and Roberts, 139.
13. ^
a

b
Scarpaci, 17.
14. ^
a

b
Dulin, Jr., Garzke, Jr., 189.
15. ^ Dulin, Jr. and Garzke, Jr., 24 and 179.
16. ^
a

b

c
Morison and Polmar, 85.
17. ^ Dulin Jr., Garzke, Jr., 267.
18. ^ Dulin, Jr. and Garzke, Jr., 179183.
19. ^
a

b

c
Dulin, Jr. and Garzke, Jr., 179.
20. ^ Dulin, Jr., Garzke, Jr., 183.
21. ^ Rohwer, 40.
22. ^
a

b

c
Friedman, 190.
23. ^ Fitzsimons, Volume 1, 58.
24. ^ Friedman, 191.
25. ^ Fitzsimons, Volume 1, 59.
26. ^
a

b
"Philippines" (http://hazegray.org/danfs/cruisers/cb4.htm). DANFS. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
27. ^
a

b
"Puerto Rico" (http://hazegray.org/danfs/cruisers/cb5.htm). DANFS. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
28. ^
a

b
"Samoa" (http://hazegray.org/danfs/cruisers/cb6.htm). DANFS. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
29. ^ Dulin, Jr., Garzke Jr., 187.
30. ^
a

b
Morison, Morison and Polmar, 84.
31. ^ Dulin Jr., Garzke Jr. (1976), p. 283
32. ^ Dulin Jr., Garzke Jr. (1976), p. 279.
33. ^ All Hands, December 1945, "Sleek, Fast, Deadly- Our New CB's"
34. ^ Dulin Jr., Garzke Jr. (1976), p. 279; see also Jon Tetsuro Sumida, In Defence of Naval Supremacy (London:
Routledge, 1993).
35. ^ Friedman, Battleship Design and Development, 166173
36. ^ DiGiulian, Tony (7 February 2008). "8"/55 (20.3 cm) Marks 12 and 15"
(http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_8-55_mk12-15.htm). Navweaps.com. Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20081002055750/http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_8-55_mk12-15.htm) from
the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
37. ^
a

b

c

d
DiGiulian, Tony (7 February 2008). "12"/50 (30.5 cm) Mark 8"
(http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_12-50_mk8.htm). Navweaps.com. Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20080921170348/http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_12-50_mk8.htm) from the
original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
38. ^ Dulin, Jr. and Garzke, Jr., 190.
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Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Alaska class
cruiser.
(DRT); Millett, Allan R. (FRW) (1976). World War II: A Student Encyclopedia. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-
174-2. (Google Books link (http://books.google.com/books?
id=uFtnIh7xdgIC&pg=PA183&dq=%22Alaska+class%22#PPA183,M1))
Worth, Richard (2002). Fleets of World War II. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81116-2. (Google Books link
(http://books.google.com/books?id=yfpi2qctZN8C))
External links
Photographs of the Alaska class
(http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/usnshtp/cru/cb1cl.htm)
Alaska class Large Cruisers
(http://www.coatneyhistory.com/Alaska.htm) From U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence recognition manual ONI
200, Issued 1 July 1950
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alaska-class_cruiser&oldid=618073058"
Categories: Alaska-class cruisers Battlecruiser classes Cruiser classes
World War II cruisers of the United States
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