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1. INTRODUCTION
Today, in developed countries, the vast majority of lightning devices functions with electric
energy. The increasing cost and, the impact of electricity production on the environment and
the human health has motived, the development of energy efficient devices and equipments.
Some of them propagate electromagnetic field which is also considered to be hazardous for
human health. Some of them produce infrared, ultraviolet or heat which causes deterioration
of illuminated .A discovery of 1962, by Nick Holonyak, is focusing again interest in recent
years: LED or Light Emitting Diode. Unlike the first generation LEDs, the new ones have
performances that allow them to be used in indoor and outdoor lighting applications with real
assets [6].
Newly developed HBLEDs have many advantages such as high efficiency, long life,
compact size, least affected from vibration, easily dimmable as compared to earlier solution
for lighting. Power supply design for LED needs an AC-DC converter with high power
factor, low crest factor (CF) and low THD of AC mains current to meet the international
standard IEC61000-3-2. The conventional LED driver has power quality problems such as
poor power factor, high crest factor and high THD of AC mains current [7].
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) requires that systems/equipment be able to tolerate a
specified degree of interference and not generate more than a specified amount of
interference EMC is becoming more important because Problems with Non-Compliance
Product may be blocked from market Practical impact can be minor annoyance to lethal and
everything in between Special attention should be paid to the design of this type of converter
due to its working principles and electromagnetic interference (EMI) performance. Rapid
switching of high current and high voltage during the operation of SMPS causes an EMI
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problem. The level of the EMI noise should be reduced in order to not interfere with the
operation of other equipment.
AC-DC and DC-DC switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) are preferred in many systems
due to their advantage of switching at higher frequencies. High-frequency switching reduces
the size of the components and the weight of the transformer, and it increases efficiency in
comparison with linear power supplies [1,2]. However, while switching the current on and off
increases the efficiency, it also generates conducted and radiated electromagnetic interference
(EMI) (EMI) [3,4]. Generation of conducted and radiated EMI is an undesirable feature of
these converters. If they are not mitigated, EMI currents and voltages can corrupt the power
source to the converter and interfere with the operation of other adjacent equipment supplied
by the same source [5]. They might constitute unexpected operating conditions for the
equipment. In order to prevent this situation, EMI noise limits are determined for the
converters. EMI noises of the designed converters must be within these limits as determined
by regulatory institutions such as the International Special Committee on Radio Interference
(CISPR). Most pulse-width modulation (PWM) converters are designed to switch at a fixed
frequency with a variable duty cycle. The main source of the EMI in power converters comes
from switching the voltage and current [5], as mentioned above. Due to rapid switching of
high current and high voltage, EMI is a serious problem in SMPS. The switching device in a
power converter operating at high frequency leads to the generation of large dv/dt and di/dt
signals.



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2. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
All the drivers of LED power supply have high power factor and low total
harmonic distortion but these drives doesnt have EMI filtering and produced
undesirable Electromagnetic interference with other electronic gadgets. Hence a
suitable EMI filter is to be proposed so that EMI should be brought to an
acceptable level.
3. LITERATURE SURVEY
In A Valley-Fill SEPIC-Derived Power Factor Correction Topology for LED Lighting
Applications Using One Cycle Control Technique using OCC technique, the power factor is
improved from 0.895 to 0.969 and the total harmonic distortion is reduced from 54.045 % to
28.794 %. But there is no EMI filtering [8]. A Fuzzy Logic Controller based Power Factor
Correction for LED Lighting Applications the power factor of the proposed topology is said
to be as 0.9997 but the EMI filtering is not implemented [9].

Some EMI reduction methods have been presented in the literature [10-12]. Sigma-
delta modulation has been proposed as an alternative switching technique to reduce
conducted EMI in SMPS [10]. Active filters have been employed for EMI reduction and
harmonic compensation [11]. The resonance technique has also been used for mitigating EMI
in switching power converters [12]. Using soft switching methods allows for the reduction
of conducted noise and, therefore, the zero-voltage switching and zero-current switching
techniques have been employed in order to reduce EMI noises [13].

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4. OBJECTIVES
The main objective is to design a driver that is capable of dimming light
emitting diode (LEDs), to reduce THD (Total Harmonic distortion), improve the
power factor of the driver, reduce Electromagnetic Interference and strictly
adhere to International Electro techno commission standard IEC 61000-3-2
(class C) instructs that the power factor and total harmonic distortion (THD)
should be maintained for the lighting equipments exceeds above 25W.
In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates
all commercial (i.e. non-military) sources of electromagnetic radiation.
The FCC Rules and Regulations, Title 47, Part 15, specifies limits on the
radiation from both intentional and unintentional radiation sources. Most
products regulated by Part 15, Subpart B fall into one of two categories. Class A
devices are those that are marketed for use in a commercial, industrial or
business environment. Class B devices are those that are marketed for use in the
home. Class B limits are more stringent than Class A limits as indicated in the
tables below [14].




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Table 1: FCC Standards






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5. METHODOLOGY
The proposed design will improve the efficiency of the power converter that is
the driver of LEDs and reduce the EMI to the acceptable level. The LEDs are
connected in parallel/series to match the power rating of the driver.


Figure 1: Proposed Smart Light




Figure 2: Driver details






AC Source

Driver

LED arrays
DRIVER
AC Source


EMI Filter
Power
Converter

Power
factor
corrector
Dimming
Circuit

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6. POSSIBLE OUTCOME
The possible outcomes of the proposed driver
AC Source: The AC source is 230V 50Hz or universal input.
AC- DC conversion: Bridge Rectifier will be the front end converter the
converts ac to DC supply.
Power converter: The will be a chopper BUCK/BOOST or Flyback SEPIC
Modified SEPIC/ Zeta, or bridgeless SEPIC converter.
EMI filter & Power factor corrector: The EMI filtering and power factor
correction is done using passive components like inductor and capacitor or
using active filters.
Dimming Circuit: The dimming circuit will be a PWM or sophisticated
controller based dimming.
LED arrays: Based on the design of the power converter / driver, multiple,
high brightness white LEDs are connected in series and parallel combination to
obtain the desired brightness



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7. Reference:
[1] M.H. Nagrial, A. Hellany, Radiated and conducted EMI emissions in switch mode power
supplies (SMPS): sources, causes and predictions, IEEE Multi Topic Conference, pp. 54-61,
2001.
[2] J. Kaewchai, W. Khangern, S. Nitta, Controlling conducted EMI emission on a buck-
boost converter using gate controlled circuit, International Symposium on Electromagnetic
Compatibility, pp. 541-544, 2002.
[3] G. Antonini, S. Cristina, A. Orlandi, EMC characterization of SMPS devices: circuit and
radiated emissions model, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 38,
pp. 300-309, 1996.
[4] J. Balcells, D. Gonzalez, J. Gago, A. Santolaria, J.C. Le Bunetel, D. Magnon, S. Brehaut,
Frequency modulation techniques for EMI reduction in SMPS, European Conference on
Power Electronics and Applications, pp. 1-8, 2005.
[5] L.H. Mweene, How to ease EMI compliance in power converters, EE Times Design,
pp. 1-2, 2006.
.[6] A New, Simple, universal, Low Cost LED Driver and Controller Akram M. Fayaz
SUPELEC - Systems Sciences E3S Control Department Plateau de Moulon - 3 rue Joliot-
Curie 91192 Gif sur Yvette cedex Charif Karimi and Daniel Sadarnac SUPELEC - Systems
Sciences E3S Energy Department 2012 IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference.
[7] A Universal Input Single-Stage Front End Power Factor Corrector For HB-LED Lighting
Applications Ashish Shrivastava, Member, IEEE Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Bhim Singh, Fellow, IEEE Department of Electrical
Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi 2012 IEEE.
[8] . A Valley-Fill SEPIC-Derived Power Factor Correction Topology for LED Lighting
Applications Using One Cycle Control Technique 2013 International Conference on
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Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI - 2013), Jan. 04 06, 2013, Coimbatore,
India
[9]. A Fuzzy Logic Controller based Power Factor Correction for LED Lighting Applications.
Information Communication and Embedded Systems (ICICES), 2013 International
Conference on Date of Conference: 21-22 Feb. 2013 Page(s):1118 - 1122
Conference Location : Chennai
[10] J. Paramesh, A. Von Jouanne, Use of sigma-delta modulation to control EMI from
switch-mode power supplies,IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 48, pp. 111-
117, 2001.
[11] Y.C. Son, S.K. Sul, Generalization of active filters for EMI reduction and harmonics
compensation, Industry Applications Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 1209-1214, 2003.
[12] R. Bera, J. Bera, A.K. Sen, P.R. Dasgupta, Reduction of EMI from SMPS (switched
mode power supplies) by resonance technique and its utilities in industrial process control
instruments, International Conference on Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility,
pp. 445-448, 1999.
[13] K. Yoshida, T. Ishii, N. Nagagata, Zero voltage switching approach for flyback
converter, International Telecommunications Energy Conference, pp. 324-329, 1992.
[14] http://www.cvel.clemson.edu/emc/index.html