Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines (April-2012, Set-1) JNTU-Kakinada

Code No.: R22042/R10

II B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations

April - 2012

S.1

Set-1
Solutions

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND TRANSMISSION LINES

( Common to ECE, EIE )

Time: 3 Hours

Max. Marks: 75
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
---

1.

2.

3.

4.

(a)

What are equipotential surfaces? Give two examples of these. (Unit-I, Topic No. 1.3)

(b)

A line charge L = 400 pC/m lies along the axis. The surface of zero potential passes through the point (0, 5, 12)
cm. Find the potential at point (2, 3, 4) m. [7+8] (Unit-I, Topic No. 1.1)

(a)

State and explain Biot-Savarts law relating the magnetic field produced at a point due to the current in a small
elemental wire. (Unit-II, Topic No. 2.1)

(b)

A thin ring of radius 5 cm is placed on plane z = 1 cm so that its center is at (0, 0, 1) cm. If the ring carries 50 mA
along a, find H at, (i) (0, 0, 1) cm (ii) (0, 0, 10) cm. [7+8] (Unit-II, Topic No. 2.1)

(a)

What is the Faradays law of induction? Explain the significance of the terms transformer e.m.f and generator
e.m.f. (Unit-III, Topic No. 3.1)

(b)

In a medium of = 50, = 2.5 0, resistivity = 0.2 -m and E = 20 V/m, find the conduction current density. If
this current density exists in a cylindrical rod of 2 cm diameter, evaluate the current that can flow through the
rod. [7+8] (Unit-III, Topic No. 3.2)

(a)

Derive wave equation for source free regions. (Unit-IV, Topic No. 4.1)

(b)

The electric field in free space is given by E = 20 cos(108t + x)ay V/m

(i)

Find the direction of propagation.

(ii) Calculate and the time it takes to travel a distance of /2.

(iii) Sketch the wave at t = 0, T/4 and T/2. [7+8] (Unit-IV, Topic No. 4.1)
5.

6.

7.

(a)

Define surface impedance and explain how it exists. (Unit-V, Topic No. 5.2)

(b)

Derive expression for reflection and transmission coefficients of an EM wave when it is incident normally on a
dielectric. [7+8] (Unit-V, Topic No. 5.1)

(a)

Assuming z-direction of propagation in a parallel plane wave guide, determine the expression for the transverse field components in terms of partial derivation of Ez and Hz. (Unit-VI, Topic No. 6.1)

(b)

Account for the presence of TE, TM and TEM waves in parallel plane wave guides and explain their significance. [7+8] (Unit-VI, Topic No. 6.1)

(a)

Using the general line equations, obtain an expression for the input impedance of a line. (Unit-VIII, Topic No. 8.1)

(b)

A lossless transmission line has a capacitance of 50 pF/m and an inductance of 200 nH/m. Find the characteristics impedance for sections of a line 10 m long and 500 m long. [7+8] (Unit-VII, Topic No. 7.7)

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

( JNTU-Kakinada )

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2013

S.2
8.

(a)

Derive the expression for the voltage standing wave ratio from the transmission line theory.

(Unit-VIII, Topic No. 8.5)

(b)

A 60 lossless line is connected to a source with 10 V, Zg = 50 j40 , and terminated with a load of j40 . If
the line is 100 m long and = 0.25 rad/m, calculate Zin and voltage at,
(i)

The sending end

(ii) The receiving end

(iii) 4 m from the load end
(iv) 3 m from the source. [7+8] (Unit-VIII, Topic No. 8.5)

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

( JNTU-Kakinada )

Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines (April-2012, Set-1) JNTU-Kakinada

S.3

SOLUTIONS TO APRIL-2012, SET-1, QP

Q1.

(a)

What are equipotential surfaces? Give two examples of these.

April-12, Set-1, Q1(a) M[7]

Answer :
Equipotential Surfaces

An equipotential surface is defined as an imaginary surface in an electric field of a charge distribution, on which the
potential or voltage is constant. On this surface, voltage difference between any two points is zero. Hence, the workdone in
moving a charge from one point to other point along an equipotential is always zero.
There exists many equipotential surfaces in an electric field of a charge distribution. Let us consider, a point charge
Q which is located at the origin of a sphere as shown in figure (1). The potential at a point located at a distance r from the
point charge is,
V=

Q
`
4 0 r

From the above expression, it is clear that the voltage at a particular point is inversely proportional to the distance
between point charge and the point at which potential has to be determined. All the points which are located at distance r
from the point charge consists of same potential. Hence, the surface consisting of these points is equipotential surface. As
shown in figure (1) there exists other equipotential surfaces at distance r = r1, r = r2, ..... etc.
E

Equipotential
surfaces

r3

r4

V3

Q
E

r2 r1

V2
V1

Equipotential
surfaces

E
Figure (1): Equipotential Surfaces
The equipotential surfaces for uniform field E are normal to E and the distance between all the surfaces is equal
for the increment in the voltage. On the otherhand for non-uniform field also equipotential surfaces are normal to E but the
distance between the surfaces is not equal for the uniform increment in the voltage. The uniform and non-uniform fields and
their equipotential surfaces are shown in figure (2),

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

( JNTU-Kakinada )

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2013

S.4

(a) Uniform Field

(b) Non-uniform field

Figure (2)

The two examples of equipotential surfaces are as shown in figure,

E
V = 1000 V

V = 1500 V
V = 1000 V
V = 500 V
V = 250 V

E
V = 500 V

V =0V

V=0V
Equipotential Surface

(b)

(a)

Figure (a)
Figure (b)
A line charge L = 400 pC/m lies along the axis. The surface of zero potential passes through
the point (0, 5, 12) cm. Find the potential at point (2, 3, 4) m.

Answer :
For answer refer Unit-I, Q7.
Q2.

Equipotential
surface

April-12, Set-1, Q1(b) M[8]

State and explain Biot-Savarts law relating the magnetic field produced at a point due to
the current in a small elemental wire.
April-12, Set-1, Q2(a) M[7]

Answer :
For answer refer Unit-II, Q1.
(b)

A thin ring of radius 5 cm is placed on plane z = 1 cm so that its center is at (0, 0, 1) cm. If the
ring carries 50 mA along a, find H at (i) (0, 0, 1) cm (ii) (0, 0, 10) cm.

Answer :

April-12, Set-1, Q2(b) M[8]

For answer refer Unit-II, Q12.

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

( JNTU-Kakinada )

Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines (April-2012, Set-1) JNTU-Kakinada

Q3.

(a)

What is the Faradays law of induction?

Explain the significance of the terms
transformer e.m.f and generator e.m.f.
Answer :
April-12, Set-1, Q3(a) M[7]
Faradays Law of Induction
For answer refer Unit-III, Q1.
Transformer e.m.f
The e.m.f induced in the conductor by the time varying current when the stationary conductor is placed in the
vicinity of time varying field is called static e.m.f.
It is also called as transformer e.m.f.
It is caused by the linking of time varying field
with a stationary conductor.
Since, there is no physical movement between
the conductor and source producing field so, it
is called statically induced e.m.f and is found in
transformers.
It is derived from Faradays law.
From Faradays integral form.

e = E.dL =

B
ds
t

Example
Suppose, a single open circuited loop is placed in the
vicinity of a permanent magnet and assume that magnet
either moves inwards or outwards the loop. The flux density
B increases when magnet moves inwards and decreases
when it moves outwards the loop. Thus in this way the flux,
changes and gives rise to induced e.m.f e in the loop as
shown in figure (1).

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

B = Flux density
ds = Differential elemental surface.
Putting =

B.ds in the expression e =

S

e =

d
dt

d
, we get,
dt

B.ds
S

If the loop is stationary then,

e =

t .ds volts

... (2)

From equations (1) and (2),

e = E.dL =

t .ds volts
S

Generator e.m.f
Generator e.m.f is also known as motional e.m.f.
The e.m.f induced in a conductor moving placed in
a stationary magnetic field due to the physical motion of
conductor is called motional e.m.f.
It is also called as dynamically induced e.m.f.
It is caused by the linking of stationary field with a
moving conductor.
Since, the e.m.f is induced in a moving conductor
placed in a stationary field so, it is found in D.C generators, motors and alternators.
It is derived from the Lorentz force equation and
Faradays law.
From Lorentz force equation, we have,
F = Q (E + V B )
F = Q (V B )

Figure (1)
The e.m.f which is induced appears across the ends
of the open loop. The induced current flows as the loop
forms a closed circuit.
The Electric field E associated with induced current, when integrated throughout the loop gives the induced
e.m.f.

E.dL

B.ds
S

Induced
e.m.f

e=

We know total flux =

S.5

... (1)

Electric field intensity,

Em =

[Q E = 0]

F
= V B
Q

The e.m.f induced in the conductor is,

em = E m .dL = (V B ).dL

It is also called as flux-cutting e.m.f due to its motional action.

To understand it more clearly, consider the following
example.

( JNTU-Kakinada )

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2013

Example
Suppose a conductor of length L is placed in a uniform static magnetic field and the conductor is normal to the
field as shown. B be the flux density.

Conductivity, =

1
0.2 -m

=5

= 5

Uniform magnetic field

B Wb/m2

1
Resistivity

S.6

Jc = E
V

= 5 20 V/m
= 100 V/m2

J c = 100 V/m 2

Figure (2)
The conductor moves in the field at right angles to
both field and its axis with a velocity v.
Assume that the conductor covers an elementary
distance dx in time dt.
Then,
Motional e.m.f, e =

S=

d
dt

I = Jc S
= 100 3.14 104

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

(Q = 106)

= 314 1010

dx
= Velocity v
dt

d
Motional e . m . f, e =
= BLV volts
dt
In magnitude, e = BLV volts.
(b) In a medium of = 5 0, = 2.5 0, resistivity = 0.2 -m and E = 20 V/m, find
the conduction current density. If this
current density exists in a cylindrical
rod of 2 cm diameter, evaluate the current that can flow through the rod.
Answer :
April-12, Set-1, Q3(b) M[8]
Given that,
= 5 0
= 2.5 0
Resistivity = 0.2 -m
E = 20 V/m
d = 2 cm
= 2 102 m
Conduction current density, Jc = ?
Current, I = ?

(2 10 2 ) 2
4

= 3.14 104

Flux cut in time, dt = B area swept in time dt

= B Ldx
And

2
d
4

= 31.4 nA

I = 31.4 nA
Conduction current density, J c = 100 V/m 2

Current in the rod = 31.4 nA

Q4.

(a)

Derive wave equation for source free

regions.
Answer :
April-12, Set-1, Q4(a) M[7]
For answer refer Unit-IV, Q1.
(b) The electric field in free space is given
by E = 20 cos (108t + x)ay V/m
(i) Find the direction of propagation
(ii) Calculate and the time it takes to
travel a distance of /2.
(iii) Sketch the wave at t = 0, T/4 and
T/2.
Answer :
April-12, Set-1, Q4(b) M[8]
Given that,
E = 20 cos (108t + x) ay V/m

( JNTU-Kakinada )

Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines (April-2012, Set-1) JNTU-Kakinada

(i)

S.7

Direction of Propagation
The positive sign of x represents that the direction of wave propagation is along ax.

(ii)

We know =

108
3 108

If T is the period of wave then it takes T seconds to travel distance at speed C.

Thus, for /2
t1 =

T
2

t1 =

2
2

t1 =

= 8
10

t1 = 3.14 108

t1 = 31.4 nsec
Therefore, wave takes 31.4 nsec to travel a distance /2.
(iii)

The Wave at t = 0, T/4 and T/2

At t = 0
Ey = 20 cos x
At t = T/2
2

+ x
Ey = 20 cos
2

Ey = 20 cos (x + )

Ey = 20 cos x

At t = T/4
2

+ x
Ey = 20 cos
4

Ey = 20 cos x +
2

Ey = 20 sin x

The sketch showing wave at t = 0, T/4 and T/4 is as shown in figure,

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

( JNTU-Kakinada )

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2013

S.8
For t = 0

y
P
20 cos x

For t = T/4

20 cos x

/2

20 sin x
x

For t = T/2
20 cos x

20 cos x
x

Figure (i)
Q5.

(a)

Define surface impedance and explain how it exists.

April-12, Set-1, Q5(a) M[7]

Answer :
For answer refer Unit-V, Q11.
(b)

Derive expression for reflection and transmission coefficients of an EM wave when it is incident normally on a dielectric.
April-12, Set-1, Q5(b) M[8]

Answer :
For answer refer Unit-V, Q1.
Q6.

(a)

Assuming z-direction of propagation in a parallel plane wave guide, determine the expressions for the transverse field components in terms of partial derivation of Ez and Hz.
April-12, Set-1, Q6(a) M[7]

Answer :
For answer refer Unit-VI, Q3.
(b)

Account for the presence of TE, TM and TEM waves in parallel plane wave guides and
explain their significance.

Answer :
Transverse Electric Waves (Ez = 0)
From the equations,
Hx =

April-12, Set-1, Q6(b) M[8]

H z
h 2 x

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

( JNTU-Kakinada )

Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines (April-2012, Set-1) JNTU-Kakinada

Hy =

j Ez
h 2 x

Ex =

E z
h 2 x

Ey =

S.9

j H z
h 2 x

It is clear that, there must be a z-component of either E or H. Otherwise, all the components would be zero. If the
solution has a component of H in the direction of propagation, but no Ez component, such waves are called H waves or
Transverse Electric (TE) waves.
From this, it is clear that, when Ez = 0, Hz is not equal to zero. So that, in the above equations, Hy and Ex will also be
zero, but Hx and Ey will have non-zero values. Therefore, the wave equations is,

2E
+ 2E = 2E
x 2
This can be written for the component Ey as,

2Ey
x 2

+ 2Ey = 2Ey

This can be written as,

2Ey
x 2

(Q h2 = 2 + 2)

= h2Ey

... (1)

0
Recalling that, Ey = E y (x) ez

The above equation (1) reduces to,

2 E y0
x 2

= h2 E y

... (2)

Where,
h2 = 2 + 2
The solution of the differential equation (2) is,

E y0 = c1 sin(hx) + c2 cos(hx)
Where, c1 and c2 are arbitrary constants.
By showing the variation with time and in the z-direction the expression for Ey is also written as,
Ey = [c1 sin(hx) + c2 cos(hx)]e jt ez

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

... (3)

( JNTU-Kakinada )

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2013

S.10

The values of c1 and c2 in the above equation are determined from the boundary conditions.
The boundary conditions require that the tangential component of E be zero at the surface of the conductors for all
values of z and t.
From the parallel waveguide, we have,
Ey= 0 at x = 0
Ey= 0 at x = a for all values of z.
These conditions are to be true, when c2 must be zero. Then, the equation (3) may be written as,
Ey = c1 sin(hx) ez e jt

... (4)

Similarly, from the second boundary conditions of the assumption, which imposes a restriction on h.
In order for Ey to be zero at x = a for all values of z and t.

/2

/2

Hx
Hz

Ey

E
z

Figure: Electric and Magnetic Fields between Parallel Planes for TE10 Waves
It is necessary that,
h =
Where,

m
a

... (5)

m = 1, 2, 3, ....

Equation (4), can be written as,

mx
ez ejt
Ey = c1 sin
a

... (6)

H y

= j E z and (Ey = jHz), we get,

x

Thus, substituting the above equation in

mx z jt
Ey = c1 sin
e e
a
Hz =

Hx =

m
mx z jt
c cos
e e
j 1
a

mx z jt
c sin
e e
j 1 a

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

... (7)

... (8)

... (9)

( JNTU-Kakinada )

Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines (April-2012, Set-1) JNTU-Kakinada

S.11

In the above equations, each value of m gives a particular field configuration or mode and the wave associated with
the integer m is designated as the TEm0 wave or TEm0 mode. The second subscript refers to another factor which varies with
y. In the above equation, the propagation constant is complex but for the present case.
Either, it is pure real or pure imaginary. In the range of frequencies where is real, has value but is zero, so that
there is attenuation but no phase shift, because of that there is no wave motion. In the range of frequencies where is
imaginary has a value but is zero. Therefore, there is a propagation by wave motion without attenuation.
Putting = j in equations (7) to (9).
The TEm0 waves becomes,

mx jz jt
e e
a

Ey = c1 sin

Hx =

mx jz jt
c sin
e e
1 a

Hz =

j
mx jz jt
c cos
e e
1
a

Transverse Magnetic Waves (Hz = 0)

From the equations,
Hx =

H z
h 2 x

Hy =

j E z
x
h2

Ex =

E z
h 2 x

Similar to the TE waves, if the solution has a component of E in the direction of propagation, but no Hz component,
such waves are called E waves or Transverse Magnetic (TM) waves. From this it is clear that Hz = 0, Ez is not equal to zero.
So that in the above equations, Hx and Ey will also be zero, but Hy and Ex will have non-zero values.
The wave equation is,

2H
= h2 H
x 2
It can be written for the component Hy as,

2H y
x 2

= h2 Hy

The solution of the above differential equation by showing the variation with time and in the z-direction is written
as,
Hy = [c3 sin(hx) + c4 cos(hx)] ez e jt
Because of the tangential component H is not zero at the surface of a conductor, the boundary conditions cannot
be applied directly to Hy to evaluate, the constants c3 and c4.
However, from the below equation,

H y
x

= jEz

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

( JNTU-Kakinada )

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2013

S.12
The expression for Ez in terms of Hy is obtained.
Then, Ez =

1 H y
j x
h
[c cos(hx) c4 sin(hx)]e z e jt
j 3

Applying the boundary conditions,

Ez = 0 at x = 0.
Ez = 0 at x = a for all values of z
For the first condition c3 must be equal to zero and the second condition requires that h =

m
, where m is any
a

0
integer. Then the expression for E z , H y and E x0 becomes,

m
mx
E z0 = j a c4 sin a

mx
a
mx
c 4
cos
E x0 =
j
a
H y0 = c4 cos

Putting = j [as we considered in the previous section]

m
x ejz e jt
a
m jz jt
c4
x e e
Ex =
cos

a
m jz jt
jm
x e e
Ez =
c4 sin
a
a
Hy = c4 cos

/2

x=a

x=a

Hy
x=0

x=0

x=a

x=a

x=0

x=0

Figure: Electric and Magnetic Fields between Parallel Planes for TM10 Waves

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

( JNTU-Kakinada )

Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines (April-2012, Set-1) JNTU-Kakinada

Transverse Electromagnetic Waves (TEM)
In transverse electromagnetic wave, if a value of m is
equal to zero, then all the fields are not equal to zero.
Therefore, putting m = 0 in the above equations, they may
be written as,
Hy = c4 e
Ex =

j 0 z

e jt

... (10)

0
c4 e 0 z e jt

... (11)

Ez = 0
... (12)
For this special case of transverse magnetic waves,
it is clear that the component Ez is also zero, so that the
electromagnetic field is entirely transverse in this case. So
that the transverse magnetic waves in such a particular
case are referred as Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) wave
and is usually called as principal wave fromequations (10)
to (11) may also get by putting Ez = Hz = 0 in equations (10)
to (14).
Hy = ( + j) Ex
= jEx
... (13)

H y
x

=0

... (14)

Ex = jHy
... (15)
For good dielectric medium, the above equations
may be written as,

2
E x = jEx
j
2 + 2 = 0
... (16)
From the above equation (16), the propagation
constant for TEM waves is,
= j = j

... (17)

Since m = 0, the cut-off frequency given for TM

waves becomes zero, so that TEM waves propagate without
attenuation between the perfectly conducting planes for all
frequencies above that of zero.
For good dielectric,
= 0 0
=

Using the general line equations, obtain an expression for the input impedance of a line.
Answer :
April-12, Set-1, Q7(a) M[7]
For answer refer Unit-VIII, Q4.
(b) A lossless transmission line has a capacitance of 50 pF/m and an inductance
of 200 nH/m. Find the characteristics
impedance for sections of a line 10 m
long and 500 m long.
Answer :
April-12, Set-1, Q7(b) M[8]
For answer refer Unit-VII, Q19.
Q8. (a) Derive the expression for the voltage
standing wave ratio from the transmission line theory.
April-12, Set-1, Q8(a) M[7]
Answer :
For answer refer Unit-VIII, Q19, Topics: Deriving the
Relationships used in Reflection Coefficient, Standing Wave
Ratio.
(b) A 60 lossless line is connected to a
source with 10 v, Zg = 50 j40 , and
terminated with a load of j40 . If the
line is 100 m long and = 0.25 rad/m,
calculate Zin and voltage at,
(i) The sending end
(ii) The receiving end
(iii) 4 m from the load end
(iv) 3 m from the source.
Answer :
April-12, Set-1, Q8(b) M[8]
Given that,
Zo = 60
Vg = 10 V
Zg = 50 j40
Zl = j40
l = 100 m
= 0.025 rad/m
Zin = ?
V=?
(i)
The Sending End

00
2
0 0

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

c
f

S.13

(a)

Zin =

c = 3 108 m/sec
=

Q7.

Z o (Z l + jZ o tan(l )
( Z o + jZ l tan l )
60[ j 40 + j 60 tan(0.25 100)]
[60 + j ( j 40) tan(0.25 100)]
60[ j 40 + j 60 tan 25]
60 + j 2 40 tan[ 25]

( JNTU-Kakinada )

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2013

S.14
=

60(31.98)
60 40 tan 25

(Q j2 = 1)

1
Input voltage, VPin= Vin
1+
in

= 60 0.489j
= 29.37j

= (1.195 + 5.61 j )

= 0 + 29.37j

Z in = 0 + 29.37 j
Vin = Vg

Z in
Z in + Z g

29.37 j
= 10
29.37 j + 50 40 j
29.37 j
= 10
50 10.63 j
= 1.195 + 5.61j

Vin = 1.195 + 5.61 j

(ii)

The Receiving End

Z o [ Z in + jZ o tan(l )]
Zle =
[(Z o + jZ in tan(l )]
=

60[29.37 j + j 60 tan(0.25 100)]

[60 + j (29.37 j ) tan(0.25 100)]

60[29.37 j + j 60 tan(25)]
=
[60 29.37 tan(25)]
= 60 (8.011)/56.07

1.195 + 5.61 j
= 0.387 + 0.789 j
= 5.137 + 4.023 j

V P in = 5.137 + 4.023 j
Load voltage, VPL = VPin e(jl)
= 5.137 + 4.023j e(j 0.25 100)
= 5.137 + 4.023je25j
= 5.137 + 4.023j (cos25 j sin 25)
(Q ej = cos jsin )
= 5.137 + 4.023j (0.99 j(0.13))
= 5.137 + 4.023j(0.99 + 0.13j)
= 4.56 + 4.65j

VP L = 4.56 + 4.65 j
L (Reflection co-efficient at the load)

L =

Zl Zo
Zl + Zo

= 39.94 j

Z le = 0 + 39.94 j
in (Reflection coefficient at the input)
in =

Z in Z o
Z in + Z o
29.37 j 60
29.37 j + 60

= 0.613 + 0.789j

in = 0.613 + 0.789 j

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

1
1 + (0.613 + 0.789 j )

j 40 60
j 40 + 60

= 0.384 + 0.92j

L = 0.384 + 0.92 j
Total voltage at the load
VL = VPL (1 + L)
= (4.56 + 4.65j) (1 + (0.384 + 0.92j)
= (4.56 + 4.65j) (0.616 + 0.92j)
= 1.5 + 7.05j

VL = 1.5 + 7.05 j

( JNTU-Kakinada )

Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines (April-2012, Set-1) JNTU-Kakinada

(iii)

4 m from the Load End

(iv)

3m = in e(2j.3)

4m (Reflection coefficient at 4 m from the load)

= (0.613 + 0.789j) e(2j0.25 + 3)

4m = Le(j2.4)

= (0.613 + 0.789j)e1.5i

= (0.384 + 0.92j)(e(j2 0.25 4))

= (0.613 + 0.789j) (cos(1.5) + jsin(1.5))

= (0.384 + 0.92j)(e2j)

= (0.613 + 0.789j)(0.07 + j0.997)

= (0.384 + 0.92j)(cos(2) jsin(2))

= 0.829 0.555j

= (0.384 + 0.92j)(0.416 j0.909)

3m = 0.829 0.555 j

= 0.996 0.03j

1 + 3m
Z 3m = Z o
1 3m

4m = 0.996 0.03 j
Z4m = Z o

(1 + 4 m )
(1 4 m )

= 60

(1 + 0.996 0.03 j )
(1 0.996 + 0.03 j )

= 60

(1.996 0.03 j )
(0.004 + 0.03 j )

S.15

3 m from the Source

= 60

(1 + (0.829 0.555 j ))
(1 (0.829 0.555 j ))

0.171 0.555 j
= 601.829 0.555 j

= 60 (1.29 103 0.030 j)

= 0.07 18.23j

= 0.53 + 3.58j

= 0 18.23j

Z 4m = 0.53 + 3.58 j

Z 3m = 0 18.23 j

VP 4 m = VP L e j 4

VP 3m = VP in e ( j( 3))

= (4.56 + 4.65j)(ej(0.254))

= 5.137 + 4.023j (ej0.25 3)

= (4.56 + 4.65j)ej

= 5.137 + 4.023j(e0.75j)
= 5.137 + 4.023j (cos 0.75 jsin 0.75)

= (4.56 + 4.65j) (cos1 + jsin1)

= (5.137 + 4.023j) (0.731 0.681j)

= (4.56 + 4.65j) (0.54 + j0.84)

= 1.44 + 6.34j

= 6.494 0.557j

VP 4 m = 1.44 + 6.34 j

VP3m = 6.494 0.557j

V3m = VP 3m (1 3 m )
= 6.494 0.557j (1 + (0.829 0.555j))

V4m = VP 4m (1 + 4m )

= 6.494 0.557j (0.171 0.555j)

= (1.44 + 6.34j) (1 + 0.996 0.03j)

= 0.80 3.66j

= (1.44 + 6.34j) (1.996 0.03j)

V3m = 0.80 3.66 j

= 2.68 + 12.69j

V4m = 2.68 + 12.69 j

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

Z3m = 0.1823j
V3m = 0.8 3.66 j

( JNTU-Kakinada )