nullaLors and noraLors ln clrculLs

educauon a beneL or an obsLacle ?

!oos vandewalle k. unlv. Leuven, 8elglum
!osef nossek 1echn. unlv. Munlch, Cermany
Cvervlew
A blL of hlsLory
CpporLunlues
CorrecL reasonlng wlLh nullaLors and noraLors
lllusLraLed wlLh exerclses
Mulupllcauon wlLh Lhe lnverse of a maLrlx
wlLh nullaLors and noraLors
Concluslons and recommendauons
2 lSCAS 2011
A blL of hlsLory
lamous clrLulL LheorlsLs have debaLed abouL nullaLors and
noraLors (n&n) ln Lhe perlod 1939-1967
Carlln and ?oula 1961 lnLroduced n&n as paLhologlc one
porLs
Comblne Lhe Lwo ln a nullor Lwo porL makes more sense
8elevlLch (1939) Cono (1960)
llerce reacuon of 1ellegen (1966) agalnsL nullaLors and
noraLors
1ony uavles global vlew (1967)
LaLer lncorporaLed ln varlous LexLbooks MoschyLz, Chua,
Svoboda (ln W.k.Chen compendlum), more relaxed vlew on
Lhe lssues
3 lSCAS 2011
Cvervlew
A blL of hlsLory
CpporLunlues
CorrecL reasonlng wlLh nullaLors and noraLors
lllusLraLed wlLh exerclses
Mulupllcauon wlLh Lhe lnverse of a maLrlx
wlLh nullaLors and noraLors
Concluslons and recommendauons
4 lSCAS 2011
CpporLunlues
nlce equlvalenLs for ldeal op amps and LranslsLors
SLudenLs should noL confuse nullaLor (vlrLual
ground v=0 and l=0) wlLh shorL clrculL (v=0) or
open clrculL (l=0)
3 lSCAS 2011
Cvervlew
A blL of hlsLory
CpporLunlues
CorrecL reasonlng wlLh nullaLors and noraLors
lllusLraLed wlLh exerclses
Mulupllcauon wlLh Lhe lnverse of a maLrlx
wlLh nullaLors and noraLors
Concluslons and recommendauons
6 lSCAS 2011
lnLerconnecuons wlLh n&n
7 lSCAS 2011
Lqulvalences wlLh n&n
8 lSCAS 2011
volLage source
//noraLor
CurrenL source
//noraLor
nullaLor //
llnear reslsLor
Lxerclses wlLh n&n
9 lSCAS 2011
Left branch can
accept any current
Port voltage zero
Cvervlew
A blL of hlsLory
CpporLunlues
CorrecL reasonlng wlLh nullaLors and noraLors
lllusLraLed wlLh exerclses
Mulupllcauon wlLh Lhe lnverse of a maLrlx
wlLh nullaLors and noraLors
Concluslons and recommendauons
10 lSCAS 2011
Mulupllcauon wlLh a 2x2 maLrlx A
11 lSCAS 2011
!
y = Ax
y1
y2
"
#
$
%
&
'
=
a b
c d
"
#
$
%
&
'
x1
x2
"
#
$
%
&
'
Mulupllcauon wlLh Lhe lnverse of a 2x2
maLrlx x=A
-1
y
no need Lo know Lhe enLrles of A
-1
!
can be easlly generallzed Lo nxn maLrlx
12
Cvervlew
A blL of hlsLory
CpporLunlues
CorrecL reasonlng wlLh nullaLors and noraLors
lllusLraLed wlLh exerclses
Mulupllcauon wlLh Lhe lnverse of a maLrlx
wlLh nullaLors and noraLors
Concluslons and recommendauons
13 lSCAS 2011
Concluslons and recommendauons
Cood experlence wlLh Leachlng nullaLors and noraLors
--> sLudenL's lnslghLs beneL
8euer undersLandlng of Lhe role of lnpuL and ouLpuL of
an opamp
Creauve manlpulauon of equlvalences ln clrculLs
Lxplore new equlvalenL varlanLs of LranslsLor clrculLs
Mulupllcauon wlLh Lhe lnverse of a maLrlx wlLh
nullaLors and noraLors wlLhouL compuung Lhe enLrles
of A
-1

14 lSCAS 2011