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CIV498 Group Design Project

CIBC Bank College and Spadina
Authors: Brett Sagert 997233845 and Shuliang (Peter) Sun 996007440

1

Contents
Project Description........................................................................................................................................ 2
Site Context ............................................................................................................................................... 2
Climate ...................................................................................................................................................... 2
Local Considerations ................................................................................................................................. 3
Current Condition ..................................................................................................................................... 3
HVAC ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Business Objective .................................................................................................................................... 4
Final Condition .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Sustainability Measures ................................................................................................................................ 5
Energy, Cost and Emissions ....................................................................................................................... 5
Photovoltaics ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Passive Solar Lighting and Heating ....................................................................................................... 6
Non-Passive Lighting ............................................................................................................................. 8
Water Management .................................................................................................................................. 9
Green Roofs .............................................................................................................................................. 9
Rainwater Capture .............................................................................................................................. 10
Energy Efficient Water Fixtures .......................................................................................................... 10
Embodied Energy of Retrofits ................................................................................................................. 11
General Embodied Energy and Life Cycle Analysis ............................................................................. 11
Window Retrofits ................................................................................................................................ 12
Energy and Economic Analysis .................................................................................................................... 14
Base Load Summary ................................................................................................................................ 14
Photovoltaics........................................................................................................................................... 16
Passive Lighting and Light Shelves .......................................................................................................... 17
Internal Lighting ...................................................................................................................................... 18
Cisterns, Toilets and Faucets................................................................................................................... 18
Green Roofs ............................................................................................................................................ 21
Argon Filled Windows ............................................................................................................................. 21
Economic Payback for All Retrofits ......................................................................................................... 22
References .................................................................................................................................................. 25

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Project Description
Site Context
The main objective for this
project is to do a retrofit on a retail
store or establishment and determine
the effectiveness of the retrofit based
on sustainability measures discussed
later. Our group has decided to do a
retrofit of the CIBC bank located on the
North West corner of College and
Spadina at 268 College Street.

Figure 1 CIBC Location
1

Climate
The intersection of College and Spadina can
be considered to just be on the outskirts of
Torontos core downtown area. The average
summer temperature is 15C and the average
winter is 0C. The daily sunlight hours average five
hours per day over a given year see Figure 2
2
.
Monthly average rainfall is 60 mm with a peak
average in August and September of 80 mm per
month. Toronto also receives a small amount of
snow during the winter months, with an average of
30 mm per month.
Figure 2 Torontos Climate
2


3

Local Considerations
This site is located on one of the busiest intersections in the downtown Toronto area, due to the
locations of Chinatown to the south, University of Toronto St. George Campus to the north and east and
Little Italy to the west. The chosen site makes this bank prime real estate for walking traffic from all
directions. The site is also adjacent to two of the main streetcar lines that run through Toronto, the
Spadina 510 line which runs North-South
3
and the College 506 line that runs East-West
4
. This makes
access to the site through public transportation easy and accessible. The bank also provides its
customers with temporary parking spots in the parking lot located behind the bank as well as bicycle
parking in front of the east entrance.
Current Condition
Based on the location and the aesthetic look of the building we concluded that it was built
sometime in the early 1980s. The building has a total of three entrances: two glass entrances, located
on the south and east faades, for customers and one opaque metal entrance, on the west faade, for
the employees. The exterior of the building is stucco and concrete tiles with the two customer entrances
having a high percentage of glass (around 40% glass and framing). The northern faade is shared with
the building to the north. The roof is a typical concrete roof with a simple stormwater management
drainage system that drains to the sewers.
During the summer months the southern faade and parking lot are shaded partially by the
trees planted along the sidewalk along College St. A small percentage of the roof is shaded due to the
cover of the trees from the neighbouring building to the north. During the winter months these trees
lose their leaves and allow for solar heat gain through windows. The bank currently has no lighting
schedule and all of the lights are either on when the bank is in operation or off when closed, except a
few outdoor lights for security reasons.
HVAC
The heating is controlled by a furnace with thermostat set temperatures of

and indoor design temperatures of

. The cooling is controlled by DX coils with cooling with thermostat temperatures of

)
to

with design temperatures indoor of

to supply of

. The cooling
unit size was estimated at 5.5-7.5 tons with air flow set to 0.5 cfm/sqf.
4

Figure 3 Graphical Representation of HVAC System.
Business Objective
The main objective of CIBC is to focus on providing its clients with banking and wealth
management strategies. While these clients are visiting the bank they need to feel comfortable and
welcome. CIBC is also committed to helping make a difference on a community level by investing
millions in projects all across Canada
5
. Sustainalytics and MacLeans have both ranked CIBC among the
50 most socially responsible corporations in Canada. By showing an interest in helping to protect the
environment by retrofitting their buildings, they can help to attract more customers and investors who
share similar goals
6
.
Final Condition
The final design will showcase three major areas of retrofication: the roof, the washroom
facilities and the windows. On the roof we will mount a solar voltaic system that will help generate
electricity for the building. Additionally, the roof will be used to collect rainwater and provide the site
with 100% self-reliance in terms of water consumption. All of the collected rainwater will be filtered and
used in the new washroom facilities. Lastly improvements will be made to the existing windows which
will help to allow more natural lighting and reduce electrical consumption.
5

Sustainability Measures
For this project we have decided to focus on three main measures of sustainability to determine
the effectiveness of our potential retrofits. The measures are as follows: cost, water usage, and
embodied energy. Cost in any project is often the key driving factor to the owner; if the project is not
economically sustainable it will likely be rejected. Typically the project would be accepted if the costs
can be recouped by the savings over a defined period of time, as set by the owner of the building. The
team wanted to help the bank achieve self-sufficiency in water usage by utilizing the rainwater falling on
the rooftop. To help with the management of the new source of water, efficient fixtures would be added
to the sites facilities to reduce overall consumption. An additional benefit would be seen by Torontos
storm sewers, as the rooftop runoff from the bank will be captured and consumed, saving energy spent
on waste water treatment. When trying to achieve a sustainable building retrofit, the team felt it
necessary to analyze the retrofits from a life cycle perspective. By quantifying the energy that goes into
the material, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, demolition and disposal, we would be
able to make an informed decision. Also this will allow the team to empirically compare one retrofit
versus another and gauge the sustainability of the different options.
The final decisions for the retrofit projects will be chosen if and only if they can reasonably and
measurably show that they are energy saving and cost beneficial. Additionally, we will look into retrofits
that will positively impact the way in which water management or waste water management is handled.
In order to promote the life cycle sustainability of the site, we also want to consider the impacts of the
embodied energy that these projects have on the environment.
Energy, Cost and Emissions
Photovoltaics
Photovoltaics can be used to reduce the peak energy demand of the building consumption, due
to the fact that the time of energy consumption aligns with the power generation. Figure 5 on the next
page depicts a study done on photovoltaic demonstrating this effect. In Ontario, electricity users are
paying a premium of 1.5 billion dollars a year (1 cent/kWh) to make sure there is electricity for peak
demand
7
. By lowering the consumption from the grid at the time when electrical prices are high, we will
be able to save on energy costs.
6


Figure 5 - Power Generation vs. Time of Day
Note: Location

, comparable to Toronto

(Yoo, Seung (2011), Han Yang University )

The photovoltaic setup considered in this retrofit is made by Siemens Solar Industries. The
average cost of an installed solar panel is approximately 5000 $/kW. The energy output of the solar
system will depend on annual insolation. In Toronto this number comes out to be about 1200 kWh/ (kW
installed capacity)
8
. When looking at the embodied energy of crystalline silicon, we see it takes about
5598 kWh equivalent of energy to manufacture 1 kW of silicon panels
9
.
Passive Solar Lighting and Heating
Passive Solar is a term referring to heat gain from natural radiation from the sun, without the
use of mechanical or electrical processes. There are two main ways in which the thermal energy stored
in the suns rays can be transferred into the building. The sunlight can directly enter the building through
surfaces that are transparent such as windows, glass doors and skylights, or the sunlight can be used to
heat up a thermal mass which then radiates energy into the building through long wave radiation
10
.
One of the prominent features of the CIBC bank is that it has large windows on the east and
south faade of the building. These windows allow significant amounts of insolation into the interior
during the heating season and, if not prevented, allow heat into the building during the cooling season.
The windows act as significant source of lighting for building throughout the year. According to the solar
isolation design tool, assuming a solar heat gain factor of 0.75, the annual solar isolation entering the
windows at the bank is estimated to be about 95,000 ekWh. Below is a table estimating monthly solar
gain from windows.
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Figure 6 Monthly Solar Heat Gains from Windows
Given the project is located in Toronto, it is important to note that our climate consists of two
distinct and diverse seasons: a heating season during the winter months, where we require as much
solar heat gain as possible, and conversely, a cooling season during the summer months, where the
need is to minimize the heat gain.
In order to prevent gaining heat in the summer months, there are numerous successful methods
in which we can prevent heat entering the building when we do not want it. We will review the
efficiency of overhangs, deciduous trees, window blinds, light shelves, and tinted window panes.
Overhangs are an effective way in which we can use the angle of the sun to our advantage.
During the summer months, when we want to avoid heat entering into the building, the sun is at its
highest point and during the winter months it is at its lowest point. By adding an overhang above the
windows, we are able to block the incoming solar rays during the summer, and allow them in during the
winter.
A second efficient method is provided by nature itself. Deciduous trees offer an opportunity to
use different seasons our advantage. During the summer months, the trees leaves block the incoming
solar radiation and absorb the heat gain, providing a noticeably cooler effect. During the winter when
the trees have shed their leaves, light is allowed to pass into the building
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.
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Jan
Feb
mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan Feb mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Series1 4636 5442 8131 9403 9717 7724 10542 9583 9915 8384 6323 4866
Monthly Solar Gains from Windows
8

Window blinds, either manual or sensor operated, also provide the building with the ability to
prevent light and direct solar radiation to enter into the building. A main disadvantage of a conventional
blind system is that only two options are available: when blinds are closed, you have solar heat gain or
when blinds are open, light enters into the building. Exterior blinds can be used to provide shading, but
they do not allow as much long wave radiation into the building. Interior blinds, if highly reflective, can
reduce the internal heat gain through the windows by 45%
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. Blinds can also be designed to allow for
the top half of the window to reflect the light up back into the celling while still blocking the lower part
of the window from receiving solar energy.
Light shelves can be a useful means for allowing natural light to be dispersed through the
building. These shelves work by reflecting the incoming solar rays onto the celling of the building, thus
lighting up more area. Unfortunately, these shelves do not reduce the amount of solar heat gain for the
building, as they only disperse the light. Depending on the given angle of the sunlight and the light shelf,
we can see illumination from 20 up to 100 times the unit area of the shelf itself. Not only does this help
to spread the light around, it also help to reduce the concentrated effects of the suns radiation
13
.
Tinted window glass provides another way in which you can adjust the amount of sunlight
entering the building through windows. By tinting the glass surface using a sensor, you are able to allow
block the incoming solar radiation reducing the incoming solar radiation significantly. This can be a very
useful process during the summer time when we are aiming to reduce the incoming solar radiation
14
.
All of these methods are simple and viable option for reducing the energy consumption for the
building in a year. In order to determine which of these options or combination of these options we
would choose, we utilized a decision matrix tree. The decision matrix tree took into account the cost of
the retrofit, the amount of light provided during the summer and winter months, as well as the heat
gain from the sun during the summer and winter months.
Non-Passive Lighting
Currently the building has rows of fluorescent tubing to provide lighting for the interior of the
building as well as task lighting at the bank tills and individual office spaces. The two customer entrances
of the building use incandescent bulbs to provide light 24 hours a day for safety purposes. In order to
reduce the electrical consumption of the building, we plan to replace the existing interior lights and
exterior with LED lights. This will reduce the electrical consumption of the interior area by half and the
exterior area by ten times the current consumption. The reason for this large reduction in electrical
9

consumption is the fact that for the same amount of light LEDs require 50% less energy than CFLs and
require 90% less energy than incandescent light bulbs.
15
It is important to note that LED lights produce
slightly less heat than CFLs, so there are minor savings in the summer and conversely, in the winter,
there would be a slight increase in heating cost. The average life span of a LED bulb is six times more
than CFLs, meaning the bank will have to replace them less often.
To further lower the amount of energy consumed by the building, installing sensors on the
reaming non-passive light sources will effectively maximize natural lighting, and deliver significant
savings. Using the sensors, we will provide the minimal necessary light required for the bank at any one
given time, with the option to turn on more lights if needed.
Water Management
Green Roofs
Green roofs provide numerous amounts of benefits for a building other than just an
aesthetically pleasing site. Toronto is the first North American city to have a bylaw requiring the
construction of green roofs on new development erected after 2009. Although the retrofit for the CIBC
bank will not be considered a new development and therefore would not force a green roof, we felt it
necessary to still consider it to be a potential retrofit.

Figure 7 Layer Breakdown of a Green Roof

The numerous benefits of green roofs include an increased R value of the rooftop, as well as a
noticeable reduction of urban heat island effect. Green roofs can be divided into two categories:
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extensive and intensive green roof. Extensive green roof have a thin layer of vegetation on top of the
rooftop and can be easily installed in modules. Intensive green roofs on the other hand have a thicker
layer of vegetation that can act like a park. This installation type usually requires structural modification
in order to support the new load; considering this factor, the team will only analyze the potential of
implementing an extensive green roof.
Currently, without a green roof during the summer, the building absorbs solar radiation and
transfers a portion of that heat into the building, thereby increasing the buildings cooling load. With a
green roof, the evaporative cooling of moisture from soil and shading reduces the temperature of the
roof. During the winter season the green roofs layers of vegetation and mediums provide additional
insulation and reduce the buildings heating load. The urban heat island effect is minimized by reducing
impermeable hardscape footprint and reducing the solar reflectance index (SRI) of the rooftop
16
.
Rainwater Capture
The process of capturing rainwater and reusing it for the sites main water source is an effective
way to cut down on water costs. By sloping the roof towards a drain, we are able to capture the fallen
rainwater in a cistern. The water is transferred from the roof through pipes to a cistern located below
the drainage area. Once in the cistern, the water is then filtered using mechanical and natural processes.
The now filtered water can be pumped back into the building and consumed by the utilities
17
.
The captured rainwater can be reused for the buildings systems that require water. On our
current site water is consumed in only the one bathroom and break room. If our project was to
implement green roof technologies, then the captured rainwater could also be used for irrigation of the
green roof.
Energy Efficient Water Fixtures
One of the main goals of this project is to make the site self-sufficient in water usage, so it is
important to consider energy efficient water fixtures. Even though the site only has one small bathroom
and one break room, the team feels that it is still important to consider the impact that inefficient water
fixtures can have on the water consumption. We have decided to replace the existing 13 L/flush toilet
with a dual flush toilet which will reduce the water consumption to 4.8L /flush
18
. Another retrofit will be
to replace the inefficient old faucets with new high-efficiency faucets which will bring the consumption
from 8 L/min down to 3.2 L/min
19
.
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Embodied Energy of Retrofits
General Embodied Energy and Life Cycle Analysis
When looking at embodied energy, we will typically consider carrying out a life cycle analysis
(LCA) to help users understand the complete energy impacts of a building retrofit.
Traditional building retrofit products typically focus exclusively on reducing the operational
energy of the building. The team wanted to get the complete picture of retrofit building products effect
on sustainability. This way the team would be able to empirically compare the sustainability of two very
different products, such as rooftop photovoltaic and green roofs. In order to create an LCA of a product,
the system boundaries and processes need to be known, as well as how much energy is consumed at
each stage. Level I of LCA includes the direct energy input into the construction, prefabrication,
maintenance, replacement, demolition, and disposal of the building. Level II of the LCA takes into
account the energy to produce the materials. Level III takes into account the energy embedded in
production, delivery and installation of machines that are used in building materials, manufacturing and
on-site and off-site construction processes. Level IV accounts for the energy involved in the machines
that are utilized to produce machines as well as (of third level regression) also the consumed energy in
their main, upstream, and downstream production processes. Figure 8 represents the four levels of LCA
for the construction, prefabrication, maintenance, replacement, demolition/disposal of building
products. In our study we will only focus on Level I (direct energy input) of the LCA.

Figure 8 The Four Levels of LCA
18

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Within the 1
st
level of LCA the product looks at the embodied energy and operational energy.
The embodied energy takes into account the energy involved in the raw material acquisition, processing,
manufacturing, transportation, decommissioning, and disposal of a product. For a conventional
buildings LCA the embodied energy accounts for approximately 2-38% of LCA
20
. Figure 9 illustrates the
various processes involved in access level I of LCA.

Figure 9 General Process of LCA
Window Retrofits
Currently the way the bank is set up the windows are not utilized to their fullest
potential, as there are blinds that prevent sunlight from penetrating into the building. These
windows are all single glazed 1/4 thick panes with a clear tint and aluminum framing. This type
of window allowed for many different options in terms of ideas for the retrofit. These ideas
included: double glazed with argon fill, electro-chromic tinted windows, and lastly, keeping the
current system, making improvements to interior lighting.
Argon can be used as a fill for double glazed windows to increase the resistance value
and to lower the energy consumption of the building. This is done by reducing heat loss during
winter and preventing heat from the exterior exchanging with interior during summer.



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Electro-chromic windows utilize an electro-chromic coating that is a thin film of
switchable material applied to the glass that can change the windows optical transmission by
applying a small amount of voltage. This technology has the potential to reduce incoming
insolation and to reduce the solar heat gain coefficient of the window. Research further states
that this technology has potential to reduce up to 20% of the energy consumed by the building
during the heating and cooling season. Research states that the payback period for electro-
chromic windows is only 0.3 years due to the low amount of embodied energy in the product.
Figure 10 Shows the Layers of an Electro-Chromic Window
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Energy and Economic Analysis
Base Load Summary


Figure 11 Base Load Summary
15

From the base load summary table we can see that the building consumes a total of 62,900
ekWh a year in electrical consumption and 236,000 ekWh in Natural Gas consumption. This brings the
total energy consumption of the building to around 300,000 ekWh which means the bank consumes an
average of 652 ekWh/m
2
which is an extremely high value. We want to reduce this value significantly
and will do so using the retrofits explained earlier. The water consumption for the single bathroom and
sink in a year was calculated to be 281,820 liters based on 50 people using the washroom in a given day.

Figure 12 Electrical Consumption Breakdown

Figure 13 Natural Gas Consumption Breakdown
Space Cool
27%
Vent. Fans
20%
Pumps & Aux.
0%
Misc. Equip.
27%
Task Lights
4%
Area Lights
22%
Electricity Consumption
(Total = 62,900 ekwh)
Space Heat
99%
Hot Water
1%
Natural Gas Consumption
(Total = 236,000 ekwh)
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Photovoltaics
The team determined that rooftop photovoltaic panels would be suitable for the site because
the building has a large area of rooftop without any obstructions. A decision to use a ten kW system was
make as it would be ideal based on the sites size. The team decided use the company Sanyo because it
offers a unique HIT technology along with a fair price. Sanyo solar developed a unique technology
named Heterojunction Intrinsic Thin (HIT) layer. It utilizes amorphous and crystalline silicon layers to
create high efficiency solar panels. An amorphous layer is less energy intensive to make so the HIT cell
panels have a lower embodied energy compared to that of conventional solar panels. The panels chosen
for the site was the HIT 240 panels with rated power of 240 Watts,
with a rated cell efficiency is 21.6%. With this setup the site will
require a total of 42 panels grouped into six modules in order to
obtain the 10 kW capacity. Figure 14 shows a 3-D Sketch-up drawing
for layout of solar panels which was arranged to maximize solar gain.
Sanyo HIT 240S
Rated Power (S.T.C) 240 W
Cell Efficiency 21.6 %
Rated Power for 42 panels 10.1 kW
Panels per module 7 ( 1.68 kW)
Number of modules 6
Price per panel
22
$560
Total price (42 panels) $23,520








Figure 14- Proposed Photovoltaic System on Roof.
Sanyo HIT Power 240S
17


Photovoltaics

1 kW System 10 kW System
Embodied Energy (kWh) 5598 55,980
Space Needed (ft^2) 100 1,000
Area (m^2) 9.7344 97
Energy Generated (kWh/year) 1200 12,000
Payback Period (years)

5
Figure 15 Embodied Energy Payback for a Photovoltaics System in Toronto
We determined that the total cost of the solar project would amount to 50,000$. This cost
includes the cost of the panels, the racks, the labour for installation and renting a mobile crane for a day
load the solar panels onto the roof.
Passive Lighting and Light Shelves
As each of the banks three faades with windows had different window sizes and qualities, we
analyzed the three faades individually and we decided separately which was the best option or options
for the given faade. For the eastern faade, we decided to use light shelves and blinds in the windows.
In the morning, the blinds would be open to allow for morning sun to be reflected throughout the
building, providing heat gain. In the afternoon, the blinds could be closed completely limiting unwanted
solar heat gain. For the southern faade, we decided to use the existing trees in combination with light
shelves and blinds. For both the eastern and southern faade the combination of the blinds and the light
shelves will help to control the amount of light entering into the building. When we reviewed the
western faade, we felt that no changes were necessary.
By utilizing the existing windows, blinds and trees, we are able to maximize the amount of light
entering into the building and control the interior lighting according to the level of lighting required.
There were several potential retrofits that we could have used to increase the amount of natural lighting
and we decided to go with adding light shelves to all of the eastern and southern faades. By using the
light shelves in combination with the existing blinds, we will be able to control the amount of light
entering into the building.
In terms of retrofit items, the only addition to the site will be the light shelves along the
windows on the eastern and southern faade. These light shelves cost 100 $/unit and for the site we
require a total of 16 light shelves. These light shelves reduce the required lighting in the building by
18

75W/meter of the perimeter of the building. The reason for this is due to the incoming light being
reflected onto the ceiling and refracted in a way which increases the amount of light by reducing its
intensity. The total cost for the light shelves for the retrofit will be 1,600$ but will reduce the daily
lighting demand by 14% as compared to that of the current blinds system
23
.
Internal Lighting
In order to calculate the amount of light bulbs required to light the building, it was important to
determine the acceptable lighting levels for a bank. Based on typical lighting levels required in an office
work space, 500 lumen/m
2
is required
24
. This means that the banks lighting requirement is 230,000
lumens translating to roughly 275 LED bulbs at 840 lumens per bulb. At 30$ per LED light bulb the initial
cost to replace all of the bulbs will be 8250$; however, Energy Star is currently offering a 5$ discount on
LED light bulbs, so the total cost could be reduced to 6875$
25

26
. The energy consumption for the
buildings lighting will be reduced by 50%.
In order to ensure that the internal lighting will not be in operation when there is an appropriate
amount of sunlight, light sensors will be installed in the bank. These light sensors turn the lights on
automatically when there is not enough sunlight in the room. One light sensor can cover an area of 65
m
2
, which means in order to provide proper coverage for the bank, the site will require seven light
sensors. Each of these sensors cost a total of 63$, bringing the total cost for sensors to 441$
27
. A
combined energy savings for lighting sensors will reduce the banks energy consumption by 20% in the
lighting sector
28
.
Cisterns, Toilets and Faucets
By having a major objective of completely taking the bank off of city water and being self-
sufficient in terms of water consumption, it is paramount that the site be able to generate its own
water. An ideal way to accomplish this task would be to utilize the roof of the bank as a collection
system for rainwater and storing it in a cistern. Using the rainwater capture tool, designed by Hannah
Wong for CIV498, we were able to determine the appropriate size for storage we would require in order
to convert all the water consumption from city water to reused rainwater. The design tool provided an
output stating that the maximum use of water in a month would be approximately 13.3 m
3
. For our
project we decided to go with a storage tank size that was 10.0 m
3
. The reason behind the smaller tank
is we will receiving far more water than we will be able to store or consume. Excess water will bypass
the cistern and enter into the city storm sewers to be treated as if it were runoff water.
19


Figure 16 Harvested Rainwater Captured by Cistern
Initial cost of the cistern itself is 2100$ and will result in a 100% reduction in city water
consumption. The dimensions for the chosen cistern can be found in Figure 17 below
29
. We chose this
specific cistern design for two main reasons. Firstly, this cistern met the capacity size we were looking
for to store the sites water requirements. Secondly, the dimensions of the design were ideal for the two
potential locations for the cistern. Given that this site is not a new development, it would make things
difficult if we tried to place the cistern underground near the building. This means that the cistern could
either be located between the buildings on the north-west side, if the land was owned by the bank, or
within one of the designated parking spots for the bank, as the space would accommodate the cisterns
dimensions.
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
W
a
t
e
r

V
o
l
u
m
e

[
m
3
]

Time
Harvested Water Use
Gain (L)
Use (L)
Net (L)
20


Figure 17 Proposed Cistern for Site
21

To ensure that the bank consumes less water, we will upgrade the current washroom and break
room facilities. The existing toilet will be replaced with a dual flush toilet costing 200$ and the faucets
will also be replaced with a highly efficient faucet costing 65$ each. The savings for these upgrades will
be seen in an overall reduction of water consumption on the site. Since all of the water will be replaced
by captured rainwater, all of the cost savings for these three sections will be grouped together as seen in
Figure 21. The water consumption for the new washroom and break room facilities will be 63% of the
original consumption. Water captured in the cistern can also be used to clean the solar panels when
needed.
Green Roofs
Using the study by Katherine Myrans (2009) we calculated the embodied energy of a green roof
by summing up the embodied energy of the various green roof components. Next we reviewed the
study done by Ryerson University (2005) which had estimated green roofs save about
4.15kWh/m^2/year in the Toronto region
16
. We used this information to calculate the payback period of
implementing a green roof.
Figure 18 Embodied Energy of a Green Roof in Toronto
Using Figure 18 we see that the payback period for a green roof with embodied energy is around
190 years. When we compared this to the 10 kW photovoltaic system which has an embodied energy
payback period of 5 years, we decided not to go with a green roof on the building.
Argon Filled Windows
The embodied energy was one of our main concerns in the project, so we wanted to compare
the two types of windows. We did this by simulating each one separately in the program E-quest to see
which saved the most energy. Below is the table comparing the embodied energy of double glazed
clear/tint inch argon with double glazed clear/tint electro-chromic windows.



Area (m^2) MJ
Study(K.Myrans) 1 2,850
Rooftop 478 1,361,588
Total Savings (MJ/year) 7,170
Payback Period (years)

190
22

Study:

( G.Weier & Muneer)
(E. Syrrakou, S.
Papaefthimiou*, N.
Skarpentzos and P.
Yianoulis)
Type Argon Electro-Chromic

Area (m^2) ekWh ekWh
Windows m^2 199 51
West 3 656 169
East 60 11,933 3,067
South 85 16,905 4,344
Total = (N,E,S,W) 148 29,494 7,580
Figure 19 Argon Filled Window Comparison of Embodied Energy
We determined the embodied energy payback period of double glazed windows and found that
with only the argon fill the payback was 1.8 years, whereas if we added the electro-chromic property,
the payback period became 0.3 years. However, when we did the economic analysis on replacing the
windows, we found that it was not economically feasible, in fact, the cost of argon filled windows and
electro-chromic windows were around 800 $/m
2
without including labour costs or additional
complexities in replacing the windows themselves. Since the eastern and southern faades have such a
high percentage of glass the added cost makes replacing the windows uneconomical.
Type Area (m^2) Argon Electro-Chromic
Total = (N,E,S,W) 148 106,179 27,287
Total Savings (MJ/year) 60,487 79,690
Payback Period (years) 1.8 0.3
Figure 20 Argon Filled Window Comparison Embodied Energy Payback Period
Economic Payback for All Retrofits
In any retrofit project the ability to repay the capital costs of the retrofits is very important.
There are a few main concerns that need to be considered when taking out money for a project,
specifically, both how long until the entire loan is paid off and how prices will increase as time goes on.
For this project we wanted to make sure that all of the retrofits were paid off within in a ten year time
period. We assumed that the utilities would increase in cost 2% each year and the interest rate on the
banks loan would be 3% a year
30
. The total cost for the projects retrofit was around 65,000$ and would
be repaid within eight years and produce a profit of 24,750$ by the end of the ten year time period.

23

We have three main figures that help to explain the cost of the retrofits as well as their benefits
to the bank and when it will be paid off. Firstly we have Figure 21 which represents all of the retrofits
along with their costs and benefits. Secondly, Figure 22 which represents a cash flow diagram over the
ten year time period. Lastly, we have Figure 23 shows the breakdown of the savings over each year. In
conclusion we successfully shown that all of the proposed retrofits not only provide savings in energy or
water, but are also able to payback their capital costs within the ten year time period.
Retrofit
Material
Cost ($)
Number
of
Hours
Labour
Cost ($)
Material
and
Labor
Cost ($)
Electricity
Energy
Savings
(Kwh)
Fit
Electricity
Energy
Savings
(Kwh)
Water
Savings
(m^3)
Electrical Photovoltaics 38,480 24 11520 50,000 0 12000 0
LED Lighting 6875 11 880 7755 8805 0 0
Light Shelves 1600 8 640 2240 1761 0 0
Light Sensors 441 1 80 521 1233 0 0
Water Cistern 2100 16 1280 3380 0 0 282
Toilet 200 4 320 520 0 0 0
Faucet 130 1 80 210 0 0 0
Total Savings 49,826 65 14,800 64,626 11,799 12,000 282
Figure 21 Economic Summary Sheet of Retrofits

Figure 22 Graphical Representation of Economic Payback

$(60,000)
$(50,000)
$(40,000)
$(30,000)
$(20,000)
$(10,000)
$-
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Capital Over A 10 Year Time Peroid
24

Annual Reduction Loan

Electricity 11799 ekWh $64,626

Fit Elec 12000 ekWh Loan Repaid

Water 282 m3 YES



Electricity Price Fit Electricity Price Water

0.13 $/kWh 0.54 $/kWh 2.62 $/m3



Year Electricity Savings
Fit
Savings
Water
Savings Interest Repayment
Loan
Principal
1 $1,564.51

$6,609.60 $753.62

$(1,936.83) $6,990.89

$(57,570.11)
2 $1,595.80

$6,741.79 $768.69

$(1,727.10) $7,379.18

$(50,190.93)
3 $1,627.71

$6,876.63 $784.06

$(1,505.73) $7,782.68

$(42,408.25)
4 $1,660.27

$7,014.16 $799.74

$(1,272.25) $8,201.92

$(34,206.33)
5 $1,693.47

$7,154.44 $815.74

$(1,026.19) $8,637.47

$(25,568.86)
6 $1,727.34

$7,297.53 $832.05 $(767.07) $9,089.86

$(16,479.00)
7 $1,761.89

$7,443.48 $848.69 $(494.37) $9,559.70 $(6,919.30)
8 $1,797.13

$7,592.35 $865.67 $(207.58)

$10,047.57 $3,128.27
9 $1,833.07

$7,744.20 $882.98 $93.85

$10,554.10 $13,682.37
10 $1,869.73

$7,899.08 $900.64 $410.47

$11,079.93 $24,762.30
Figure 23 Energy Savings Breakdown



25

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