Conversion of Small Metric Measurements American / Metric Gear Equivalents Functions of Numbers Trigonometric Functions & Equations Values of Trigonometric Functions Solution of Triangles Properties of the circle Circumferences and Areas Dimensions of Circular Segments Formulas of: Energy, Inertia, Torque, Power & Work Inertia of Round Discs Conversion of SI Units Multipliers for SI Units Hardness Conversion Charts Fasteners Standards for Inch Size Threads Standards for Metric Threads Screw Head Dimensions Strength of Fasteners Strength of Screws and Pins Non-Metallic Fasteners Hub Fasteners T2 T3 T4 T5 T7 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 T25 T26 T27 T28 T29 T1 Catalog D220 Catalog D220 catalog D220 file:///C|/D220/HTML/D220T003.htm (1 of 2) [11/12/2000 3:46:51 PM] Catalog D220 Catalog D220 T6 Catalog D220 Catalog D220 T7 Catalog D220 Catalog D220 T8 Catalog D220 Catalog D220 T9 Catalog D220 Catalog D220 Catalog D220 T11 Catalog D220 Catalog D220 T12 Catalog D220 Catalog D220 T13 Catalog D220 = Center Angle = Length of Arc c = Length of Chord h = Height of segment a = Area of Segment r = Radius of Circle Catalog D220 T14 Catalog D220 Many components such as clutches, brakes, couplings, drive belts, etc. are used in applications where starting, stopping or reversing of a load is involved. Factors and formulas needed to establish the power requirements are given here. Kinetic Energy of Relation Starting from basic equation E = mV .........ft lb (1) 2 where m is mass = W in slugs i.e. lb/sec G ft V is velocity in ft sec W = weight in lbs. G = gravitational acceleration in ft/sec (G = 32.2 ft/sec = 386 in/sec) If we assume that the entire mass is concentrated at the radius of gyration k then we can substitute V = 2kN .... ft where N is in RPM; k is in feet 60 sec Substituting values for V and G in the basic equation we obtain E = Wk . N = WkN ..............ft lb (2) G 182.5 5878 Inertia In simple terms, Inertia is the property of a body at rest to stay at rest, or in motion to remain in motion. Expression = Wk =I G is known as mass moment of Inertia and is given in ft. lb. sec. G Often, expression Wk = I in lb. ft is used as "moment of inertia in weight units. It is proportional to I G and its proportionality factor G = 32.2 is often lumped with other constants. T15 Catalog D220 Table below tabulates the values of Wk for commonly used cross sections. Table compiled based on References 1 and 2. Nomographs on subsequent pages facilitate conversion of different units of inertia. A table shows actual inertia values for discs of different diameters. Equivalent Inertia Must be considered when inertia has to be reflected to a shaft which rotates at a different speed. Torque If a body of inertia I G is accelerated at a constant angular acceleration radians/sec the necessary constant torque is T = I G .......... lb.ft (3) If the acceleration speeds up the load N RPM within t seconds then the angular acceleration can be expressed as: where is the change of angular velocity in radians/sec. Substitution into (3) yields T16 Catalog D220 Work and Power Work is the product of the magnitude of a force and the distance moved in the direction of the force Power is the time rate at which the work is performed Unit of power is Since torque T = P r. The following table can be constructed. (Note that 1 HP = 745.7 watts.) The functional relationships between power, torque and speed can be illustratively expressed in graphs or nomograms as shown on the following pages. REFERENCES: 1. "The Significance of WK and How to Calculate it", Product Engineering June 27, 1960 page 39. 2. ASME Handbook, Engineering Tables, McGraw Hill Co., 1956. 3. Calculating Mass Moments of Inertia" Product Engineering, Jan. 1956 p. 215 T17 Catalog D220 To determine WR of a shaft or disc multiply numbers given in this table by the length of shaft or thickness of disc in inches. For hollow shafts or rings, subtract WR of the I.D. from the WR of the O.D. and then multiply by length or thickness in inches. Catalog D220 file:///C|/D220/HTML/D220T018.htm (1 of 2) [11/12/2000 4:26:19 PM] T18 Catalog D220 Catalog D220 T19 Catalog D220 f Catalog D220 T20 Catalog D220 FOR RUBBER AND PLASTICS CONVERSION ARE APPROXIMATE VALUES DEPENDENT ON GRADES AND CONDITIONS OF MATERIALS INVOLVED *Courtesy of Shore Mfg. Co. New York T21 Catalog D220 The fasteners most frequently used by machinery designers are screws, nuts, retaining rings and various types of pins because of the basic role that they play In the assembly of all mechanisms. There are many instances where these fasteners have been improved by patented innovations and are familiar to most designers. Our staff of experienced engineers after careful consideration, compiled in this catalog a group of fasteners which are most often used by designers of all types of machine devices. This technical section on fasteners consists of a number of useful design tables and are presented in the following order: 1. Screws Table 1. Stress Areas of Unified Screw Threads, UNC and UNF 2. Standards For Inch Size Fasteners 3. Standards For Metric Threads 4. Screw Head Dimensions 5. Max. Torque Values For Fasteners of Different Materials 6. Max. Tightening Torques For Hex Socket Head Screw Products 7. Torsional Holding Power (in-lbs) For Cup-Point Set Screws 2. Pins Table 8. Shear Strength For Solid Pins 3. Non-Metallic Fasteners Table 9. Properties of Zytel and PVC 10. Nylon Thread Rod and Screw Torque Data 11. Nylon Nut Torque Data 4. Hub Fasteners Table 12. Correlation of Bores and Sot Screw Sizes Catalog D220 Catalog D220 T23 Catalog D220 H = 0.86603P h 3 = 0.61343P H 1 = 0.54127P r = H = 0.14434P 6 d 2 = d - 0.64953P (Effective-Pitch-Diameter) D 1 = d - 2H 1 (Minor Diameter - Internal) d 3 = d - 2h 3 (Minor Diameter - External) D = (Major Diameter) NOTE:Above limits are based on DIN 13 Sheet 13 for medium tolerance class. For external threads: For internal threads: M1 - Tolerance 6h M1.6 and up - Tolerance 6g M1 - Tolerance 5H M1.6 and up - Tolerance 6H T24 Catalog D220 Table 4 Catalog D220 T25 Catalog D220 TABLE 5SUGGESTED MAXIMUM TORQUE VALUES FOR FASTENERS OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS (SCREW STRENGTH)
TABLE 6SUGGESTED MAXIMUM TIGHTENING TORQUES FOR HEX SOCKET SCREW
PRODUCTS (SOCKET HEAD STRENGTH) Catalog D220 The holding ability of an alloy steel setscrew bearing down directly on the shaft is given in Table 7 Marring of the shaft has to be anticipated due to the cup point of the screw. T26 Catalog D220 TABLE 7TORSIONAL HOLDING POWER (IN- LBS ) FOR CUP-POINT SETSCREWS Pins Pinning is a reliable and positive fastening method. The pin can be designed to shear under overload conditions. Straight pins require precision because of their interference fit, whereas tapered pins avoid reaming to critical diameter dimensions. The strain on the shaft caused by a tightly driven taper pin can cause shaft bowing. Roll pins and Spirol pins present an economical solution. The allowable shearing force and torque is given in the following table. It has to be noted that if recommended shaft size is used the shaft strength will be the limiting factor rather than the pin. TABLE 8 SHEAR STRENGTHS FOR SOLID PINS This table is calculated based on C1212 and S.S. 18-8 shearing strength of 65,000 psi, and 90,000 psi, respectively. *Shear torque values should be divided by a safety factor of 8 to yield recommended working torques. Catalog D220 (a) Nylon Nylon offers good insulating properties plus resistance to heat, shock, vibration and chemical solvents Also nylon possesses lightness elasticity and superior torque strength Nylon 6/6 is used for 80 or 9O% of all nylon fastener applications. Nylon 6/10 is used for ultraviolet applications or where high temperatures are Involved Nylon should not be used in mineral acids Also, nylon should be carefully considered for use in direct sunlight application because It has a tendency to oxidize and embrittle. (b) PVC Used for outdoor weathering, and applications where there are high concentrations of mineral acids The prime reason PVC fasteners are used in industry is because of their corrosion resistance to acids. T28 Catalog D220 Hubs are usually fastened to shafts by means of setscrews, pins or special fasteners. Whenever the size of hub permits there are 2 setscrews supplied usually 90 apart. The diameter of the setscrew used is dependent on the bore size and the configuration of the hub. The usual correlation of bores and setscrews is shown on Table 12. Inch Size Setscrew Shaft Size Metric Setscrew Size Inch Metric 4-40 .125 3 M2 4-40, 6-32, 6-40 .187 4 M2.5 6-32, 6-40, 8-32 .250 6 M3 8-32, 10-32 .312 8 M4 10-32 .375 10 M5 1/4-20 .500 12 M6 The hub outside diameter should be designed large enough to accommodate a setscrew which has a length approximately 15 times its diameter. It is a minimum requirement that the setscrew engagement with the hub must be at least as long as the outside diameter of the setscrew. A patented FAIRLOC
hub fastener is available if phasing, positioning or overload protection
is required. This clamping feature is based on the following principle: Two slots are machined into the hub, one oriented radially, the other angularly, to create a transverse wedge which remains attached to the solid portion of the hub on one side. The resultant cantilevered clamping section has a tapped hole to accept a cap screw which passes through a clearance hole in the solid portion of the hub, and into a threaded hole in the transverse wedge section. As the screw is tightened the cantilevered section clamps the shaft securely. The screw can be tightened and released repeatedly without marring the shaft or affecting its torque transmitting abilities. T29 Catalog D220