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SCADA System
by
Anil Sinha, Consultant/ Advisor
(anilsinha@live.in)
Anil Sinha
Contents
SCADA Applications
Power System
General
Data Acquisition
Protection
Automation Systems
SCADA Functions
SCADA Screens
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Notice
Some of the diagrams and the text have
been taken from the World-wide-web, purely
for illustrative purposes. These remain the
copyright/ property of their respective owners
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SCADA APPLICATIONS
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SCADA
S SS Supervisory
C CC Control
A AA And
D DD Data
A AA Acquisition
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SCADA Applications
SCADA System may be applied to any
process, which:
Is largely continuous
Is physically spread out
Requires common monitoring/ control
Is amiable to a centralised database
Needs historical data
Can interface to online instrumentation
Needs operator intervention from time-to-time
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SCADA Applications
Target Segments:
Power Sector
Railways
Manufacturing Industry
Petro-chemicals and Pipelines
Chemicals and Fertilisers
Road Traffic
Water Supply
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SCADA Applications
Some selected users of SCADA Systems
Power Distribution
Power Transmission
Captive Power Distribution
Oil/ Gas Pipelines
Railway Traction
City Water Supply
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Captive Power Distribution
Manage Grid supply and Captive generation
Separate loads on different busses in the
case of duel-mode supply
Power factor correction
Manage Power supply contracts
Manage load restrictions
Metering/ Billing

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Oil/ Gas Pipeline SCADA
Regular Monitoring and Control of the Valves
On-demand diversions and re-routing
Leak-detection
Pressure profile
Volume monitoring
Cleaning & Scrubbing operations
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Railway Traction
Monitoring of Voltage profile and supply dips
Auto-switchovers to alternate supply
Switching in and out of track sections
Emergency tripping and restore
Metering
Condition Monitoring

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City Water Supply
General Monitoring & Control of pipeline and
Valves
Leak-detection
Pressure profile
Supply-side management
Schedules
Metering for Audit

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POWER SYSTEM
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Power System Constituents
Generation
To produce Power, with minimum inputs
Transmission
To transport bulk power economically
Distribution
To satisfactorily cater to end-consumers needs
The sum-total of the three is the Grid
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Power System - Expanded
Other Important Functionaries are:
Ministry of Power
Central Electricity Authority
State Load Despatch Centres
National/ Regional Load Despatch Centres
Central/ state Electricity Regulatory Commissions
Power Finance Corporation
Power Trading Corporation
Power Exchanges
Public/ Private-sector Power-sector Companies
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SCADA System in Power Sector
Distribution
Distribution Management System (DMS)
Transmission
Load Dispatch Control (LDC)
Generation
Plant Control System (PCS)
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GENERAL
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SCADA System Schematic
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
Dn
Control
Room
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SCADA Schematic
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POWER SYSTEM (GRID/ PLANT/ NETWORK)
TRANSDUCERS/ SENSORS/ CONTACTS/ ETC.
Human-Machine INTERFACE 1
PROGRAMMABLE
LOGIC
CONTROLLERS
(PLC)
REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT (RTU)
FRONTEND PROCESSOR
SCADA SERVERS (Redundant Configuration) (Distributed Servers)
HMI 2
OTHER
SERVERS FOR
ADD-ON FNs
OPTION-1
OPTION-2
(Multiple
Locations/
Nos.)
..
(May be integrated with the SCADA Servers)
(More HMIs)
External Links
Example: PCS Configuration
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Advantage SCADA System
A properly designed SCADA System reduces
labor costs by minimizing site visits for:
Inspection
Data collection/logging
Making adjustments
SCADA Systems allow:
Real-time monitoring from your PC system settings and
modifications
Troubleshooting from your PC
Increased equipment life better preventive maintenance
Automatic report generating feature
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DATA ACQUISITION
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Logical Data Flow
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Conceptual Architecture
of a Plant Automation
Scheme
Field Equipment
RTU/ PLC/ DCS
Comm. Server
SCADA Server
Bi-Directional Data Movement
- Information from Field to SCADA
System
- Commands from SCADA System
to Field
(Many)
(Many)
(A Few)
Terminology
Sensor/ Transducer
Converts Process parameter for automated processing
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)/ Remote
Terminal Unit (RTU)/ Distributed Control System
(DCS)
Processes/ Multiplexes multiple process information &
routes it over one link to the Servers
Server
Optimized Computer & Software for Central Functions,
e.g. Database
Human-Machine Interface (HMI/MMI)
Operators Interface to the Servers
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Process Data
Represents the current status of the process
Binary: status of a process parameter
Circuit Breaker, Isolator, Limit switch, Gate status
Fleeting: Temporary change of state
Process alarms
Analog: Current value of a process parameter
Linier: Voltage, Current, Power, Frequency, RPM
Non-linier: Temperature, Flow
Count: Cumulative value of process parameter
Energy, Production Inventory, Fuel Consumption
One-of-N: One selection out of multiple options
Transformer Tap Position
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Transducer/ Sensor/ Contact
Instrumentation: Data Input
Sensors/ Transducers for Analog Process
Values
Relays/ Contacts for status or limits
Temperature Sensors: e.g. Bimetallic, RTD
Position Sensors: e.g. Micro-switch, Capacitive
Proximity Sensors: e.g. Magnetic, Hall-effect
Flow Transducers: e.g. Rotary wheel,
Manometer
Motion/ Acceleration Sensors: e.g. Inductive
Others: e.g. echo based, induction based,
Venturi
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Actuator/ Stepper/ Motor
Instrumentation: Command Output
Device-specific
Motors for Rotation
Stepper Motor for incremental motion
Hydraulic Pump to move a piston
Linier Motor for straight-line movement
others
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Telemetry
To communicate specific Process Data,
from:
Field Equipment to Sensors
Sensors to Data Concentrator
Data Concentrator to Central Control
Requires:
Accuracy of Data transmission
Reliability of Communication
Error Avoidance
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Acquiring Data
Remote Terminal Units (RTU)
Data acquisition at a remote location
Limited Connectivity
Generally lower speeds/ less data
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
Located logically close to the SCADA Servers
Data interface for SCADA System & other independent
Functions
Generally High Speed Processing
Distributed Control System
Specific Function modules & Data Acquisition for SCADA
System
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Communication Interface
Field Equipment to Sensor
Direct wiring for Analog Signals (e.g. CT/ PT)
Current Loop for Binary Signals (e.g. Relay)
Wiring Consideration
Electrical/ Mechanical Shielding
Impedance Matching
Length Restriction
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Communication Interface
Sensor to Local Data Interface (e.g. PLC)
Direct Copper Cable for Analog Signals/ Current
Loops
Shielding/ Impedance/ Length
Direct/ Bus/ Ring Cabling for Digitised
Information
Length/ Impedance/ Shielding
Limit on number of bus nodes
Protocol and Speed Considerations
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Sending Data
Sending form
Packet/ Datagram
Header/ Tail
Validation
Sequencing
Handshake
Sending Procedure
Cyclic Transmission
Spontaneous
Transmission
Polling
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HEADER
ADDRESS
SEQUENCING
HANDSHAKE
DATA/ INFORMATION
TAIL/ VALIDATION
D
A
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PROTECTION
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Power System Protection
Protection Philosophy: Safety of humans,
safety of power system, safety of power
equipment
Protection of Humans comes first
Protection Systems mainly protect the overall
power system against the failure/ malfunction
of one or more equipment
It also attempts to limit the damage to the
costly equipment
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Electrical Protection
Type of Electrical Faults:
Symmetrical
All three phases are in fault
Unbalanced/ Asymmetrical
Phase-to-phase
Phase-to-ground
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Protection Components
Fuses
Suitable for small currents only
Even fast fuses are relatively slow
Circuit Breaker
Act very fast to break current
Available in various forms and sizes
Can be used to break even very large currents
Instrument Transformer
CT/ PT, to supply basic information to the Relays
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Protection Relays
Overcurrent Protection
Due to Overload
Due to Fault
Earth Fault Protection
Vector sum of the balanced phase-currents is zero
Differential Protection
Currents going-in & coming-out are compared
Voltage/ Frequency Regulation
Distance Protection: for long lines
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Equipment Protection
Generator
Transformer
Busbar
Feeder
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Intelligent Electronic Device
A very versatile electronic equipment
Undertakes:
Protection
Control
Monitoring
Metering
Communication
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PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC
CONTROLLER
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Programmable Logic Controller
Relatively Higher Data Sampling Rate
Higher Acquisition Rate
Relatively Limited Area of Influence
Possible Need for Independent Local
Processing
Need of Intermediate or Final Results
Subject only to Supervision by SCADA
System
Modes: Fail-safe, Basic/ Standby Operation
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PLC Block Diagram
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Digital Input Digital Output Analog Input Analog Output Other Inputs Other Outputs
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
PROCESS ELEMENTS (& TRANSDUCERS/ SENSORS/ CONTACTS/ ETC)
LOCAL PROGRAMME MEMORY LOCAL DATABASE
COMMUNICATION/ PROCESSOR
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PLC Configurations
Independent Master PLC
Simplest
Independent Master with Remote I/O
More efficient layout
Duplicated Masters (Standby/ Hot-standby)
For Redundancy/ better availability
Combinations of the above
Addresses Real-Life situations
Process Monitoring Stations
To serve as local HMI
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PLC Basic Functions
Data Acquisition: Sampling, quantisation
Data Conversion: Modify range & domain
Logic Control Function: Binary equations
Open Loop Control/ Closed Loop Control
Integration/ Differentiation based Control
Look-up table based Control
Plausibility check: Is the information valid?
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Uses of PLC (examples)
Automatic Bus transfers
Automatic start/stop of the units and checking of
Interlocks
Automatic synchronizing, loading/unloading of
the units
Data monitoring and acquisition on real time
basis
Emergency operation from Bay/ Unit control
boards
Bi-directional communication with SCADA
system
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DISTRIBUTED CONTROL
SYSTEM
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Distributed Control System
Originally developed for Generating Units as
fast Analog Control Modules, before the era
of Microprocessors
Were near the controlled equipment for
shorter cable-lengths
Hence distributed in the Power Plant
Needed unique communication bus to
interconnect the modules
Present designs are Microprocessor-based
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DCS
The present day DCS functions are a carry-
over from the earlier days
Some Vendors consider DCS more reliable,
as compared to PLC, others differ
Very little now to distinguish the traditional
DCS from a distributed instance of multiple
PLCs
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RTU
REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT
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Remote Terminal Unit
Low Data Volume
Low Data Transmission Speed
Long Physical or Logical Distances
Need for Reliable Transmission
Geographically Scattered Data acquisition
No local processing required
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RTU Block Diagram
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Digital Input Digital Output Analog Input Analog Output Other Inputs Other Outputs
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
PROCESS ELEMENTS (& TRANSDUCERS/ SENSORS/ CONTACTS/ ETC)
COMMUNICATION PROCESSOR PROCESS DATA IMAGE
COMMUNICATION MODULE
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RTU Communication
Point-to-Point
Point-to-Multipoint
Polling Method
Allows use of common connecting cable
Concentrator/ Multiplexer
Communicating on one side with Multiple RTUs
Other direction goes to SCADA Server
Master RTU/ Front-end
To reduce communication load on the server
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COMMUNICATION
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Communication Modes
Base-band Communication
The frequency range starts at zero
The signal has a DC component
The communication link must have Galvanic connectivity
Modulated Communication
The real signal is shifted higher in frequency space
(modulated) at the starting point, and shifted back to the
original frequency space (de-modulated) at the receiving
point
The modulated signal does not have any DC component
Galvanic connectivity is not required
The modulated signal is suitable for multiplexing
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Communication Modes
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BASEBAND
MODULATED, DOUBLE SIDE BAND
MODULATED, SINGLE SIDE BAND
FREQUENCY ->
0 Hz
A
M
P
L
I
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U
D
E

-
>
CARRIER FREQUENCY
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Bandwidths
Telephone: 3.4 kHz/ 4 kHz
AM Radio: 4.5 kHz
FM Radio: 15 kHz
Digital channel: 2x4 kHz x8 bits = 64 kbps
Basic rate ISDN: 64+64+16= 144 kbps
Primary rate ISDN: 30x64 + 2x64 = 2048
kbps = 2 Mbps
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Communication Link: SERIAL
Serial Connection
Point-to-Point
connection
Data Acquisition Unit is,
logically, directly
connected to the
SCADA server
Represents a single
channel
Usually, but not always,
a galvanic wire
connection
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Data Acquisition Unit
SCADA Server
Direct
Cable
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Communication Link: BUS
Bus Based
Communication
Multiple Units
connected on the same
logical bus
Enables Any-to-Any
communication
Addition of new units on
the Bus is Possible
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DA Unit 1
DA Unit 1
DA Unit 1
SCADA Server
B
U
S
Communication Link: Ring
Ring-based
Communication
Multiple Units
connected in a ring
form
Communication
from any unit to any
other, goes along
the ring
Every unit gets
opportunity to use
the ring in turn
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DA UNIT 2
SCADA Server
DA UNIT 1 DA UNIT 3
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Communication Link: Star
Similar to BUS
Addition of new
Links is Simple
Failure of one Link
does not affect the
other Links
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HUB
SCADA SERVER
DA Unit 1
DA Unit 2
DA Unit 3
DA Unit ..
(EMS SERVER)
Communication Link: Hybrid
Different Network Topologies can be
combined for site-specific solution
The Combination may be Lateral or
Hierarchical
Multiple Busses/ Multiple Rings may be
connected in Hierarchy
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OSI Model
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Application
Sender or receiver of data
Presentation
Transform formats as required
Session
Start/end a logical link
Transport
End-to-end protocol
Network
Unique Network address
Data Link
Bits & Bytes, local address
Physical
Cable, Wireless, etc.
Device 1
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Device 2
Communication Media
Copper Cable, Cat. 1-7
Fiber Optic Cable
Leased Telephone Lines with Modem
PLCC (Power Line Carrier Communication)
GSM/ CDMA Dial-up Modem
Wireless/ Radio
Microwave
V-SAT
Inmarsat
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Fiber-Optic Communication
Two types: Mono mode/ Multi-mode
Mono mode fiber dia. 9 micron
Multi-mode/ Graded Index fiber dia. 50/62.5
micron
Multi-mode/ fiber: varying op. density
Multi-mode fiber: LED source
Mono mode fiber: Laser source
Multi-mode: 2 km practical length
Mono mode: practical lengths > 50 km
WDM: Wave Division Multiplexing
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Communication Standards
RS 232/ RS 422/ RS 485
DNP (Distributed Network Protocol)
Stated with 60870.5. series, developed separately
IEC 60870.5.101/.104 series
Current Open Standard for Serial or LAN link
IEC 61850 standard for Protection Devices
Being included in other equipment, as well
OPC (OPen Connectivity via open standards)
Upcoming New Standard from OPC-foundation
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SCADA FUNCTIONS
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Basic SCADA Tasks
Input/ Output
Data Acquisition/ Commands
Alarms
Acknowledgement
Including Events
Displays (Real-Time Process Information)
Reports
Scheduled/ Event-driven/ On Demand
Trends (Monitoring of Data over a time period)
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SADA Functions
Conversion to physical quantities
e.g. amp, kV, MW
Limit checks
Usually two lower/ two upper limits
Gradient check
Rate of change of data
Summations
e.g. sum of power flow over all the feeders
Averaging over data points
Improves reliability of data
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SCADA Functions
Averaging over time
Reduces jitters in data presentation
Accumulation over time
Pseudo-integrated value, e.g. Power to Energy
Manual entry
Manually substitute missing field data
Blocking/ de-blocking
Manage work permits/ maintenance schedules
Active/ not active
Integrate system changes/ new configuration
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SCADA Functions
Count processing
Server-level energy metering, if energy pulse is available
Integration of units to get total quantity
Command Output for Process operation
Check-before-execute function; Result monitoring
Calculation and logical tasks
Automation of control functions; Execution of multiple
steps
Facility for SCADA data analysis
Data Interface to Higher Functions
Trending based on Past Data
Interface to Other Corporate Systems
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SCADA SCREENS
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Example: Control Room
Example of an SLD
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NHPC/ ABB
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Another SLD example
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NHPC/ ABB
Example of a Panel Display
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NHPC/ ABB
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Example of annunciation
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NHPC/ ABB
Example of a Trend Display
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NHPC/ ABB
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Example of a Control Board
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Example: Siemens S7 PLC
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Example: ABB AC500 PLC
Example: Allen Bradley PLC
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Thank you
Anil Sinha, Consultant/ Advisor
(anilsinha@live.in)