Parts of the microscope (please provide description for each part, this part is just a review)
Mechanical parts (metal parts of the microscope)
Base Pillar Inclination joint Stage Arm Body tube Draw tube Dust shield Revolving nosepiece Coarse adjustment knob Fine adjustment knob Optical parts (magnifying parts of the microscope) Eyepiece Objectives o Scanning objective (4x) useful for getting an overview of the slide o Low power objective (10x) o the most useful lens for general view of specimens o High power objective (40x) useful for observing fine detail o Oil immersion objective (100x) used for observing the detail of individual cells Illuminating parts Mirror Substage o Iris diaphragm o Condenser How to focus? Use the SCANNING objective to FOCUS. Switch to LOW power objectives to LOCATE the specimen with the use of COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB. Once you have located a cell, switch to HIGH power and refocus. But do NOT use the coarse adjustment knob at this point, use FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB. Why we need to use two eyes to view the specimen at the microscope?
Laboratory Apparatus: 1. Bunsen burner used to heat water for water bath. 2. Alcohol lamp- it is used in heating small amounts of substances. 3. Inoculating loop - microbiologist used this to grow microorganisms. 4. Cotton swab-used together microorganisms in surfaces. 5. Pasteur pipettes- chemical dropper used in laboratory. 6. Graduated cylinder- used to measure volume of liquid. 7. Erlenmeyer flask- used to mix large amounts of chemicals together. 8. Test tube-It holds the agar where bacteria are cultured. 9. Test tube brush-It is used to clean used test tubes. 10. Test tube rack-This holds the tubes to secure position without holding by the hand. 11. Test tube holder-Apparatus used to hold test tubes when heating substances. 12. Biological cabinet- workspace for safely working with pathogens 13. Biological refrigerator-used to cool samples for preservation 14. Deep freezer-storage of medical specimens at low temperature 15. Hot air oven - used to sterilize the apparatus. 16. Incubator- maintain microbiological cultures 17. Carbon dioxide incubator- used in cell maintaining cell cultures
Microbiology -Study of microorganisms -Study of their form, structure, reproduction, metabolism and identification Microorganisms -Also known as GERMS or microbes -Minute forms of life too small to be seen by the naked eye
BACTERIA: Bacteria are unicellular Most multiply by binary fission. Most bacteria are 0.2 um in diameter and 2-8 um in length. Bacterial species are differentiated by morphology chemical composition nutritional requirements biochemical activities source of energy A typical bacterial cell consist of Capsule cell wall cytoplasmic membrane some organelles nucleus Fimbriae flagella plus the presence of spores Bacterias general parts Glycocalyx It is a gelatinous polysaccharide and/or polypeptide covering. An external coating of bacteria with protective function, made mostly of polysaccharides. capsule, slime layer or extra cellular polysaccharide Capsules are organized and firmly attached to the cell wall. may protect pathogens from phagocytosis. enable adherence to surfaces, prevent desiccation, and may provide nutrients. Slime layers unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall. Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) the description of a glycocalyx that is a component of a biofilm. Flagella relatively long filamentous appendages consisting of a filament, hook, and basal body. Prokaryotic flagella rotate to push the cell. Motile bacteria exhibit taxis positive taxis is movement toward an attractant negative taxis is movement away from a repellent. Axial Filaments Spiral cells that move by means of an axial filament (endoflagellum) are called spirochetes. Axial filaments are similar to flagella, except that they wrap around the cell. Fimbriae And Pili they are short, thin appendages. Cells may have many fimbriae, which help the cells adhere to surfaces. Cells that have pili have only one or two. Pili join cells either for the transfer of DNA from one cell to another (sex pili) or are used for special types of movement
The three basic bacterial shapes are Coccus/cocci (spherical) Diplococci (two) Streptococci (chains) Tetrads (by four) Sarcinae(by eight) Staphylococci (by cluster/grape-like) bacillus (rod-shaped) Diplobacilli (two) Streptobacilli (chains) Cocobacilli (bacilli that are so short and fat that they look like cocci) spiral (twisted) vibrio (curved) Spirilia (slightly helical) Spirochetes (helical and twisted) other shapes: Star-shaped Rectangular
Culture media any artificial or natural substance or nutrients provided to the microorganism for it to obtain nourishment in order to sustain growth and reproduction. The culture media should contain all the necessary materials for the microbe to move quickly into the log phase of growth. Water, Carbon, Nitrogen, minerals and growth factors must be available in a usable form.
Nutrient Agar and Broth: Procedure: 1. Mix and dissolve the ingredients. 2. Autoclave at 15 psi for 15 minutes 3. Dispense into 10 ml amount in test tubes and plug with cotton plugs. 4. Store in refrigerator for future use.