Lyke-Wake Dirge

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Lyke-Wake Dirge
"Lyke-Wake Dirge"
Language English
Recorded by James Bowman
Charles Brett
The Young
Tradition
Pentangle
Buffy Sainte-Marie
The "Lyke-Wake Dirge" is a traditional English song that tells of the soul's travel, and the hazards it faces, on its
way from earth to purgatory. Though the song is from the Christian era and features references to Christianity much
of the symbolism is thought to be of heathen origin.
[1][2][3][4]
The title
The title refers to the watch over the dead between the death and funeral, known as a wake. "Lyke" is an obsolete
word meaning a dead body, and is related to the German word Leiche and the Dutch word lijk, which have the same
meaning. It survives in modern English in the expression lychgate, the roofed gate at the entrance to a churchyard,
where, in former times, bodies were placed before burial, and the fictional undead monster type lich. "Lyke-wake"
could also be from the Norse influence on the Yorkshire dialect: the contemporary Norwegian and Swedish words
for "wake" are still "likvake" and "likvaka" respectively ("lik" and "vaka"/"vake" with the same meanings as
previously described for "lyke" and "wake").
Lyke-Wake Dirge
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The lyrics
The song is written in an old form of the Yorkshire dialect of Northern English. It goes:
The Anima Sola (lonely soul), often interpreted as
a soul in the fires of purgatory.
THIS ae nighte, this ae nighte,
Refrain: Every nighte and alle,
Fire and fleet and candle-lighte,
Refrain: And Christe receive thy saule.
When thou from hence away art past
To Whinny-muir thou com'st at last
If ever thou gavest hosen and shoon,
Sit thee down and put them on;
If hosen and shoon thou ne'er gav'st nane
The whinnes sall prick thee to the bare bane.
From Whinny-muir when thou may'st pass,
To Brig o' Dread thou com'st at last;
From Brig o' Dread when thou may'st pass,
To Purgatory fire thou com'st at last;
If ever thou gavest meat or drink,
The fire sall never make thee shrink;
If meat or drink thou ne'er gav'st nane,
The fire will burn thee to the bare bane;
This ae nighte, this ae nighte,
Every nighte and alle,
Fire and fleet and candle-lighte,
And Christe receive thy saule.
Note: ae: one; hosen: stockings; shoon: shoes; whinnes: thorns; bane: bone; brig: bridge
The safety and comfort of the soul in faring over the hazards it faces in the afterlife, are in the old ballad made
contingent on the dead person's willingness in life to participate in charity. The poem was first collected by John
Aubrey in 1686, who also recorded that it was being sung in 1616, but it is believed to be much older.
There would appear to be a lacuna in the version that Aubrey collected. Unlike the preceding and following pairs of
stanzas, nothing happens at the Brig o' Dread. Richard Blakeborough, in his Wit, Character, Folklore, and Customs
of the North Riding, fills this apparent gap with verses he says were in use in 1800, and which seem likely to be
authentic:
If ivver thoo gav o' thy siller an' gowd,
At t' Brig o' Dreead thoo'll finnd foothod,
Bud if siller an' gowd thoo nivver gav nean,
Thoo'll doan, doon tum'le towards Hell fleames,
Note: siller: silver; gowd: gold; foothod: foothold
In this version, the Brig o' Dread is the decisive ordeal that determines whether the soul's destination is Heaven or
Hell.
This ballad was one of 25 traditional works included in Ballads Weird and Wonderful (1912) and illustrated by
Vernon Hill.
The Whinny-muir of this tale also appears in The Well of the World's End as the "Muir o' Heckle-pins".
[5]
Lyke-Wake Dirge
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Fire and fleet
Aubrey's version of the words includes fire and fleet, rather than fire and sleet, and this is also how it appears in the
Oxford Book of English Verse. F.W. Moorman, in his book on Yorkshire dialect poetry, explains that fleet means
floor and references the OED, flet-floor. He also notes that the expression Aboute the fyre upon flet appears in the
mediaeval story Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and explains that "Fire and fleet and candle-light are a summary
of the comforts of the house, which the dead person still enjoys for this ae night, and then goes out into the dark and
cold."
Versions and performances
The poem has been recorded a number of times as a song. Arnold Bax set it for voice and piano in 1908 and made an
orchestral version in 1934. Benjamin Britten set it to music as a part of his Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings in
1943, and, in his Cantata on Old English Texts of 1952, Igor Stravinsky uses individual verses as interludes between
the longer movements. English composer Geoffrey Burgon wrote a duet (This Eane Night) for two countertenors
(recorded by James Bowman and Charles Brett)with words altered slightly to fit the canonical single melody, the
second countertenor starting one bar behind the first. At the end of each versicle the line rises by a semitone
producing an eerie and climactic ending on top D before dropping back down to the starting tone.
A version with a different tune (but with the "fire and fleet" version of the lyrics) was collected by the folk song
collector, Hans Fried, from the singing of "an old Scottish lady", Peggy Richards. The Young Tradition used this
version for their a cappella recording on their 1965 debut album, using quite a primitive harmonisation, in which two
of the vocal parts move in parallel fifths. The folk band Pentangle performed a version on their 1969 album Basket of
Light, using the same tune as The Young Tradition, but elaborating the arrangement. Buffy Sainte-Marie also
included this song on her 1967 album Fire & Fleet & Candlelight. Most later renditions of the song use the
Richards-Fried melody; these include versions by Steeleye Span, the Mediaeval Baebes (titled 'This Ay Nicht') and
Alasdair Roberts. The annual Spiral Dance in San Francisco has adapted the song to a neopagan context, changing
the refrain to "May earth receive thy soul". This version can be found on [Let It Begin Now: Music from the Spiral
Dance].
Maddy Prior, writing in the liner notes to the Steeleye Span retrospective Spanning the Years, drily characterises the
song's countercultural appeal, in describing one 1970s performance:
5 nights at the LA Forum with Jethro Tull. We were opening our set at the time with the Lyke Wake Dirge, a grim
piece of music from Yorkshire concerning pergatory [sic] and we all dressed in dramatic mummers ribbons with tall
hats. The effect was stunning. 5 gaunt figures in line across the front of the stage, lit from below casting huge
shadows, intoning this insistent dirge alarmed some members of the audience whose reality was already tampered
with by 1970s substances. It was most satisfying.
In the 2013 BBC radio play Neverwhere, the angel Islington (played by Benedict Cumberbatch) sang it.
In 2014, a version of the song was recorded by Matt Berninger and Andrew Bird for the soundtrack of the AMC
series Turn.
"Lyke-Wake Dirge" is sometimes considered a ballad, but unlike a ballad it is lyric rather than narrative.
Lyke-Wake Dirge
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Allusions to the song
The Lyke Wake Walk is a 40-mile walking route across the North York Moors, first popularised in 1955 and named
after the Lyke Wake Dirge.
The Lyke Wake Dirge was also invoked in Antonia Forest's 1959 novel End of Term and Diana Wynne Jones's novel
Deep Secret, When Will There Be Good News? by Kate Atkinson, as well as Neil Gaiman's 1999 fantasy Neverwhere
and Arnold Wesker's 1962 play Chips With Everything. It is used, with one major modification, by members of the
Chantry Guild in Gordon Dickson's 1962 science fiction novel Necromancer. There, in keeping with their
philosophy of universal destruction, the Chantry Guild changes the second refraine from "And Christe receive thy
saule" to "Destruction take thee alle." It is also used in Pamela Frankau's novel The Winged Horse(1953)to represent
the imaginative world shared by the three children of a tyrannous newspaper tycoon and to presage the death of the
son in an aviation accident.
References
[1] The New Encyclopdia Britannica, Part 3, Volume 5, 1983. Page. 533
[2] Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of world religions by Wendy Doniger, Merriam-Webster, 1999, ISBN 0-87779-044-2, ISBN
978-0-87779-044-0. Page 282.
[3] Gods and Myths of Northern Europe by Hilda Roderick Ellis Davidson, Penguin Books, 1964 Page. 231
[4] A glossary of the Cleveland dialect: explanatory, derivative, and critical by John Christopher Atkinson, J.R. Smith, 1868. Page. 601
[5] A Forgotten Heritage: Original Folk Tales of Lowland Scotland edited by Hannah Aitken, Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh and London,
1973. Page 82
John Aubrey, Remaines of gentilisme and judaisme 168687. Reprinted in: John Buchanan-Brown (ed), Three
prose works, Centaur Press, 1972. ISBN 0-900000-21-X
F. W. Moorman, Yorkshire dialect poems: (16731915) and traditional poems, published for the Yorkshire
Dialect Society by Sidgwick and Jackson, 1916.
Richard Blakeborough, Wit, Character, Folklore, and Customs of the North Riding of Yorkshire, Henry Frowde:
London, 1898.
Alasdair Clayre, 100 folk songs and new songs, Wolfe Publishing Ltd, 1968. This includes the version collected
by Hans Fried.
Arthur Quiller-Couch (ed.), The Oxford Book of English Verse (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=hqopAAAAYAAJ& printsec=frontcover#v=onepage& q& f=false), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1900
First verse in 3-part harmony, based on the singing of The Young Tradition (http:/ / commons. wikimedia. org/
wiki/ Image:Lyke_wake. png)
The Oxford English Dictionary includes fire and flet (corruptly fleet): 'fire and house-room'; an expression often
occurring in wills, etc. and refers to an old northern song over a dead corps, but also notes the Fire and sleet
version, with a quotation that sleet seems to be corrupted from selt, or salt, a quantity of which is frequently
placed on the breast of a corpse.
External links
Understanding "Lyke Wake Dirge" by Jeff Duntemann (http:/ / www. duntemann. com/ likewakepage. htm)
Article Sources and Contributors
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Article Sources and Contributors
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
image:lonelysoul.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lonelysoul.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: G.dallorto, Luis Fernndez Garca, Mattes, Richardprins
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