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Welding-metallurgy:
The Most Important Ingredient.
SOLUTIONS with Effective, Practical Advice
Knowledge is Power
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Welding-metallurgy is the
subject of this page.
An introductory treatise is
found in Chapter 4 of the
Welding Handbook, Ninth
Edition, Volume 1, Welding
Science and Technology.
AWS WHB-1.9
Welding Science and
Technology,
Welding Handbook, 9th Ed.,
Vol. 1
American Welding Society,
01-Jan-2001
For those who deal with welding it is a
necessary sub-set of all the metallurgical
knowledge.
Metallurgy in general would also encompass arguments widely remote from the
worries of average welders, like extractive technologies or base metal shape
production.
In the normal welding practice however, Welding-metallurgy principles are
often called in cause.
There is a need to understand and explain the behavior of weldments.
Also to look for suitable procedures necessary to surmount the difficulties
arising sometimes from certain local conditions.
Designers of welded structures should be well advised to check their projects
with welding metallurgists before releasing their drawings to manufacturing.
It is easy to avoid pitfalls by adding of a simple note to the drawing.
And by specifying a special material whose properties had been overlooked.
Much more economical than looking for expensive solutions of welding
problems detected in service failures.
Among the subjects covered by Welding-metallurgy are those regarding:
the structure of metals and alloys,
melting,
fusion,
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Welding-metallurgy, the Base for Successful Welding http://www.welding-advisers.com/Welding-metallurgy.html
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solidification,
phase transformation,
mechanical properties as influenced by cold working and heat treatment,
thermal expansion,
conductivity
and corrosion resistance.
Welding-metallurgy to understand what happens
Metals in solid form are materials displaying
crystalline structure, meaning that their atoms are
arranged in definite geometric patterns.
Common metals can be classified according to the
type of crystalline structures they exhibit.
Some metals change their crystal structure from one
type to another at specific temperatures.
Welding-metallurgy studies how some of the properties
are structure dependent.
Pure metals are seldom used.
More common are alloys or complex mixtures.
Alloys are identified by indicating the base metal, that
of the largest proportion in the detailed composition.
Specific alloying elements are added to the base
metal, to modify the properties in favorable ways.
Residual elements in tiny proportions may remain in
the composition, either innocuously or for influencing
properties.
Alloys displaying useful engineering properties are
exploited to withstand service conditions at the least
possible cost.
The Welding-metallurgy examination of micro-
structure is performed on ground, polished and etched
metallic sections.
It reveals, under optical microscope, the presence of
small bodies, called grains, each with its own
crystallographic orientation, and touching at their
boundaries.
The crystal structure is far from perfect, including
different types of defects that contribute to limit the
strength of metallic bodies.
Melting, fusion and solidification describe the
transformation from solid to liquid and vice versa as
the temperature increases and decreases.
The melting temperature is definite and exact only for pure metals and for
certain alloys called eutectics.
For all other alloys one can speak only of melting ranges, temperatures at
which solid and liquid coexist in varying proportions.
In Welding-metallurgy phase changes describe the crystallographic "allotropic"
structure transformations.
These are incurred by distinct, describable portions, called phases, under
driving forces caused by temperature changes, when crossing certain critical
temperatures.
Phase diagrams are useful graphic representations, possibly simplified to
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