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This document provides an introduction to public international law through a series of questions and answers. It discusses key topics like the definition of public vs private international law, the relationship between international law and municipal law through doctrines like incorporation and transformation, sources of international law like treaties and customary international law, and principles of international law like sovereign equality of states and the right of self-determination of peoples. It also references the Philippine Constitution and a relevant case to illustrate how these concepts are applied in the domestic legal system.
This document provides an introduction to public international law through a series of questions and answers. It discusses key topics like the definition of public vs private international law, the relationship between international law and municipal law through doctrines like incorporation and transformation, sources of international law like treaties and customary international law, and principles of international law like sovereign equality of states and the right of self-determination of peoples. It also references the Philippine Constitution and a relevant case to illustrate how these concepts are applied in the domestic legal system.
This document provides an introduction to public international law through a series of questions and answers. It discusses key topics like the definition of public vs private international law, the relationship between international law and municipal law through doctrines like incorporation and transformation, sources of international law like treaties and customary international law, and principles of international law like sovereign equality of states and the right of self-determination of peoples. It also references the Philippine Constitution and a relevant case to illustrate how these concepts are applied in the domestic legal system.
"#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 1 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS
UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS
Iacu|ty of C|v|| Law A.. 2012-2013 I|rst Semester
U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW
IN1kCDUC1ICN
: What |s |nternat|ona| |aw?
A: lL ls a body of prlnclples, norms and processes whlch regulaLes Lhe relaLlons of SLaLe and oLher lnLernaLlonal persons, and governs Lhelr conducL affecLlng Lhe lnLeresL of Lhe lnLernaLlonal communlLy of SLaLes as a whole !"#$#%%&'#( *+ ,( -../0.
: What |s pub||c |nternat|ona| |aw?
A: lL ls Lhe body of rules and prlnclples LhaL are recognlzed as legally blndlng and whlch govern Lhe relaLlons of sLaLes and oLher enLlLles lnvesLed wlLh lnLernaLlonal legal personallLy.
: What |s pr|vate |nternat|ona| |aw?
A: lL ls LhaL parL of Lhe law of each SLaLe whlch deLermlnes wheLher, ln deallng wlLh a facLual slLuaLlon, an evenL or LransacLlon beLween prlvaLe lndlvlduals or enLlLles lnvolvlng a forelgn elemenL, Lhe law of some oLher SLaLe wlll be recognlzed.
: What |s the other term for pr|vate |nternat|ona| |aw?
A: ConfllcLs of laws.
kLLA1ICNS 8L1WLLN IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW AND MUNICIAL LAW Doctr|ne of Incorporat|on
Q: What is the doctrine of incorporation?
A: lL means LhaL Lhe rules of lnLernaLlonal law form parL of Lhe law of Lhe land and no furLher leglslaLlve acLlon ls needed Lo make such rules appllcable ln Lhe domesLlc sphere. 1hls ls followed ln Lhe hlllpplnes.
: Under what |nstance does th|s doctr|ne app|y? A: lL ls applled whenever munlclpal Lrlbunals or local courLs are confronLed wlLh slLuaLlons ln whlch Lhere appears Lo be a confllcL beLween rule of lnLernaLlonal law and Lhe provlslons of Lhe ConsLlLuLlon or sLaLuLe of Lhe local sLaLe. LfforLs should flrsL be exerLed Lo harmonlze Lhem, so as Lo glve effecL Lo boLh slnce lL ls Lo be presumed LhaL munlclpal law was enacLed wlLh proper regard for Lhe generally accepLed prlnclples of lnLernaLlonal law ln observance of Lhe observance of Lhe Incorporat|on C|ause. ln a slLuaLlon, however, where Lhe confllcL ls lrreconcllable and a cholce has Lo be made beLween a rule of lnLernaLlonal law and munlclpal law, [urlsprudence dlcLaLes LhaL munlclpal law should be upheld by Lhe munlclpal courLs for Lhe reason LhaL such courLs are organs of munlclpal law and are accordlngly bound by lL ln all clrcumsLances. 1he fact that |nternat|ona| |aw has been made part of the |aw of the |and does not perta|n to or |mp|y the pr|macy of |nternat|ona| |aw over nat|ona| or mun|c|pa| |aw |n the mun|c|pa| sphere. 1he docLrlne of lncorporaLlon, as applled ln mosL counLrles, decrees LhaL rules of lnLernaLlonal law are glven equal sLandlng wlLh, buL are noL superlor Lo, naLlonal leglslaLlve enacLmenLs. Accordlngly, Lhe prlnclple %12 *&34156&5 715&$#4 *56&56 Lakes effecL a LreaLy may repeal a sLaLuLe and a sLaLuLe may repeal a LreaLy. ln sLaLes where Lhe consLlLuLlon ls Lhe hlghesL law of Lhe land, such as Lhe 8epubllc of Lhe hlllpplnes, boLh sLaLuLes and LreaLles may be lnvalldaLed lf Lhey are ln confllcL wlLh Lhe consLlLuLlon !819514#5: &; <=34691 >+ ?#'46&'( -...0.
1aada v. Angara (272 SCkA 18)
8y Lhelr lnherenL naLure, treat|es rea||y ||m|t or restr|ct the abso|uteness of sovere|gnty. 8y Lhelr volunLary acL, naLlons may surrender some aspecLs of Lhelr sLaLe power ln exchange for greaLer beneflLs granLed by or derlved from a convenLlon or pacL. AfLer all, sLaLes, llke lndlvlduals, llve wlLh coequals, and ln pursulL of muLually covenanLed ob[ecLlves and beneflLs, Lhey also commonly agree Lo llmlL Lhe exerclse of Lhelr oLherwlse absoluLe rlghLs. 1hus, LreaLles have been used Lo record agreemenLs beLween SLaLes concernlng such wldely dlverse maLLers as, for example, Lhe lease of naval bases, Lhe sale or cesslon of LerrlLory, Lhe LermlnaLlon of war, Lhe regulaLlon of conducL of hosLlllLles, Lhe formaLlon of alllances, Lhe regulaLlon of commerclal relaLlons, Lhe seLLllng of clalms, Lhe laylng down of rules governlng conducL ln peace and Lhe esLabllshmenL of lnLernaLlonal organlzaLlons. NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 2 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS 1he soverelgnLy of a sLaLe Lherefore cannoL ln facL and ln reallLy be consldered absoluLe. CerLaln resLrlcLlons enLer lnLo Lhe plcLure: (1) ||m|tat|ons |mposed by the very nature of membersh|p |n the fam||y of nat|ons and (2) ||m|tat|ons |mposed by treaty st|pu|at|ons.
Ak1ICLL II, 1987 h|||pp|ne Const|tut|on DLCLAkA1ICN CI kINCILLS AND S1A1L CLICILS kINCILLS
Sect|on 2. 1he hlllpplnes renounces war as an lnsLrumenL of naLlonal pollcy, adopLs Lhe generally accepLed prlnclples of lnLernaLlonal law as parL of Lhe law of Lhe land and adheres Lo Lhe pollcy of peace, equallLy, [usLlce, freedom, cooperaLlon, and amlLy wlLh all naLlons.
: G|ve examp|es of genera||y accepted pr|nc|p|es of Internat|ona| Law?
A:
1. @#94# 3='4 315>#'7# 2. A1B=3 369 34#'46B=3C agreemenL ls valld only lf Lhe same condlLlons prevalllng aL Llme of conLracLlng conLlnue Lo exlsL aL Lhe Llme of performance 3. @#5 1' *#51D '&' E#B14 6D*156=D (SLaLe lmmunlLy from SulL) 4. Soverelgn LquallLy of SLaLes 3. rlghL of sLaLes Lo self-defense 6. rlghL Lo self-deLermlnaLlon of people
Doctr|ne of 1ransformat|on
: What |s the doctr|ne of transformat|on?
A: LeglslaLlve acLlon ls requlred Lo make Lhe LreaLy enforceable ln Lhe munlclpal sphere. Cenerally accepLed rules of lnLernaLlonal law are noL per se blndlng upon Lhe sLaLe buL musL flrsL be embodled ln leglslaLlon enacLed by Lhe lawmaklng body and so Lransformed lnLo munlclpal law. 1hls docLrlne runs counLer ArL. ll, Sec. 2, of Lhe 1987 ConsLlLuLlon.
: What |s !"#$" &'($ servanda?
A: 1he lnLernaLlonal agreemenLs musL be performed ln good falLh. A LreaLy engagemenL ls noL a mere moral obllgaLlon buL creaLes a legally blndlng obllgaLlon on Lhe parLles. A sLaLe whlch has conLracLed a valld lnLernaLlonal agreemenL ls bound Lo make ln lLs leglslaLlon such modlflcaLlon as may be necessary Lo ensure fulflllmenL of Lhe obllgaLlon underLaken.
: Who rat|f|es the treat|es?
A: ln our [urlsdlcLlon, Lhe power Lo raLlfy ls vesLed ln Lhe resldenL and noL, as commonly belleved, ln Lhe leglslaLure. 1he role of Lhe SenaLe ls llmlLed only Lo glvlng or wlLhholdlng lLs consenL, or concurrence, Lo Lhe raLlflcaLlon !F#:#' >3+ G#D&5#( H+A+ I&+ ,JK/L.( M94&B15 ,.( -...0+
1hls provlslon lays down Lhe general rule on LreaLles or lnLernaLlonal agreemenLs and applles Lo any form of LreaLy wlLh a wlde varleLy of sub[ecL maLLer. All LreaLles or lnLernaLlonal agreemenLs enLered lnLo by Lhe hlllpplnes, regardless of sub[ecL maLLer, coverage, or parLlcular deslgnaLlon or appellaLlon, requlres Lhe concurrence of Lhe SenaLe Lo be valld and effecLlve.
: State the const|tut|ona| bas|s.
A:
Sect|on 21. no LreaLy or lnLernaLlonal agreemenL shall be valld and effecLlve unless concurred ln by aL leasL Lwo-Lhlrds of all Lhe Members of Lhe SenaLe.
k|ght to se|f-determ|nat|on of the peop|es Art|c|e 2, 1987 Const|tut|on
Sect|on 7. 1he SLaLe shall pursue an lndependenL forelgn pollcy. ln lLs relaLlons wlLh oLher sLaLes, Lhe paramounL conslderaLlon shall be naLlonal soverelgnLy, LerrlLorlal lnLegrlLy, naLlonal lnLeresL, and Lhe rlghL Lo self- deLermlnaLlon.
: What |s the r|ght to se|f-determ|nat|on of the peop|es?
A: 1he rlghL of peoples everywhere Lo freely deLermlne Lhelr pollLlcal sLaLus and pursue Lhelr economlc, soclal and culLural developmenL.
lL ls a new concepL ln lnLernaLlonal law. lL ls undersLood as Lhe rlghL Lo lnLernal self-deLermlnaLlon of Lhe people ln pursulL Lo Lhelr soclal, economlc and pollLlcal developmenL wlLhln Lhe framework of an exlsLlng sLaLe.
: What are the 2 c|ass|f|cat|on of r|ghts?
A: 1. |nd|v|dua| Lx: 8lll of rlghLs
2. co||ect|ve Lx: 8lghL Lo self-deLermlnaLlon, rlghL of Lhe people Lo balanced and healLhful ecology
NC1L: 1he rlghL Lo self-deLermlnaLlon has now grown and ls elevaLed lnLo a $1'15#%%: #991*417 *56'96*%1 6' 6'415'#46&'#% %#N.
: Who may c|a|m the r|ght to se|f-determ|nat|on?
A: lL refers Lo Lhe NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 3 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS a. rlghL of lndlgenous peoples and b. lndlgenous culLural communlLles
and ln exLreme cases, of people: a. under colonlal rule b. from oLher forelgn domlnaLlon or explolLaLlon ouLslde Lhe colonlal conLexL
: What are the 2 k|nds of r|ght to se|f-determ|nat|on?
A: 1. exLernal 2. lnLernal
rov|nce of North Cotabato
: What |s the scope of the r|ght to se|f-determ|nat|on?
A: 1he recognlzed sources of lnLernaLlonal law esLabllsh LhaL Lhe rlghL Lo self-deLermlnaLlon of a people ls normally fulfllled Lhrough )($*+(", se|f-determ|nat|on - a people's pursulL of lLs pollLlcal, economlc, soclal and culLural developmenL wlLhln Lhe framework of an exlsLlng sLaLe. A rlghL Lo 12415'#% self- deLermlnaLlon (whlch ln Lhls case poLenLlally Lakes Lhe form of Lhe asserLlon of a rlghL Lo unllaLeral secesslon) arlses ln only Lhe mosL exLreme of cases and, even Lhen, under carefully deflned clrcumsLances. -.$*+(", se|f-determ|nat|on can be deflned Lhe esLabllshmenL of a soverelgn and lndependenL SLaLe, Lhe free assoclaLlon or lnLegraLlon wlLh an lndependenL SLaLe or Lhe emergence lnLo any oLher pollLlcal sLaLus freely deLermlned by a *1&*%1 consLlLuLe modes of lmplemenLlng Lhe rlghL of self-deLermlnaLlon by 4E#4 *1&*%1.
lndeed, Lhe rlghL Lo self-deLermlnaLlon of Lhe people ls now elevaLed lnLo a generally accepLed prlnclple. Powever, lL ls only llmlLed Lo lnLernal rlghL Lo self-deLermlnaLlon.
SCUkCLS CI U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW
S1A1U1L CI 1nL IN1LkNA1ICNAL CCUk1 CI IUS1ICL Art|c|e 38
1. 1he CourL, whose funcLlon ls Lo declde ln accordance wlLh lnLernaLlonal law such dlspuLes as are submlLLed Lo lL, shall apply:
a. lnLernaLlonal convenLlons, wheLher general or parLlcular, esLabllshlng rules expressly recognlzed by Lhe conLesLlng sLaLes, b. lnLernaLlonal cusLom, as evldence of a general pracLlce accepLed as law, c. Lhe general prlnclples of law recognlzed by clvlllzed naLlons, d. sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of ArLlcle 39, [udlclal declslons and Lhe Leachlngs of Lhe mosL hlghly quallfled publlclsLs of Lhe varlous naLlons, as subsldlary means for Lhe deLermlnaLlon of rules of law.
2. 1hls provlslon shall noL pre[udlce Lhe power of Lhe CourL Lo declde a case 12 #1O=& 14 B&'&, lf Lhe parLles agree LhereLo.
: What are the sources of pub||c |nternat|ona| |aw?
A: Art|c|e 38 of Lhe Statute of Internat|ona| Court of Iust|ce (SICI) dlrecLs LhaL Lhe followlng be consldered before decldlng a case:
A. r|mary l. 1reaLles or lnLernaLlonal ConvenLlons ll. lnLernaLlonal CusLom lll. Ceneral rlnclples of Law 8ecognlzed by Clvlllzed naLlons
8. Secondary]Subs|d|ary lv. !udlclal ueclslons v. 1eachlngs of auLhorlLaLlve publlclsLs
1reat|es
: What are the e|ements for a va||d treaty?
A: Same elemenLs as Lo ordlnary conLracLs:
1. consenL 2. ob[ecL 3. conslderaLlon
: What are contract treat|es?
A: 8llaLeral arrangemenLs concernlng maLLers of parLlcular or speclal lnLeresL Lo Lhe conLracLlng parLles. 1hey are sources of parLlcular lnLernaLlonal law buL may become prlmary sources of publlc lnLernaLlonal law when dlfferenL conLracL LreaLles are of Lhe same naLure, conLalnlng pracLlcally unlform provlslons, and are concluded by a subsLanLlal number of SLaLes.
Q: What are law-making treaties?
A: 1reaLles whlch are concluded by a large number of SLaLes for purposes of:
1. ueclarlng, conflrmlng, or deflnlng Lhelr undersLandlng of whaL Lhe law ls on a parLlcular sub[ecL, 2. SLlpulaLlng or laylng down new general rules for fuLure lnLernaLlonal conducL, and 3. CreaLlng new lnLernaLlonal lnsLlLuLlons.
: Is there a d|fference between |awmak|ng treat|se (tra|ts- |o|s) and contractua| treat|se (tra|ts contracts)? NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 4 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS
A: 1here ls no slgnlflcanL dlfference. All LreaLles are lawmaklng lnasmuch as Lhey lay down Lhe rules of conducL whlch Lhe parLles are bound Lo observe as law.
1he only dlfference ls LhaL conLracLual LreaLles are concluded on shorL-Lerm, parLlcular quesLlons and Lhey LermlnaLe Lhelr valldlLy afLer Lhey have fulfllled Lhelr purpose, whereas, lawmaklng LreaLles relaLed Lo a broad sphere of relaLlons and are concluded for long-Lerm purposes.
: Who are bound by treat|es and |nternat|ona| convent|ons?
A:
Gk: Cnly Lhe parLles.
kN: 1reaLles may be consldered a dlrecL source of lnLernaLlonal law when concluded by a slzable number of SLaLes, and ls reflecLlve of Lhe wlll of Lhe famlly of naLlons.
Customs
: What |s custom?
A: CusLom ls Lhe pracLlce LhaL has grown up beLween SLaLes and has come Lo be accepLed as blndlng by Lhe mere facL of perslsLenL usage over a long perlod of Llme
lL exlsLs when a clear and conLlnuous hablL of dolng cerLaln Lhlngs develops under Lhe CCNVIC1ICN that |t |s ob||gatory and r|ght.
1hls convlcLlon ls called "Cp|n|o Iur|s"
: What are the e|ements of |nternat|ona| custom?
1. H1'15#% *5#94691, characLerlzed by unlformlLy and conslsLency, 2. M*6'6&P=563, or recognlLlon of LhaL pracLlce as a legal norm and Lherefore obllgaLory, and 3. Q=5#46&'
NC1L: 8epeLlLlon of pracLlce or acLlon of sLaLes ls necessary.
: now |s the e|ement of /!)()/( 0'+)& understood?
A: lL means LhaL Lhe SLaLes musL belleve LhaL Lhe pracLlce ls requlred by law, and noL because of courLesy or pollLlcal expedlency.
Genera| r|nc|p|es of Law kecogn|zed by C|v|||zed Nat|ons
: G|ve examp|es of Genera| r|nc|p|es of Law kecogn|zed by C|v|||zed Nat|ons.
A: 1. 134&**1% 2. *#94# 3='4 315>#'7# 3. 513 P=769#4# 4. prescrlpLlon 3. prlnclple of [usLlce and law 6. 513 6'415 #%6&3 #94# rule 7. he who comes Lo Lhe courL musL come wlLh clean hands
: Does the &$"+* 1*#)&)& ru|e b|nd|ng under pub||c |nternat|ona| |aw?
A: no. 1he 7&9456'1 &; 34#51 7196363 ls noL appllcable ln lnLernaLlonal law per ArL.39 of Lhe lC! whlch sLaLes LhaL "1he declslon of Lhe CourL has no blndlng force excepL beLween Lhe parLles and ln respecL Lo LhaL parLlcular case." 1hls means LhaL Lhese declslons are noL a dlrecL source, buL Lhey do exerclse conslderable lnfluence as an lmparLlal and well-consldered sLaLemenL of Lhe law by [urlsLs made ln Lhe llghL of acLual problems whlch arlse before Lhem, and Lhus, accorded wlLh greaL respecL.
Art|c|e S9, ICI
Art|c|e S9. 1he declslon of Lhe CourL has no blndlng force excepL beLween Lhe parLles and ln respecL of LhaL parLlcular case.
1each|ngs of author|tat|ve pub||c|sts
: What are the requ|s|tes |n order to cons|der a person to be a h|gh|y qua||f|ed pub||c|st?
A: 1. Pls wrlLlngs musL be falr and lmparLlal represenLaLlon of law, 2. An acknowledged auLhorlLy ln Lhe fleld.
kome Statute
: What is Rome Statute?
A: 1he 8ome SLaLuLe of Lhe lnLernaLlonal Crlmlnal CourL (ofLen referred Lo as Lhe lnLernaLlonal Crlmlnal CourL SLaLuLe or Lhe 8ome SLaLuLe) ls Lhe LreaLy LhaL esLabllshed Lhe Internat|ona| Cr|m|na| Court (ICC).
1he hlllpplnes ls Lhe 117 Lh counLry Lo raLlfy Lhe 8ome SLaLuLe accordlng Lo uean angalanan.
A: lL ls Lhe prlmary [udlclal organ of Lhe unlLed naLlons
Ius cogens and Lrga omnes
: What |s [us cogens (compelling law) norm?
A: A [us cogens norm ls a norm accepted and recogn|zed by the |nternat|ona| commun|ty of States as a who|e as a norm from wh|ch no derogat|on |s perm|tted and whlch can be modlfled only by a subsequenL norm of general lnLernaLlonal law havlng Lhe same characLer.
L.g. Lhe prohlblLlon agalnsL Lhe use of force under Lhe un CharLer (CuLlawlng of acLs of aggresslon), CuLlawlng of genoclde, 8aslc human rlghLs, lncludlng proLecLlon from slavery and raclal dlscrlmlnaLlon, prlnclple of self- deLermlnaLlon, crlmes agalnsL humanlLy, prohlblLlon agalnsL slavery and slave Lrade, and plracy (Magallona, p. 26, 2003).
: D|st|ngu|sh [us cogens from [us d|spos|t|vum.
A: A [us cogens or peremptory ls a norm whlch SLaLes cannoL derogaLe or devlaLe from ln Lhelr agreemenLs. lL ls a mandaLory norm and sLands on a hlgher caLregory Lhan a P=3 763*&3646>=D norm whlch SLaLes can seL aslde or modlfy by agreemenL.
: May a treaty or convent|ona| ru|e qua||f|es as a norm of [us cogens character?
A: no. 1reaLy rule blnds only SLaLes LhaL are parLles Lo lL and even ln Lhe evenL LhaL all SLaLes are parLles Lo a LreaLy, Lhey are enLlLled Lo LermlnaLe or wlLhdraw from Lhe LreaLy.
Q: What is erga omnes (in relation to everyone)?
A: lL ls an ob||gat|on of every State towards the |nternat|ona| commun|ty as a who|e. All sLaLes have a legal lnLeresL ln lLs compllance, and Lhus all SLaLes are enLlLled Lo lnvoke responslblllLy for breach of such an obllgaLlon.
: D|st|ngu|sh between erga omnes from an ob||gat|on |nter se (wh|ch a State owes to another State)? A: Lrga omnes, by Lhelr naLure, are Lhe concern of all SLaLes. All SLaLes can be held Lo have a legal lnLeresL ln Lhelr proLecLlon.
Lg. CuLlawlng of acLs of aggresslon, and of genoclde, as also from Lhe prlnclples and rules concernlng Lhe baslc rlghLs of Lhe human person, lncludlng proLecLlon from slavery and raclal dlscrlmlnaLlon.
ogyakarta r|nc|p|es
: What are the ogyakarta r|nc|p|es?
A: 1he ?ogyakarLa rlnclples ensure Lhe full en[oymenL of all human rlghLs by all persons regardless of sexual orlenLaLlon and gender ldenLlLy. 1hey were puL LogeLher by a dlsLlngulshed group of human rlghLs experLs ln november 2006 aL ?ogyakarLa, lndonesla and have slnce been lnLroduced formally Lo Lhe unlLed naLlons (un) sysLem, LranslaLed lnLo Lhe slx offlclal un languages and launched ln several counLrles.
1he ?ogyakarLa rlnclples ensure Lhe full en[oymenL of all human rlghLs by all persons regardless of sexual orlenLaLlon and gender ldenLlLy. 1hey were puL LogeLher by a dlsLlngulshed group of human rlghLs experLs ln november 2006 aL ?ogyakarLa , lndonesla and have slnce been lnLroduced formally Lo Lhe unlLed naLlons (un) sysLem, LranslaLed lnLo Lhe slx offlclal un languages and launched ln several counLrles.
: Is the ogyakarta r|nc|p|es accepted under our [ur|sd|ct|on?
A: We are noL prepared Lo declare LhaL Lhese R&$:#S#54# @56'96*%13 conLaln norms LhaL are obllgaLory on Lhe hlllpplnes. 1here are declaraLlons and obllgaLlons ouLllned ln sald rlnclples whlch are noL reflecLlve of Lhe currenL sLaLe of lnLernaLlonal law, and do noL flnd basls ln any of Lhe sources of lnLernaLlonal law enumeraLed under ArLlcle 38(1) of Lhe SLaLuLe of Lhe lnLernaLlonal CourL of !usLlce !T'$ ?#7%#7 ?HFU @#54: >+ VM"W?WV0.
: What |s the concept ex aequo et bono?
A: lL ls a [udgmenL based on conslderaLlons of falrness, noL on conslderaLlons of exlsLlng law, LhaL ls, Lo slmply declde Lhe case based upon a balanclng of Lhe equlLles. (8rownlle, 2003)
SU8ILC1S AND C8ILC1S CI IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW
2 Concepts:
1. 1rad|t|ona| concept- Cnly SLaLes are consldered sub[ecLs of lnLernaLlonal law. 2. Contemporary concept- lndlvlduals and lnLernaLlonal organlzaLlons are also sub[ecLs because Lhey have rlghLs and duLles under lnLernaLlonal law.
NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 6 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS
Sub[ects of |nternat|ona| |aw
Q: What is a subject of international law?
A: A Sub[ecL ls an enLlLy LhaL has an lnLernaLlonal personallLy. An enLlLy has an lnLernaLlonal personallLy |f |t can d|rect|y enforce |ts r|ghts and dut|es under |nternat|ona| |aw. Where Lhere ls no dlrecL enforcemenL of accounLablllLy and an lnLermedlaLe agency ls needed, Lhe enLlLy ls merely an ob[ecL noL a sub[ecL of lnLernaLlonal law.
lL ls an enLlLy wlLh capaclLy of possesslng lnLernaLlonal rlghLs and duLles and of brlnglng lnLernaLlonal clalms !"#$#%%&'#( *+ JJ( -../0.
: When does an ent|ty acqu|re |nternat|ona| persona||ty?
A: When lL has rlghL and duLles under lnLernaLlonal law, can dlrecLly enforce lLs rlghLs, and may be held dlrecLly accounLable for lLs obllgaLlons.
: D|st|ngu|sh between genera| or ob[ect|ve |nternat|ona| persona||ty from part|cu|ar or spec|a| |nternat|ona| persona||ty?
A: As Lo Lhe flrsL, rlghLs and obllgaLlons are conferred by general lnLernaLlonal law and such personallLy ls blndlng 15$# &D'13. As Lo Lhe second, personallLy blnds only Lhose whlch glve consenL. lL ls brough abouL by Lhelr agreemenL and ls recognlzed only among Lhemselves as parLles Lo LhaL agreemenL.
GLNLkAL SCLIAL 8lghL and obllgaLlons are conferred by general lnLernaLlonal law and such personallLy ls blndlng 15$# &D'13 ersonallLy blnds only Lhose whlch glve consenL: a. Lxpress b. LaclL
: If an ent|ty |s not a sub[ect of |nternat|ona| |aw, can |t st||| assume certa|n character|st|cs of |nternat|ona| persona||ty?
A: ?es, buL ln a speclal or resLrlcLed conLexL such as LhaL deflned by agreemenL, recognlLlon or acqulescence.
: now |s the State regarded as a sub[ect of |nternat|ona| |aw?
A: 1he SLaLe ls regarded as sub[ecL of lnLernaLlonal law or an lnLernaLlonal legal person ln LhaL lL has, ln oLher words, Lhe capac|ty to be bearer of r|ghts and dut|es under |nternat|ona| |aw.
1he sLaLus of Lhe SLaLe as sub[ecL of law or an lnLernaLlonal person ls conferred by cusLomary or general lnLernaLlonal law. lL possesses erga omnes or ob[ecLlve personallLy noL merely by vlrLue of recognlLlon on Lhe parL of parLlcular sLaLes.
: now |s the pr|macy of states as sub[ects of |nternat|ona| |aw exp|a|ned?
A: 1he States are the repos|tor|es of |eg|t|mated author|ty over peop|es and terr|tor|es. lL ls only ln Lerms of SLaLe powers, prerogaLlves, [urlsdlcLlonal llmlLs and law-maklng capablllLles LhaL LerrlLorlal llmlLs and [urlsdlcLlon, responslblllLy for offlclal acLlons, and a hosL of oLher quesLlons of co-exlsLence beLween naLlons can be deLermlned.
A: Are |nternat|ona| organ|zat|ons cons|dered as sub[ects of |nternat|ona| |aw?
A: ?es, lf Lhelr legal personallLy ls esLabllshed by Lhelr consLlLuenL lnsLrumenL or charLer. 1he|r status |s determ|ned by agreement and not by genera| or customary |nternat|ona| |aw. 1helr personallLy ls derlvaLlve of Lhe collecLlve wlll of Lhe sLaLes creaLlng lL.
: What |s the cr|ter|on for |ega| persona||ty to be met?
A: 1. A permanenL assoclaLlon of sLaLes, wlLh lawful ob[ecLs, equlpped wlLh organs 2. A dlsLlncLlon, ln Lerms of legal powers and purposes, beLween Lhe organlzaLlon and lLs member sLaLes 3. 1he exlsLence of legal powers exerclsable on Lhe lnLernaLlonal plane and noL solely wlLhln Lhe naLlonal sysLem of one or more sLaLes
: May |nd|v|dua|s assume the status of sub[ects of |nternat|ona| |aw?
A: ?es, buL on Lhe basls of Lhe agreemenL by sLaLes and ln speclflc conLexL, noL ln accordance wlLh general or cusLomary lnLernaLlonal law.
nCL SLL v. kCSAkIC (1994)
under boLh ubllc lnLernaLlonal Law and 1ransnaLlonal Law, a person who feels aggrleved by Lhe acLs of a forelgn soverelgn can ask hls own governmenL Lo espouse hls cause Lhrough dlplomaLlc channels.
rlvaLe respondenL can ask Lhe hlllpplne governmenL, Lhrough Lhe lorelgn Cfflce, Lo espouse lLs clalms agalnsL Lhe Poly See. lLs flrsL Lask ls Lo persuade Lhe hlllpplne governmenL Lo Lake up wlLh Lhe Poly See Lhe valldlLy of lLs clalms. Cf course, Lhe lorelgn Cfflce shall flrsL make a deLermlnaLlon of Lhe lmpacL of lLs espousal on Lhe relaLlons beLween Lhe hlllpplne governmenL and Lhe Poly See. Cnce Lhe hlllpplne governmenL decldes Lo espouse Lhe clalm, Lhe laLLer ceases Lo be a prlvaLe cause.
NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 7 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS Accordlng Lo Lhe ermanenL CourL of lnLernaLlonal !usLlce, Lhe forerunner of Lhe lnLernaLlonal CourL of !usLlce by tak|ng up the case of one of |ts sub[ects and by report|ng to d|p|omat|c act|on or |nternat|ona| [ud|c|a| proceed|ngs on h|s beha|f, a State |s |n rea||ty assert|ng |ts own r|ghts |ts r|ght to ensure, |n the person of |ts sub[ects, respect for the ru|es of |nternat|ona| |aw.
Cb[ects of |nternat|ona| |aw
: What |s an ob[ect of |nternat|ona| |aw?
A: An Cb[ecL ls a person or Lhlng ln respecL of whlch rlghLs are held and obllgaLlons assumed by Lhe Sub[ecL. 1hus, lL ls noL dlrecLly governed by Lhe rules of lnLernaLlonal law. 1here ls no dlrecL enforcemenL and accounLablllLy. An lnLermedlaLe agencyLhe Sub[ecLls requlred for Lhe en[oymenL of lLs rlghLs and for Lhe dlscharge of lLs obllgaLlons.
: D|st|ngu|sh sub[ects from ob[ects of |nternat|ona| |aw.
A:
SU8ILC1S CI IN1LNA1ICNAL LAW C8ILC1S CI IN1LNA1ICNAL LAW LnLlLy LhaL has rlghLs and responslblllLles erson or Lhlng ln respecL of whlch rlghLs are held and obllgaLlons assumed by Lhe sub[ecL Pas lnLernaLlonal personallLy LhaL lL can dlrecLly asserL rlghLs and can be held responslble under Lhe law of naLlons noL dlrecLly governed by Lhe rules of lnLernaLlonal law
lL can be a proper parLy ln LransacLlons lnvolvlng Lhe appllcaLlon of Lhe law of naLlons among members of lnLernaLlonal communlLles
lLs rlghLs are recelved and lLs responslblllLles lmposed lndlrecLly Lhrough Lhe lnsLrumenLallLy of an lnLermedlaLe agency
S1A1L
: What |s a state?
A: A sLaLe ls a communlLy of persons more or less numerous, permanenLly occupylng a deflnlLe porLlon of LerrlLory, lndependenL of exLernal conLrol, and possesslng an exLernal governmenL of whlch Lhe greaL body of lnhablLanLs render hablLual obedlence.
lL ls a commun|ty of persons (peop|e), more ore less numerous, permanent|y occupy|ng a f|xed port|on of the surface of the earth (terr|tory) havlng a government, organlzed for polLllcal end where ma[or|ty of the |nhab|tants render hab|tua| obed|ence (sovere|gnty).
: D|st|ngu|sh state from nat|on.
A:
S1A1L NA1ICN A legal concepL LLhnlc or raclal concepL
NC1L: 1here may be one sLaLe wlLh many naLlons. L.g. Arab naLlons
1here may be several sLaLes wlLh one naLlon. L.g. unlLed SLaLes of Amerlca
: What are the capac|t|es assoc|ated w|th |ega| persona||ty of States?
A: 1hese lnclude:
1. capaclLy Lo make lnLernaLlonal agreemenLs 2. Lo engage ln prlvlleges and lmmunlLles wlLh respecL Lo naLlonal [urlsdlcLlons 3. capaclLy Lo brlng clalms ln cases of breach of lnLernaLlonal laws
: Can the comfort woman and the|r descendant assert |nd|v|dua| c|a|ms aga|nst Iapan?
A: no. 1he soverelgn auLhorlLy of Lhe sLaLe Lo seLLle clalms of lLs naLlonals agalnsL forelgn counLrles has repeaLedly been recognlzed. 1hls may be made wlLhouL Lhe consenL of Lhe naLlonals or even wlLhouL consulLaLlon wlLh Lhem. Slnce Lhe conLlnued amlLy beLween Lhe SLaLe and oLher counLrles may requlre a saLlsfacLory compromlse of muLual clalms, Lhe necessary power Lo make such compromlse has been recognlzed. 1he seLLlemenL of such clalms may be made by execuLlve agreemenL.
: What must a person who fee|s aggr|eved by the acts of a fore|gn sovere|gn do to espouse h|s cause?
A: under boLh ubllc lnLernaLlonal Law and 1ransnaLlonal Law, a person who feels aggrleved by Lhe acLs of a forelgn soverelgn can ask hls own governmenL Lo espouse hls cause Lhrough dlplomaLlc channels.
"8y Laklng up Lhe case of one of lLs sub[ecLs and by resorLlng Lo dlplomaLlc acLlon or lnLernaLlonal [udlclal proceedlngs on hls behalf, a SLaLe ls ln reallLy asserLlng lLs own rlghLs - lLs rlghL Lo ensure, ln Lhe person of lLs sub[ecLs, respecL for Lhe rules of lnLernaLlonal law."
NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 8 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS
L|ements of State
: What are the e|ements of a state?
A:
1. eop|e an aggregaLe of lndlvlduals of boLh sexes (for perpeLulLy), who llve LogeLher as a communlLy desplLe raclal or culLural dlfferences (permanenL populaLlon). 2. 1err|tory fixed portion of the earths surface which Lhe lnhablLanLs occupy (deflned LerrlLory). 3. Government lL ls Lhe agency Lhrough whlch Lhe wlll of Lhe sLaLe ls formulaLed, expressed and reallzed.
NC1L: 1he rlnclpal ls Lhe SLaLe whlle Lhe CovernmenL ls Lhe AgenL.
4. Independence]sovere|gnty Lhe power of a sLaLe Lo manage lLs exLernal affalrs wlLhouL dlrecLlon or lnLerference from anoLher sLaLe (capaclLy Lo enLer lnLo relaLlons wlLh oLher SLaLes.
: What are the other suggested e|ements of the State?
A:
1. ClvlllzaLlon 2. 8ecognlLlon
: now |s the status of an ent|ty as a State accepted by other States?
A: lL ls Lhrough recogn|t|on whlch ls Lhe acL by whlch anoLher SLaLe acknowledges LhaL Lhe pollLlcal enLlLy recognlzed possesses Lhe aLLrlbuLes of sLaLehood.
Lffect of kecogn|t|on
: What |s the effect of such recogn|ton?
A:
1. Construct|ve Schoo|- lL conslLLuLes or creaLes Lhe sLaLus of a SLaLe as a sub[ecL of law and Lhus glves lL a legal personallLy, 2. Dec|aratory status- recognlLlon merely conflrms Lhe accepaLance by SLaLes of Lhe sLaLus of an enLlLy as a SLaLe. NC1L: 1he prevalllng vlew ls LhaL recognlLlon ls noL an elemenL of sLaLehood !"#$#%%&'#( *+ X,( -../0.
: Is there a duty to recogn|ze a state?
A: no. lL ls a publlc acL of Lhe SLaLe and ls opLlonal and pollLlcal acL and Lhere ls no legal duLy ln Lhls regard.
: Does adm|ss|on of a State |nto the UN s|gn|fy recogn|t|on?
A: ?es.
Art|c|e 4 (1) of the UN Charter
Membershlp ln Lhe unlLed naLlons ls open Lo all oLher peace- lovlng sLaLes whlch accepL Lhe obllgaLlons conLalned ln Lhe presenL CharLer and, ln Lhe [udgmenL of Lhe CrganlzaLlon, are able and wllllng Lo carry ouL Lhese obllgaLlons.
1he admlsslon of any such sLaLe Lo membershlp ln Lhe unlLed naLlons wlll be effecLed by a declslon of Lhe Ceneral Assembly upon Lhe recommendaLlon of Lhe SecurlLy Councll.
1hus, admlsslon Lo membershlp slgnlfles accepLance of sLaLus as a sLaLe for Lhe purposes of lnLernaLlonal law.
VA1ICAN AS A S1A1L
: Is Vat|can a State?
A. ?es. ln Lhe case of Y&%: 811 >+ A&3#56& Lhe SC noLed LhaL Lhe Lateran 1reaty beLween lLaly and Lhe ope esLabllshed Lhe SLaLehood of Lhe vaLlcan for Lhe purpose of assurlng Lo Lhe Poly See absoluLe and vlslble lndependence and of guaranLeelng Lo lL lndlspuLable soverelgnLy also ln Lhe fleld of lnLernaLlonal relaLlons.
NC1L: 1he LaLeran 1reaLy esLabllshed Lhe S1A1LPCCu of Lhe vaLlcan ClLy "for Lhe purpose of assurlng Lo Lhe Poly See absoluLe and vlslble lndependence and of guaranLeelng Lo lL lndlspuLable soverelgnLy also ln Lhe fleld of lnLernaLlonal relaLlons".
lrom Lhe wordlngs of Lhe LaLeran 1reaLy, lL ls dlfflculL Lo deLermlne wheLher Lhe sLaLehood ls vesLed ln Lhe Poly See or ln Lhe vaLlcan ClLy. 1he vaLlcan ClLy flLs lnLo none of Lhe esLabllshed caLegorles of sLaLes, and Lhe aLLrlbuLlon Lo lL of "soverelgnLy" musL be made ln a sense dlfferenL from LhaL ln whlch lL ls applled Lo oLher sLaLes. 1he vaLlcan ClLy represenLs an enLlLy organlzed noL for pollLlcal buL for eccleslasLlcal purposes and lnLernaLlonal ob[ecLs. Q13*641 643 36Z1 #'7 &BP194( 64 E#3 #' 6'71*1'71'4 $&>15'D1'4 &; 643 &N'( N64E 4E1 @&*1( NE& 63 #%3& E1#7 &; 4E1 A&D#' V#4E&%69 VE=59E( #3 4E1 Y&%: 811 &5 Y1#7 &; 84#41( 6' 9&';&5D64: N64E 643 45#7646&'3( #'7 4E1 71D#'73 &; 643 D6336&'+ lndeed, lLs world-wlde lnLeresLs and acLlvlLles are such as Lo make lL ln a sense an "lnLernaLlonal sLaLe".
lL was noLed LhaL Lhe recognlLlon of Lhe vaLlcan ClLy as a sLaLe has slgnlflcanL lmpllcaLlon - LhaL lL ls posslble for any enLlLy pursulng ob[ecLs essenLlally dlfferenL from Lhose NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 9 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS pursued by sLaLes Lo be lnvesLed wlLh lnLernaLlonal personallLy.
Slnce Lhe ope prefers Lo conducL forelgn relaLlons and enLer lnLo LransacLlons as Lhe Poly See and noL ln Lhe name of Lhe vaLlcan ClLy, one can conclude LhaL ln Lhe ope's own vlew, lL ls Lhe Poly See LhaL ls Lhe lnLernaLlonal person.
1he hlllpplnes has accorded Lhe Poly See Lhe sLaLus of a forelgn soverelgn. 1he Poly See, Lhrough lLs Ambassador, Lhe apal nunclo, has had dlplomaLlc represenLaLlons wlLh Lhe hlllpplne governmenL slnce 1937. 1hls appears Lo be Lhe unlversal pracLlce.
LCLL
lL ls a group of lndlvlduals, boLh sexes, llvlng LogeLher as a communlLy. 1hey musL be sufflclenL ln number Lo malnLaln and perpeLuaLe Lhemselves. A causal gaLherlng (sLranded), or socleLy of plraLes would noL consLlLuLe a sLaLe.
: What are the different Meanings of People as used in the Const|tut|on?
A: 1. lnhablLanLs 1
2. LlecLors 2
3. ClLlzens 3
4. Soverelgn 4
: G|ve examp|es of groups of peop|e wh|ch cannot compr|se a State.
A:
1. Amazons - noL of boLh sexes, cannoL perpeLuaLe Lhemselves 2. lraLes - consldered as ouLslde Lhe pale of law, LreaLed as an enemy of all manklnd, "hosLls humanl generls"
1LkkI1Ck
: What |s terr|tory?
A: 1he flxed porLlon of Lhe surface of Lhe earLh lnhablLed by Lhe people of Lhe SLaLe.
lL ls Lhe flxed porLlon on Lhe surface of Lhe LarLh on whlch Lhe SLaLe seLLles and over whlch lL has supreme auLhorlLy.
1 ArLlcle ll, SecLlon 13, 16, ArLlcle lll, SecLlon 2, ArLlcle xlll, SecLlon 1 2 ArLlcle vll, SecLlon 4, ArLlcle xvl, SecLlon 2, ArLlcle xvlll, SecLlon 23 3 ArLlcle ll, SecLlon 4, ArLlcle lll, SecLlon 7. 4 1he people organlzed collecLlvely as a legal assoclaLlon ls Lhe sLaLe whlch soverelgnLy resldes. reamble, ArLlcle ll, SecLlon 1. : Is the s|ze re|evant?
A: no. lL ls lrrelevanL. 1he LerrlLory musL noL be Loo blg as Lo be dlfflculL Lo admlnlsLer and defend, buL musL noL be Loo small as Lo unable Lo provlde for peoples needs.
NC1L: 1he lmporLance of SLaLe LerrlLory lles ln Lhe facL LhaL lL ls Lhe space wlLhln whlch Lhe sLaLe exerclses supreme auLhorlLy.
: Is nomad|c tr|be a State?
A: no.
: What compr|ses the h|||pp|ne Arch|pe|ago?
A:
Art|c|e 1, 1987 Const|tut|on
Art|c|e 1. The national territory comprises Lhe hlllpplne archlpelago, wlLh all Lhe lslands and waLers embraced Lhereln, and all oLher LerrlLorles over whlch Lhe hlllpplnes has soverelgnLy or [urlsdlcLlon, conslsLlng of lLs LerresLrlal, fluvlal and aerlal domalns, lncludlng lLs LerrlLorlal sea, Lhe sea bed, Lhe subsoll, Lhe lnsular shelves, and oLher submarlne areas. 1he waLers around, beLween and connecLlng Lhe lslands of Lhe archlpelago, regardless of Lhelr breadLh and dlmenslons, form parL of Lhe lnLernal waLers of Lhe hlllpplnes.
NC1L: 1hls second senLence of ArLlcle l ls not Lhe Arch|pe|ago Doctr|ne. 1hls ls only our resLaLemenL/reafflrmaLlon of our adherence Lo Lhe Archlpelago uocLrlne slmply because we are an archlpelago conslsLlng of 7,107 lslands. lL ls essenLlal for our naLlonal survlval LhaL we adhere Lo Lhe archlpelago prlnclple.
: What are the components of the nat|ona| terr|tory?
A: lL ls Lhe land mass on whlch people llve. lL may be )($*2+"$*, as ln Lhe case of lran, or 1)&3*34*+*1 as ln Lhe case of Lhe unlLed SLaLes, or lL may be part|y bounded by water llke 8urma, or comp|ete|y surrounded llke lceland, or may cons|st of severa| |s|ands llke Lhe hlllpplne archlpelago.
NC1L: lL lncludes all Lhe lands and lnLernal waLers.
: What compr|ses of the |nterna| waters? NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 10 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS
A: lL refers Lo bodles of waLer wlLhln Lhe land mass, such as rlvers, lakes, canals, gulfs, bays and sLralLs. 1he unCLCS deflnes lnLernal waLers as all waLers on Lhe landward slde of Lhe basellnes of Lhe LerrlLorlal sea.
NC1L: 1hey are Lhose whlch do noL form parL of Lhe marlLlme domaln. (e.g. rlvers, lakes, canals, porLs and harbors)
: May fore|gn vesse| enter |nto the ports and harbors of state |nvok|ng the r|ght of |nnocent passage?
A. no. 1he rlghL of lnnocenL passage may only be lnvoked by forelgn vessel when Lraverslng LerrlLorlal sea whlch ls a parL of marlLlme domaln. WhaL may be lnvoked ls Lhe rlghL of arrlval under dlsLress
Q: What is a man of war?
A: Man of War refers Lo naval vessels/ submarlnes, whlch may lnvoke Lhe rlghL of lnnocenL passage provlded LhaL Lhey navlgaLe on Lhe surface of Lhe waLer and dlsplay Lhelr flags.
1he k|ght of Innocent assage
: What |s the r|ght of |nnocent passage?
A: lnnocenL passage means Lhe rlghL of conLlnuous and expedlLlous navlgaLlon of a forelgn shlp Lhrough Lhe LerrlLorlal sea of a SLaLe for Lhe purpose of Lraverslng LhaL sea wlLhouL enLerlng Lhe lnLernal waLers or calllng aL a roadsLead or porL faclllLy. 1he passage ls lnnocenL as long as lL ls noL pre[udlclal Lo Lhe peace, good order or securlLy of coasLal SLaLe.
navlgaLlon Lhrough Lhe LerrlLorlal sea of a SLaLe for Lhe purpose of Lraverslng LhaL sea wlLhouL enLerlng lnLernal waLers, or of proceedlng Lo lnLernal waLers, or maklng for Lhe hlgh seas from lnLernal waLers, as long as lL ls noL pre[udlclal Lo Lhe peace, good order or securlLy of Lhe coasLal sLaLe.
: What |s the r|ght of trans|t passage?
A: lL has Lhe same concepL wlLh Lhe rlghL of lnnocenL passage. 1he only dlfference beLween Lhe Lwo rlghLs ls LhaL Lhe rlghL of lnnocenL passage may be lnvoked ln case of passage Lhrough a sLralL (sLralL ls a narrow body of waLer separaLlng 2 ma[or lslands).
Arr|va| under stress
Arrlval under sLress or lnvolunLary enLrance may be due Lo lack of provlslons, unseaworLhlness of Lhe vessel, lnclemenL weaLher, or oLher case of force ma[eure, such as pursulL by plraLes.
Mar|t|me doma|n
lL conslsLs of Lhe bodles of waLer wlLhln Lhe land mass and Lhe waLers ad[acenL Lo Lhe coasLs of Lhe sLaLe up Lo a speclflc LerrlLorlal sea.
keg|me of the 1err|tor|a| Sea
: What |s the so-ca||ed reg|me of terr|tor|a| sea?
A: ueflned accordlng Lo whaL we call h|stor|c r|ght or treaty ||m|ts theory, all Lhe non-lnLernal waLers dellneaLed by laLlLudes and longlLudes speclfled ln ArLlcle lll of Lhe 1reaLy of arls of uecember 20, 1898, beLween Lhe uS, are LerrlLorlal ln characLer. 1hey have been regarded by Lhe resL of Lhe world slnce Spaln clalmed Lhem as such afLer lLs dlscovery of Lhe hlllpplnes ln 1321 and such recognlLlon has vesLed hlsLorlc rlghL ln Lhe uS as successor ln lnLeresL, Lo such LerrlLorlal seas.
NC1L: under Lhe unCLCS, Lhe LerrlLorlal sea has a unlform wlLh of 12 mlles measured from Lhe low-waLer mark of Lhe coasL.
1. 1err|tor|a| Sea
12 nauLlcal mlles from Lhe shore beglnnlng from Lhe |ow water mark S , Comprlses Lhe marglnal belL ad[acenL Lo Lhe land area or Lhe coasL lncludes generally Lhe bays, gulfs, and sLralLs whlch do noL have characLer of h|stor|c waters 6
Area where a forelgn sLaLe may exerclse lLs rlghL of lnnocenL passage
LxLends up Lo 24 nauLlcal mlles from Lhe shore beglnnlng from Lhe low waLer mark or LerrlLorlal sea. lmporLance: (a) Lo prevenL lnfrlngemenL of Lhe States fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws within its LerrlLory or lLs LerrlLorlal sea, (b) Lo punlsh such lnfrlngemenL Accordlngly, Lhe coasLal sLaLe may exerclse llmlLed [urlsdlcLlon over Lhe conLlguous zone, Lo prevenL lnfrlngemenL of cusLoms, flscal, lmmlgraLlon or sanlLary laws.
3. Lxc|us|ve Lconom|c 2one (200-M||e LL2 or the atr|mon|a| Sea)
200 nauLlcal mlles from Lhe shore beglnnlng from Lhe low waLer mark or Lhe basellnes
3 Low waLer mark ls Lhe mark of waLer on Lhe shore aL low Llde 6 PlsLorlc waLers are legally parL of lnLernal waLers of Lhe SLaLe NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 11 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS 1he SLaLe has Lhe excluslve [urlsdlcLlon Lo explolL Lhe naLural resources ln seabed, subsoll, or oLher submarlne areas. So LhaL lf Lhe coasLal SLaLe was noLable Lo explolL Lhe naLural resources, forelgn sLaLes may noL explolL Lhe same.
. What |s the reason why the measurement sha|| start from the |ow water mark?
A. lf Lhe measuremenL wlll sLarL from hlgh Llde, Lhe LerrlLorlal sea, conLlguous zone and excluslve economlc zone wlll recede. 1he resulL wlll be Lhe area of Lhe lnLernaLlonal waLers wlll be wlder. 1hus Lhe hlllpplnes cannoL exerclse domlnlon over lL.
4. Cont|nenta| She|f
Comprlses Lhe seabed and subsoll of Lhe submarlne areas LhaL exLend beyond lLs LerrlLorlal sea LhroughouL Lhe naLural prolongaLlon of lLs land LerrlLory Lo Lhe ouLer edge of Lhe conLlnenLal margln or Lhe dlsLance of 200 nauLlcal mlles beyond Lhe basellnes from whlch Lhe breadLh of Lhe LerrlLorlal sea ls measured lf Lhe edge of Lhe conLlnenLal margln does noL exLend up Lhe dlsLance.
S. n|gh Seas
Is res commones open Lo: a. navlgaLlon b. llshlng c. SclenLlflc research and exploraLlon d. Mlnlng e. Laylng of submarlne cables or plpellnes f. CLher human acLlvlLles ln Lhe open sea and ocean floor
1hls ls also LreaLed as 513 9&DD='13 or 513 '=%%6=3( and Lhus, are noL LerrlLory of Lhe any parLlcular sLaLe. 1he LradlLlonal vlew ls freedom of the h|gh seas- Lhey are open and avallable, wlLhouL desLrucLlon, Lo Lhe use of all SLaLes for Lhe purpose sLaLe above.
Q: What is the Ireedom of Nav|gat|on?
A: lL ls Lhe rlghL Lo sall shlps on seas whlch ls open Lo all SLaLes and land-locked counLrles.
G.k.: vessels salllng on Lhe hlgh seas are sub[ecL only Lo Lhe lnLernaLlonal law and law of Lhe flag sLaLe
kNS:
a) lorelgn merchanL shlps vlolaLlng Lhe laws of a coasLal SLaLe, b) lraLe shlps, c) Slave Lrade shlps, any shlp engage ln unauLhorlzed broadcasLlng, and d) Shlps wlLhouL naLlonallLy, or flylng a false flag or refuslng Lo show lLs flag when requlred Lo do so.
Q: What is Flag State?
A: State whose nationality (Ships registration) the ship possesses, for lLs naLlonallLy whlch glves Lhe rlghL Lo fly countrys flag
Doctr|ne of not ursu|t
: What |s the Doctr|ne of not ursu|t?
A: 1he pursulL of a forelgn vessel underLaken Lhe coasLal State which has good reason to believe that the ship has violated the laws and regulations of that State provided LhaL Lhe followlng elemenLs are presenL:
1. ursulL commences from lnLernal waLer, LerrlLorlal sea, conLlguous zone of Lhe pursulng SLaLe, and may noL be conLlnued ouLslde lf Lhe pursulL has noL been lnLerrupLed, 2. lL ls conLlnuous and unabaLed, 3. ursulL conducLed by a warshlp, mlllLary alrcrafL, or governmenL shlps auLhorlzed for Lhe purpose
1hus, lf an offense ls commlLLed by a forelgn merchanL vessel wlLhln Lhe LerrlLorlal waLers of Lhe coasLal sLaLe, lLs own vessels may pursue Lhe offendlng vessel lnLo Lhe open sea and upon capLure brlng lL back Lo lLs LerrlLory for punlshmenL. ?eL, Lo be lawful, Lhe pursulL musL have begun before Lhe offendlng vessel has lefL Lhe LerrlLorlal sea, or Lhe conLlguous zone of Lhe coasLal sLaLe, Lhe pursulL musL be conLlnuous and unabaLed, and lL ceases as soon as Lhe shlp belng pursued enLers Lhe LerrlLorlal sea of lLs own or of a Lhlrd sLaLe.
: When does the pursu|t ceases?
A. 1he pursulL ceases when as soon as Lhe forelgn shlp belng pursued enLers Lhe LerrlLorlal sea of lLs own or LhaL of a Lhlrd SLaLe.
: D|st|ngu|sh the f|ag state and the f|ag of conven|ence
A. llag sLaLe means a shlp has Lhe naLlonallLy of Lhe flag of Lhe sLaLe lL flles, buL Lhere musL be a genulne llnk beLween Lhe sLaLe and Lhe shlp (ArLlcle 91 of Lhe ConvenLlon on Lhe Law of Lhe Sea).
llag of convenlence refers Lo a sLaLe wlLh whlch a vessel ls reglsLered for varlous reasons such as low or non-exlsLenL LaxaLlon or low operaLlng cosLs alLhough Lhe shlp has no genulne llnk wlLh Lhe sLaLe.
NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 12 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS
Un|ted Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas
lL changes Lhe exLenL of LerrlLorlal seas from 3 nauLlcal mlles Lo 12 nauLlcal mlles from Lhe shore of Lhe sea beglnnlng from Lhe low waLer mark.
: What |s the 3 Naut|ca| M||es L|m|t ku|e?
A: lL ls also known as Lhe CANON SHOT RULE because lL ls Lhe maxlmum effecLlve range of a canon durlng Lhe Llme before Lhe unCLCS was held.
Aer|a| Doma|n
: What |s A|r Space?
A: lL ls Lhe alrspace above Lhe hlgh seas ls open Lo all alrcrafL, [usL as Lhe hlgh sea ls accesslble Lo shlps of all SLaLes. 1he SLaLe whose aerlal space ls vlolaLed can Lake measure Lo proLecL lLself, buL lL does noL mean LhaL Lhe SLaLes have unllmlLed rlghL Lo aLLack Lhe lnLrudlng alrcrafL.
lL ls Lhe alrspace above Lhe LerrlLorlal domaln and Lhe marlLlme and fluvlal domaln of Lhe sLaLe, Lo an unllmlLed alLlLude buL noL lncludlng ouLer space.
: May foreign aircraft pass Philippines aerial domain |nvok|ng the r|ght of |nnocent passage?
A: no. Lvery SLaLe has Lhe excluslve [urlsdlcLlon over lLs aerlal domaln. 1here ls no such rlghL as lnnocenL passage ln aerlal domaln. 1here musL be LreaLy/agreemenL allowlng such passage.
1nL CU1Lk SACL
1he rules governlng hlgh seas also apply Lo ouLer space, whlch ls consldered as 513 9&DD='13. SLaLes have Lhe rlghL Lo launch saLelllLes ln orblL over Lhe LerrlLorlal alr space of Lhe oLher sLaLe.
: Who owns the outer space?
A: lL is res commones.
NC1L: AS18CnAu1S are ambassadors of humanklnd under Lhe Lheory LhaL Lhere are oLher belngs ln ouLer space. 1hus every SLaLe has llablllLy Lo render asslsLance Lo an asLronauL under dlsLress.
1he Cuter Space 1reaty
CuLer space ls free for exploraLlon and use by all SLaLes, lL cannoL be annexed by any SLaLe, and lL may be used excluslvely for peacefu| purposes. 1hus, nuclear weapons of mass desLrucLlon may noL be placed ln orblL around Lhe earLh. : What are the d|fferent modes of acqu|s|t|on of terr|tory?
1. ulscovery and occupaLlon of a LerrlLory noL sub[ecL Lo Lhe conLroversy of any oLher SLaLe, 7
2. rescrlpLlon by whlch LlLle ls acqulred by effecLlve or occupaLlon over a perlod of Llme, 8
3. Cesslon whlch ls Lhe Lransfer LerrlLory by LreaLyl 9
4. ConquesL 10
3. AccreLlon whlch ls Lhe naLural process of land formaLlon resulLlng ln Lhe lncrease of LerrlLory. 11
D|scovery and Cccupat|on
: What |s the Doctr|ne of Lffect|ve Cccupat|on?
A: under Lhls docLrlne, dlscovery alone ls noL enough. Mere dlscovery glves only an lnchoaLe rlghL Lo Lhe dlscoverer. lor LlLle Lo flnally vesL, dlscovery musL be followed by effect|ve occupat|on ln a reasonable Llme and aLLesLaLlon of Lhe same.
lL ls Lhe effecLlve exerclse of soverelgnLy over a LerrlLory whlch ls 4155# '=%%6=3 or noL under Lhe soverelgnLy of anoLher sLaLe.
Accordlngly, Lhe naLlonals of Lhe dlscoverlng sLaLe, ln lLs name or by lLs auLhorlLy, musL flrsL Lake possesslon of Lhe LerrlLory. 1hereafLer, Lhey musL esLabllsh Lhereon an organlzaLlon or governmenL capable of maklng lLs laws respecLed.
: What |s effect|ve occupat|on?
A: lL means conLlnued dlsplay of auLhorlLy whlch lnvolves 2 elemenLs:
1. lnLenLlon and wlll Lo acL as soverelgn, 2. Some acLual exerclse or dlsplay of such auLhorlLy.
NC1L: ulscovery alone merely creaLes an lnchoaLe rlghL, lL musL be followed by occupaLlon.
rescr|pt|on
lL ls Lhe acqu|s|t|on of sovere|gnty over a terr|tory through cont|nuous and und|sturbed exerc|se of sovere|gnty over |t
7 ulscovery and CccupaLlon whlch are Lerra nulllus (land belonglng Lo no one) 8 rescrlpLlon, 1errlLory may also be acqulred Lhrough conLlnuous and unlnLerrupLed possesslon over a long perlod of Llme. 9 Cesslon by 1reaLy, Lxamples are 1reaLy of arls, LreaLy beLween lrance and uS cedlng Loulslana Lo Lhe laLLer and LreaLy beLween 8ussla and uS cedlng Alaska Lo Lhe laLLer 10 ConquesL or Sub[ugaLlon (conqulsLadores)Lhls ls no longer recognlzed, lnasmuch as Lhe un CharLer prohlblLs resorL Lo LhreaL or use of force agalnsL Lhe LerrlLorlal lnLegrlLy or pollLlcal lndependence of any sLaLe 11 AccreLlon, lL ls Lhe lncrease ln Lhe land area of Lhe SLaLe, elLher Lhrough naLural means, or arLlflclally, Lhrough human labor. NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 13 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS dur|ng such per|od as |s necessary Lo creaLe under Lhe lnfluence of hlsLorlcal developmenL Lhe general convlcLlon LhaL Lhe presenL condlLlon of Lhlngs ls ln conformlLy wlLh Lhe lnLernaLlonal order.
: Ior prescr|pt|on to set |n, what |s the per|od requ|red by the |aw?
A: ln lnLernaLlonal law, Lhere ls no rule of Lhumb as Lo Lhe lengLh of Llme for acqulslLlon of LerrlLory Lhrough prescrlpLlon. ln Lhls connecLlon, conslder Lhe Grot|us Doctr|ne of |mmemor|a| prescr|pt|on, whlch speaks of unlnLerrupLed possesslon golng beyond memory.
: What are the 2 parts of the nat|ona| terr|tory?
A: 1. 1he hlllpplne archlpelago wlLh all Lhe lslands and waLers embraced Lhereln, and 2. All oLher LerrlLorles over whlch Lhe hlllpplnes has soverelgnLy or [urlsdlcLlon
Cess|on
lL ls a bllaLeral mode of acqulslLlon, Lhe oLher modes belng unllaLeral. lL ls derlvaLlve mode slnce lLs valldlLy depends on Lhe valld LlLle of Lhe cedlng sLaLe, Lhe cesslonary sLaLe cannoL have more rlghLs Lhan whaL Lhe cedlng sLaLe possessed.
CessaLlon may be vo|untary, Lhrough a LreaL of sale or LreaLy of donaLlon. Cessat|on may also be lnvolunLary or forced.
Conquest
1hls mode of acqulslLlon ls no longer recognlzed, lnasmuch as Lhe un CharLer prohlblLs resorL Lo LhreaL or use of force agalnsL Lhe LerrlLorlal lnLegrlLy or pollLlcal lndependence of any SLaLe. 1hus, under Lhe 846D3&' Q&9456'1, whlch forbade recognlLlon of any governmenL seL up Lhrough exLernal aggresslon, conquesL was noL consldered as a valld mode of acqulrlng LerrlLory.
1he St|mson Doctr|ne
1he po||cy of expans|on|sm |n Ch|na pursued by Lhe auLonomous kwangLung Army of !apan acceleraLed ln Lhe laLe 1920s and early 1930s and became a ma[or concern of Lhe u.S. CovernmenL. Cn SepLember 18, 1931, !apanese soldlers guardlng Lhe SouLh Manchurlan 8allway blew up parL of Lhe Lrack ln order Lo manufacLure an excuse Lo selze Manchurla proper. Secretary of State nenry L. St|mson reacLed Lo whaL he regarded as a vlolaLlon of lnLernaLlonal law as well as LreaLles LhaL Lhe !apanese CovernmenL had slgned. Slnce calls for a cessaLlon of hosLlllLles beLween Chlna and !apan falled and resldenL PerberL Poover had re[ecLed economlc sancLlons ln prlnclple, SLlmson declared ln !anuary 1932 LhaL Lhe 5676 8/9*+(3*($ :/',1 (/$ +*#/2();* "(< $*++)$/+)", /+ "13)()&$+"$)9* #="(2*& $=* >"!"(*&* 3)2=$ )3!/&* '!/( ?=)("6 1he SLlmson uocLrlne was echoed ln March 1932 by Lhe Assembly of Lhe League of naLlons, whlch unanlmously adopLed an anLl-!apanese resoluLlon lncorporaLlng vlrLually verbaLlm Lhe St|mson Doctr|ne of non- recogn|t|on. Powever, as Lhe SecreLary of SLaLe laLer reallzed, he had aL hls dlsposal only "spears of sLraws and swords of lce." ln shorL order, !apanese represenLaLlves slmply walked ouL of Lhe League, and Lhe kwangLung Army formallzed lLs conquesL of Manchurla by esLabllshlng Lhe puppet state of Manchukuo under former Chlnese emperor u-?l. When war beLween !apan and Chlna broke ouL followlng a mlnor clash beLween mlllLary unlLs aL Lhe Marco olo 8rldge ln 1937, Lhe lmpoLence of Lhe "SLlmson uocLrlne" became even more apparenL. ln oLher words, Lhls documenL baslcally sald LhaL Lhe uS was noL Lo recognlze any admlnlsLraLlve or LerrlLorlal changes LhaL !apan lmposed upon Chlna. 1hls was also recognlzed when speaklng of Lhe SovleL unlon Laklng over Lhree 8alLlc counLrles. lL was Lhe ldea of forced expanslonlsm prevenLlon.
Accret|on
1hls ls Lhe lncrease ln Lhe land area of Lhe SLaLe, elLher Lhrough naLural means or arLlflclally Lhrough human labour. 1he 8194&5 @56'96*%1, applled ln Lhe olar reglon of Lhe ArcLlc and AnLarLlca.
Sector r|nc|p|e
1he prlnclple on whlch clalms Lo LerrlLory ln Lhe ArcLlc and AnLarcLlc are made. 1he LerrlLory ls shared ouL ln Lhe form of arblLrary secLors, each one havlng an apex aL Lhe poles and lncludlng an ouLer area bounded by Lhe coasL. 1he prlnclple has worked well ln esLabllshlng conLrol of Lhe ArcLlc lce, buL Lhere are dlspuLed clalms over Lhe land mass of Lhe AnLarcLlc whlch may posslbly yleld mlneral resources.
h|||pp|ne Arch|pe|ago
1. 1reaLy of arls, uecember 10, 1898 Cesslon of Lhe hlllpplne lslands by Spaln Lo Lhe unlLed SLaLes, 2. 1reaLy beLween Spaln and uS aL WashlngLon, november 7, 1900lncluslon of Cagayan, Sulu and SlbuLo, 3. 1reaLy beLween uS and C8, !anuary 2, 1930 lncluslon of 1urLle and Mangsee lslands
: What are the other terr|tor|es over wh|ch the h|||pp|nes has sovere|gnty or [ur|sd|ct|on?
A:
1. 8aLanes(1933 ConsLlLuLlon), NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 14 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS 2. 1hose conLemplaLed under ArLlcle l, 1973 ConsLlLuLlonbelonglng Lo Lhe hlllpplnes by hlsLorlc rlghL or legal LlLle, 3. u 1396, !une 11, 1978-- constituting the Spratlys Croup of lslands as a regular munlclpallLy clalmlng lL Lhe MunlclpallLy of kalayaan, placlng lL under Lhe rovlnce of alawan
Arch|pe|ag|c Doctr|ne
: What |s the Arch|pe|ag|c Doctr|ne?
A: lL emphaslzes Lhe unlLy of Lhe land and waLers by deflnlng an archlpelago as group of lslands surrounded by waLers or a body of waLers sLudded wlLh lslands.
Accordlngly, all Lhe waLers around, beLween and connecLlng Lhe lsland of Lhe archlpelago, regardless of Lhelr breadLh or dlmenslon, are Lo be LreaLed as lnLernal waLers.
Note: An lmaglnary slngle basellne ls drawn around Lhe lslands by [olnlng approprlaLe polnLs of Lhe ouLermosL lslands of Lhe archlpelago wlLh sLralghL llnes and all lslands and waLers enclosed wlLhln Lhe basellne form parL of lLs LerrlLory.
CorrelaLe Lhls docLrlne Lo rlghL of lnnocenL of passage, rlghL of arrlval under sLress and unCLCS requlrlng Lhe deslgnaLlon of archlpelaglc seaways so LhaL forelgn vessels may pass Lhrough an archlpelago.
: What are the purposes of th|s doctr|ne?
A:
a. 1errlLorlal lnLegrlLy b. naLlonal SecurlLy c. Lconomlc reasons
lL ls sald LhaL Lhe purpose of archlpelaglc docLrlne ls Lo proLecL Lhe LerrlLorlal lnLegrlLy of Lhe archlpelago. WlLhouL lL, Lhere would be pockets of high seas beLween some of our lslands and lsleLs, Lhus forelgn vessels would be able Lo pass through these pockets of seas and would have no [urlsdlcLlon over Lhem.
1he Sprat|ys Group of Is|ands
: Do you cons|der the Sprat|ys Group of Is|ands as part of h|||pp|ne Arch|pe|ago?
A. SpraLlys Croup of lslands ls noL parL of Lhe hlllpplne Archlpelago because lL ls Loo far away from Lhe Lhree maln lslands of Lhe hlllpplnes. lL ls found, geographlcally, almosL ln Lhe mlddle of Lhe SouLh Chlna Sea. lL ls noL parL of Lhe hlllpplne Archlpelago. PlsLorlcally, when we Lalk abouL hlllpplne Archlpelago, we refer Lo Lhose lslands and waLers LhaL were ceded by Lhe Spaln Lo Lhe unlLed SLaLes by vlrLue of 1reaLy of arls ln 1898. And LhaL dld noL lnclude Lhe SpraLlys Croup of lslands yeL. under Lhe LreaLy, Lhe lslands LhaL were ceded by Spaln were ldenLlfledLhe maln lslandsLuzon, vlsayas and Mlndanao. Clearly, lL dld noL lnclude Lhe SpraLlys Croup of lslands.
SpraLlys Croup of lslands was only dlscovered someLlme ln the 1950s by a Filipino, Tomas Cloma. The latter waived his rlghLs over Lhe lslands ln favor of Lhe hlllpplne CovernmenL. ln effecL, Lhe governmenL sLepped lnLo Lhe shoes of Lhe dlscoverer. 8y Lhen resldenL Marcos, whaL he dld Lhe momenL 1omas Cloma walved hls rlghLs over Lhe SpraLlys Croup of lslands, ls Lo have Lhe lslands lmmedlaLely occupled by hlllpplne Lroops. Pe Lhen lssued u 1396, consLlLuLlng Lhe SpraLlys Croup of lslands as a regular munlclpallLy clalmlng lL Lhe MunlclpallLy of kalayaan placlng lL under Lhe rovlnce of alawan. And Lhen he had Lhe elecLlons lmmedlaLely held ln Lhe lslands so from LhaL Llme on unLll now, we conLlnue Lo hold elecLlons Lhere. 1he hlllpplne exerclses noL only [urlsdlcLlon buL also soverelgnLy over Lhe SpraLlys Croup of lslands, yeL lL ls noL parL of Lhe hlllpplne Archlpelago. Ceographlcally, lL ls Loo far away from Lhe hlllpplne Archlpelago.
Cn May 20, 1980, Lhe hlllpplnes reglsLered lLs clalm wlLh Lhe un SecreLarlaL. 1he hlllpplne clalm Lo Lhe lslands ls [usLlfled by reason of hlsLory, lndlspensable need, and effecLlve occupaLlon and conLrol. 1hus, ln accordance wlLh Lhe lnLernaLlonal law, Lhe SpraLlys Croup of lslands ls sub[ecL Lo Lhe soverelgnLy of Lhe hlllpplnes.
: Do you cons|der the Sprat|ys group of Is|ands as part of our Nat|ona| 1err|tory?
A. Yes. Article I of the Constitution provides: UE1 '#46&'#% 415564&5: 9&D*56313 4E1 @E6%6**6'1 #59E6*1%#$&( 2 2 2( #'7 #%% &4E15 415564&5613 &>15 NE69E 4E1 @E6%6**6'13 E#3 3&>1516$'4: &5 jurisdiction, x x x. 1he SpraLlys Croup of lslands falls under the second phrase and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction. It is part of our naLlonal LerrlLory because hlllpplnes exerclse soverelgnLy (Lhrough elecLlon of publlc offlclals) over SpraLlys Croup of lslands.
: What was the basis of the Philippines claim over the Sprat|ys?
A. 1hrough dlscovery of 1omas Cloma and occupaLlon.
SCVLkLIGN1
: What |s sovere|gnty?
A: lL ls Lhe supreme legal auLhorlLy ln relaLlon Lo Lhe sub[ecLs wlLhln lLs LerrlLorlal domaln.
NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 13 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS lL means freedom from outs|de contro| |n the conduct of |ts fore|gn and |nterna| affa|rs.
NC1L: ln Lhe lnLernaLlonal sphere, there is the co-exlsLence of soverelgnLles under Lhe condlLlons of lndependence and equallLy. 1he soverelgnLy of one SLaLe ends where Lhe soverelgnLy of anoLher SLaLe beglns.
: now then |s state sovere|gnty def|ned |n |nternat|ona| |aw?
A: lL ls Lhe rlghL Lo exerclse ln a deflnlLe porLlon of Lhe globe Lhe funcLlons of a sLaLe Lo Lhe excluslon of any oLher SLaLe.
NC1L: lL ls lmporLanL Lo vlew soverelgnLy ln lnLernaLlonal law as Lhe soverelgnLy of one SLaLe ln relaLlon Lo Lhe soverelgnLy of anoLher SLaLe ln condlLlons of co-exlsLence.
a. Lega|- soverelgnLy ls Lhe auLhorlLy whlch has Lhe power Lo lssue flnal commands. ln our counLry, Lhe Congress ls Lhe legal soverelgn. b. o||t|ca|- Sum LoLal of all Lhe lnfluences of a SLaLe, legal and non-legal whlch deLermlne Lhe course of law c. Interna|- lL refers Lo Lhe power of Lhe SLaLe Lo conLrol lLs domesLlc affalrs. lL ls Lhe supreme power over everyLhlng wlLhln lLs LerrlLory. d. Lxterna|- Also known as ['71*1'71'91\ whlch ls freedom from exLernal conLrol. lL ls Lhe power of SLaLe Lo dlrecL lLs relaLlons wlLh oLher SLaLes
: What are the character|st|cs of sovere|gnty?I 3 A
NC1L: 1hese characLerlsLlcs are only Lrue ln uCMLS1lC SPL8LS buL nC1 ln wlLh respecL Lo ln1L8nA1lCnAL LAW.
: D|st|ngu|sh sovere|gnty vs. dom|n|on.
A:
SCVLkLIGN1 DCMINICN SoverelgnLy ls Lhe rlghL Lo exerclse Lhe funcLlons of a SLaLe Lo Lhe excluslon of any oLher SLaLe. lL ls ofLen referred Lo as Lhe power of lmperlum, whlch ls deflned as Lhe governmenL auLhorlLy possessed by Lhe SLaLe. uomlnlon, or domlnlum, ls Lhe capaclLy of Lhe SLaLe Lo own or acqulre properLy such as lands and naLural resources.
: Is sovere|gnty abso|ute?
A: Whlle soverelgnLy has LradlLlonally been deemed absoluLe and all encompasslng on Lhe domesLlc level, lL ls sub[ecL Lo resLrlcLlons and llmlLaLlons volunLarlly agreed Lo by Lhe hlllpplnes, expressly or lmplledly, as a member of Lhe lamlly of naLlons.
: What are the ||m|tat|ons of the sovere|gnty?
A: So Lhese are Lhe llmlLaLlons of Lhe soverelgnLy ln Lhe fleld of lnLernaLlonal relaLlons:
1. llmlLaLlons broughL abouL by Lhe enLry lnLo LreaLles wlLh oLher sLaLes, 2. llmlLaLlons broughL abouL by [olnlng Lhe lamlly of naLlons !U#]#7# >3+ T'$#5# HA+ I&+ ,,K-^/ "#: ,^^L0
NC1L: 1he ConsLlLuLlon does noL envlslon a hermlL Lype lsolaLlon of Lhe counLry from Lhe resL of Lhe world.
8y Lhe docLrlne of lncorporaLlon, Lhe counLry ls bound by generally accepLed prlnclples of lnLernaLlonal law, whlch are consldered Lo be auLomaLlcally parL of our own laws.
1he consLlLuLlonal pollcy of a "self-rellanL and lndependenL naLlonal economy" does noL necessarlly rule ouL Lhe enLry of forelgn lnvesLmenLs, goods and servlces. lL conLemplaLes nelLher "economlc secluslon" nor "mendlcancy ln Lhe lnLernaLlonal communlLy" !U#]#7# >3+ T'$#5# HA+ I&+ ,,K-^/ "#: ,^^L0+
acta Sunt Servanda
: What |s the pr|nc|p|e of !"#$" &'($ &*+9"(1"?
A: 1he |nternat|ona| agreements must be performed |n good fa|th. A LreaLy engagemenL ls noL a mere moral obllgaLlon buL creaLes a legally blndlng obllgaLlon on Lhe parLles. A sLaLe whlch has conLracLed a valld lnLernaLlonal agreemenL ls bound Lo make ln lLs leglslaLlon such modlflcaLlon as may be necessary Lo ensure fulflllmenL of Lhe obllgaLlon underLaken. Accordlngly, SLaLes may noL advance Lhe provlslons of Lhelr own ConsLlLuLlon as well as Lhe acL of Lhelr own laws ln order NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 16 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS noL Lo comply wlLh Lhelr obllgaLlons under a LreaLy. SLaLes are supposed Lo make Lhe necessary modlflcaLlons ln Lhelr obllgaLlons under a LreaLy. A treaty engagement |s not a mere mora| ob||gat|on but creates a |ega||y b|nd|ng ob||gat|on on the part|es. A sLaLe whlch has conLracLed valld lnLernaLlonal obllgaLlons ls bound Lo make ln lLs leglslaLlons such modlflcaLlons as may be necessary Lo ensure Lhe fulflllmenL of Lhe obllgaLlons underLaken. 8y Lhelr lnherenL naLure, treat|es rea||y ||m|t or restr|ct the abso|uteness of sovere|gnty. 8y Lhelr volunLary acL, naLlons may surrender some aspecLs of Lhelr sLaLe power ln exchange for greaLer beneflLs granLed by or derlved from a convenLlon or pacL. AfLer all, sLaLes, llke lndlvlduals, llve wlLh coequals, and ln pursulL of muLually covenanLed ob[ecLlves and beneflLs, Lhey also commonly agree Lo llmlL Lhe exerclse of Lhelr oLherwlse absoluLe rlghLs. 1hus, LreaLles have been used Lo record agreemenLs beLween SLaLes concernlng such wldely dlverse maLLers as, for example, Lhe lease of naval bases, Lhe sale or cesslon of LerrlLory, Lhe LermlnaLlon of war, Lhe regulaLlon of conducL of hosLlllLles, Lhe formaLlon of alllances, Lhe regulaLlon of commerclal relaLlons, Lhe seLLllng of clalms, Lhe laylng down of rules governlng conducL ln peace and Lhe esLabllshmenL of lnLernaLlonal organlzaLlons. 1he soverelgnLy of a sLaLe Lherefore cannoL ln facL and ln reallLy be consldered absoluLe (1anada v. Angara). Doctr|ne of Auto-L|m|tat|on
: What |s the doctr|ne of auto-||m|tat|on?
A: lL ls Lhe docLrlne where Lhe hlllpplnes adhere Lo prlnclples of lnLernaLlonal law as a llmlLaLlon Lo Lhe exerclse of lLs soverelgnLy.
Accordlngly, we agreed Lo surrender some of our soverelgn rlghLs ln exchange for greaLer beneflLs LhaL we may derlve by enLerlng lnLo LreaLles or by [olnlng Lhe lamlly of naLlons.
NC1L: When Lhe hlllpplnes [olned Lhe unlLed naLlons as one of lLs 31 charLer members, lL consenLed Lo resLrlcL lLs soverelgn rlghLs under Lhe "concepL of soverelgnLy as auLo- llmlLaLlon.
Lex poster|or derogate pr|or|
: What |s the doctr|ne of @*. !/&$*+)/+ 1*+/2"$* !+)/+)?
A: ln SLaLes where Lhe consLlLuLlon ls Lhe hlghesL law of Lhe land, boLh sLaLuLes and LreaLles may be lnvalldaLed lf Lhey are ln confllcL wlLh Lhe ConsLlLuLlon (SecreLary of !usLlce vs. LanLlon, C.8. no. 139463, !anuary 18, 2000).
LIILC1S CI CnANGL CI SCVLkLIGN1
: What are the effects |n Change of Sovere|gnty?
A: ollLlcal laws are abrogaLed, munlclpal laws remaln ln force
I||ustrat|on: When Lhe Spanlsh ceded Lhe hlllpplnes Lo Lhe uS under Lhe 1reaty of ar|s (uecember 10, 1989) 1he effecL of Lhe change of soverelgnLy of Lhe former soverelgn are noL merely suspended buL abrogaLed. uurlng Lhe Amerlcan occupaLlon, Lhe Spanlsh Clvll Code conLlnued Lo Lake effecL. 1he uS dld noL modlfy lL.
: G|ve the effects of a change of sovere|gnty on mun|c|pa| |aws.
A:
1. Laws parLaklng of a pollLlcal complexlon are abrogaLed auLomaLlcally. 2. Laws regulaLlng prlvaLe and domesLlc rlghLs conLlnue ln force unLll changed or abrogaLed.
: What are the effects of 8e|||gerent Cccupat|on?
A: no change ln soverelgnLy.
CLI1ICAL LAWS NCN-CLI1ICAL LAWS IUDICIAL DLCISICNS Suspended sub[ecL Lo revlval under Lhe prlnclple of P=3 *&346%6D6'6 upon Lhe end of Lhe occupaLlon, non affecLed:
a. non-pollLlcal laws are laws lnLended Lo govern Lhe relaLlons of lndlvlduals as among Lhemselves, b. ollLlcal laws are laws lnLended Lo govern Lhe relaLlons beLween Lhe lnhablLanLs and Lhe sLaLe. 1hey are valld durlng Lhe occupaLlon and even beyond lL, excepL Lhose of pollLlcal complexlon, whlch ls auLomaLlcally annulled upon Lhe resLoraLlon of Lhe leglLlmaLe auLhorlLy. 1hls applles only Lo clvlllans and noL Lo members of Lhe armed forces, excepL laws on Lreason because Lreason ls a breach of
NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 17 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS alleglance Lo Lhe soverelgn.
Note: Slnce Lhe pollLlcal laws were merely suspended, Lhey were sub[ecL Lo revlval upon Lhe reLurn of Lhe soverelgn under Lhe Doctr|ne of Ius ost|||m|num. !!/&$ D1#'3 beyond; ,)3)( means boundary)
r|nc|p|e of State Cont|nu|ty
: What |s the pr|nc|p|e of State Cont|nu|ty?
A: lL ls Lhe prlnclple whlch sLaLes LhaL Lhe dlsappearance of any of Lhe elemenLs of sLaLehood would cause Lhe exLlncLlon of Lhe SLaLe, buL mere changes as to one or more of those e|ements wou|d not necessar||y, as a ru|e, br|ng about such ext|nct|on.
Also, Lhe ldenLlLy of Lhe SLaLe ln lnLernaLlonal law ls noL affecLed by changes ln Lhe governmenL, wheLher broughL abouL legally or lllegally by revoluLlon or coup detat.
: uurlng Lhe !apanese CccupaLlon, was Lhere a change ln Lhe soverelgnLy durlng such perlod (1941-1943)?
A: no. 1he soverelgnLy over Lhe counLry remalned wlLh Lhe Amerlcans because Lhe Amerlcans never ceded Lhe hlllpplnes Lo !apan. WhaL Lhe !apanese mlllLary occupanLs performed Lhere were noL soverelgnLy buL acLs of soverelgnLy. ?ou have Lo dlsLlngulsh beLween soverelgnLy lLself and acLs of soverelgnLy because Lhe characLerlsLlcs of soverelgnLy are abso|ute, |nd|v|s|b|e, |mprescr|pt|b|e and comprehens|ve. SoverelgnLy over Lhe hlllpplnes remalned ln Lhe hlllpplnes alLhough Lhe ones LhaL performed Lhe acLs of soverelgnLy were !apanese, Lhe occupanLs.
Doctr|ne of >'& A/&$),)3)('3
: What |s the doctr|ne of >'& A/&$),,)3)('3B
A: lL sLaLes LhaL aL Lhe end of Lhe occupaLlon, when Lhe occupanL ls ousLed from Lhe LerrlLory, Lhe pollLlcal laws whlch have been suspended shall auLomaLlcally become effecLlve agaln !UE&31 4#S1' B1:&'7 B&='7#5: N6%% %&31 4E165 34#4=3 B=4 N6%% B1 51$#6'17 =*&' 514=5' 4& 643 B&='7#5:+0
NC1L: 1he rule LhaL pollLlcal laws are merely suspended does nC1 AL? Lo Lhe members of Lhe Armed lorces who remalned sub[ecLs of ArLlcles of War as Lhe naLlonal uefense AcL as well as Lhe ArLlcles of War, even durlng Lhe !apanese occupaLlon. Such rule applles only Lo Lhe ClvlLlAnS ln Lhe occupled LerrlLory !A=;;: >+ VE61; &; 84#;;0.
Gk: ollLlcal laws were suspended durlng Lhe !apanese occupaLlon.
kN: Law on 18LASCn (breach of alleglance Lo soverelgn as shown by Lhe exLernal acLs of glvlng ald Lo Lhe enemles) alLhough lL ls a specle of pollLlcal law. lL ls a specles of pollLlcal law yeL lL remalned valld and effecLlve because lL ls a war offense
1reason ls an offense LhaL can only be commlLLed ln Llmes of war. WhaL ls really punlshed ln Lreason ls noL Lhe acL of glvlng ald and comforL Lo Lhe enemles ln Llmes of war.
NC1L: As for [udlclal declslons Lhe same are valld durlng Lhe occupaLlon and even beyond excepL Lhose of a pollLlcal complexlon, whlch are auLomaLlcally annulled upon Lhe resLoraLlon of Lhe leglLlmaLe auLhorlLy.
Cnly Lhose declslons of pollLlcal complexlon auLomaLlcally fall Lo Lhe ground upon Lhe reLurn of Lhe uS (for example) buL ln common crlmes llke rape, robbery, kldnapplng, [udgmenL remalns valld even lf Lhey were rendered ln a !apanese creaLed courL.
: What |s the effect of change of sovere|gnty when the Spa|n ceded the h|||pp|nes to the U.S.?
A: 1he effecL ls LhaL Lhe pollLlcal laws of Lhe former soverelgn are '&4 D151%: 3=3*1'717 B=4 #B5&$#417+ As Lhey regulaLe Lhe relaLlons beLween Lhe ruler and Lhe ruled, Lhese laws fall Lo Lhe ground 6*3& ;#94& unless they are retained or re-enacted by positive act of the new sovereign. Non-political laws, by conLrasL, conLlnue ln operaLlon, for Lhe reason also LhaL Lhey regulaLe prlvaLe relaLlons only, unless Lhey are changed by Lhe new soverelgn or are conLrary Lo lLs lnsLlLuLlons.
: What |s the effect of Iapanese occupat|on to the sovere|gnty of the U.S. over the h|||pp|nes?
A: SoverelgnLy ls noL deemed suspended alLhough acLs of soverelgnLy cannoL be exerclsed by Lhe leglLlmaLe auLhorlLy. 1hus, soverelgnLy over Lhe hlllpplnes remalned wlLh Lhe u.S. alLhough Lhe Amerlcans could noL exerclse any conLrol over Lhe occupled LerrlLory aL Lhe Llme. WhaL Lhe belllgerenL occupanL Look over was merely Lhe exerclse of acLs of soverelgnLy.
: D|st|ngu|sh between Span|sh secess|on to the U.S. and Iapanese occupat|on dur|ng WWII regard|ng the po||t|ca| |aws of the h|||pp|nes.
A: 1here belng no change of soverelgnLy durlng Lhe belllgerenL occupaLlon of !apan, Lhe pollLlcal laws of Lhe occupled LerrlLory are D151%: 3=3*1'717, sub[ecL Lo revlval under P=3 *&34%6D6'6=Dupon Lhe end of Lhe occupaLlon. ln both cases, however, non-political laws, remains effective.
: Was there a case of suspended a||eg|ance dur|ng the Iapanese occupat|on?
NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 18 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS
A: none. AdopLlon of Lhe Lheory of suspended alleglance would lead Lo dlsasLrous consequences for small and weak naLlons or sLaLes, and would be repugnanL Lo Lhe laws of humanlLy and requlremenLs of publlc consclence, for lL would allow lnvaders Lo legally recrulL or enllsL Lhe qulsllng lnhablLanLs of Lhe occupled LerrlLory Lo flghL agalnsL Lhelr own governmenL wlLhouL Lhe laLLer lncurrlng Lhe rlsk of belng prosecuLed for Lreason. 1o allow suspenslon ls Lo commlL pollLlcal sulclde.
Lffect of kevo|ut|onary Government
: What |s the effect of a revo|ut|onary government?
A: lL ls bound by no consLlLuLlon. Powever, lL dld noL repudlaLe Lhe CovenanL or ueclaraLlon ln Lhe same way lL repudlaLed Lhe ConsLlLuLlon. As Lhe 71 P=51 governmenL, Lhe revoluLlonary governmenL could noL escape responslblllLy for the States good faith compliance wiLh lLs LreaLy obllgaLlons under lnLernaLlonal law. uurlng Lhe lnLerregnum when no consLlLuLlon or 8lll of 8lghLs exlsLed, dlrecLlves and orders lssued by governmenL offlcers dld noL exceed Lhe auLhorlLy granLed Lhem by Lhe revoluLlonary governmenL. 1he dlrecLlves or orders should noL have also vlolaLed Lhe CovenanL or Lhe ueclaraLlon.
IUkISDIC1ICN
: What |s Iur|sd|ct|on?
A: !urlsdlcLlon ls Lhe manlfesLaLlon of soverelgnLy. 1he [urlsdlcLlon of Lhe sLaLe ls undersLood as boLh lLs auLhorlLy and Lhe sphere of Lhe exerclse of LhaL auLhorlLy.
: What are the k|nds of [ur|sd|ct|on?
A:
1. 1err|tor|a| [ur|sd|ct|on- auLhorlLy of Lhe sLaLe Lo have all persons and Lhlngs wlLhln lLs LerrlLorlal llmlLs Lo be compleLely sub[ecL Lo lLs conLrol and proLecLlon 2. ersona| [ur|sd|ct|on- auLhorlLy of Lhe sLaLe over lLs naLlonals, Lhelr persons, properLy, and acLs wheLher wlLhln or ouLslde lLs LerrlLory (e.g. ArL. 13, CC) 3. Lxtra-terr|tor|a| [ur|sd|ct|on- auLhorlLy of Lhe SLaLe over persons, Lhlngs, or acLs, ouLslde lLs LerrlLorlal llmlLs by reason of Lhelr effecL Lo lLs LerrlLory
: What are the exempt|ons to the terr|tor|a| [ur|sd|ct|on ru|e?
A:
: D|st|ngu|sh between sovere|gnty from |ndependence?
A: LxempL are: 1. lorelgn sLaLes, heads of sLaLe, dlplomaLlc represenLaLlves, and consuls Lo a cerLaln degree, 2. lorelgn sLaLe properLy, lncludlng embassles, consulaLes, and publlc vessels engaged ln non-commerclal acLlvlLles, 3. AcLs of sLaLe, 4. lorelgn merchanL vessels exerclslng Lhe rlghLs of lnnocenL passage or lnvolunLary enLry, such as Lhe arrlval under sLress, 3. lorelgn armles passlng Lhrough or sLaLloned ln lLs LerrlLory wlLh lLs permlsslon 6. Such oLher persons or properLy, lncludlng organlzaLlons llke Lhe unlLed naLlons, over whlch lL may, by agreemenL, walved [urlsdlcLlon
: D|st|ngu|sh sovere|gnty and |ndependence.
A:
SCVLkLIGN1 INDLLNDLNCL lL ls Lhe supreme power of Lhe sLaLe by whlch Lhe SLaLe ls governed. lL ls Lhe exLernal manlfesLaLlon of soverelgnLy, whereby Lhe SLaLe ls free from forelgn conLrol. lnLernal and exLernal
AC1S CI 1nL S1A1L
An acL of sLaLe ls done by Lhe soverelgn power of a counLry, or by lLs delegaLe, wlLhln Lhe llmlLs vesLed ln hlm. lL cannoL be quesLloned or made Lhe sub[ecL of legal proceedlngs ln a courL of law.
Note: WlLhln parLlcular reference Lo ollLlcal Law, an acL of SLaLe ls an acL done by Lhe pollLlcal deparLmenLs of Lhe governmenL and noL sub[ecL Lo [udlclal revlew. An lllusLraLlon ls Lhe declslon of Lhe resldenL, ln Lhe exerclse of hls dlplomaLlc power, Lo exLend recognlLlon Lo a newly- esLabllshed forelgn SLaLe or governmenL.
: When is act of person considered State action covered by the Const|tut|on?
A: ln consLlLuLlonal [urlsprudence, Lhe acL of persons dlsLlncL from the government are considered state action covered by Lhe ConsLlLuLlon:
1. When the activity it engages in is a public function; 2. When Lhe governmenL ls so slgnlflcanLly lnvolved wlLh Lhe prlvaLe acLor as Lo make Lhe governmenL responslble for hls acLlon, and 3. When Lhe governmenL has approved or auLhorlzed Lhe acLlon.
NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 19 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS GCVLkNMLN1 Iorms of government
SLaLe ls an absLracL belng LhaL can only acL Lhrough lLs agenL. Slnce Lhe governmenL ls a mere agenL and Lhe SLaLe ls Lhe prlnclpal, any good th|ng performed by the government |s a|ways attr|butab|e to the Sate.
lL musL be organlzed, exerclslng conLrol over and capable of malnLalnlng law and order wlLhln Lhe LerrlLory. lL can be held lnLernaLlonally responslble for Lhe acLs of Lhe lnhablLanLs. 1he ldenLlLy of Lhe sLaLe ls noL affecLed by changes ln Lhe governmenL.
: What |f the government performs an act that proves to be harmfu| to the peop|e, w||| you attr|bute that to the State?
A: no. 1he mandaLe of Lhe SLaLe Lo Lhe governmenL, as Lhe agenL, ls for Lhe governmenL Lo promoLe Lhe welfare of Lhe people, noL Lo harm Lhe people. ln such a case, Lhe governmenL has defled lLs mandaLe.
ConsequenLly, Lhere was a revoluLlon, whlch came abouL upon Lhe behesL of Lhe SLaLe lLself because Lhe agenL ls no longer Lrue Lo lLs mandaLe. lL came abouL upon Lhe requesL lf Lhe sLaLe lLself because Lhe agenL ls no longer Lrue Lo lLs mandaLe. 1hls ls acLually Lhe [usLlflcaLlon for revoluLlons. 1hls developmenL ls known as D|rect State Act|on.
: G|ve the d|st|nct|on between a government and adm|n|strat|on?
A: CovernmenL ls Lhe lnsLlLuLlon Lhrough whlch Lhe sLaLe exerclses power. AdmlnlsLraLlon conslsLs of Lhe seL of people currenLly runnlng Lhe lnsLlLuLlon.
: G|ve the d|st|nct|on between the pres|dent|a| and par||amentary form of government?
A: 1he pres|dent|a| form of governments ldenLlfylng feaLure ls whaL ls called Lhe separation of powers. 1he essenLlal characLerlsLlcs of a par||amentary form of governmenL are:
1. 1he members of Lhe governmenL or cablneL or Lhe execuLlve arm are, as a rule, slmulLaneously members of Lhe leglslaLure, 2. 1he governmenL or cablneL conslsLlng of Lhe pollLlcal leaders of Lhe ma[orlLy parLy or of a coallLlon, who are also members of Lhe leglslaLure, ls ln effecL a commlLLee of Lhe leglslaLure, 3. 1he governmenL or cablneL has a pyramldal sLrucLure aL Lhe apex of whlch ls Lhe rlme MlnlsLer or hls equlvalenL, 4. 1he governmenL or cablneL remalns ln power only for so long as lL en[oys Lhe supporL of Lhe ma[orlLy of Lhe leglslaLure, 3. 8oLh governmenL and leglslaLure are possessed of conLrol devlces whlch each can demand of Lhe oLher lmmedlaLe pollLlcal responslblllLy. ln Lhe hands of Lhe leglslaLure ls Lhe voLe of non-confldence (censure) whereby governmenL may be ousLed. ln Lhe hands of Lhe governmenL ls Lhe power Lo dlssolve Lhe leglslaLure and call for new elecLlons.
NC1L: ln lnLernaLlonal law, Lhe form of governmenL does noL really maLLer. ?eL, wlLh respecL Lo Lhe ConsLlLuLlon, Lhe klnd of governmenL maLLers.
Art|c|e II
Sect|on 1. 1he hlllpplnes ls a democraLlc and republlcan SLaLe. SoverelgnLy resldes ln Lhe people and all governmenL auLhorlLy emanaLes from Lhem.
Iunct|ons of Government
: What are the funct|ons of Government?
A:
1. Governmenta| (Const|tuent)--are Lhe compulsory funcLlons whlch consLlLuLe Lhe very bonds of socleLy
Lxamp|e: 1he deflnlLlon and punlshmenL of crlmes, admlnlsLraLlon of [usLlce ln clvll cases, admlnlsLraLlon of pollLlcal duLles, deallngs of Lhe sLaLe wlLh forelgn powers, deLermlnaLlon of conLracLual rlghLs beLween lndlvlduals, Lhe regulaLlon of Lransmlsslon of properLy, keeplng of order
2. ropr|etary (M|n|ster|a|)opLlonal funcLlons of Lhe governmenL for achlevlng a beLLer llfe for Lhe communlLy
Lxamp|e: Agrarlan 8eform- Lhls ls ln reallLy a mlnlsLranL funcLlon buL was made consLlLuenL by Lhe consLlLuLlon
Note: ulsLlncLlon of funcLlon ls no longer relevanL because Lhe ConsLlLuLlon obllgaLes Lhe SLaLe Lo promoLe soclal [usLlce and has repudlaLed Lhe lalssez falre pollcy+ Powever, ln Shlpslde lncorporaLed v. CA( Lhe naLure of Lhe funcLlon of Lhe 8CuA was a facLor Lo deLermlne Lhe %&9=3 34#'76 of Lhe CovernmenL+
arents atr|ae
: What |s the doctr|ne of !"+*($& !"$+)"*?
A: lL poslLs LhaL lL ls Lhe governmenL whlch acLs as guardlan of Lhe rlghLs of Lhe people and may lnlLlaLe legal acLlons for and ln behalf of a parLlcular lndlvldual.
: Is 8ases Convers|on Deve|opment Author|ty (8CDA) exerc|s|ng const|tuent or m|n|strant funct|on? NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 20 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS
A: Whlle publlc beneflL and publlc welfare, parLlcularly, Lhe promoLlon of Lhe economlc and soclal developmenL of CenLral Luzon, may be aLLrlbuLable Lo Lhe operaLlon of Lhe 8CuA, yeL lL ls cerLaln LhaL Lhe funcLlons performed by Lhe 8CuA are baslcally proprleLary ln naLure. 1he promoLlon of economlc and soclal developmenL of CenLral Luzon, ln parLlcular, and Lhe counLry's goal for enhancemenL, ln general, do noL make Lhe 8CuA equlvalenL Lo Lhe CovernmenL. CLher corporaLlons have been creaLed by governmenL Lo acL as lLs agenLs for Lhe reallzaLlon of lLs programs, Lhe SSS, CSlS, nAWASA arld Lhe nlA, Lo counL a few, and yeL, Lhe CourL has ruled LhaL Lhese enLlLles, alLhough performlng funcLlons almed aL promoLlng publlc lnLeresL and publlc welfare, are noL governmenL-funcLlon corporaLlons lnvesLed wlLh governmenLal aLLrlbuLes. lL may Lhus be sald LhaL Lhe 8CuA ls noL a mere agency of Lhe CovernmenL buL a corporaLe body performlng proprleLary funcLlons !8E6*3671 ['9&5*&5#417 >+ VT( H+A+ I&+ ,XJJLL( _1B5=#5: -.( -..,0
V|g||ant|sm
: What |s v|g||ant|sm?
A: lL ls a slLuaLlon whereln people Lake Lhe law ln Lhelr hands for Lhe promoLlon of peace and order ln Lhe communlLy. 1hls ls noL allowed because lL ls a vlolaLlon of Lhe consLlLuenL funcLlon of Lhe governmenL.
: What |f the government performs an act that proves harmfu| to the peop|e, w||| you attr|bute that to the state?
A: no. 1he mandaLe of Lhe sLaLe Lo Lhe governmenL, as lLs agenL, ls Lo promoLe Lhe welfare of Lhe people and noL Lo harm Lhem. SLaLe as an eLhlcal belng and an absLracL concepL cannoL commlL any wrong.
: What |s the mandate of the h|||pp|ne Government?
A: ArL. ll, Sec. 4 - "1he prlme duLy of Lhe CovernmenL ls Lo serve and protect the people" Thus, whatever good is done by governmenL -aLLrlbuLed Lo Lhe SLaLe, whaLever harm ls done by Lhe governmenL - aLLrlbuLed Lo Lhe governmenL alone, noL Lhe SLaLe
Lffect of change of government
: What |s the effect of change of government?
A: lL ls well seLLled LhaL as far as the r|ghts of the predecessor government are concerned, they are |nher|ted |n $/$/ by the successor government. 8egardlng obllgaLlons, dlsLlncLlon ls made accordlng Lo Lhe esLabllshmenL of Lhe new governmenL.
1he rule ls LhaL when the new government was organ|zed by v|rtue of const|tut|ona| reform du|y rat|f|ed |n a p|eb|sc|te, the ob||gat|on of the rep|aced government are comp|ete|y assumed by the former. Conversely, when the new government was estab||shed through v|o|ence, as by revo|ut|on, |t may |awfu||y re[ect the pure|y persona| or persona| ob||gat|ons of the predecessor government but not those contracted by but |n ord|nary course of off|c|a| bus|ness.
De Iure and De Iacto Government
: D|st|ngu|sh between a de [ure and de facto government?
A:
DL IUkL DL IAC1C A C* >'+* 2/9*+(3*($ (governmenL of law) ls a government that has a |awfu| t|t|e a|though |t may not be |n possess|on of the mach|nery of the state but the po|nt |s |t has the |awfu| t|t|e. C* D"#$/ 2/9*+(3*($ (governmenL of facL) has no |awfu| t|t|e but |t |s |n actua| possess|on of the mach|nery of the state.
: What are the 3 k|nds of de facto government?
A:
1. 8y |nsurrect|on LhaL whlch ls esLabllshed by Lhe lnhablLanLs who rlse ln revolL agalnsL and depose Lhe leglLlmaLe reglme.
W2#D*%1` Lhe CommonwealLh esLabllshed by Cllver Cromwell whlch supplanLed Lhe monarchy under Charles l of Lngland
2. 8y government of paramount force - LhaL whlch ls esLabllshed ln Lhe course of war by lnvadlng forces of one belllgerenL Lo Lhe LerrlLory of oLher belllgerenL, Lhe governmenL of whlch ls dlsplaced.
lL ls esLabllshed by one belllgerenL ln Lhe course of war ln Lhe LerrlLory of Lhe oLher belllgerenL whlch lL was able Lo occupy and whlch was supporLed by lLs mlllLary mlghL.
W2#D*%1` 1he !apanese occupaLlon ln Lhe governmenL ln Lhe hlllpplnes whlch replaced Lhe CommonwealLh durlng WW ll. 1hls ls Lhe one headed by resldenL !ose Laurel. WhaL belllgerenL was LhaL? !apan. ln Lhe course of war ln Lhe LerrlLory of Lhe oLher belllgerenLwhaL was Lhe oLher belllgerenL? 1he unlLed SLaLes. WhaL LerrlLory was LhaL? 1he hlllpplnes. Accordlngly, Lhe hlllpplnes was sLlll a colony of Lhe uS aL LhaL Llme under Lhe Common wealLh governmenL headed by resldenL Manuel Cuezon who wenL Lo exlle durlng Lhe Second World War. Pe wenL on exlle ln Lurope. lL was a governmenL ln exlle. ln facL, lL was ln new ?ork, uSA NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 21 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS where resldenL Cuezon dled. So he was succeeded by Csmena (vlce resldenL). 1hls ls also Lhe reason why when Mc ArLhur reLurned Lo Lhe hlllpplnes, Lhe LeyLe landlngs of October 20, 1944, it was Osmea whos with him. In other words, Lhere are 2 governmenLs Lhen. 1he !apanese-creaLed led by resldenL Laurel and Lhe CommonwealLh governmenL led by resldenL Cuezon. 1he ue !ure governmenL was Lhe commonwealLh governmenL-lL has Lhe lawful LlLle buL lL was noL ln acLual possesslon of Lhe machlnery of Lhe SLaLe aL LhaL Llme lL wenL Lo exlle. 1he !apanese governmenL was Lhe de facLo-a governmenL ln facL. lL has no lawful LlLle buL aL Lhe Llme lL was ln acLual possesslon of Lhe machlnery of Lhe sLaLe.
3. 8y cess|on LhaL whlch ls esLabllshed by Lhe lnhablLanLs of a sLaLe who cedes Lhere from Lhe parenL governmenL wlLhouL overLhrowlng Lhe parenL governmenL.
W2#D*%1` 1he confederaLe governmenL durlng Lhe Amerlcan Clvll War however dld noL seek Lo depose Lhe unlon governmenL.
uurlng Lhe uS Clvll War of 1861-1863, Lhe SouLhern sLaLes (whose economy was based on coLLon) were opposed Lo Lhe abollLlonlsL pollcy of resldenL Llncoln, Lhe emanclpaLlon of Lhe blacks of Lhe negros. lf you emanclpaLe Lhe negros who wlll work on Lhelr coLLon flelds. 1hus, Lhe separaLe from Lhe Amerlcan unlon and organlzed Lhe Confederate States of Amer|ca. 1hey elecLed Lhelr own resldenL- !efferson uavls.
NC1L: 1he Common denomlnaLor of Lhese 3 klnds of de facLo governmenLs ls LhaL Lhey all lose. lor whlle Lhey were Lhey are ln possesslon of Lhe machlnery of Lhe sLaLe buL evenLually Lhey losL.
Cory Aqu|no Adm|n|n|strat|on
lnlLlally lL was de facLo because lL was creaLed exLra- consLlLuLlonally. lLs creaLlon was noL ln accordance wlLh Lhe provlslons of Lhe Lhen prevalllng 1973 ConsLlLuLlon. 8uL laLer on, lL became de [ure Lhrough acqulescence of Lhe people and also Lhe recognlLlon exLended by Lhe lnLernaLlonal communlLy. As Lhe CourL held, we wlll no longer lnqulre lnLo Lhe moLlves of Lhe people ln golng Lo LuSA Lhen. 1he facLs were because Lhey were Lhere, Marcos fled Lo Pawall. And Lhe Cory governmenL was able Lo Lake effecLlve conLrol of Lhe machlnery of Lhe SLaLe wlLh no subsLanLlal reslsLance Lo lLs auLhorlLy. Also, Lhe lnLernaLlonal communlLy has already glven lL recognlLlon.
Lawyers League for a better Philippines v. Aquino
Cllver Lozano flled a peLlLlon before Lhe Supreme CourL quesLlonlng Lhe leglLlmacy of Lhe Cory governmenL. Accordlng Lo Lhe peLlLlon, mosL of Lhe people who wenL Lo LuSA are noL really serlous ln overLhrowlng Lhe Marcos governmenL.
nLLD: We wlll no longer lnqulre lnLo Lhe moLlves of Lhe people ln golng Lo LuSA. 1he facLs were: because of Lhe magnlLude of Lhe people who were ln LuSA, Marcos fled Lo Pawall, so LhaL Lhe Cory governmenL was able Lo Lake effecLlve conLrol of Lhe machlnery of Lhe SLaLe wlLhouL reslsLance from Lhe people. lurLhermore, Lhe lnLernaLlonal communlLy has recognlzed Lhe Cory CovernmenL. Pence, Lhere can be no more quesLlon as Lo Lhe de [ure sLaLus of Lhe sald governmenL.
1he Aqulno governmenL was Lhe resulL of a successful revoluLlon by Lhe soverelgn people-lL was lnsLalled Lhrough a dlrecL exerclse of Lhe power of Lhe llllplno people, ln deflance of Lhe provlslons of Lhe 1973 ConsLlLuLlon. 1he leglLlmacy of a governmenL slred by a successful revoluLlon by people power ls beyond [udlclal scruLlny, such governmenL auLomaLlcally orblLs ouL of Lhe consLlLuLlonal loop.
Lstrada v. Des|erto
Desierto argues that the legitimacy of Arroyos assumption to Lhe presldency ls a pollLlcal quesLlon, and lnvokes Lhe rullng ln Lhe Lawyers League case.
nLLD:
Arroyos government is not revolutionary in character. The oaLh she Look ls Lhe oaLh under Lhe 1987 ConsLlLuLlon. lndeed, she has sLressed LhaL she ls dlscharglng Lhe powers of Lhe presldency under Lhe auLhorlLy of Lhe 1987 ConsLlLuLlon.
: Is the |eg|t|macy of a government a [ust|c|ab|e quest|on?
A: no. lL ls only Lhe eople of Lhe hlllpplnes who may be Lhe [udge of lLs leglLlmacy. Slnce such governmenL ls accepLed by Lhe people, lL ls noL merely a 71 ;#94& governmenL buL also a 71 P=51 governmenL. Moreover, Lhe communlLy of naLlons has recognlzed lLs leglLlmacy.
What are the |ega| d|st|nct|ons between LDSA I and LDSA II?
LDSA I LDSA II lnvolves Lhe exerc|se of the peop|e power of revo|ut|on whlch overLhrows Lhe whole governmenL. lnvolves Lhe exerc|se of the peop|e power of freedom of speech and freedom to assemb|e, Lo peLlLlon Lhe governmenL for redress of grlevances whlch only affecLed Lhe Cfflce of Lhe resldenL. LxLra-consLlLuLlonal and Lhe leglLlmacy of Lhe new governmenL LhaL resulLed from lL cannoL be Lhe sub[ecL of [udlclal revlew. Intra-const|tut|ona| and Lhe reslgnaLlon of Lhe slLLlng resldenL LhaL lL caused and Lhe successlon of Lhe v as resldenL are sub[ecL Lo [udlclal revlew. NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 22 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS resenLed a pollLlcal quesLlon. lnvolves legal quesLlons.
GCVLkNMLN1 CI 1nL nILIINLS
Q: What is the Government of the Philippines?
A: It is the corporaLe governmenLal enLlLy Lhrough whlch Lhe funcLlons of Lhe governmenL are exerclse LhroughouL Lhe hlllpplnes, lncludlng, save as Lhe conLrary appears from Lhe conLexL, Lhe varlous arms Lhrough whlch pollLlcal auLhorlLy ls made effecLlve ln Lhe hlllpplnes, wheLher perLalnlng Lo Lhe auLonomous reglons, Lhe provlnclal, clLy munlclpal, or B#5#'$#: subdivisions or other form of local government (Sec. 2 (1), AdmlnlsLraLlve Code of 1987).
NC1L: A governmenL owned or conLrolled corporaLlon engaged ln proprleLy funcLlons cannoL be consldered parL of Lhe CovernmenL for Lhe purpose for purpose of exempLlon from Lhe appllcaLlon of Lhe sLaLuLe of llmlLaLlons.
: Is the Aqu|no Government a de facto government?
A. Whlle lnlLlally, Aqulno CovernmenL was a de facLo governmenL because lL was esLabllshed Lhru exLra- consLlLuLlonal measure, lL neverLheless assumed de [ure sLaLus when lL ls subsequenLly recognlzed by Lhe lnLernaLlonal communlLy as Lhe leglLlmaLe CovernmenL of Lhe hlllpplnes. Moreover, a new ConsLlLuLlon was drafLed and overwhelmlngly raLlfled by Lhe llllplno people and naLlonal elecLlons were held for LhaL purpose.
NC1L: 1he governmenL under Cory Aqulno and Lhe lreedom ConsLlLuLlon ls a 71 P=51 governmenL. lL was esLabllshed by auLhorlLy of Lhe leglLlmaLe soverelgn, Lhe people. lL was a revoluLlonary governmenL esLabllshed ln deflance of Lhe 1973 ConsLlLuLlon. (ln 8e: LeLLer of AssoclaLe !usLlce uno, 210 SC8A 389 (1992)
Q: Is PGMAs administration a de jure government?
A: 1he governmenL under resldenL Clorla Macapagal-Arroyo esLabllshed afLer Lhe ousLer of resldenL LsLrada ls de [ure governmenL.
CCNCL1 CI ASSCCIA1ICN
: What |s the concept of Assoc|at|on?
A: An assoclaLlon ls formed when Lwo sLaLes of unequal power volunLarlly esLabllsh durable llnks. ln Lhe baslc model, one sLaLe, Lhe assoclaLe, delegaLes cerLaln responslblllLles Lo Lhe oLher, Lhe prlnclpal, whlle malnLalnlng lLs lnLernaLlonal sLaLus as a sLaLe. lree assoclaLlon represenLs a mlddle ground beLween lnLegraLlon and lndependence. !W+$+ A1*=B%69 &; 4E1 "#53E#%% [3%#'73 #'7 4E1 _1715#417 84#413 &; "695&'136# ;&5D15%: *#54 &; 4E1 a+8+ T7D6'6341517 U5=34 U15564&5: &; 4E1 @#96;69 [3%#'73+0
1he assoclaLed sLaLe arrangemenL has usually been used as a LranslLlonal devlce of former colonles on Lhelr way Lo full lndependence+
Does the MOA-AD violate the Constitution and the laws?
A: ?es. 1he provlslons of Lhe MCA lndlcaLe LhaL Lhe arLles almed Lo vesL ln Lhe 8!L Lhe sLaLus of an assoclaLed sLaLe or, aL any raLe, a sLaLus closely approxlmaLlng lL.
1he concepL of #33&96#46&' ls noL recognlzed under Lhe presenL ConsLlLuLlon. lndeed, Lhe concepL lmplles powers LhaL go beyond anyLhlng ever granLed by Lhe ConsLlLuLlon Lo any local or reglonal governmenL. lL also lmplles Lhe recognlLlon of Lhe assoclaLed enLlLy as a sLaLe. 1he ConsLlLuLlon, however, does noL conLemplaLe any sLaLe ln Lhls [urlsdlcLlon oLher Lhan Lhe hlllpplne SLaLe, much less does lL provlde for a LranslLory sLaLus LhaL alms Lo prepare any parL of hlllpplne LerrlLory for lndependence.
Lven assumlng #5$=1'7& LhaL the MOA-AD would not necessarlly sever any porLlon of hlllpplne LerrlLory, Lhe splrlL anlmaLlng lL whlch has beLrayed lLself by lLs use of Lhe concepL of #33&96#46&' runs counLer Lo Lhe naLlonal soverelgnLy and LerrlLorlal lnLegrlLy of Lhe 8epubllc
: Is the 8IL a state?
A: ?es, 8!L ls a sLaLe ln all buL name as lL meeLs Lhe crlLerla of a sLaLe lald down ln Lhe MonLevldeo ConvenLlon namely, a permanenL populaLlon, a deflned LerrlLory, a governmenL and a capaclLy Lo enLer lnLo relaLlons wlLh oLher sLaLes.
Even assuming that the MOA-AD would not necessarily sever any porLlon of hlllpplne 1errlLory, Lhe splrlL anlmaLlng lL whlch has beLrayed lLself by lLs use of Lhe concepL of assoclaLlon runs counLer Lo Lhe naLlonal soverelgnLy and LerrlLorlal lnLegrlLy of Lhe 8epubllc.
Q: Does the peoples right of self-determination extend to a un||atera| r|ght of secess|on?
A: no. A dlsLlncLlon should be made beLween Lhe rlghL of internal and external self-determination. The recognized sources of lnLernaLlonal law esLabllsh LhaL Lhe rlghL Lo self-determination of a people is normally fulfilled through internal self-determination a peoples pursuit of its political, economlc, soclal and culLural developmenL wlLhln Lhe framework of an exlsLlng SLaLe. A rlghL Lo 12415'#% self-determination arlses ln only Lhe mosL exLreme cases and, even Lhen, under carefully deflned clrcumsLances.
NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 23 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS External self-determination can be defined as the esLabllshmenL of a soverelgn and lndependenL SLaLe, Lhe free assoclaLlon or lnLegraLlon wlLh an lndependenL SLaLe or Lhe emergence lnLo any oLher pollLlcal sLaLus freely deLermlned by a people whlch consLlLuLe modes of lmplemenLlng Lhe right of self-determination by that people.
: Does the r|ght to se|f determ|nat|on extend to the |nd|genous peop|es?
A: ?es. lndlgenous peoples slLuaLed wlLhln SLaLes do noL have a general rlghL Lo lndependence or secesslon from Lhose sLaLes under lnLernaLlonal law, buL Lhey do have Lhe rlghL amounting to the right to internal self-determination. Such rlghL ls recognlzed by Lhe un Ceneral Assembly by adopLlng Lhe unlLed naLlons ueclaraLlon on Lhe rlghLs of lndlgenous eoples (unu8l).
: Do the ob||gat|ons enumerated |n the UN DkI str|ct|y requ|re the kepub||c of the h|||pp|nes to grant the 8angsamoro peop|e, through the 8IL, the part|cu|ar r|ghts and powers prov|ded for |n the MCA_AD?
A: no. 1he un u8l, whlle upholdlng Lhe rlghL of lndlgenous peoples Lo auLonomy, does noL obllgaLe SLaLes Lo granL lndlgenous peoples Lhe near lndependenL sLaLus of an assoclaLed sLaLe. 1here ls no requlremenL LhaL SLaLes now guaranLee lndlgenous peoples Lhelr own pollce and lnLernal securlLy force, nor ls Lhere an acknowledgemenL of Lhe rlghL of lndlgenous peoples Lo Lhe aerlal domaln and aLmospherlc space. 8uL whaL lL upholds ls Lhe rlghL of lndlgenous peoples Lo Lhe lands, LerrlLorles and resources, whlch Lhey have LradlLlonally owned, occupled or oLherwlse used or acqulred.
IUNDAMLN1AL kIGn1S CI S1A1LS
: What are the fundamenta| r|ghts of a State?
A: lL conslsLs of Lhe 8lghL of:
1. Existence and self-preservation 2. SoverelgnLy and lndependence 3. LquallLy 4. roperLy and [urlsdlcLlon 3. ulplomaLlc lnLercourse
kIGn1 CI LkIS1LNCL AND SLLI-DLILNSL
1hls ls Lhe mosL elemenLary and lmporLanL rlghL of a SLaLe. All oLher rlghLs flow from Lhls rlghL.
Accordlngly, Lhe sLaLe may Lake such measures, lncludlng Lhe use of force, as may be necessary Lo reslsL any danger Lo lLs exlsLence. Such acLlon belng Lhe exerclse of an lnherenL rlghL, lL does noL depend for lLs valldlLy on Lhe prevlous recognlLlon of Lhe sLaLe asserLlng lL or on Lhe consenL of Lhe oLher sLaLes.
: What |s the bas|s for th|s r|ght?
A:
UN CnAk1Lk
Sect|on S1. noLhlng ln Lhe presenL CharLer shall lmpalr Lhe lnherenL rlghL of lndlvldual or collecLlve self-defence lf an armed aLLack occurs agalnsL a Member of Lhe unlLed naLlons, unLll Lhe SecurlLy Councll has Laken measures necessary Lo malnLaln lnLernaLlonal peace and securlLy. Measures Laken by Members ln Lhe exerclse of Lhls rlghL of self-defence shall be lmmedlaLely reporLed Lo Lhe SecurlLy Councll and shall noL ln any way affecL Lhe auLhorlLy and responslblllLy of Lhe SecurlLy Councll under Lhe presenL CharLer Lo Lake aL any Llme such acLlon as lL deems necessary ln order Lo malnLaln or resLore lnLernaLlonal peace and securlLy.
: What |s the const|tut|ona| bas|s re|ated to th|s r|ght?
A: Ak1ICLL II DLCLAkA1ICN CI kINCILLS AND S1A1L CLICILS
Sect|on 2. 1he hlllpplnes renounces war as an lnsLrumenL of naLlonal pollcy, adopLs Lhe generally accepLed prlnclples of lnLernaLlonal law as parL of Lhe law of Lhe land and adheres Lo Lhe pollcy of peace, equallLy, [usLlce, freedom, cooperaLlon, and amlLy wlLh all naLlons.
: What are the three (3) parts of th|s const|tut|ona| prov|s|on?
A: 1. 8enunclaLlon of warLhe power Lo wage a defenslve war ls of Lhe very essence of soverelgnLy, 2. AdopLlon of Lhe prlnclples of lnLernaLlonal law, 3. Adherence Lo a pollcy of peace, equallLy, [usLlce, freedom, cooperaLlon & amlLy
NC1L: 1he second parL ls noLhlng more Lhan a formal accepLance of a prlnclple Lo whlch all clvlllzed naLlons musL conform.
The third part is called the selfish policyLhe guldlng prlnclple of hlllpplne forelgn pollcy ls Lhe naLlonal lnLeresL. Powever, Lhls ls Lempered wlLh concern for equality, peace, freedom and [usLlce.
: Do we renounce a|| k|nds of war?
A: 1he hlllpplnes only renounces ACC8LSSlvL war as an lnsLrumenL of naLlonal pollcy. lL does noL renounce defenslve NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 24 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS war. 1hus, no one has Lhe power Lo declare war. 8u1, Congress can declare a State of War.
Also, Lhe resldenL can only use mlllLary powers ln case of lnvaslon, rebelllon, eLc. Pe has no power Lo declare war.
: State the occas|ons when the use of force may be a||owed under the UN Charter.
A: 1here are only Lwo occaslons when Lhe use of force ls allowed under Lhe un CharLer.
a. 1he flrsL ls when lL ls auLhorlzed ln pursuance of Lhe enforcemenL acLlon LhaL may be decreed by Lhe SecurlLy Councll under ArL. 42. b. 1he second ls when lL ls employed ln Lhe exerclse of Lhe lnherenL rlghL of self-defense under condlLlons prescrlbed ln ArL. 31.
: What are the effects when Congress dec|ares a state of war?
A:
1. ArL. vl, Sec. 23 - "In times of warthe Congress may, by law, auLhorlze Lhe resldenL, for a llmlLed perlod and sub[ecL Lo such resLrlcLlons as lL may prescrlbe, Lo exerclse powers necessary and proper Lo carry ouL a declared naLlonal pollcy. unless sooner wlLhdrawn by resoluLlon of Lhe Congress, such powers shall cease upon Lhe nexL ad[ournmenL Lhereof." 2. ArL. vll, Sec. 18 - "1he resldenL shall be Lhe Commander-ln-Chief of all armed forcesand whenever lL becomes necessary, he may call ouL such armed forces Lo prevenL or suppress invasionIn case, invasionwhen the publlc safeLy requlres lL, he may, for a perlod noL exceedlng 60 days, suspend Lhe prlvllege of Lhe wrlL of habeas corpus or place Lhe hlllpplnes or any parL thereof under martial law"
kIGn1S CI SCVLkLIGN1 AND INDLLNDLNCL
: What |s sovere|gnty?
A: lL ls the supreme, uncontro||ab|e power |nherent |n a state by wh|ch that state |s governed. lL ls Lhe supreme powerof Lhe SLaLe Lo command and enforce obedlence, Lhe power Lo whlch, legally speaklng, all lnLeresLs are pracLlcally sub[ecL and all wllls subordlnaLe.
: What |s |ndependence?
A: lL ls also known as externa| sovere|gnty. lL slgnlfles Lhe freedom of Lhe sLaLe Lo conLrol lLs own forelgn affalrs.
: What |s Intervent|on?
A: lL ls "Lhe dlcLaLorlal lnLerference by a SLaLe ln Lhe lnLernal affalrs of anoLher SLaLe, or ln Lhe relaLlons beLween oLher SLaLes, whlch ls elLher forclble or backed by Lhe LhreaL of force."
lL ls Lhe acL by whlch a sLaLe lnLerferes wlLh Lhe domesLlc or forelgn affals of anoLher sLaLe or sLaLes Lhrough Lhe employmenL of force or LhreaL of force. Such force may be physlcal or ln Lhe presenL sLaLe of world affalrs, even pollLlcal or economlc.
1he sLaLe musL absLaln from lnLervenLlon. Lven as lL expecLs lLs lndependence Lo be respecLed by oLher sLaLes so Loo musL lL respecL Lhelr own lndependence.
Gk: lnLerveLlon ls noL sancLloned ln lnLernaLlonal relaLlons.
kNs: Cnly when lL ls exerclsed as an acL of se|f-defense or when lL ls decreed by the Secur|ty Counc|| as a prevenLlve or enforcemenL acLlon for Lhe malnLenance of lnLernaLlonal peace and securlLy. Some wrlLers would add a Lhlrd [usLlflcaLlon for lnLervenlon, and Lhls ls when such acLlon ls agreed upon ln a treaty. lnLervenLlon may also be allowed when requesLed from fellow sLaLes or from Lhe un by Lhe parrles Lo a dlspuLe or by a sLaLe beseL by rebelllon.
NC1L: lnLervenLlon ls ulfferenL from "lnLercesslon." lnLercesslon ls allowed!
Lx.: ulplomaLlc roLesL, 1ender of Advlce
N|caragua v. USA, Commun|que 86]8 (Iune 27, 2986)
1hls ls where Lhe uS was found gullLy of lnLervenLlo ln Lhe affalrs of nlcaragua for sendlng Lroops Lo nlcaragua Lo ald Lhe conLras, lnasmuch as Lhere was no armed aLLack agalnsL Lhe laLLer. noLe LhaL Lhe proLesL or demand for recLlflcaLlon or reparaLlon does noL comprlse lnLervenLlon. 1hus, Lhe acL of resldenL CllnLon ln dlscoraglng Amerlcans from lnvesLlng ln 8urma was noL consldered as lnLervenLlon.
1he Drago Doctr|ne
Q: What is the Drago Doctrine?
A: Cenerally lnLervenLlon ls rohlblLed (urago uocLrlne)
ln 1902, uk, Cermany and lLaly blockaded venezuelan porLs Lo compel lL Lo pay lLs conLracLual debLs leadlng lorelgn MlnlsLer urago Lo formulaLe a docLrlne LhaL " a pub||c debt cannot g|ve r|se to the r|ght of |ntervent|on. 1hls prlnclple was laLer adopLed ln Lhe Second nague Conference, buL sub[ecL Lo Lhe quallflcaLlon LhaL Lhe debLor sLaLe should noL refuse or neglecL Lo reply Lo an offer of arblLraLlon or afLer accepLlng Lhe offer, prevenL any NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 23 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS compromlse from belng agreed upon, or afLer Lhe arblLraLlon, fall Lo submlL Lo Lhe award, Lhe quallflcaLlon ls known as Lhe orLer resoluLlon.
1hls was recognlzed ln Lhe nague Convent|on of 1907 Lhrough a provlslon LhaL Lhe conLracLlng powers agree Lo have Lhe recourse Lo armed force for Lhe recovery of conLracL debLs clalmed from Lhe governmnL of one counLry by Lhe governmenL of anoLher counLry as belng due Lo lLs naLlonals. 1he force of Lhls docLrlne was laLer dlsslpaLed by Lhe orLer 8esoluLlon.
orter keso|ut|on
under Lhls resoluLlon, lnLervnLlon was permlLLed lf Lhe debLor state refused to an offer to arbitrate the creditors claim, or havlng agreed Lo arblLraLe, prevenLed agreemenL on Lhe compromlse, or havlng agreed LhereLo, refused Lo ablde by Lhe award of Lhe arblLraLor.
Intervent|on under the UN Charetr
un lLself caLegorlcally blnds lLself noL Lo lnLerven ln maLLers whlch are essenLlally wlLhln Lhe doemsLlc [urlsdlcLlon of any sLaLe. ln Lhe un ueclaraLlon of 8lghLs and uuLles of SLaLes, lL provlded LhaL every sLaLe has Lhe duLy Lo refraln from lnLervenLlon ln Lhe lnLernal or exLernal affalrs of any oLher SLaLe.
Charter of the Crgan|zat|on of Amer|can States
1he charLer of Lhe CrganlzaLlon of Amerlcan SLaLes ls more unequlvocal wlLh Lhe sLaLemenL LhaL:
Art|c|e 19
no SLaLe or group of SLaLes has Lhe rlghL Lo lnLervene, dlrecLly or lndlrecLly, for any reason whaLever, ln Lhe lnLernal or exLernal affalrs of any oLher SLaLe. 1he foregolng prlnclple prohlblLs noL only armed force buL also any oLher form of lnLerference or aLLempLed LhreaL agalnsL Lhe personallLy of Lhe SLaLe or agalnsL lLs pollLlcal, economlc, and culLural elemenLs.
Art|c|e 20
no SLaLe may use or encourage Lhe use of coerclve measures of an economlc or pollLlcal characLer ln order Lo force Lhe soverelgn wlll of anoLher SLaLe and obLaln from lL advanLages of any klnd.
: What |s ac|f|c 8|ockade?
A: lL ls one lmposed durlng Llmes of peace were Lhe counLrles aL war, Lhen a blockade ls a leglLlmaLe measure ln facL, a blockade musL noL be vlolaLed by a neuLral SLaLe. lf breached, Lhe neuLral vessel ls selzed.
: When |s |ntervent|on a||owed?
A: 1. lnLervenLlon as an AcL of lndlvldual and CollecLlve Self-uefense 2. lnLervenLlon by 1reaLy SLlpulaLlon or by lnvlLaLlon
: What |s "Intervent|on by Inv|tat|on"?
A: lL presupposes LhaL Lhe lnvlLlng SLaLe ls noL a mere puppeL of Lhe lnLervenlng SLaLe
Lx.: Pungary
NC1L: ln 1936, Pungary was ln lnLernal Lurmoll, and asked Lhe SovleL forces Lo lnLervene. Whlle Lhe lnLervenLlon was upon lnvlLaLlon, lL was sLlll condemned because Lhe Pungarlan governmenL was a mere SovleL puppeL
3. 8y un AuLhorlzaLlon and 8esoluLlon
W2#D*%13` korean War, 1990 lraql AnnexaLlon of kuwalL
4. Cn PumanlLarlan Crounds
1hls has recenLly evolved by lnLernaLlonal cusLom. 1hus, has become a prlmary source of lnLernaLlonal law.
W2#D*%13` lnLervenLlon ln Somalla, lnLervenLlon ln 8osnla and kosovo (no un 8esoluLlon, buL nA1C lnLervened mlllLarlly on Lhe ground LhaL Lhere was eLhnlc cleanslng by Serbs of eLhnlc mlnorlLles), lnLervenLlon ln LasL 1lmor
kLCCGNI1ICN
: What |s recogn|t|on?
A: lL ls an acL by whlch a SLaLe acknowledges Lhe exlsLence of anoLher SLaLe, governmenL, or a belllgerenL communlLy and lndlcaLes lLs wllllngness Lo deal wlLh Lhe enLlLy as such under lnLernaLlonal law.
: Who has the author|ty to recogn|ze?
A: lL ls a maLLer Lo be deLermlned accordlng Lo Lhe munlclpal law of each sLaLe. ln Lhe hlllpplnes, Lhere ls no expllclL provlslon ln Lhe ConsLlLuLlon whlch vesLs Lhls power ln any deparLmenL. 8uL slnce Lhe resldenL ls empowered Lo appolnL and recelve ambassadors and publlc mlnlsLers, lL ls conceded LhaL by lmpllcaLlons, lL ls Lhe execuLlve deparLmenL LhaL ls prlmarlly endowed wlLh Lhe power Lo recognlze forelgn governmenLs and SLaLes.
NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 26 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS : What are the 3 |eve|s of recogn|t|on?
A: 1. 8ecognlLlon of SLaLe 2. 8ecognlLlon of CovernmenL 3. 8ecognlLlon of 8elllgerency
kecogn|t|on by the State
: What are the two theor|es of recogn|t|on of State?
A: 1he Lheorles of recognlLlon of a SLaLe are:
1. Const|tut|ve theory (m|nor|ty v|ew) recognlLlon ls Lhe lasL lndlspensable elemenL LhaL converLs Lhe sLaLe belng recognlzed lnLo an lnLernaLlonal person. lL ls an acL whlch consLlLuLes Lhe enLlLy lnLo an lnLernaLlonal person.
lL ls only Lhrough recognlLlon LhaL a SLaLe becomes an lnLernaLlonal erson and a sub[ecL of lnLernaLlonal law. 1hus, recogn|t|on |s a |ega| matternoL a maLLer of arblLrary wlll on Lhe parL of one SLaLe wheLher Lo recognlze or refuse Lo recognlze anoLher enLlLy buL LhaL where cerLaln condlLlons of facL exlsL, an enLlLy may demand, and Lhe SLaLe ls under legal duLy Lo accord recognlLlon.
1hus, recognlLlon ls compulsory and legal. lL may be compelled once Lhe elemenLs of a sLaLe are esLabllshed.
2. Dec|aratory theory recognlLlon ls merely an acknowledgmenL of Lhe pre-existing fact that the sLaLe belng recognlzed ls an lnLernaLlonal person. lL merely afflrms an exlsLlng facL.
lL slmply manlfesLs Lhe recognlzlng States readiness to accepL Lhe normal consequences of Lhe facL of SLaLehood. 1hus, recognlLlon ls a pollLlcal acL, l.e., lL ls enLlrely a maLLer of pollcy and dlscreLlon Lo glve or refuse recognlLlon, and LhaL no enLlLy possesses Lhe power, as a maLLer of legal rlghL, Lo demand recognlLlon. under Lhls Lheory, here ls no legal rlghL Lo demand recognlLlon.
under Lhls vlew, recognlLlon ls dlscreLlonary and pollLlcal.
: Wh|ch |s fo||owed by most nat|ons?
A: ueclaraLory Lheory
NC1L: 1he recognlLlon of a SLaLe has now been subsLlLuLed Lo a large exLenL by Lhe acL of admlsslon Lo Lhe unlLed naLlons lL ls Lhe "assurance glven Lo a new SLaLe LhaL lL wlll be permlLLed Lo hold lLs place and rank ln Lhe characLer of an lndependenL pollLlcal organlsm ln Lhe socleLy of naLlons."
: D|st|ngu|sh recogn|t|on of State from recogn|t|on of government.
A:
1. A19&$'646&' &; 84#41 carrles wlLh lL Lhe recognlLlon of governmenL slnce Lhe former lmplles LhaL a SLaLe recognlzed has all Lhe essenLlal requlslLes of a SLaLe aL Lhe Llme recognlLlon ls exLended. 2. Cnce recognlLlon of sLaLe ls accorded, lL ls generally lrrevocable. ln conLrasL, 519&$'646&' &; $&>15'D1'4 may be wlLhheld from a succeedlng governmenL broughL abouL by vlolenL or unconsLlLuLlonal means.
: D|st|ngu|sh 1* 0'+* recogn|t|on from 1* E"#$/ recogn|t|on.
A: DL IUkL DL IAC1C Clven Lo a governmenL LhaL saLlsfles boLh Lhe ob[ecLlve and sub[ecLlve crlLerla Clven Lo governmenLs LhaL have noL fully saLlsfled ob[ecLlve and sub[ecLlve crlLerla LxLended Lo a governmenL fulfllllng Lhe requlremenLs for recognlLlon. When Lhere ls no speclflc lndlcaLlon, recognlLlon ls generally consldered as 71 P=51. LxLended by Lhe recognlzlng sLaLe whlch belleves LhaL some of Lhe requlremenLs for recognlLlon are absenL. 8ecognlLlon ls re|at|ve|y permanent, brlngs abouL full dlplomaLlc lnLercourse and observance of dlplomaLlc lmmunlLles, and confers LlLle Lo asseLs abroad. 1he recognlLlon ls genera||y prov|s|ona| and llmlLed Lo [udlclal relaLlons, lL does noL brlng abouL dlplomaLlc lnLercourse and does noL glve LlLle Lo asseLs of Lhe sLaLe held or slLuaLed abroad.
NC1L: 1here ls no such Lhlng as de facLo or de [ure recognlLlon of Lhe sLaLes.
kecogn|t|on of New Governments
: What are the requ|rements for recogn|t|on of government?
A: 1. 1he government |s stab|e and effect|ve, wlLh no subsLanLlal reslsLance Lo lLs auLhorlLy- lL musL be ln possesslon of Lhe machlnery of Lhe SLaLe wlLhouL subsLanLlal reslsLance Lo lLs auLhorlLy (Cb[ect|ve 1est), 2. 1he governmenL musL show wllllngness and ablllLy Lo dlscharge lLs lnLernaLlonal obllgaLlons (Sub[ect|ve 1est), 3. 1he governmenL musL en[oy popular consenL or approval of Lhe people
NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 27 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS : What |s the 1obar (Iormer Iore|gn M|n|ster of Lcuador) or W||son doctr|ne?
A: lL precludes recognlLlon Lo any governmenL comlng lnLo exlsLence by revoluLlonary means so long as Lhe freely elecLed represenLaLlves of Lhe people Lhereof have noL consLlLuLlonally reorganlzed Lhe counLry.
under Lhls docLrlne, Lhe recognlzlng sLaLe or governmenL imposes a government: we will not give you recognition unless you flrsL adopL a ConsLlLuLlon and hold free elecLlons.
: What |s the Lstrada Doctr|ne?
A: 1hls docLrlne was formulaLed by lorelgn MlnlsLer Cenaro LsLrada of Mexlco l 1930. lL lnvolves a po||cy of never |ssu|ng any dec|arat|on g|v|ng recogn|t|on to governments and of accept|ng whatever government |s |n effect|ve contro| w|thout ra|s|ng the |ssue of recogn|t|on. An lnqulry lnLo leglLlmacy would be an lnLervenLlon ln Lhe lnLernal affalrs of anoLher SLaLe.
: Who has the author|ty to recogn|ze?
A: lL ls a maLLer Lo be deLermlned accordlng Lo Lhe munlclpal law of each SLaLe. ln Lhe hlllpplnes, lL ls Lhe resldenL who deLermlnes Lhe quesLlon of recognlLlon and hls declslons on Lhls maLLer are consldered acLs of sLaLe whlch are, Lherefore, noL sub[ecL Lo [udlclal revlew. Pls auLhorlLy ln Lhls respecL ls derlved from hls treaty-making power, hls power Lo send and recelve dlplomaLlc represenLaLlves (d|p|omat|c power), hls mlllLary power, and hls rlghL ln general Lo acL as Lhe forelgn pollcy spokesman of Lhe naLlon. 8elng essenLlally dlscreLlonary, Lhe exerclse of Lhese powers may noL be compelled.
: Is the recogn|t|on extended by the res|dent to a fore|gn government sub[ect to [ud|c|a| rev|ew?
A: no! lL ls purely a pollLlcal quesLlon. CLherwlse, you wlll embarrass Lhe resldenL ln Lhe conducL of forelgn pollcy and forelgn relaLlons. Accordlng Lo Salonga, Lhe legallLy and wlsdom of recognlLlon accorded by forelgn enLlLy ls noL sub[ecL Lo [udlclal revlew. 1he CourLs are bound by Lhe acL of Lhe pollLlcal deparLmenL of Lhe governmenL.
: What are the effects or |ega| consequences of recogn|t|on of government?
A:
1. 1he recognlzed governmenL or SLaLe acqulres Lhe capac|ty to enter |nto d|p|omat|c re|at|ons w|th recogn|z|ng States and to make treat|es w|th them, 2. 1he recognlzed governmenL or SLaLe acqulres Lhe r|ght of su|ng |n the courts of |aw of the recogn|z|ng State, 3. lL ls |mmune from the [ur|sd|ct|on of the courts of |aw of recogn|z|ng State (It may not be sued w|thout |ts consent), 4. 1he new government becomes ent|t|ed to demand and rece|ve possess|on of property s|tuated w|th|n the [ur|sd|ct|on of a recogn|z|ng State, wh|ch former|y be|onged to the preced|ng government at the t|me of |ts supercess|on, 3. lLs effecL ls Lo preclude Lhe courLs of recognlzlng SLaLe from asslgn [udgmenL on Lhe legallLy of lLs acLs, pasL and fuLure. kecogn|t|on be|ng retroact|ve. lL valldaLes Lhe acLs or decrees of Lhe recognlzlng sLaLe or governmenL so LhaL Lhe courLs of Lhe recognlzlng sLaLe are noL precluded from passlng [udgmenL on Lhe legallLy of lLs acLs, pasL and fuLure. 1hls ls Lhe appllcaLlon of Lhe Act of State Doctr|ne.
Act of State Doctr|ne
under Lhls docLrlne, Lhe courLs of one sLaLe are precluded from passlng [udgmenLs on Lhe legallLy of Lhe acLs of anoLher sLaLe commlLLed wlLhln lLs LerrlLory.
8e|||gerency
: What |s be|||gerency?
A: 8elllgerency exlsLs when Lhe |nhab|tants of a State r|se up |n arms for the purpose of overthrow|ng the |eg|t|mate government or when there |s a state of war between two states.
8elllgerency may be undersLood ln Lwo senses:
a. lL may refer Lo Lhe sLaLe of war beLween 2 or more sLaLes. ln whlch case, Lhe sLaLes of war are referred Lo as Lhe belllgerenL sLaLes, and b. AcLual hosLlllLles amounLlng Lo clvll war wlLhln a slngle sLaLe.
kecogn|t|on of 8e|||gerency
lL ls Lhe formal acknowledgemenL by a Lhlrd parLy of Lhe exlsLence of a sLaLe of war beLween Lhe cenLral governmenL and a porLlon of LhaL sLaLe.
: When does be|||gerency ex|st?
A: lL exlsLs when a slzable porLlon of Lhe LerrlLory of a sLaLe ls under effecLlve conLrol of an lnsurgenL communlLy whlch ls seeklng Lo esLabllsh a separaLe governmenL and Lhe lnsurgenLs are ln de facLo conLrol of a porLlon of Lhe LerrlLory and populaLlon, have pollLlcal organlzaLlon, are able Lo malnLaln such conLrol, and conducL Lhemselves accordlng Lo Lhe laws of war.
: What are the requ|s|tes |n recogn|z|ng 8e|||gerency? NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 28 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS
A:
1. 1here musL be an organlzed clvll governmenL dlrecLlng Lhe rebel forces, or an organlzed clvll governmenL havlng conLrol and supervlslon over Lhe armed sLruggle, 2. 1he rebels musL occupy a subsLanLlal porLlon of Lhe 1errlLory of Lhe sLaLe, 3. 1he confllcL beLween Lhe leglLlmaLe governmenL and Lhe rebels musL be serlous, maklng Lhe ouLcome uncerLaln, or serlous and wldespread sLruggle wlLh Lhe ouLcome uncerLaln 4. 1he rebels musL be wllllng and able Lo observe Lhe rules/ cusLoms/ laws of war.
: What |s the effect of the absence of any of these cond|t|ons] requ|s|tes?
: What are the |ega| consequences of be|||gerency?
A:
1. 8efore recognlLlon, lL ls Lhe leglLlmaLe governmenL LhaL ls responslble for Lhe acLs of Lhe rebels affecLlng forelgn naLlonals and Lhelr properLles. Cnce recognlLlon ls glven, responslblllLy ls shlfLed Lo Lhe rebel governmenL, 2. 1he leglLlmaLe governmenL, once lL recognlzes Lhe rebels as belllgerenLs, ls bound Lo observe Lhe laws and cusLoms of war ln conducLlng Lhe hosLlllLles Lhls ls no longer a maLLer of munlclpal law. Cnce Lhe governmenL capLures a rebel, LhaL he a combaLanL and LhaL as combaLanL, he wlll have Lo be LreaLed as a prlsoner of war. rlsoners of war have rlghLs under lnLernaLlonal humanlLarlan law.
L.g. 1hey cannoL execuLe rebels consldered as CWs.
3. lrom Lhe vlewpolnL of Lhlrd SLaLes, ls Lo puL Lhem under obllgaLlon Lo observe sLrlcL neuLrallLy and ablde by Lhe consequences arlslng from LhaL poslLlon, and
Lxample:
a. lL musL absLaln from Laklng parL ln Lhe hosLlllLles, and b. MosL acqulesce Lo resLrlcLlons lmposed by Lhe rebels, such as vlslL and search of lLs merchanL shlps
4. 8ecognlLlon puLs Lhe rebels under responslblllLy Lo Lhlrd SLaLes and Lo Lhe leglLlmaLe governmenL for all Lhelr acLs whlch do noL conform Lo Lhe laws and cusLoms of war.
NC1L: 8ebels are enemy combaLanLs and accorded Lhe rlghLs of prlsoners of war. And, essenLlally, Lhls means LhaL Lhere are Lwo compeLlng governmenLs ln one counLry.
: What |s the form of such recogn|t|on?
A: lL may elLher be express or lmplled, Lhe proclamaLlon by Lhe parenL sLaLe of a blockade of a porL held by Lhe rebels ls lmplled recognlLlon of belllgerency, so ls Lhe proclamaLlon of neuLrallLy by a Lhlrd sLaLe.
: What are the effects of recogn|t|on of be|||gerency?
A: 8esponslblllLy for acLs of rebels resulLlng ln ln[ury Lo naLlonals of Lhe recognlzlng sLaLe shall be shlfLed Lo Lhe rebel governmenL, Lhe leglLlmaLe governmenL recognlzlng Lhe rebels shall observe Lhe laws of war ln conducLlng hosLlllLles, Lhlrd sLaLes recognlzlng Lhe belllgerency shall malnLaln neuLrallLy, and recognlLlon ls only provlslonal (for Lhe duraLlon of Lhe armed sLruggle) and only for Lhe purpose of Lhe hosLlllLles.
: D|st|ngu|sh |nsurgency from be|||gerency
A:
INSUkGLNC 8LLLIGLkLNC a mere lnlLlal sLage of war. lL lnvolves a rebel movemenL, and ls usually noL recognlzed More serlous and wldespread and presupposes Lhe exlsLence of war beLween 2 or more sLaLes (1sL sense) or acLual clvll war wlLhln a slngle sLaLe (2nd sense). SancLlons Lo lnsurgency are governed by munlclpal law 8evlsed enal Code, 6+1+ rebelllon. 8elllgerency ls governed by Lhe rules on lnLernaLlonal law as Lhe belllgerenLs may be glven lnLernaLlonal personallLy.
: nas the C]NA and MILI comp||ed w|th these cond|t|ons?
A: no. 8uL, Lhere are some lndlcaLlons Lhey are sLrlvlng Lo meeL Lhe condlLlons. 1hey execuLed common crlmlnals, afLer a Lrlal. lL ls llke saylng Lhey have a governmenL.
NC1L: 1he malnLenance of peace and order, and admlnlsLraLlon of [usLlce, are consLlLuenL funcLlons of Lhe governmenL.
: Lxp|a|n, us|ng examp|e, recogn|t|on of be|||gerency. (1991 8ar).
NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 29 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS A: 8ecognlLlon of belllgerency ls Lhe formal acknowledgmenL by a Lhlrd parLy of Lhe exlsLence of a sLaLe of war beLween Lhe cenLral governmenL and a porLlon of LhaL sLaLe. 8elllgerency exlsLs when a slzable porLlon of Lhe LerrlLory of a sLaLe ls under Lhe effecLlve conLrol of an lnsurgenL communlLy whlch ls seeklng Lo esLabllsh a separaLe governmenL and Lhe lnsurgenLs are ln de facLo conLrol of a porLlon of Lhe LerrlLory and populaLlon, have a pollLlcal organlzaLlon, and are able Lo malnLaln such conLrol and conducL Lhemselves accordlng Lo Lhe laws of war. lor example, CreaL 8rlLaln recognlzed a sLaLe of belllgerency ln Lhe unlLed SLaLes durlng Lhe Clvll War.
kIGn1S CI 1nL S1A1L
: What are the fundamenta| r|ghts of States?
A: (SLLD)
1. 8lghL Lo SoverelgnLy and lndependence, 2. 8lghL Lo roperLy and !urlsdlcLlon, 3. 8lghL Lo LxlsLence and Self-uefense 4. 8lghL Lo LquallLy 3. 8lghL Lo ulplomaLlc lnLercourse
kIGn1 CI LkIS1LNCL AND SLLI-DLILNSL
1hls ls consldered as Lhe mosL comprehenslve of Lhe aLLrlbuLes of Lhe sLaLe because all lLs oLher rlghLs are supposed Lo flow or be derlved from lL. 8y Lhls rlghL, Lhe sLaLe may Lake such measures, lncludlng Lhe use of force, as may be necessary Lo reslsL any danger Lo lLs exlsLence. Such acLlon does noL depend for lLs valldlLy on Lhe prevlous recognlLlon of Lhe sLaLe asserLlng lL or on Lhe consenL of oLher sLaLes !V5=Z( *+ ^-0.
1hls ls Lhe mosL elemenLary and lmporLanL rlghL of a SLaLe. All oLher rlghLs flow from Lhls rlghL. As recognlzed ln Lhe un CharLer, ArLlcle 31:
"noLhlng ln Lhe presenL charLer shall lmpalr Lhe |nherent r|ght of |nd|v|dua| or co||ect|ve se|f-defense lf an armed aLLack occurs agalnsL a Member of Lhe un, unLll Lhe SC has Laken measures necessary Lo malnLaln lnLernaLlonal peace and securlLy. Measures Laken by Members ln Lhe exerclse of Lhls rlghL of self- defense shall be lmmedlaLely reporLed Lo Lhe SC and shall noL ln any way affecL Lhe auLhorlLy and responslblllLy of Lhe SC under Lhe presenL CharLer Lo Lake aL any Llme such acLlon as lL deems necessary ln order Lo malnLaln or resLore lnLernaLlonal peace and securlLy."
Accordlngly, Lhe sLaLe may Lake such measures, lncludlng Lhe use of force, as may be necessary Lo reslsL any danger Lo lLs exlsLence. Such acLlon belng Lhe exerclse of an lnherenL rlghL, lL does noL depend for lLs valldlLy on Lhe prevlous recognlLlon of Lhe sLaLe asserLlng lL or on Lhe consenL of Lhe oLher sLaLes.
: What are the requ|s|tes of the r|ght?
A:
1. resence of armed attack to [ust|fy the exerc|se of the r|ght of se|f-defense- only ln Lhe face of necesslLy of self-defense lnsLanL, overwhelmlng and leavlng no cholce or means and no momenL for dellberaLlon. Mere apprehended danger or any dlrecL LhreaL wlll noL warranL Lhe employmenL of any force agalnsL he suspecLed or poLenLlal enemy, 2. C|ear show|ng of a grave and actua| danger to the secur|ty of the state, and 3. L|m|ted by the necess|ty and kept c|ear|y w|th|n |t.
: What |s the const|tut|ona| po||cy regard|ng war?
A: ArL. ll, Sec. 2 provldes LhaL "1he hlllpplnes renounces war as an instrument of national policy" 1hls prohlblLs an offenslve/aggresslve war. 1hus, lL allows uLlLnSlvL WA8!
1hus, when aLLacked, Lhe hlllpplnes can exerclse lLs lnherenL rlghL of exlsLence and self-defense. 1hls rlghL ls a generally accepLed prlnclple of lnLernaLlonal law - Lhus, lL ls parL of our law of Lhe land, under Lhe lncorporaLlon Clause (ArL. ll, Sec. 2, 1987 ConsLlLuLlon)
Ak1ICLL II DLCLAkA1ICN CI kINCILLS AND S1A1L CLICILS
Sect|on 2. 1he hlllpplnes renounces war as an lnsLrumenL of naLlonal pollcy, adopLs Lhe generally accepLed prlnclples of lnLernaLlonal law as parL of Lhe law of Lhe land and adheres Lo Lhe pollcy of peace, equallLy, [usLlce, freedom, cooperaLlon, and amlLy wlLh all naLlons.
: What are the three (3) parts of th|s const|tut|ona| prov|s|on?
A: 1. 8enunclaLlon of warLhe power Lo wage a defenslve war ls of Lhe very essence of soverelgnLy, 2. AdopLlon of Lhe prlnclples of lnLernaLlonal law, 3. Adherence Lo a pollcy of peace, equallLy, [usLlce, freedom, cooperaLlon & amlLy
NC1L: 1he second parL ls noLhlng more Lhan a formal accepLance of a prlnclple Lo whlch all clvlllzed naLlons musL conform.
1he Lhlrd parL ls called Lhe selfish policyLhe guldlng prlnclple of hlllpplne forelgn pollcy ls Lhe naLlonal lnLeresL. However, this is tempered with concern for equality, peace, freedom and [usLlce. NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 30 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS
: Do we renounce a|| k|nds of war?
A: 1he hlllpplnes only renounces AGGkLSSIVL war as an lnsLrumenL of naLlonal pollcy. lL does noL renounce defenslve war. 1hus, no one has Lhe power Lo declare war. 8u1, Congress can declare a State of War.
Also, Lhe resldenL can only use mlllLary powers ln case of lnvaslon, rebelllon, eLc. Pe has no power Lo declare war.
: Under our [ur|sd|ct|on, who has the power to dec|are war?
A: none.
Sec. 23 of Art. VI Sec. 18 of Art. VII Sect|on 23. 1he Congress, by a voLe of Lwo-Lhlrds of boLh Pouses ln [olnL sesslon assembled, voLlng separaLely, shall have Lhe sole power Lo declare Lhe exlsLence of a sLaLe of war. Sect|on 18. 1he resldenL shall be Lhe Commander-ln-Chlef of all armed forces of Lhe hlllpplnes and whenever lL becomes necessary, he may call ouL such armed forces Lo prevenL or suppress lawless vlolence, lnvaslon or rebelllon. ln case of lnvaslon or rebelllon, when Lhe publlc safeLy requlres lL, he may, for a perlod noL exceedlng slxLy days, suspend Lhe prlvllege of Lhe wrlL of habeas corpus or place Lhe hlllpplnes or any parL Lhereof under marLlal law. WlLhln forLy-elghL hours from Lhe proclamaLlon of marLlal law or Lhe suspenslon of Lhe prlvllege of Lhe wrlL of habeas corpus, Lhe resldenL shall submlL a reporL ln person or ln wrlLlng Lo Lhe Congress. 1he Congress, voLlng [olnLly, by a voLe of aL leasL a ma[orlLy of all lLs Members ln regular or speclal sesslon, may revoke such proclamaLlon or suspenslon, whlch revocaLlon shall noL be seL aslde by Lhe resldenL. upon Lhe lnlLlaLlve of Lhe resldenL, Lhe Congress may, ln Lhe same manner, exLend such proclamaLlon or suspenslon for a perlod Lo be deLermlned by Lhe Congress, lf Lhe lnvaslon or rebelllon shall perslsL and publlc safeLy requlres lL.
1he Congress, lf noL ln sesslon, shall, wlLhln LwenLy-four hours followlng such proclamaLlon or suspenslon, convene ln accordance wlLh lLs rules wlLhouL need of a call.
1he Supreme CourL may revlew, ln an approprlaLe proceedlng flled by any clLlzen, Lhe sufflclency of Lhe facLual basls of Lhe proclamaLlon of marLlal law or Lhe suspenslon of Lhe prlvllege of Lhe wrlL or Lhe exLenslon Lhereof, and musL promulgaLe lLs declslon Lhereon wlLhln LhlrLy days from lLs flllng.
A sLaLe of marLlal law does noL suspend Lhe operaLlon of Lhe ConsLlLuLlon, nor supplanL Lhe funcLlonlng of Lhe clvll courLs or leglslaLlve assemblles, nor auLhorlze Lhe confermenL of [urlsdlcLlon on mlllLary courLs and agencles over clvlllans where clvll courLs are able Lo funcLlon, nor auLomaLlcally suspend Lhe prlvllege of Lhe wrlL.
1he suspenslon of Lhe prlvllege of Lhe wrlL shall apply only Lo persons [udlclally charged for rebelllon or offenses lnherenL ln or dlrecLly connecLed wlLh lnvaslon.
uurlng Lhe suspenslon of Lhe prlvllege of Lhe wrlL, any person Lhus arresLed or deLalned shall be [udlclally charged wlLhln Lhree days, oLherwlse he shall be released. 1hls only covers defens|ve war where we are already belng aLLacked. Congress shall meeL and declare Lhe exlsLence of a sLaLe of war, and on Lhe basls of LhaL declaraLlon, Congress may now delegaLe emergency powers Lo Lhe resldenL.
: Why does the h|||pp|nes have to renounce war?
A: lL ls conslsLenL wlLh our membershlp Lo Lhe unlLed naLlons because among Lhe fundamenLal prlnclples governlng Lhe esLabllshmenL of Lhe u.n. ls Lhe renunclaLlon of war as an lnsLrumenL of naLlonal pollcy.
: State the occas|ons when the use of force may be a||owed under the UN Charter.
A: 1here are only Lwo occaslons when Lhe use of force ls allowed under Lhe un CharLer:
1. when lL ls auLhorlzed ln pursuance of Lhe enforcement act|on LhaL may be decreed by Lhe SecurlLy Councll under ArL. 42 12 . 2. when lL ls employed ln Lhe exerclse of Lhe lnherenL rlghL of self-defense under condlLlons prescrlbed ln ArL. 31 13 .
: Not too |ong ago, "a|||ed forces", |ed by Amer|can and 8r|t|sh armed forces, |nvaded Iraq to "||berate Iraq|s and destroy suspected weapons of mass destruct|on." 1he
12 1he SecurlLy Councll may declde whaL measures noL lnvolvlng Lhe use of armed force are Lo be employed Lo glve effecL Lo lLs declslons, and lL may call upon Lhe Members of Lhe unlLed naLlons Lo apply such measures. 1hese may lnclude comp|ete or part|a| |nterrupt|on of econom|c re|at|ons and of ra||, sea, a|r, posta|, te|egraph|c, rad|o, and other means of commun|cat|on, and the severance of d|p|omat|c re|at|ons.
13 noLhlng ln Lhe presenL CharLer shall lmpalr Lhe lnherenL rlghL of lndlvldual or collecLlve self-defence lf an armed aLLack occurs agalnsL a Member of Lhe unlLed naLlons, unLll Lhe SecurlLy Councll has Laken measures necessary Lo malnLaln lnLernaLlonal peace and securlLy. Measures Laken by Members ln Lhe exerclse of Lhls rlghL of self-defence shall be lmmedlaLely reporLed Lo Lhe SecurlLy Councll and shall noL ln any way affecL Lhe auLhorlLy and responslblllLy of Lhe SecurlLy Councll under Lhe presenL CharLer Lo Lake aL any Llme such acLlon as lL deems necessary ln order Lo malnLaln or resLore lnLernaLlonal peace and securlLy. NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 31 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS Secur|ty Counc|| of the Un|ted Nat|ons fa||ed to reach a consensus on whether to support or oppose the "war of ||berat|on." Can the act|on taken by the a|||ed forces f|nd [ust|f|cat|on |n Internat|ona| Law? Lxp|a|n. (2003 8ar)
A: 1he unlLed SLaLes and lLs allled forces cannoL [usLlfy Lhelr lnvaslon of lraq on Lhe basls of self-defense under ArLlcle 31, aLLack by lraq, and Lhere was no necesslLy for anLlclpaLory self-defense whlch may be [usLlfled under cusLomary lnLernaLlonal law. nelLher can Lhey [usLlfy Lhelr lnvaslon on Lhe ground LhaL ArLlcle 42 of Lhe CharLer of Lhe unlLed naLlons permlLs Lhe use of force agalnsL a SLaLe lf lL ls sancLloned by Lhe SecurlLy Councll. 8esoluLlon 1441, whlch gave lraq a flnal opporLunlLy Lo dlsarm or face serlous consequences, dld noL auLhorlze Lhe use of armed force.
A|ternat|ve A: ln lnLernaLlonal Law, Lhe acLlon Laken by Lhe allled forces cannoL flnd [usLlflcaLlon. lL ls covered by Lhe prohlblLlon agalnsL Lhe use of force prescrlbed by Lhe unlLed naLlons CharLer and lL does noL fall under any of Lhe excepLlons Lo LhaL prohlblLlon.
1he un CharLer ln Art|c|e 2(4) prohlblLs Lhe use of force ln Lhe relaLlons of sLaLes by provldlng LhaL all members of Lhe un "shall refraln ln Lhelr lnLernaLlonal relaLlons from Lhe LhreaL or use of force agalnsL Lhe LerrlLorlal lnLegrlLy or pollLlcal lndependence of any sLaLe, or ln any oLher manner lnconslsLenL wlLh Lhe purposes of Lhe unlLed naLlons." 1hls mandaLe does noL only ouLlaw war, lL encompasses all LhreaLs of and acLs of force or vlolence shorL of war.
As Lhus provlded, Lhe prohlblLlon ls addressed Lo all un members. Powever, lL ls now recognlzed as a fundamenLal prlnclple ln cusLomary lnLernaLlonal law and, as such, ls blndlng on all members of Lhe lnLernaLlonal communlLy.
1he acLlon Laken by Lhe allled forces cannoL be [usLlfled under any of Lhe Lhree excepLlons Lo Lhe prohlblLlon agalnsL Lhe use of force whlch Lhe un CharLer allows. 1hese are:
(1) lnherenL rlghL of lndlvldual or collecLlve self-defense under ArLlcle 31, (2) LnforcemenL measure lnvolvlng Lhe use of armed forces by Lhe un SecurlLy Councll under ArLlcle 42, and (3) LnforcemenL measure by reglonal arrangemenL under ArLlcle 33 14 , as auLhorlzed by Lhe un SecurlLy Councll. 1he allled forces dld noL launch mlllLary operaLlons and dld noL occupy lraq on Lhe clalm LhaL Lhelr acLlon was ln response Lo an armed aLLacked by lraq, of whlch Lhere was none.
14 1. 1he SecurlLy Councll shall, where approprlaLe, uLlllze such reglonal arrangemenLs or agencles for enforcemenL acLlon under lLs auLhorlLy. 8uL no enforcemenL acLlon shall be Laken under reglonal arrangemenLs or by reglonal agencles wlLhouL Lhe auLhorlzaLlon of Lhe SecurlLy Councll, wlLh Lhe excepLlon of measures agalnsL any enemy sLaLe, as deflned ln paragraph 2 of Lhls ArLlcle, provlded for pursuanL Lo ArLlcle 107 or ln reglonal arrangemenLs dlrecLed agalnsL renewal of aggresslve pollcy on Lhe parL of any such sLaLe, unLll such Llme as Lhe CrganlzaLlon may, on requesL of Lhe CovernmenLs concerned, be charged wlLh Lhe responslblllLy for prevenLlng furLher aggresslon by such a sLaLe. 2. 1he Lerm enemy sLaLe as used ln paragraph 1 of Lhls ArLlcle applles Lo any sLaLe whlch durlng Lhe Second World War has been an enemy of any slgnaLory of Lhe presenL CharLer.
Moreover, Lhe acLlon of Lhe alleged allled forces was Laken ln deflance or dlsregard of Lhe SecurlLy Councll 8esoluLlon no. 1441 whlch seL up "an enhanced lnspecLlon reglme wlLh Lhe alm of brlnglng Lo full and verlfled compleLlon Lhe dlsarmamenL process," glvlng lraq "a flnal opporLunlLy Lo comply wlLh lLs dlsarmamenL obllgaLlons." 1hls resoluLlon was ln Lhe process of lmplemenLaLlon, so was Iraqs compliance with such disarmament obligations.
keg|ona| arrangements
CollecLlve self-defense ls recognlzed under ArLlcle 31 and lmplledly ln ArLlcle vll of Lhe 8eglonal ArrangemenLs (ArLlcle 32, SecLlon 1) 13 .
An example of Lhls reglonal agency ls Lhe CrganlzaLlon of Amerlcan SLaLes.
: Cn 31 Cctober 2001, members of A|| 8aba, a po||t|ca| extrem|st organ|zat|on based |n and under the protect|on of Country k and espous|ng v|o|ence wor|dw|de as a means of ach|ev|ng |ts ob[ect|ve, p|anted h|gh-powered exp|os|ves and bombs at the Internat|ona| 1rade 1ower (I11) |n Iewe| C|ty |n Country , a member of the Un|ted Nat|ons. As a resu|t of the bomb|ng and the co||apse of the 100-story tw|n towers, about 2000 peop|e, |nc|ud|ng women and ch||dren were k|||ed or |n[ured and b||||ons of do||ars |n property were |ost. Immed|ate|y after the |nc|dent, A|| 8aba, speak|ng through |ts |eader 8|n Derdandat, adm|tted and owned respons|b|||ty for the bomb|ng of I11, say|ng that |t was done to pressure Country to re|ease captured members of the terror|st group. A|| 8aba threatened to repeat |ts terror|st acts aga|nst Country |f the |atter and |ts a|||es fa||ed to accede to Ali Babas demands. In response, Country demanded that Country k surrender and de||ver 8|n Derdandat to the government author|t|es of Country for the purpose of tr|a| and "|n the name of [ust|ce." Country k refused to accede to the demand of Country .
What act|on or act|ons can Country |ega||y take aga|nst A|| 8aba and Country k to stop the terror|st act|v|t|es of A|| 8aba and d|ssuade Country k from harbor|ng and g|v|ng protect|on to the terror|st organ|zat|on? Support your answer w|th reasons. (2002 8ar)
A:
13 noLhlng ln Lhe presenL CharLer precludes Lhe exlsLence of reglonal arrangemenLs or agencles for deallng wlLh such maLLers relaLlng Lo Lhe malnLenance of lnLernaLlonal peace and securlLy as are approprlaLe for reglonal acLlon provlded LhaL such arrangemenLs or agencles and Lhelr acLlvlLles are conslsLenL wlLh Lhe urposes and rlnclples of Lhe unlLed naLlons.
1he Members of Lhe unlLed naLlons enLerlng lnLo such arrangemenLs or consLlLuLlng such agencles shall make every efforL Lo achleve paclflc seLLlemenL of local dlspuLes Lhrough such reglonal arrangemenLs or by such reglonal agencles before referrlng Lhem Lo Lhe SecurlLy Councll. 1he SecurlLy Councll shall encourage Lhe developmenL of paclflc seLLlemenL of local dlspuLes Lhrough such reglonal arrangemenLs or by such reglonal agencles elLher on Lhe lnlLlaLlve of Lhe sLaLes concerned or by reference from Lhe SecurlLy Councll.
1hls ArLlcle ln no way lmpalrs Lhe appllcaLlon of ArLlcles 34 and 33. NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 32 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS
(1) CounLry ? may exerclse Lhe rlghL of self-defense, as provlded under Art|c|e S1 of the UN Charter "unLll Lhe SecurlLy Councll has Laken measure necessary Lo malnLaln lnLernaLlonal peace and securlLy." Self defense enables CounLry ? Lo use force agalnsL CounLry x as well as agalnsL Lhe All 8aba organlzaLlon.
(2) lL may brlng Lhe maLLer Lo Lhe SecurlLy Councll whlch may auLhorlze sancLlons agalnsL CounLry x, lncludlng measure lnvoklng Lhe use of force.
under ArLlcle 4 of Lhe un CharLer, CounLry ? may use force agalnsL CounLry x as well as agalnsL Lhe All 8aba organlzaLlon by auLhorlLy of Lhe un SecurlLy Councll.
AlLernaLlve A: under Lhe SecurlLy Councll 8esoluLlon no. 1368, Lhe LerrorlsL aLLack of All 8aba may be deflned as a LhreaL Lo peace, as lL dld ln deflnlng Lhe 11 SepLember 2001 aLLacks agalnsL Lhe unlLed SLaLes. 1he resoluLlon auLhorlzes mlllLary and oLher acLlons Lo respond Lo LerrorlsL aLLacks. Powever, Lhe use of mlllLary force musL be proporLlonaLe and lnLended for Lhe purpose of deLalnlng Lhe persons allegedly responslble for Lhe crlme and Lo desLroy mlllLary ob[ecLlves used by Lhe LerrorlsLs.
1he fundamenLal prlnclples of lnLernaLlonal humanlLarlan law should be respecLed. CounLry ? cannoL be granLed sweeplng dlscreLlonary powers LhaL lnclude Lhe power Lo declde whaL sLaLes are behlnd Lhe LerrorlsL organlzaLlons. lL ls for Lhe SecurlLy Councll Lo declde wheLher force may be used agalnsL speclflc sLaLes and under whaL condlLlons Lhe force may be used.
: Is the Un|ted States [ust|f|ed |n |nvad|ng Iraq |nvok|ng |ts r|ght to defend |tse|f aga|nst an expected attack by Iraq w|th the use of |ts b|o|og|ca| and chem|ca| weapons of mass destruct|on?
A: 1he unlLed SLaLes ls lnvoklng lLs rlghL Lo defend lLself agalnsL an expecLed aLLack by lraq wlLh Lhe use of lLs blologlcal and chemlcal weapons of mass desLrucLlon. 1here ls no evldence of such a LhreaL, buL 8ush ls probably lnvoklng Lhe modern vlew LhaL a sLaLe does noL have Lo walL unLll Lhe poLenLlal enemy flres flrsL. 1he cowboy from 1exas says LhaL ouLdrawlng Lhe foe who ls abouL Lo shooL ls an acL of self-defense.
ArL. 31 says, however, LhaL Lhere musL flrsL be an "armed aLLack" before a sLaLe can exerclse lLs lnherenL rlghL of self- defense, and only unLll Lhe SecurlLy Councll, Lo whlch Lhe aggresslon should be reporLed, shall have Laken Lhe necessary measures Lo malnLaln lnLernaLlonal peace and securlLy. lL was Lhe unlLed SLaLes LhaL made Lhe "armed aLLack" flrsL, Lhus becomlng Lhe aggressor, noL lraq. lraq ls now noL only exerclslng lLs lnherenL rlghL of self- defense as recognlzed by Lhe un CharLer.
: W||| the subsequent d|scovery of weapons of mass destruct|on |n Iraq after |ts |nvas|on by the US [ust|fy the attack |n|t|ated by the |atter?
A: Even if Iraqs hidden arsenal is discovered - or acLually used - and Lhe unlLed SLaLes ls [usLlfled ln lLs susplclons, LhaL clrcumsLance wlll noL valldaLe Lhe procedure Laken agalnsL lraq. lL ls llke searchlng a person wlLhouL warranL and curlng Lhe lrregularlLy wlLh Lhe dlscovery of prohlblLed drugs ln hls possesslon. 1he process cannoL be reversed. 1he warranL musL flrsL be lssued before Lhe search and selzure can be made.
1he Amerlcan lnvaslon was made wlLhouL permlsslon from Lhe SecurlLy Councll as requlred by Lhe un CharLer. Any subsequenL dlscovery of Lhe prohlblLed blologlcal and chemlcal weapons wlll noL reLroacLlvely legallze LhaL lnvaslon, whlch was, legally speaklng, null and vold ab lnlLlo.
: State 8, re|y|ng on |nformat|on gathered by |ts |nte|||gence commun|ty to the effect that |ts ne|ghbor, State C, |s p|ann|ng an attack on |ts nuc|ear p|an and research |nst|tute, undertook a "prevent|ve" attack |n certa|n bases on State C |ocated near the border of the two states. As a resu|t, State C presented the |nc|dent to the UN Genera| Assemb|y but the |atter referred |t to the UN Secur|ty Counc|| as a matter, wh|ch d|sturbs or threatens "|nternat|ona| peace and secur|ty". State 8 argued that |t was act|ng w|th|n the |ega| bounds of Art|c|e S1 of the UN Charter and that |t was a perm|tted use of force |n se|f- defense and aga|nst armed attack. Is State 8 respons|b|e under Internat|ona| Law? D|d State 8 act w|th|n the bounds set forth |n the UN Charter on the use of force |n se|f- defense? (198S 8ar)
A: An armed aLLack ls noL a requlremenL for Lhe exerclse of Lhe rlghL of self-defense. Powever, Lhe aLLack of SLaLe 8 on SLaLe C cannoL be [usLlfled as an acL of self-defense under ArL. 31 of Lhe un CharLer conslderlng LhaL Lhe danger percelved by SLaLe 8 was noL lmmlnenL. SLaLe 8 oughL Lo have exhausLed peaceful and paclflc meLhods of seLLlemenLs lnsLead of resorLlng Lo Lhe use of force.
: Who can dec|are war?
A: no one! 1he ConsLlLuLlon has wlLhheld Lhls power from Lhe governmenL. WhaL Lhe ConsLlLuLlon allows ls a declaraLlon of a "SLaLe of War". under ArL. vl, Sec. 23(1) - "Congress, by a voLe of 2/3 of boLh Pouses, ln [olnL sesslon assembled, voLlng separaLely, shall have Lhe sole power Lo declare Lhe exlsLence of a sLaLe of war. 1hls means LhaL we are already under aLLack. 16
16 SecLlon 2. 1he hlllpplnes renounces war as an lnsLrumenL of naLlonal pollcy, adopLs Lhe generally accepLed prlnclples of lnLernaLlonal law as parL of Lhe law of Lhe land and adheres Lo Lhe pollcy of peace, equallLy, [usLlce, freedom, cooperaLlon, and amlLy wlLh all naLlons (ArLlcle 2).
NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 33 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS
: What are the effects when Congress dec|ares a state of war?
A:
1. ArL. vl, Sec. 23 17
2. ArL. vll, Sec. 18 18
1hls ls ln llne wlLh Lhe un CharLer, whlch also renounces war. As charLer-member of Lhe un, our ConsLlLuLlon also renounces war as an lnsLrumenL of naLlonal pollcy.
kIGn1S CI SCVLkLIGN1 AND INDLLNDLNCL
: What |s sovere|gnty?
A: lL ls Lhe supreme, unconLrollable power ln a sLaLe by whlch LhaL sLaLe ls governed. lL ls Lhe supreme power of Lhe sLaLe Lo command and enforce obedlence, Lhe power Lo whlch, legally speaklng, all lnLeresLs are pracLlcally sub[ecL and all wllls subordlnaLe.
ln lnLernaLlonal law, lL ls Lhe aLLrlbuLe LhaL enables Lhe sLaLe Lo make lLs own declslon vls-a-vls oLher sLaLes and vesLs lL wlLh compeLence Lo enLer lnLo relaLlons and agreemenLs wlLh Lhem.
: What |s Independence?
A: lL ls also known as exLernal soverelgnLy. lL slgnlfles Lhe freedom of Lhe sLaLe Lo conLrol lLs own forelgn affalrs.
SecLlon 23.1he Congress, by a voLe of Lwo-Lhlrds of boLh Pouses ln [olnL sesslon assembled, voLlng separaLely, shall have Lhe sole power Lo declare Lhe exlsLence of a sLaLe of war.
ln Llmes of war or oLher naLlonal emergency, Lhe Congress may, by law, auLhorlze Lhe resldenL, for a llmlLed perlod and sub[ecL Lo such resLrlcLlons as lL may prescrlbe, Lo exerclse powers necessary and proper Lo carry ouL a declared naLlonal pollcy. unless sooner wlLhdrawn by resoluLlon of Lhe Congress, such powers shall cease upon Lhe nexL ad[ournmenL Lhereof (ArLlcle 6).
17 Supra
18 SecLlon 18. 1he resldenL shall be Lhe Commander-ln-Chlef of all armed forces of Lhe hlllpplnes and whenever lL becomes necessary, he may call ouL such armed forces Lo prevenL or suppress lawless vlolence, lnvaslon or rebelllon. ln case of lnvaslon or rebelllon, when Lhe publlc safeLy requlres lL, he may, for a perlod noL exceedlng slxLy days, suspend Lhe prlvllege of Lhe wrlL of habeas corpus or place Lhe hlllpplnes or any parL Lhereof under marLlal law. WlLhln forLy-elghL hours from Lhe proclamaLlon of marLlal law or Lhe suspenslon of Lhe prlvllege of Lhe wrlL of habeas corpus, Lhe resldenL shall submlL a reporL ln person or ln wrlLlng Lo Lhe Congress. 1he Congress, voLlng [olnLly, by a voLe of aL leasL a ma[orlLy of all lLs Members ln regular or speclal sesslon, may revoke such proclamaLlon or suspenslon, whlch revocaLlon shall noL be seL aslde by Lhe resldenL. upon Lhe lnlLlaLlve of Lhe resldenL, Lhe Congress may, ln Lhe same manner, exLend such proclamaLlon or suspenslon for a perlod Lo be deLermlned by Lhe Congress, lf Lhe lnvaslon or rebelllon shall perslsL and publlc safeLy requlres lL.
1he Congress, lf noL ln sesslon, shall, wlLhln LwenLy-four hours followlng such proclamaLlon or suspenslon, convene ln accordance wlLh lLs rules wlLhouL need of a call.
1he Supreme CourL may revlew, ln an approprlaLe proceedlng flled by any clLlzen, Lhe sufflclency of Lhe facLual basls of Lhe proclamaLlon of marLlal law or Lhe suspenslon of Lhe prlvllege of Lhe wrlL or Lhe exLenslon Lhereof, and musL promulgaLe lLs declslon Lhereon wlLhln LhlrLy days from lLs flllng.
A sLaLe of marLlal law does noL suspend Lhe operaLlon of Lhe ConsLlLuLlon, nor supplanL Lhe funcLlonlng of Lhe clvll courLs or leglslaLlve assemblles, nor auLhorlze Lhe confermenL of [urlsdlcLlon on mlllLary courLs and agencles over clvlllans where clvll courLs are able Lo funcLlon, nor auLomaLlcally suspend Lhe prlvllege of Lhe wrlL.
1he suspenslon of Lhe prlvllege of Lhe wrlL shall apply only Lo persons [udlclally charged for rebelllon or offenses lnherenL ln or dlrecLly connecLed wlLh lnvaslon.
uurlng Lhe suspenslon of Lhe prlvllege of Lhe wrlL, any person Lhus arresLed or deLalned shall be [udlclally charged wlLhln Lhree days, oLherwlse he shall be released.
Intervent|on
: What |s |ntervent|on?
A: lL ls "Lhe dlcLaLorlal lnLerference by a SLaLe ln Lhe lnLernal affalrs of anoLher SLaLe, or ln Lhe relaLlons beLween oLher SLaLes, whlch ls elLher forclble or backed by Lhe LhreaL of force."
lL ls an act by wh|ch a state |nterferes w|th the domest|c or fore|gn affa|rs of another state or states through emp|oyment of force or threat of force. Such force nay be physlcal or ln Lhe presenL sLaLe of world affalrs, even pollLlcal or economlc. Lacklng such pressure, Lhe lnvolvemenL of a sLaLe ln Lhe affalrs of anoLher, even lf unsollclLed, cannoL be consldered lnLervenLlon.
1he sLaLe musL absLaln from lnLervenLlon. Lven lf lL expecLs lLs lndependence Lo be respecLed by oLher SLaLes, so Loo musL lL respecL Lhelr own lndependence. 1he rlghL of lndependence carrles wlLh lL, by necessary lmpllcaLlon, Lhe correlaLlve duLy of non-lnLervenLlon.
NC1L: 1he klnd of lnLervenLlon here musL be dlcLaLorlal backed up by force or LhreaL of force. ?ou cannoL lnLervene unLll and unless you have force.
: Is |ntervent|on a||owed under |nternat|ona| |aw?
A:
Gk: lnLervenLlon ls noL sancLloned ln lnLernaLlonal relaLlons.
kN: When lL ls exerclsed as an acL of self-defense or when lL ls decreed by Lhe SecurlLy Councll as a prevenLlve or enforcemenL acLlon for Lhe malnLenance of lnLernaLlonal peace and securlLy. 1hese are Lhe only 2 lnsLances when Lhe use of force ls allowed under Lhe CharLer of Lhe un. Some wrlLers would add a Lhlrd [usLlflcaLlon for lnLervenLlon, and Lhls ls when such acLlon ls agreed upon ln a LreaLy. lnLervenLlon may also be allowed when requesLed from fellow sLaLes or from Lhe un by Lhe parLles Lo a dlspuLe or by a sLaLe beseL of rebelllon.
: G|ve examp|es of [ust|f|ed |ntervent|on?
A: 1. lnLervenLlon as an acL of lndlvldual or collecLlve self- defense 2. lnLervenLlon by LreaLy sLlpulaLlons or by lnvlLaLlon 3. lnLervenLlon by Lhe unlted Nations authorization 4. lnLervenLlon on human grounds, whlch accordlng Lo auLhorlLles ln lnLernaLlonal law has now evolved lnLo an lnLernaLlonal cusLom.
NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 34 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS
Intercess|on
NC1L: lnLervenLlon ls ulfferenL from "lnLercesslon" lnLercesslon ls allowed!
: Is |ntervent|on a||owed?
A: lL ls prohlblLed.
: G|ve examp|es of |ntercess|on.
A: 1. ulplomaLlc roLesL, 2. 1ender of Advlce 3. uemand for recLlflcaLlon of a wrong done or commlLLed
Gk: lnLervenLlon ls prohlblLed (urago uocLrlne). lL prohlblLs lnLervenLlon for Lhe collecLlon of conLracLual debLs, publlc or prlvaLe.
kN: (When |ntervent|on |s a||owed)
1. lnLervenLlon as an AcL of lndlvldual and CollecLlve Self-uefense, 2. lnLervenLlon by 1reaLy SLlpulaLlon or by lnvlLaLlon, 3. 8y un AuLhorlzaLlon and 8esoluLlon- llke whaL happened ln Lhe korean War and durlng ln lraql AnnexaLlon of kuwalL ln 1990 (Lhere was a un 8esoluLlon auLhorlzlng Lhe uS-led mulLllaLeral force Lo lnLervene), 4. Cn humanlLarlan grounds Lhls has evolved by lnLernaLlonal cusLom and Lhus become a prlmary source of lnLernaLlonal cusLom (lnLervenLlon ln Somalla, ln 8osnla and kosovo whereln Lhere was no un 8esoluLlon buL nA1C lnLervened mlllLarlly ln Lhe ground LhaL Lhere was eLhnlc cleanslng by Serbs of Lhe mlnorlLles, lnLervenLlon ln LasL 1lmor Lo proLecL Lhe LasL 1omorese),
: What |s "Intervent|on by Inv|tat|on"?
A: lL presupposes LhaL Lhe lnvlLlng SLaLe ls noL a mere puppeL of Lhe lnLervenlng SLaLe Lx.: Pungary.
ln 1936, Pungary was ln lnLernal Lurmoll, and asked Lhe SovleL forces Lo lnLervene. Whlle Lhe lnLervenLlon was upon lnvlLaLlon, lL was sLlll condemned because Lhe Pungarlan governmenL was a mere SovleL puppeL.
N|caragua v. USA, Commun|que 86]8 (Iune 27, 2986)
1hls ls where Lhe uS was found gullLy of lnLervenLlo ln Lhe affalrs of nlcaragua for sendlng Lroops Lo nlcaragua Lo ald Lhe conLras, lnasmuch as Lhere was no armed aLLack agalnsL Lhe laLLer. noLe LhaL Lhe proLesL or demand for recLlflcaLlon or reparaLlon does noL comprlse lnLervenLlon. 1hus, Lhe acL of resldenL CllnLon ln dlscoraglng Amerlcans from lnvesLlng ln 8urma was noL consldered as lnLervenLlon.
1he Drago Doctr|ne
Q: What is the Drago Doctrine?
A: lL prohlblLs Lhe lnLervenLlon for Lhe purpose of collecLlng conLracLual debLs.
Cenerally lnLervenLlon ls rohlblLed (urago uocLrlne). 1hls ls formulaLed by lorelgn MlnlsLer Luls urago (ArgenLlna), ln reacLlon Lo Lhe venezuelan lncldenL.
ln 1902, uk, Cermany and lLaly blockaded venezuelan porLs Lo compel lL Lo pay lLs conLracLual debLs. 1hls ls Lhe besL example of whaL ls Lermed as pac|f|c b|ockade. 1he purpose of Lhe blockade ls Lo compel Lhe valenzuelan governmenL Lo pay lLs conLracLual debLs.
1he acLlon was Lhe sub[ecL of unlversal dlspprobaLlon whlch led Lhe forelgn MlnlsLer urago Lo formulaLe a docLrlne LhaL " a pub||c debt cannot g|ve r|se to the r|ght of intervention. 1hls prlnclple was laLer adopLed ln Lhe Second nague Conference 19 , buL sub[ecL Lo Lhe quallflcaLlon LhaL Lhe debLor sLaLe should noL refuse or neglecL Lo reply Lo an offer of arblLraLlon or afLer accepLlng Lhe offer, prevenL any compromlse from belng agreed upon, or afLer Lhe arblLraLlon, fall Lo submlL Lo Lhe award, Lhe quallflcaLlon ls known as Lhe orter reso|ut|on.
1hls was recognlzed ln Lhe nague Convent|on of 1907 Lhrough a provlslon LhaL Lhe conLracLlng powers agree Lo have Lhe recourse Lo armed force for Lhe recovery of conLracL debLs clalmed from Lhe governmnL of one counLry by Lhe governmenL of anoLher counLry as belng due Lo lLs naLlonals. 1he force of Lhls docLrlne was laLer dlsslpaLed by Lhe orLer 8esoluLlon.
orter keso|ut|on
under Lhls resoluLlon, lnLervnLlon was permlLLed lf Lhe debLor state refused to an offer to arbitrate the creditors claim, or havlng agreed Lo arblLraLe, prevenLed agreemenL on Lhe compromlse, or havlng agreed LhereLo, refused Lo ablde by Lhe award of Lhe arblLraLor.
Intervent|on by treaty st|pu|at|ons or by |nv|tat|on
: What |s the requ|rement under th|s |ntervent|on?
19 1he conLracLlng powers agree no LoL have recourse Lo armed force for Lhe recovery of conLracL debLs clalmed from Lhe governmenL of one counLry by Lhe governmenL of anoLher counLry as belng due Lo lLs naLlonals. NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 33 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS A: loL lL Lo be [usLlfled, lL presupposes LhaL Lhe lnvlLlng governmenL musL noL be a mere puppeL of Lhe lnLervenlng sLaLe.
W2#D*%1` WhaL happened ln Pungary (WesLern Lurope ln 1936)Cold War: a. SovleL bloc (Pungary was parL) b. WesLern bloc
: Under our h|story, |s there any |nstance when there was an Intervent|on by treaty st|pu|at|ons or by |nv|tat|on?
A: In 1989, on the second day of the last coup detat during Lhe Llme of resldenL Cory, Lhe rebel forces, Lhe 8AM-Sl aLLacked Lhe Malacanang. AL LhaL Llme, Lhe u.S. fleeL was here aL Lhe SouLh Chlna Sea. 1he Cory CovernmenL admlLLed that they invited the Americans to intervene. A coup detat is an lnLernal affalr ln Lhe hlllpplnes, yeL Lhe Amerlcans lnLervened mlllLarlly. 1hls was an lnLervenLlon by lnvlLaLlon.
Intervent|on under the UN Charetr
un lLself caLegorlcally blnds lLself noL Lo lnLerven ln maLLers whlch are essenLlally wlLhln Lhe doemsLlc [urlsdlcLlon of any sLaLe. ln Lhe un ueclaraLlon of 8lghLs and uuLles of SLaLes, lL provlded LhaL every sLaLe has Lhe duLy Lo refraln from lnLervenLlon ln Lhe lnLernal or exLernal affalrs of any oLher SLaLe.
W2#D*%13` 1. korean War of 1930. 1he u.n. lnLervened ln Lhe korean War. 2. Culf War of 1990, when Saddam Pusseln lnvaded and annexed kuwalL and made lL a provlnce of lraq. 1he mulLlnaLlonal force led by Lhe u.S. also intervened during the so called Operation Dessert Storm. This was justified.
Charter of the Crgan|zat|on of Amer|can States
1he charLer of Lhe CrganlzaLlon of Amerlcan SLaLes ls more unequlvocal wlLh Lhe sLaLemenL LhaL:
Art|c|e 19
no SLaLe or group of SLaLes has Lhe rlghL Lo lnLervene, dlrecLly or lndlrecLly, for any reason whaLever, ln Lhe lnLernal or exLernal affalrs of any oLher SLaLe. 1he foregolng prlnclple prohlblLs noL only armed force buL also any oLher form of lnLerference or aLLempLed LhreaL agalnsL Lhe personallLy of Lhe SLaLe or agalnsL lLs pollLlcal, economlc, and culLural elemenLs.
Art|c|e 20
no SLaLe may use or encourage Lhe use of coerclve measures of an economlc or pollLlcal characLer ln order Lo force Lhe soverelgn wlll of anoLher SLaLe and obLaln from lL advanLages of any klnd.
: What |s ac|f|c 8|ockade?
A: lL ls one lmposed durlng Llmes of peace were Lhe counLrles aL war, Lhen a blockade ls a leglLlmaLe measure ln facL, a blockade musL noL be vlolaLed by a neuLral SLaLe. lf breached, Lhe neuLral vessel ls selzed.
ACIIIC 8LCCkADL 8LCCkADL UNDLk 1nL LAWS CI WAk AND 1nL LAWS CI NLU1kALI1 noL allowed A leglLlmaLe war measure LhaL may be underLaken by a belllgerenL ln Llmes of war. 1he reason why lL ls called pacific is that there was no war beLween Lhe blockadlng sLaLes and Lhe blockaded porL. 1he purpose ls Lo cuL off Lhe porL of anoLher sLaLe from communlcaLlon, commerce or Lrade. CommlLLed ln Llmes of peace 8elllgerenL sLaLes may resorL Lo blockade.
: At the Un|ted Nat|ons, the Arab League, through Syr|a, sponsors a move to |nc|ude |n the agenda of the Genera| Assemb|y the d|scuss|on of th|s matter: "1he Mus||m popu|at|on of M|ndanao, h|||pp|nes has expressed the des|re to secede from the kepub||c of the h|||pp|nes |n order to const|tute a separate and |ndependent state and has drawn attent|on to the probab|||ty that the cont|nuat|on of the armed conf||ct |n M|ndanao const|tutes a threat to peace." ou are asked by the h|||pp|ne Government to draft a pos|t|on paper oppos|ng the move. 8r|ef|y out||ne your arguments support|ng the h|||pp|ne pos|t|on, spec|f|ca||y d|scuss|ng the tenab|||ty of Arab Leagues action from the standpoint of International Law. (1984 8ar)
A: 1he Musllm secesslonlsL movemenL ls noL an lnLernaLlonal dlspuLe, whlch under ArLlcle 33(1) of Lhe un CharLer, a member of Lhe unlLed naLlons may brlng Lo Lhe aLLenLlon of Lhe SecurlLy Councll or Lhe Ceneral Assembly. Such dlspuLe can arlse only beLween Lwo or more SLaLes. 1he aLLempL of Lhe Arab League Lo place on Lhe agenda of Lhe Ceneral Assembly Lhe Musllm problem ln Mlndanao can only be vlews as an lnLerference wlLh a purely domesLlc affalr.
: When |s the use of force a||owed under the UN Charter by the UNSC reso|ut|on?
A:
1. ArLlcle 41 20
20 supra NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 36 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS 2. ArLlcle 42 21
3. ArLlcle 31 22
NC1L: 1here ls a llmlLed deflnlLlon of armed aLLacks - nlcargua v. unlLed SLaLes.
ln Lhe case of lndlvldual self-defense, Lhe exerclse of Lhls rlghL ls sub[ecL Lo Lhe SLaLe concerned havlng been Lhe vlcLlm of an armed aLLack. 8ellance on collecLlve self-defense of course does noL remove Lhe need for Lhls. 1here appears now Lo be general agreemenL on Lhe naLure of Lhe acLs whlch can be LreaLed as consLlLuLlng armed aLLacks. ln parLlcular, lL may be consldered Lo be agreed LhaL an armed aLLack musL be undersLood as lncludlng noL merely acLlon by regular armed forces across an lnLernaLlonal border, buL also 'Lhe sendlng by or on behalf of a SLaLe of armed bands, groups, lrregulars or mercenarles, whlch carry ouL acLs of armed force agalnsL anoLher SLaLe of such gravlLy as Lo amounL Lo' (lnLer alla) an acLual armed aLLack conducLed by regular forces, 'or lLs subsLanLlal lnvolvemenL Lhereln'. 1hls descrlpLlon, conLalned ln ArLlcle 3, paragraph (g), of Lhe ueflnlLlon of Aggresslon annexed Lo Ceneral Assembly resoluLlon 3314 (xxlx), may be Laken Lo reflecL cusLomary lnLernaLlonal law. 1he CourL sees no reason Lo deny LhaL, ln cusLomary law, Lhe prohlblLlon of armed aLLacks may apply Lo Lhe sendlng by a SLaLe of armed bands Lo Lhe LerrlLory of anoLher SLaLe, lf such an operaLlon, because of lLs scale and effecLs, would have been classlfled as an armed aLLack raLher Lhan as a mere fronLler lncldenL had lL been carrled ouL by regular armed forces. 8uL Lhe CourL does noL belleve LhaL Lhe concepL of 'armed aLLack' lncludes noL only acLs by armed bands where such acLs occur on a slgnlflcanL
21 Should Lhe SecurlLy Councll conslder LhaL measures provlded for ln ArLlcle 41 would be lnadequaLe or have proved Lo be lnadequaLe, lL may Lake such acLlon by alr, sea, or land forces as may be necessary Lo malnLaln or resLore lnLernaLlonal peace and securlLy. Such acLlon may lnclude demonsLraLlons, blockade, and oLher operaLlons by alr, sea, or land forces of Members of Lhe un. 22 noLhlng ln Lhe presenL charLer shall lmpalr Lhe lnherenL rlghL of lndlvldual or collecLlve self-defense lf an armed aLLack occurs agalnsL a Member of Lhe un, unLll Lhe SC has Laken measures necessary Lo malnLaln lnLernaLlonal peace and securlLy. Measures Laken by Members ln Lhe exerclse of Lhls rlghL of self-defense shall be lmmedlaLely reporLed Lo Lhe SC and shall noL ln any way affecL Lhe auLhorlLy and responslblllLy of Lhe SC under Lhe presenL CharLer Lo Lake aL any Llme such acLlon as lL deems necessary ln order Lo malnLaln or resLore lnLernaLlonal peace and securlLy.
scale buL also asslsLance Lo rebels ln Lhe form of Lhe provlslon of weapons or loglsLlcal or oLher supporL. Such asslsLance may be regarded as a LhreaL or use of force, or amounL Lo lnLervenLlon ln Lhe lnLernal or exLernal affalrs of oLher SLaLes."
kIGn1 CI LUALI1
UN Charter Art|c|e 2
1he CrganlzaLlon and lLs Members, ln pursulL of Lhe urposes sLaLed ln ArLlcle 1, shall acL ln accordance wlLh Lhe followlng rlnclples.
1. 1he Crgan|zat|on |s based on the pr|nc|p|e of the sovere|gn equa||ty of a|| |ts Members. 2. All Members, ln order Lo ensure Lo all of Lhem Lhe rlghLs and beneflLs resulLlng from membershlp, shall fulflll ln good falLh Lhe obllgaLlons assumed by Lhem ln accordance wlLh Lhe presenL CharLer. 3. All Members shall seLLle Lhelr lnLernaLlonal dlspuLes by peaceful means ln such a manner LhaL lnLernaLlonal peace and securlLy, and [usLlce, are noL endangered. 4. All Members shall refraln ln Lhelr lnLernaLlonal relaLlons from Lhe LhreaL or use of force agalnsL Lhe LerrlLorlal lnLegrlLy or pollLlcal lndependence of any sLaLe, or ln any oLher manner lnconslsLenL wlLh Lhe urposes of Lhe unlLed naLlons. 3. All Members shall glve Lhe unlLed naLlons every asslsLance ln any acLlon lL Lakes ln accordance wlLh Lhe presenL CharLer, and shall refraln from glvlng asslsLance Lo any sLaLe agalnsL whlch Lhe unlLed naLlons ls Laklng prevenLlve or enforcemenL acLlon. 6. 1he CrganlzaLlon shall ensure LhaL sLaLes whlch are noL Members of Lhe unlLed naLlons acL ln accordance wlLh Lhese rlnclples so far as may be necessary for Lhe malnLenance of lnLernaLlonal peace and securlLy. 7. noLhlng conLalned ln Lhe presenL CharLer shall auLhorlze Lhe unlLed naLlons Lo lnLervene ln maLLers whlch are essenLlally wlLhln Lhe domesLlc [urlsdlcLlon of any sLaLe or shall requlre Lhe Members Lo submlL such maLLers Lo seLLlemenL under Lhe presenL CharLer, buL Lhls prlnclple shall noL pre[udlce Lhe appllcaLlon of enforcemenL measures under ChapLer vll.
LquallLy among sLaLes does noL slgnlfy parlLy ln physlcal power, pollLlcal lnfluence or economlc sLaLus or presLlge. lL means LhaL all Lhe rlghLs of a sLaLe, regardless of Lhelr number, musL be observed and respecLed by Lhe lnLernaLlonal communlLy ln Lhe same manner LhaL Lhe rlghLs of oLher sLaLes are observed and respecLed.
NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 37 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS Accordlngly, all members of Lhe un have each one voLe ln Lhe Ceneral Assembly, all voLes havlng equal welghL, and are generally ellglble for poslLlons ln Lhe varlous organs of Lhe un. Lach sLaLe has Lhe rlghLs Lo Lhe proLecLlon of lLs naLlonals, Lo make use of Lhe open seas, or Lo acqulre or dlspose of LerrlLory.
under Lhe rule of *#5 6' *#51D '&' E#B14 6D*156=D, even Lhe sLrongesL sLaLe cannoL assume [urlsdlcLlon over anoLher sLaLe, no maLLer how weak, or quesLlon Lhe valldlLy of lLs acLs ln so far as Lhey are made Lo Lake effecL wlLhln lLs LerrlLory. All sLaLes, lncludlng Lhe smallesL and Lhe leasL lnfluenLlal, are also enLlLled Lo Lhelr dlgnlLy and Lhe proLecLlon of Lhelr honor and repuLaLlon.
kIGn1 1C kCLk1 AND IUkISDIC1ICN
: What are the bases of the r|ght to [ur|sd|ct|on under |nternat|ona| |aw?
A: WlLh respecL Lo all persons, Lhlngs, LransacLlons, or happenlngs wlLhln lLs LerrlLorlal [urlsdlcLlon, a sLaLe exerclses excluslve [urlsdlcLlon.
1hls ls Lhe mosL common basls of [urlsdlcLlon.
: What are the except|ons?
A: 1. lorelgn heads of sLaLes 2. ulplomaLs and consuls (ulplomaLlc lmmunlLles and prlvlleges).
NC1L: under Lhe vlenna ConvenLlon on Consular 8elaLlons, dlplomaLs and consuls en[oy lmmunlLy from local [urlsdlcLlon.
1he lmmunlLles and prlvlleges of dlplomaLs are broader Lhan Lhe lmmunlLles and prlvlleges of consuls.
k|ght of |egat|on
: D|scuss the r|ght of |egat|on.
A: 1he exerclse of Lhe rlghL of legaLlon ls one of Lhe mosL effecLlve ways of faclllLaLlng and promoLlng lnLercourse among naLlons. 1hrough Lhe acLlve rlghL of sendlng dlplomaLlc represenLaLlves and Lhe passlve rlghL of recelvlng Lhem, SLaLes are able Lo deal more dlrecLly and closely wlLh each oLher ln Lhe lmprovemenL of Lhelr muLual lnLercourse.
: Is the State ob||ged to ma|nta|n d|p|omat|c re|at|ons w|th other States?
A: no, as Lhe rlghL of legaLlon ls purely consensual. lf lL wanLs Lo, a SLaLe may shuL lLself from Lhe resL of Lhe world, as !apan dld unLll Lhe close of Lhe 19Lh cenLury. Powever, a pollcy of lsolaLlon would hlnder Lhe progress of a SLaLe slnce lL would be denylng lLself of Lhe many beneflLs avallable from Lhe lnLernaLlonal communlLy.
: Who are the agents of d|p|omat|c |ntercourse?
A: 1. Pead of SLaLe 2. lorelgn secreLary or mlnlsLer 3. Members of dlplomaLlc servlce 4. Speclal dlplomaLlc agenLs appolnLed by head of Lhe SLaLe 3. Lnvoys ceremonlal
: What |s d|p|omat|c corps?
A: lL ls a body conslsLlng of Lhe dlfferenL dlplomaLlc represenLaLlves who have been accredlLed Lo Lhe same local or recelvlng SLaLe. lL ls headed by a doyun de corps, who, by LradlLlon, ls Lhe oldesL member wlLhln Lhe hlghesL rank or, ln CaLhollc counLrles, Lhe papal nunclo.
: What are the funct|ons of a d|p|omat|c m|ss|on?
A: 1. 8epresenL sendlng SLaLe ln recelvlng SLaLe 2. roLecL ln recelvlng SLaLe lnLeresL of sendlng SLaLe and lLs naLlonals 3. negoLlaLe wlLh governmenL of recelvlng SLaLe 4. romoLe frlendly relaLlons beLween sendlng and recelvlng SLaLes and developlng Lhelr economlc, culLural, and sclenLlflc relaLlons 3. AscerLaln by all lawful means condlLlons and developmenLs ln recelvlng SLaLe and reporLlng Lhereon Lo governmenL of sendlng SLaLe 6. ln some cases, represenL frlendly governmenLs aL Lhelr requesL
: What are the c|asses of heads of a d|p|omat|c m|ss|on?
A: 1. Ambassadors or nunclos accredlLed Lo Peads of SLaLe and oLher heads of mlsslons of equlvalenL rank 2. Lnvoys mlnlsLers and lnLernunclos accredlLed Lo heads of SLaLe 3. Charge d affaires accredited to ministers of foreign affalrs
NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 38 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS :Is the rece|v|ng State ob||ged to accept a representat|ve from another State?
A: no, Lhe appolnLmenL of dlplomaLs ls noL merely a maLLer of munlclpal law for Lhe recelvlng SLaLe ls noL obllged Lo accepL a represenLaLlve who ls a persona non graLa Lo lL. lndeed, Lhere have been cases when duly accredlLed dlplomaLlc represenLaLlves have been re[ecLed, resulLlng ln sLralned relaLlons beLween Lhe sendlng and recelvlng SLaLe.
: What does persona non grata mean?
A: ln lnLernaLlonal law and dlplomaLlc usage, lL means a person noL accepLable (for reasons pecullar Lo hlmself) Lo Lhe courL or governmenL Lo, whlch lL ls proposed Lo accredlL hlm ln Lhe characLer of an ambassador or mlnlsLer.
Agreat|on
: What |s agreat|on?
A: lL ls a pracLlce of Lhe SLaLes before appolnLlng a parLlcular lndlvldual Lo be Lhe chlef of Lhelr dlplomaLlc mlsslon ln order Lo avold posslble embarrassmenL.
lL conslsLs of Lwo acLs:
1. 1he lnqulry, usually lnformal, addressed by Lhe sendlng SLaLe Lo Lhe recelvlng SLaLe regardlng Lhe accepLablllLy of an lndlvldual Lo be lLs chlef of mlsslon, and 2. 1he agreemenL, also lnformal, by whlch Lhe recelvlng SLaLe lndlcaLes Lo Lhe sendlng sLaLe LhaL such person, would be accepLable.
Letter of credence
: What |s a |etter of credence?
A: 1hls ls Lhe documenL by whlch Lhe envoy ls accredlLed by Lhe sendlng SLaLe Lo Lhe forelgn SLaLe Lo whlch he ls belng senL. lL deslgnaLes hls rank and Lhe general ob[ecL of hls mlsslon, and asks LhaL he be recelved favorably and LhaL full credence be glven Lo whaL he says on behalf of hls SLaLe.
Letter of atent
: What |s a |etter patent?
A: 1he appolnLmenL of a consul ls usually evldenced by a commlsslon, known someLlmes as leLLer paLenL or letredprovision, issued by the appointing authority of the sendlng SLaLe and LransmlLLed Lo Lhe recelvlng SLaLe Lhrough dlplomaLlc channels.
: What are the pr|v||eges and |mmun|t|es of d|p|omat|c representat|ves?
A: 1. ersonal lnvlolablllLy members of dlplomaLlc mlsslon shall noL be llable for any form of arresL or lmprlsonmenL 2. lnvlolablllLy of premlses premlses, furnlshlngs and means of LransporL shall be lmmune from search, selzure, aLLachmenL or execuLlon. 3. Archlves or documenLs shall be lnvlolable 4. ulplomaLlc agenLs are lmmune from crlmlnal, clvll or admlnlsLraLlve llablllLy. 3. 8ecelvlng SLaLe shall proLecL offlclal communlcaLlon and offlclal correspondence of dlplomaLlc mlsslon. 6. 8ecelvlng SLaLe shall ensure all members of dlplomaLlc mlsslon freedom of movemenL and Lravel. 7. A dlplomaLlc agenL ls exempLed Lo glve evldence as a wlLness. 8. LxempLlon from general duLles and Laxes lncludlng cusLom duLles wlLh cerLaln excepLlons. 9. use of flag and emblem of sendlng SLaLe on premlses of recelvlng SLaLe.
: What are the except|ons to the pr|v||eges and |mmun|t|es of d|p|omat|c representat|ves?
A:
1. Any real acLlon relaLlng Lo prlvaLe lmmovables slLuaLed ln Lhe LerrlLory recelvlng SLaLe unless Lhe envoy holds Lhe properLy ln behalf of Lhe sendlng SLaLe 2. AcLlons relaLlng Lo successlon where dlplomaLlc agenL ls lnvolved as execuLor, admlnlsLraLor, helrs or legaLee as a prlvaLe person and noL on behalf of Lhe sendlng SLaLe 3. An acLlon relaLlng Lo any professlonal or commerclal acLlvlLy exerclsed by Lhe dlplomaLlc agenL ln Lhe recelvlng SLaLe ouLslde hls offlclal funcLlons
: Who may wa|ve d|p|omat|c |mmun|ty and pr|v||eges?
A: 1he walver may be made expressly by Lhe sendlng SLaLe. lL may also be done lmplledly, as when Lhe person enLlLled Lo Lhe lmmunlLy from [urlsdlcLlon commences llLlgaLlon ln Lhe local courLs and Lhereby opens hlmself Lo any counLerclalm dlrecLly connecLed wlLh Lhe prlnclpal clalm.
NC1L: Walver of lmmunlLy from [urlsdlcLlon wlLh regard Lo clvll and admlnlsLraLlve proceedlngs shall noL be held Lo mean lmplled walver of Lhe lmmunlLy wlLh respecL Lo Lhe execuLlon of [udgmenL, for whlch a separaLe walver shall be necessary.
: Is d|p|omat|c |mmun|ty a po||t|ca| quest|on?
NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 39 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS A: ulplomaLlc lmmunlLy ls essenLlally a pollLlcal quesLlon and Lhe courLs should refuse Lo look beyond Lhe deLermlnaLlon by Lhe execuLlve branch.
: Who e|se bes|des the head of the m|ss|on are ent|t|ed to d|p|omat|c |mmun|t|es and pr|v||eges?
A: 1hey are also en[oyed by Lhe dlplomaLlc sulLe or reLlnue, which consists of the official and non-official staff of the mlsslon. 1he offlclal sLaff ls made up of Lhe admlnlsLraLlve and Lechnlcal personnel of Lhe mlsslon, lncludlng Lhose performlng clerlcal work, and Lhe member of Lhelr respecLlve families. The non-official staff is composed of the household help, such as Lhe domesLlc servanLs, buLlers, and cooks and chauffeurs employed by Lhe mlsslon.
NC1L: As a rule, however, domesLlc servanLs en[oy lmmunlLles and prlvlleges only Lo Lhe exLenL admlLLed by Lhe recelvlng SLaLe and lnsofar as Lhey are connecLed wlLh Lhe performance of Lhelr duLles.
: What are the grounds for term|nat|on of d|p|omat|c re|at|ons under mun|c|pa| |aw?
A: kADAk 1. 8eslgnaLlon 2. AccompllshmenL of Lhe purpose 3. ueaLh 4. AbollLlon of Lhe offlce 3. 8emoval
: What are the grounds for term|nat|on of d|p|omat|c re|at|on under |nternat|ona| |aw?
A:
1. War ouLbreak beLween Lhe sendlng and Lhe recelvlng SLaLes. 2. LxLlncLlon of elLher Lhe sendlng SLaLe or Lhe recelvlng SLaLe 3. 8ecall demanded by Lhe recelvlng SLaLe when Lhe forelgn dlplomaL becomes persona non graLa
: W||| the term|nat|on of d|p|omat|c re|at|ons a|so term|nate consu|ar re|at|ons between the send|ng and rece|v|ng States?
A: no. Consuls belong Lo a class of SLaLe agenLs dlsLlncL from LhaL of dlplomaLlc offlcers. 1hey do noL represenL Lhelr SLaLe ln lLs relaLlons wlLh forelgn SLaLes and are noL lnLermedlarles Lhrough whom maLLers of SLaLe are dlscussed beLween governmenLs.
Consuls look malnly afLer Lhe commerclal lnLeresL of Lhelr own SLaLe ln Lhe LerrlLory of a forelgn SLaLe. 1hey are noL cloLhed wlLh dlplomaLlc characLer and are noL accredlLed Lo Lhe governmenL of Lhe counLry where Lhey exerclsed Lhelr consular funcLlons, Lhey deal dlrecLly wlLh local auLhorlLles.
: What |s the d|fference between d|p|omats and consu|s?
A: ulplomaLs are concerned wlLh pollLlcal relaLlons of SLaLes whlle consuls are noL concerned wlLh pollLlcal maLLers. 1he laLLer aLLend raLher Lo admlnlsLraLlve and economlc lssues.
: What are the two k|nds of consu|?
A:
1. Consulesmlssl rofesslonal or career consuls who are naLlonals of Lhe sendlng SLaLe and are requlred Lo devoLe Lhelr full Llme Lo Lhe dlscharge of Lhelr duLles. 2. ConsuleselecLl May or may noL be naLlonals of Lhe sendlng SLaLe and perform Lhelr consular funcLlons only ln addlLlon Lo Lhelr regular calllngs.
NC1L: Lxamples of regular calllngs lnclude acLlng as noLary, clvll reglsLrar and slmllar admlnlsLraLlve capaclLles and proLecLlng and asslsLlng Lhe naLlonals of Lhe sendlng SLaLe.
: What are the ranks of consu|s?
A: 1. Consul-general Peads several consular dlsLrlcLs, or one excepLlonally large consular dlsLrlcL, 2. Consul 1akes charge of a small dlsLrlcL or Lown or porL, 3. Vice-consul AsslsL Lhe consul, and 4. Consular agenL usually enLrusLed wlLh Lhe performance of cerLaln funcLlons by Lhe consul.
: What are the dut|es of consu|s?
A: 1. roLecLlon of Lhe lnLeresLs of Lhe sendlng SLaLe and lLs naLlonals ln Lhe recelvlng SLaLe. 2. romoLlon of Lhe commerclal, economlc, culLural, and sclenLlflc relaLlons of Lhe sendlng and recelvlng SLaLes. 3. Cbserves Lhe condlLlons and developmenLs ln Lhe recelvlng SLaLe and reporL Lhe same Lo Lhe sendlng SLaLe. 4. lssuance of passporLs and oLher Lravel documenLs Lo naLlonals of Lhe sendlng SLaLe and vlsas or approprlaLe documenLs Lo persons wlshlng Lo Lravel Lo Lhe sendlng SLaLe. 3. Supervlslon and lnspecLlon of vessels and alrcrafL of Lhe sendlng SLaLe.
: Where do consu|s der|ve the|r author|ty?
NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 40 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS A: Consuls derlve Lhelr auLhorlLy from Lwo prlnclpal sources, Lo wlL:
1. Letter patent or letter de provision whlch ls Lhe commlsslon lssued by Lhe sendlng SLaLe, and 2. LxequaLur whlch ls Lhe permlsslon glven Lhem by Lhe recelvlng SLaLe Lo perform Lhelr funcLlons Lhereln.
: Do consu|s en[oy the|r own |mmun|t|es and pr|v||eges?
A: ?es, buL noL Lo Lhe same exLenL as Lhose en[oyed by Lhe dlplomaLs. Llke dlplomaLs, consuls are enLlLled Lo:
1. lnvlolablllLy of Lhelr correspondence, archlves and oLher documenLs 2. lreedom of movemenL and Lravel 3. lmmunlLy from [urlsdlcLlon for acLs performed ln Lhelr offlclal capaclLy, and 4. LxempLlon from cerLaln Laxes and cusLoms duLles
Powever, consuls are llable Lo: 1. ArresL and punlshmenL for grave offenses, and 2. May be requlred Lo glve LesLlmony, sub[ecL Lo cerLaln excepLlons.
NC1L: Members of a consular posL are under no obllgaLlon Lo glve evldence on Lhe followlng slLuaLlons: a. Concernlng maLLers connecLed wlLh Lhe exerclse of Lhelr funcLlons b. 1o produce offlclal correspondence and documenLs c. 1o glve evldence as experL wlLness wlLh regard Lo Lhe law of Lhe sendlng SLaLe
1he consular offlces are lmmune only: 1. WlLh respecL Lo LhaL parL where Lhe consular work ls belng performed, and 2. May be exproprlaLed by Lhe recelvlng sLaLe for purposes of naLlonal defense or publlc uLlllLy.
WlLh respecL Lo exproprlaLlon by Lhe recelvlng SLaLe, sLeps shall be Laken Lo avold lmpedlng Lhe performance of consular funcLlons, and prompL, adequaLe and effecLlve compensaLlon shall be pald by Lhe sendlng SLaLe.
: What are the d|fferences between D|p|omat|c Immun|ty and Consu|ar Immun|ty?
A:
DILCMA1IC CCNSULAk Premises of the mission lncludes Lhe bulldlng or parLs of bulldlng and Lhe land lrrespecLlve of Lhe ownershlp used for Lhe purpose of Lhe mlsslon lncludlng Lhe resldence of Lhe head of mlsslon Consular premises includes Lhe bulldlngs or parLs of bulldlngs and Lhe land lrrespecLlve of ownershlp used excluslvely for Lhe purposes of consular posLs
Gk: 1he agenLs of Lhe recelvlng sLaLe may noL enLer Lhe premlses of Lhe mlsslon kN: consenL of Lhe head of Lhe mlsslon Gk: 1he agenLs of Lhe recelvlng sLaLe may noL enLer Lhe consular premlses kN: consenL of Lhe head of Lhe consular posL consenL ls assumed ln case of flre or oLher dlsasLers requlrlng prompL proLecLlve acLlon ersonal baggage of a dlplomaLlc agenL shall noL be opened
Consular bag shall noL be opened lL may be requesLed LhaL Lhe bag be opened ln Lhelr presence by an auLhorlzed represenLaLlve of Lhe recelvlng sLaLe lf Lhey have serlous reason Lo belleve LhaL Lhe bag conLalns ob[ecLs of oLher arLlcles, documenLs, correspondence or arLlcles noL obllged Lo glve evldence as a wlLness May be called upon Lo aLLend as a wlLness, lf decllned, no coerclve measure or penalLy may be applled
: D|scuss the d|fferences, |f any, |n the pr|v||eges or |mmun|t|es of d|p|omat|c envoys and consu|ar off|cers from the c|v|| and cr|m|na| [ur|sd|ct|on of the rece|v|ng State.
A: A dlplomaLlc agenL shall en[oy lmmunlLy from Lhe crlmlnal [urlsdlcLlon of Lhe recelvlng SLaLe. Pe shall also en[oy lmmunlLy from lLs clvll and admlnlsLraLlve [urlsdlcLlon excepL ln Lhe case of: 1. A real acLlon relaLlng Lo prlvaLe lmmovable properLy slLuaLed ln Lhe LerrlLory of Lhe recelvlng SLaLe, unless he holds lL on behalf of Lhe sendlng SLaLe for Lhe purpose of Lhe mlsslon, 2. An acLlon relaLlng Lo successlon ln whlch Lhe dlplomaLlc agenL ls lnvolved as execuLor, admlnlsLraLor, helr or legaLee as prlvaLe person and noL on behalf of Lhe sendlng SLaLe, 3. An acLlon relaLlng Lo any professlonal or commerclal acLlvlLy exerclsed by Lhe dlplomaLlc agenL ln Lhe recelvlng SLaLe ouLslde of hls offlclal funcLlons. (ArLlcle 32, vlenna ConvenLlon of ulplomaLlc 8elaLlons)
A consular offlcer does noL en[oy lmmunlLy from Lhe crlmlnal [urlsdlcLlon of Lhe recelvlng SLaLe and are noL amenable Lo Lhe [urlsdlcLlon of Lhe [udlclal or admlnlsLraLlve auLhorlLles of Lhe recelvlng SLaLe ln respecL of acLs performed ln Lhe exerclse of consular funcLlons.
Powever, Lhls does noL apply ln respecL of a clvll acLlon elLher: 1. Arlslng ouL of a conLracL concluded by a consular offlcer ln whlch he dld noL enLer expressly or lmplledly 2. 8y a Lhlrd parLy for damages arlslng from an accldenL ln Lhe recelvlng SLaLe caused by a vehlcle, vessel or NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 41 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS alrcrafL. (ArLlcle 41 and 43, vlenna ConvenLlon on Lhe Consular 8elaLlons)
: What are the grounds for term|nat|on of consu|ar off|ce?
A: 1. ueaLh 2. 8ecall 3. ulsmlssal 4. noLlflcaLlon by Lhe recelvlng SLaLe Lo Lhe sendlng SLaLe LhaL lL has ceased Lo conslder as member of Lhe consular sLaff 3. WlLhdrawal of hls exequaLur by Lhe recelvlng SLaLe. 6. War- outbreak of war between home sLaLe and recelvlng sLaLe
: Aga|n, what are the except|ons to the terr|tor|a||ty pr|nc|p|e?
A: 1. lorelgn heads of sLaLes 2. ulplomaLs pursuanL Lo Lhe vlenna ConvenLlon on ulplomaLlc 8elaLlons and consuls Lo a llmlLed exLenL pursuanL Lo Lhe vlenna ConvenLlon on Consular 8elaLlons 3. lorelgn naval vessels and embassy compounds based on Lhe rlnclple of LxLerrlLorlallLy 4. lorelgn merchanL marlne vessels under elLher Lhe lrench 8ule or Lhe Lngllsh 8ule 3. lorelgn armles passlng Lhrough or sLaLloned ln anoLher sLaLe by Lhe provlslons of a LreaLy
Nat|ona||ty r|nc|p|e
: What do you mean by the Nat|ona||ty r|nc|p|e?
A: A sLaLe may punlsh offenses commlLLed by lLs naLlonals anywhere ln Lhe world. ln clvll maLLers Lhe personal laws of Lhe counLry follows Lhelr naLlonals wherever Lhey are.
ln Lhe hlllpplnes, ArL. 13 of Lhe nCC follow Lhe naLlonallLy prlnclple.
rotect|ve r|nc|p|e
: State the rotect|ve r|nc|p|e?
A: A sLaLe may clalm exLra[udlclal commlLLed abroad whlch are pre[udlclal Lo Lhelr naLlonal securlLy or vlLal lnLeresLs even where Lhe offenses are perpeLraLed by non-naLlonals.
ArL. 2 of Lhe 8C follows Lhe roLecLlve rlnclple.
Un|versa||ty r|nc|p|e
: State the Un|versa||ty r|nc|p|e. Is |t a||owed?
A: As a general rule, Lhe unlversallLy rlnclple ls noL allowed. under Lhe unlversallLy rlnclple, exLraLerrlLorlal [urlsdlcLlon ls clalmed by sLaLes over all crlmes regardless of where Lhey are commlLLed or who commlLLed Lhem wheLher naLlonals or noL.
lor example, lf a crlme as commlLLed ln Alaska by a non- llllplno naLlonal, we cannoL clalm [urlsdlcLlon as Lhls ls generally forbldden ln lnLernaLlonal law.
: What |s the except|on?
A: When Lhe unlversallLy rlnclple ls lnvoked wlLh respecL Lo crlme whlch LhreaLen Lhe lnLernaLlonal communlLy as a whole and whlch are consldered crlmlnal offenses ln all counLrles, such as: a. War crlmes b. Cenoclde c. lracy d. Slavery e. Pl[acklng f. 1errorlsm and Lhe llke
NA1ICNALI1 AND S1A1LLLSSNLSS
: What |s nat|ona||ty?
A: lL ls membershlp ln a pollLlcal communlLy wlLh all lLs concomlLanL rlghLs and obllgaLlons. lL ls Lhe Lle LhaL blnds an lndlvldual Lo hls sLaLe, from whlch he can clalm proLecLlon and whose laws he ls obllged Lo obey.
: What |s c|t|zensh|p?
A: lL has a more excluslve meanlng ln LhaL lL applles only Lo cerLaln members of hls sLaLe accorded more prlvlleges LhaL Lhe resL of Lhe people who are aL alleglance. lLs slgnlflcance ls munlclpal and noL lnLernaLlonal.
: What |s mu|t|p|e nat|ona||ty?
A: lL ls Lhe possesslon by an lndlvldual of more Lhan one naLlonallLy. lL ls acqulred as Lhe resulL of Lhe concurrenL appllcaLlon Lo hlm of Lhe confllcLlng munlclpal laws of Lwo or more SLaLes clalmlng hlm as Lhelr naLlonal.
Acqu|s|t|on of Nat|ona||ty
: now may nat|ona||ty be acqu|red?
A:
1. 8y blrLh 2. 8y naLurallzaLlon
NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 42 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS An lndlvldual acqulres Lhe naLlonallLy of Lhe sLaLe where he ls born P=51 3&%6 or Lhe naLlonallLy of hls parenLs P=51 3#'$=6'63.
: What |s natura||zat|on?
A: lL ls a process by whlch a forelgner acqulres, volunLarlly or by operaLlon of law, Lhe naLlonallLy of anoLher sLaLe.
Mu|t|p|e Nat|ona||ty
An lndlvldual may someLlmes flnd hlmself possessed of more Lhan one naLlonallLy because of Lhe concurrenL appllcaLlon Lo hlm of Lhe mulLlple laws of Lhe sLaLes clalmlng hlm as Lhelr naLlonal. lor example, a chlld born ln Lhe uS of llllplno parenLage would be a clLlzen of LhaL counLry under Lhe P=3 3&%6 as prescrlbed by Amerlcan law and aL Lhe same Llme a clLlzen of Lhe hlllpplnes under our ConsLlLuLlon, whlch recognlzes only Lhe P=3 3#'$=6'63.
Loss of Nat|ona||ty
naLlonallLy may be losL volunLarlly or lnvolunLarlly. 1he volunLarlly meLhods lnclude renunclaLlon, express or lmplled, and requesL for release, boLh of whlch usually precede Lhe acqulslLlon of new naLlonallLy. 1he lnvolunLary meLhods are forfelLure as a resulL of some dlsquallflcaLlon or prohlblLed acL llke enllsLmenL ln a forelgn army or long conLlnued resldence ln a forelgn sLaLe and subsLlLuLlon of one naLlonallLy for anoLher followlng a change of soverelgnLy or any acL conferrlng derlvaLlve naLurallzaLlon.
S1A1LLLSSNLSS
: What |s state|essness?
A: lL ls Lhe condlLlon or sLaLus of an lndlvldual who ls born wlLhouL any naLlonallLy or who loses hls naLlonallLy wlLhouL reLalnlng or acqulrlng anoLher.
Lxample of Lhe flrsL case would be LhaL o a chlld born ln a sLaLe where only Lhe P=3 3#'$='63 ls recognlzed Lo parenLs whose sLaLe observes only Lhe [us soll. 1he second case may be lllusLraLed by an lndlvldual who afLer renounclng hls orlglnal naLlonallLy ln order Lo be naLurallzed ln anoLher sLaLe ls subsequenLly denaLurallzed and ls LhereafLer denled repaLrlaLlon by hls former counLry.
DL IUkL S1A1LLLSS LkSCNS DL IAC1C S1A1LLLSS LkSCNS sLrlpped of Lhelr naLlonallLy by Lhelr former governmenL and wlLhouL havlng an opporLunlLy Lo acqulre anoLher Lhose who possess a naLlonallLy whose counLry does noL glve Lhem proLecLlon ouLslde Lhelr own counLry and who are commonly referred Lo as refugees
1he Pague ConvenLlon of 1930 adopLed cerLaln rules calculaLed Lo avold Lhe condlLlon of sLaLelessness and all lLs aLLendanL lnconvenlences. ln Lhe case of naLurallzaLlon, Lhe wlfe and chlldren reLaln Lhelr exlsLlng naLlonallLy lf Lhey are also blL naLurallzed and, moreover, Lhe wlfe wlll acqulre her husbands new nationality, if permitted, only with her consent. The adopted childs existing nationality is also not lost if he does not acquire the adopters nationality. In other cases, lL ls provlded LhaL chlldren shall have Lhe naLlonallLy of Lhe sLaLe of Lhelr blrLh, whenever Lhelr parenLs are:
1. unknown 2. SLaLeless or of unknown naLlonallLy 3. A faLher who ls sLaLeless or of unknown naLlonallLy and a moLher who ls a naLlonal of Lhe sLaLe where Lhey are born.
k|ghts of a state|ess person
: What |s a state|ess person suffered a wr|ng through the act or om|ss|on of another state?
A: A sLaLeless lndlvldual ls powerless Lo asserL any rlghL LhaL oLherwlse would be avallable Lo hlm under lnLernaLlonal law where he ls a naLlonal of a parLlcular sLaLe. Any wrong suffered by hlm Lhrough Lhe acL or omlsslon of a sLaLe would be 7#D'=D #B3O=1 6'P=56# for ln Lheory, no sLaLe has been offended and no lnLernaLlonal dellcL commlLLed.
: What are the r|ghts that a state|ess person may |nvoke?
A:
1. 8lghL Lo rellglon 2. Access Lo Lhe courLs 3. 8aLlonlng of producLs, ln shorL supply 4. LlemenLary educaLlon 3. ubllc rellef and asslsLance 6. Labor leglslaLlon 7. Soclal securlLy
1hey also agree Lo accord Lo Lhem LreaLmenL noL less favorable Lhan LhaL accorded Lo allens generally ln Lhe same clrcumsLances. 1he ConvenLlon also provldes for Lhe lssuance of Lhe ldenLlLy papers and Lravel documenLs Lo Lhe sLaLeless persons.
NC1L: 1he Lerms of Lhe unlversal ueclaraLlon of Puman 8lghLs are sufflclenLly bound Lo encompass Lhe sLaLeless person wlLh lLs proLecLlon and sympaLhy as a member of Lhe human famlly.
: What are the consequences of state|essness?
A:
NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 43 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS 1. no sLaLe can lnLervene or complaln ln behalf of sLaLeless person for an lnLernaLlonal dellnquency commlLLed by anoLher sLaLe ln lnfllcLlng ln[ury upon hlm, 2. Pe cannoL be expelled by Lhe sLaLe lf he ls lawfully ln lLs LerrlLory excepL on grounds of naLlonal securlLy or publlc order, 3. Pe cannoL avall hlmself of Lhe proLecLlon and beneflLs of clLlzenshlp llke securlng for hlmself a passporL or vlsa and personal documenLs.
1kLA1MLN1 CI ALILNS
Q: What is the Doctrine of State Responsibility to Aliens?
A: A sLaLe ls under obllgaLlon Lo make reparaLlon Lo anoLher sLaLe for Lhe fallure Lo fulflll lLs prlmary obllgaLlon Lo afford, ln accordance wlLh lnLernaLlonal law, Lhe proper proLecLlon due Lo an allen who ls a naLlonal of Lhe laLLer sLaLe.
under Lhls docLrlne, a sLaLe may be held responslble for:
a. An lnLernaLlonal dellnquency, b. ulrecLly or lndlrecLly lmpuLable Lo lL, c. Whlch causes ln[ury Lo Lhe naLlonal of anoLher sLaLe.
Gk: SLaLe has no legal obllgaLlon Lo admlL allens
kN: SLaLe may be held responslble for an lnLernaLlonal dellnquency dlrecLly or lndlrecLly lmpuLable Lo lL whlch causes ln[ury Lo Lhe naLlonal of anoLher SLaLe. LlablllLy wlll aLLach Lo Lhe SLaLe where lLs LreaLmenL of Lhe allen falls below Lhe lnLernaLlonal sLandard of [usLlce or where lL ls remlss ln accordlng hlm Lhe proLecLlon or redress LhaL ls warranLed by Lhe clrcumsLances.
Q: What are the requisites for the application of Doctrine of State Responsibility to Aliens?
A:
1. An acL or omlsslon ln vlolaLlon of lnLernaLlonal law 2. Whlch ls lmpuLable or aLLrlbuLable Lo Lhe sLaLe 3. Whlch resulLs ln an ln[ury Lo Lhe clalmanL sLaLe elLher dlrecLly or lndlrecLly Lhrough damage Lo a naLlonal
lf commlLLed by lnferlor governmenL offlclals, or more so, prlvaLe lndlvlduals, LlablllLy wlll aLLach lmmedlaLely as Lhelr acLs may noL be effecLlvely prevenLed or reversed under Lhe consLlLuLlon or laws of Lhe sLaLe Lhe SLaLe wlll be held llable only lf, by reason of lLs lndlfference ln prevenLlng or punlshlng lL, lL can be consldered Lo have connlved ln effecL ln lLs commlsslon
: What are the cond|t|ons for the enforcement of c|a|m under the doctr|ne?
A:
1. naLlonallLy of clalm 2. LxhausLlon of local remedles 3. no walver 4. no unreasonable delay ln flllng clalm 3. no lmproper behavlor by ln[ured allen
NC1L: 1he docLrlne of sLaLe responslblllLy ls applled more frequenLly Lo LorLuous raLher Lhan conLracLual llablllLy because of Lhe unwllllngness of mosL sLaLes Lo acL as collection agencies for their nationals entering into private agreemenLs wlLh or ln forelgn counLrles.
1hls ls slmllar Lo cu|pa aqu|||ana or quas|-de||ct under Lhe Clvll Code or torts under common law sysLem, LhaL ls why lL ls loosely referred Lo as international tort
1he more recenL example ls Lhe LuneLa hosLage-Laklng lncldenL. 1he governmenL of Pong kong asks for lndemnlLy from Lhe hlllpplnes because of Lhe fallure of our auLhorlLles Lo proLecL Lhelr naLlonals.
Avo|dance of State kespons|b|||ty
1he docLrlne of sLaLe responslblllLy ls applled more frequenLly Lo LorLuous raLher Lhan conLracLual llablllLy because of Lhe unwillingness of most states to act as collection agencies for Lhelr naLlonals enLerlng lnLo prlvaLe agreemenLs wlLh or ln foreign countries. Yet, to avoid the intervention of the aliens sLaLe ln conLracLs of Lhls naLure, Lhe local sLaLe someLlmes lncorporaLes Lhereln whaL ls known as Lhe Ca|vo Doctr|ne.
CALvC uCC18lnL
1hls ls a sLlpulaLlon by whlch Lhe allen walves or resLrlcLs hls rlghL Lo appeal Lo hls own sLaLe ln connecLlon wlLh any clalm arlslng from Lhe conLracL and agrees Lo llmlL hlmself Lo remedles avallable under Lhe laws of Lhe local sLaLe.
lnsofar as lL requlres Lhe allen Lo exhausL Lhe remedles avallable ln Lhe local sLaLe, Lhe Calvo Clause may be enforced as a lawful condlLlon of Lhe conLracL.
Lk1kADI1ICN AND DLCk1A1ICN
: What |s extrad|t|on? NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 44 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS
A: lL ls Lhe surrender of a person by one sLaLe Lo anoLher sLaLe where he ls wanLed for prosecuLlon or lf already convlcLed, for punlshmenL. lL ls based on:
a. 1reaLy, or ln lLs absence b. 1he local sLaLe may granL asylum Lo Lhe fuglLlve c. lf surrender ls made, Lhe same ls merely a gesLure of comlLy
: now |s |t d|fferent from deportat|on?
A:
Lk1kADI1ICN DLCk1A1ICN lL ls effecLed aL Lhe requesL of Lhe sLaLe of orlgln whereas deporLaLlon ls Lhe unllaLeral acL of Lhe local sLaLe, L ls based on offenses generally commlLLed ln Lhe sLaLe of orlgln whereas deporLaLlon ls based on causes arlslng ln Lhe local sLaLe, lL calls for Lhe reLurn of Lhe fuglLlve Lo Lhe sLaLe of orlgln whereas an undeslrable allen may be deporLed Lo a sLaLe oLher Lhan hls own or Lhe sLaLe of orlgln.
8as|s of Lxtrad|t|on
LxLradlLlon ls requlred only lf Lhere ls a LreaLy beLween Lhe sLaLe of refuge and Lhe sLaLe of orlgln. ln Lhe absence of such LreaLy, Lhe local sLaLe has every rlghL Lo granL asylum Lo Lhe fuglLlve and Lo refuse even lf Lhere Lo dellver hlmself back Lo Lhe laLLer sLaLe even lf he ls lLs naLlonal.
Iundamenta| r|nc|p|es
1. 8ased on Lhe consenL of Lhe SLaLe of asylum as expressed ln a LreaLy or manlfesLed as an acL of goodwlll, 2. rlnclple of 8*196#%4: a fuglLlve who ls exLradlLed may be Lrled only for Lhe crlme speclfled ln Lhe requesL for exLradlLlon and lncluded ln Lhe llsL of offenses ln Lhe exLradlLlon LreaLy. lf he ls charged wlLh any oLher offense commlLLed before hls escape, Lhe sLaLe of refugeand noL Lhe accused--has Lhe rlghL Lo ob[ecL, neverLheless Lhe prosecuLlon wlll be allowed lf Lhe exLradlLlng sLaLe agrees or does noL complaln, 3. Any person may be exLradlLed, wheLher he be a naLlonal of Lhe requesLlng SLaLe, of Lhe SLaLe of refuge or of anoLher SLaLe. Pe need noL be a clLlzen of Lhe requesLlng SLaLe. 1he pracLlce of many sLaLes now, however, ls noL Lo exLradlLe Lhelr own naLlonals buL Lo punlsh Lhem under Lhelr own laws ln accordance wlLh Lhe naLlonallLy prlnclple of crlmlnal lnvesLlgaLlon. 4. ollLlcal or rellglous offenders are generally noL sub[ecL Lo exLradlLlon. As held, Lo consLlLuLe an offense of a pollLlcal characLer, Lhere musL be 2 or more parLles ln Lhe sLaLe, each seeklng Lo lmpose Lhe governmenL of Lhelr own cholce on Lhe oLher.
NC1L: F$$*($"($ #,"'&* ls a provlslon ln an exLradlLlon LreaLy whlch sLaLes LhaL Lhe murder or assasslnaLlon of Lhe head of a sLaLe or any member of hls famlly wlll noL be consldered as a pollLlcal offense and Lherefore exLradlLable. nelLher ls Lhe crlme of genoclde, whlch may conslsL of nay of Lhe followlng acLs, commlLLed wlLh lnLenL Lo desLroy, ln whole or ln parL, a naLlonal, eLhnlc, raclal, or rellglous group as such:
a. kllllng members of Lhe group, b. Causlng serlous bodlly or menLal harm Lo members of Lhe group, c. uellberaLely lnfllcLlng on Lhe group condlLlons of llfe calculaLed Lo brlng abouL lLs physlcal desLrucLlon ln whole or ln parL, d. lmposlng measures lnLended Lo prevenL blrLhs wlLhln Lhe group, e. lorclbly Lransferrlng chlldren of Lhe group Lo anoLher group.
3. 1he offense musL have been commlLLed wlLhln Lhe LerrlLory of Lhe requesLlng SLaLe or agalnsL lLs lnLeresL, 6. Q&=B%1 V56D6'#%64: A=%1 1he acL for whlch Lhe exLradlLlon ls soughL musL be punlshable ln boLh SLaLes
r|nc|p|e of spec|a|ty
: What |s the pr|nc|p|e of spec|a|ty?
A: A fuglLlve who ls exLradlLed may be Lrled only for Lhe crlme speclfled ln Lhe requesL for exLradlLlon and lncluded ln Lhe llsL of offlces ln Lhe exLradlLlon LreaLy
Attentat C|ause
Gk: ollLlcal and rellglous leaders are generally noL sub[ecL Lo exLradlLlon
: What |s the Attentat C|ause?
A: 1he murder of Lhe head of sLaLe or any member of hls famlly ls noL regarded as a pollLlcal offense.
ku|e of doub|e cr|m|na||ty
: What |s the ru|e of doub|e cr|m|na||ty?
A: 1he acL for whlch Lhe exLradlLlon ls soughL musL be punlshable ln boLh Lhe requesLlng and requesLed sLaLe
: What |s the procedure for extrad|t|on when a fore|gn State requests from the h|||pp|nes?
A:
1. llle/lssue requesL Lhrough dlplomaLlc represenLaLlve wlLh: a. ueclslon of convlcLlon b. Crlmlnal charge and warranL of arresL c. 8eclLal of facLs d. 1exL of appllcable law deslgnaLlng Lhe offense e. erLlnenL papers
2. ulA forwards requesL Lo uC! 3. uC! flles peLlLlon for exLradlLlon wlLh 81C 4. upon recelpL of a peLlLlon for exLradlLlon and lLs supporLlng documenLs, Lhe [udge musL sLudy Lhem and make, as soon as posslble, a *56D# ;#961 ;6'76'$ wheLher (a) Lhey are sufflclenL ln form and subsLance, (b) Lhey show compllance wlLh Lhe LxLradlLlon 1reaLy and Law, and (c) Lhe person soughL ls exLradlLable. AL hls dlscreLlon, Lhe [udge may requlre Lhe submlsslon of furLher documenLaLlon or may personally examlne Lhe afflanLs and wlLnesses of Lhe peLlLloner. lf, ln splLe of Lhls sLudy and examlnaLlon, no *56D# ;#961 ;6'76'$ ls posslble, Lhe peLlLlon may be dlsmlssed aL Lhe dlscreLlon of Lhe [udge. 3. Cn Lhe oLher hand, lf Lhe presence of a prlma facle case ls deLermlned, Lhen Lhe maglsLraLe musL lmmedlaLely lssue a warranL for Lhe arresL of Lhe exLradlLee, who ls aL Lhe same Llme summoned Lo answer Lhe peLlLlon and Lo appear aL scheduled summary hearlngs. 6. Pearlng (provlde counsel de offlclo lf necessary), 7. Appeal Lo CA wlLhln Len days whose declslon shall be flnal and execuLory, 8. ueclslon forwarded Lo ulA Lhrough Lhe uC!, 9. lndlvldual placed aL Lhe dlsposal of Lhe auLhorlLles of requesLlng SLaLe cosLs and expenses Lo be shouldered by requesLlng SLaLe.
Iur|sprudence
Secretary of Iust|ce v. Lant|on, Ian. 18, 2000 (uno, D|ssent|ng Cp|n|on) LxLradlLlon ls Lhe process by whlch persons charged wlLh or convlcLed of crlme agalnsL Lhe law of a SLaLe and found ln a forelgn SLaLe are reLurned by Lhe laLLer Lo Lhe former for Lrlal or punlshmenL. a. lL applles Lo Lhose who are merely charged wlLh an offense buL have noL been broughL Lo Lrlal, Lo Lhose who have been Lrled and convlcLed and have subsequenLly escaped from cusLody, and Lhose who have been convlcLed ln absenLla. b. lL does noL apply Lo persons merely suspecLed of havlng commlLLed an offense buL agalnsL whom no charges has been lald or Lo a person whose presence ls deslred as a wlLness or for obLalnlng or enforclng a clvll [udgmenL. Secretary of Iust|ce v. Lant|on, Cct. 27, 2000 (uno)
Su| Gener|s nature
An exLradlLlon proceedlng ls &') 2*(*+)&. lL ls not a cr|m|na| proceed|ng whlch wlll call lnLo operaLlon all Lhe rlghLs of an accused as guaranLeed by Lhe 8lll of 8lghLs. 1o begln wlLh, Lhe process of exLradlLlon does noL lnvolve Lhe deLermlnaLlon of Lhe gullL or lnnocence of an accused. Pls gullL or lnnocence wlll be ad[udged ln Lhe courL of Lhe sLaLe where he wlll be exLradlLed. Pence, as a rule, consLlLuLlonal rlghLs LhaL are only relevanL Lo deLermlne Lhe gullL or lnnocence of an accused cannoL be lnvoked by an exLradlLee especlally by one whose exLradlLlon papers are sLlll undergolng evaluaLlon.
Lxtrad|t|on v. Cr|m|na| proceed|ng
F& $/ ("$'+* /E !+/#**1)(2
1. An exLradlLlon proceedlng ls summary ln naLure whlle crlmlnal proceedlngs lnvolve a full-blown Lrlal.
F& $/ "!!,)#"$)/( /E G',*& /E -9)1*(#*
2. ln conLradlsLlncLlon Lo a crlmlnal proceedlng, Lhe rules of evldence ln an exLradlLlon proceedlng allow admlsslon of evldence under less sLrlngenL sLandards.
F& $/ H'"($'3 /E *9)1*(#* +*I')+*1
3. ln Lerms of Lhe quanLum of evldence Lo be saLlsfled, a crlmlnal case requlres proof beyond reasonable doubL for convlcLlon whlle a fuglLlve may be ordered exLradlLed "upon showlng of Lhe exlsLence of a prlma facle case."
F& $/ :=*( $=* 0'123*($ 4*#/3*& *.*#'$/+<
4. llnally, unllke ln a crlmlnal case where [udgmenL becomes execuLory upon belng rendered flnal, ln an exLradlLlon proceedlng, our courLs may ad[udge an lndlvldual exLradlLable buL Lhe resldenL has Lhe flnal dlscreLlon Lo exLradlLe hlm. 1he unlLed SLaLes adheres Lo a NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 46 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS slmllar pracLlce whereby Lhe SecreLary of SLaLe exerclses wlde dlscreLlon ln balanclng Lhe equlLles of Lhe case and Lhe demands of Lhe naLlon's forelgn relaLlons before maklng Lhe ulLlmaLe declslon Lo exLradlLe Govt f USA v. urganan, Sept. 24, 2002 (angan|ban)
urpose of extrad|t|on
1he ulLlmaLe purpose of exLradlLlon proceedlngs ln courL ls only Lo deLermlne wheLher Lhe exLradlLlon requesL complles wlLh Lhe LxLradlLlon 1reaLy, and wheLher Lhe person soughL ls exLradlLable.
Nature of extrad|t|on
LxLradlLlon proceedlngs are noL equlvalenL Lo a crlmlnal case ln whlch gullL or lnnocence ls deLermlned.
An exLradlLlon case ls noL one ln whlch Lhe consLlLuLlonal rlghLs of Lhe accused are necessarlly avallable.
xLradlLlon ls essenLlally an execuLlve, noL a [udlclal, responslblllLy arlslng ouL of Lhe presldenLlal power Lo conducL forelgn relaLlons and Lo lmplemenL LreaLles.
k|ghts of an extrad|te
oLenLlal exLradlLees are enLlLled Lo Lhe rlghLs Lo due process and Lo fundamenLal falrness. uue process does noL always call for a *56&5 opporLunlLy Lo be heard. A 3=B31O=1'4 opporLunlLy ls sufflclenL due Lo Lhe fllghL rlsk lnvolved. lndeed, avallable durlng Lhe hearlngs on Lhe peLlLlon and Lhe answer ls Lhe full chance Lo be heard and Lo en[oy fundamenLal falrness LhaL ls 9&D*#46B%1 N64E 4E1 3=DD#5: '#4=51of exLradlLlon. Govt of nong kong v. C|a||a, Apr|| 19, 2007 (Sandova|- Gut|errez)
Modern trend |n IL: Cn human d|gn|ty
1he modern trend |n pub||c |nternat|ona| |aw |s the pr|macy p|aced on the worth of the |nd|v|dua| person and the sanct|ty of human r|ghts. Slowly, Lhe recognlLlon LhaL Lhe lndlvldual person may properly be a sub[ecL of lnLernaLlonal law ls now Laklng rooL. 1he vulnerable docLrlne LhaL Lhe sub[ecLs of lnLernaLlonal law are llmlLed only Lo sLaLes was dramaLlcally eroded Lowards Lhe second half of Lhe pasL cenLury. lor one, Lhe nuremberg and 1okyo Lrlals afLer World War ll resulLed ln Lhe unprecedenLed specLacle of lndlvldual defendanLs for acLs characLerlzed as vlolaLlons of Lhe laws of war, crlmes agalnsL peace, and crlmes agalnsL humanlLy.
1he hlllpplnes, along wlLh Lhe oLher members of Lhe famlly of naLlons, commlLLed Lo uphold Lhe fundamenLal human rlghLs as well as value Lhe worLh and dlgnlLy of every person.
k|ght to ba|| lf ball can be granLed ln deporLaLlon cases, we see no [usLlflcaLlon why lL should noL also be allowed ln exLradlLlon cases. Llkewlse, conslderlng LhaL Lhe unlversal ueclaraLlon of Puman 8lghLs applles Lo deporLaLlon cases, Lhere ls no reason why lL cannoL be lnvoked ln exLradlLlon cases. AfLer all, boLh are admlnlsLraLlve proceedlngs where Lhe lnnocence or gullL of Lhe person deLalned ls noL ln lssue. Clearly, Lhe rlghL of a prospecLlve exLradlLee Lo apply for ball ln Lhls [urlsdlcLlon musL be vlewed ln Lhe llghL of Lhe varlous LreaLy obllgaLlons of Lhe hlllpplnes concernlng respecL for Lhe promoLlon and proLecLlon of human rlghLs. under Lhese LreaLles, Lhe presumpLlon lles ln favor of human llberLy.
: Shou|d the [udge |nform the potent|a| extrad|tee of the pend|ng pet|t|on for extrad|t|on pr|or to the |ssuance of warrant of arrest?
A: no. rlor Lo Lhe lssuance of Lhe warranL, Lhe [udge musL noL lnform or noLlfy Lhe poLenLlal exLradlLee of Lhe pendency of Lhe peLlLlon, lesL Lhe laLLer be glven Lhe opporLunlLy Lo escape and frusLraLe Lhe proceedlngs. 1he foregolng procedure will best serve the ends of justice in extradlLlon cases.
: Can a State compe| another State to extrad|te a cr|m|na| w|thout go|ng through the |ega| process?
A: no.
: Is an extrad|t|on proceed|ng a cr|m|na| proceed|ng?
A: no. LxLradlLlon ls noL a crlmlnal proceedlng whlch wlll call lnLo operaLlon all Lhe rlghLs of an accused provlded ln Lhe blll of rlghLs.
: Is a pet|t|on for ba|| va||d |n extrad|t|on cases? NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 47 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS
A: ?es. 1he hlllpplnes, along wlLh oLher members of Lhe famlly of naLlons, commlLLed Lo uphold Lhe fundamenLal human rlghLs as well as value Lhe worLh and dlgnlLy of every person. 1he commlLmenL ls enshrlned ln SecLlon 11, ArLlcle ll of our ConsLlLuLlon whlch provldes: The State values the 76$'64: &; 1>15: E=D#' *153&' #'7 $=#5#'4117 ;=%% 513*194 for human rights. 1he hlllpplnes, Lherefore, has Lhe responslblllLy of proLecLlng and promoLlng Lhe rlghL of every person Lo llberLy and due process, ensurlng LhaL Lhose deLalned or arresLed can parLlclpaLe ln Lhe proceedlngs before a courL, Lo enable lL Lo declde wlLhouL delay on Lhe legallLy of Lhe deLenLlon and order Lhelr release lf [usLlfled. ln oLher words, Lhe hlllpplne auLhorlLles are under obllgaLlon Lo make avallable Lo every person under deLenLlon such remedles whlch safeguard Lhelr fundamenLal rlghL Lo llberLy. 1hese remedles lnclude Lhe 56$E4 4& B1 #7D64417 4& B#6%.
k|ghts of a person arrested and deta|ned |n another state
: What are the r|ghts of a person arrested and deta|ned |n another State?
A: 1. 8lghL Lo have hls requesL complled wlLh by Lhe recelvlng SLaLe Lo so lnform Lhe consular posL of hls condlLlon 2. 2. 8lghL Lo have hls communlcaLlon addressed Lo Lhe consular posL forwarded by Lhe recelvlng SLaLe accordlngly 3. 8lghL Lo be lnformed by Lhe compeLenL auLhorlLles of Lhe recelvlng wlLhouL delay hls rlghLs as menLloned above
: Is the retroact|ve app||cat|on of the extrad|t|on treaty amount|ng to an ex post facto |aw?
A: no. ln b56$E4 >+ V&=54 &; T**1#%3( H+A+ I&+,,J-,J( T=$=34 ,/(,^^X( lL was held LhaL Lhe reLroacLlve appllcaLlon of Lhe 1reaLy of LxLradlLlon does noL vlolaLe Lhe prohlblLlon agalnsL ex posL facLo laws, because Lhe 1reaLy ls nelLher a plece of crlmlnal leglslaLlon nor a crlmlnal procedural sLaLuLe. lL merely provlded for Lhe exLradlLlon of persons wanLed for offenses already commlLLed aL Lhe Llme Lhe LreaLy was raLlfled.
Lxtrad|t|on v. Deportat|on
Lk1kADI1ICN DLCk1A1ICN lL ls Lhe surrender of a person by one sLaLe Lo anoLher sLaLe where he ls wanLed for prosecuLlon or lf already convlcLed, for punlshmenL.
1he surrender ls made aL Lhe requesL of Lhe laLLer sLaLe on Lxpulslon of an allen who ls consldered undeslrable by Lhe local sLaLe, usually buL noL necessarlly Lo hls own sLaLe.
lL ls a unllaLeral acL of Lhe local sLaLe and ls made ln lLs Lhe basls of an exLradlLlon LreaLy own lnLeresL. lL ls Lhe surrender of a person by one sLaLe Lo anoLher sLaLe where he ls wanLed for prosecuLlon or lf already convlcLed, for punlshmenL. 8ased on causes arlslng ln Lhe local SLaLe Calls of Lhe reLurn of Lhe fuglLlve Lo Lhe SLaLe or orlgln
undeslrable allen may be deporLed Lo a SLaLe oLher Lhan hls own or Lhe SLaLe of orlgln
k|ght of Asy|um, kefugees, State|ess ersons
: What |s the k|ght of asy|um?
A: SLaLe lnferred from lLs LerrlLorlal supremacy Lo allow a prosecuLed allen Lo enLer and Lo remaln on lLs LerrlLory under lLs proLecLlon and Lhereby granL asylum Lo hlm.
ln Lhe absence of any lnLernaLlonal LreaLy sLlpulaLlng Lo Lhe conLrary, no SLaLe ls, under lnLernaLlonal law, obllged Lo refuse admlsslon lnLo lLs LerrlLory such fuglLlve, or ln case he has been admlLLed, Lo expel hlm or dellver hlm up Lo Lhe prosecuLlng offlce.
NC1L: 1he 8lghL of asylum ls noL a rlghL possessed by an allen Lo demand LhaL a SLaLe proLecL hlm and granL hlm asylum. AL presenL, lL ls [usL a prlvllege granLed by a SLaLe Lo allow an allen escaplng from Lhe persecuLlon of hls counLry for pollLlcal reasons remaln and granL hlm asylum.
: Who are refugees?
A: Any person who ls ouLslde Lhe counLry of hls naLlonallLy or Lhe counLry of hls former hablLual resldence because he has or had well founded fear of persecuLlon by reason of hls race, rellglon, naLlonallLy, membershlp of a pollLlcal group or pollLlcal oplnlon and ls unable or, because of such fear, ls unwllllng Lo avall hlmself of Lhe proLecLlon of Lhe governmenL of Lhe counLry of hls naLlonallLy, or, lf he has no naLlonallLy, Lo reLurn Lo Lhe counLry of hls former hablLual resldence.
: What are the e|ements before one may be cons|dered as a refugee?
A:
1. 1he person ls ouLslde Lhe counLry of hls naLlonallLy, or ln Lhe case of SLaLeless persons, ouLslde Lhe counLry of hablLual resldence, 2. 1he person lacks naLlonal proLecLlon, 3. 1he person fears persecuLlon ln hls own counLry.
1he person fears persecuLlon ln hls own counLry.
NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 48 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS NC1L: 1he second elemenL makes, a refugee a SLaLeless person. 8ecause a refugee approxlmaLes a SLaLeless person, he can be compared Lo a vessel on Lhe open sea noL salllng under Lhe flag of any SLaLe, or be called flo Lsam and 513 '=%%6=3. Cnly a person who ls granLed asylum by anoLher SLaLe can apply for refugee sLaLus, Lhus Lhe refugee LreaLles lmply Lhe prlnclple of asylum.
kLIUGLLS IN1LkNALL DISLACLD LkSCN eople who have fled Lhelr counLrles 1hose who have noL lefL Lhelr countrys territory
r|nc|p|e of Non-kefou|ment
: What |s the r|nc|p|e of Non-Refoulment?
A: lL poslLs LhaL a SLaLe may noL deporL or expel refugees Lo Lhe fronLlers of LerrlLorles where Lhelr llfe or freedom would be puL ln danger or aL rlsk.
NC1L: 1he rlnclple of Lhe non-refoulmenL was declared Lo be a generally accepLed prlnclple by Lhe ConvenLlon relaLlng Lo Lhe sLaLus of sLaLeless persons.
IN1LkNA1ICNAL nUMAN kIGn1S LAW
Internat|ona| Dec|arat|on of numan k|ghts (UDnk)
: What |s the so-ca||ed Internat|ona| Dec|arat|on of numan k|ghts (UDnk)?
A: lL ls Lhe flrsL comprehenslve caLalogue of human rlghLs proclalmed by an lnLernaLlonal organlzaLlon.
: Is UDnk a treaty?
A: no. lL has no obllgaLory characLer because lL was adopLed by Lhe un Ceneral Assembly as 8esoluLlon 217 (lll). As a resoluLlon, lL ls merely recommendaLory.
: What are the 3 generat|on of r|ghts?
A:
IIkS1 GLNLkA1ICN a. Clvll rlghLs b. ollLlcal rlghLs
lncludes:
1. 8lghL Lo llfe, LlberLy, rlvacy, SecurlLy of person 2. rohlblLlon agalnsL slavery 3. 1he rlghL noL Lo be sub[ecLed Lo arblLrary arresL, deLenLlon or exlle 4. 1he rlghL Lo falr Lrlal and presumpLlon of lnnocence 3. 1he rlghL Lo naLlonallLy 6. 1he rlghL of freedom of LhoughL, consclence, and rellglon 7. 8lghL Lo freedom of oplnlon and expresslon 8. 1he rlghL Lo peaceful assembly and assoclaLlon 9. 1he rlghL Lo Lake parL ln Lhe governmenL of hls counLry SLCCND GLNLkA1ICN a. Lconomlc rlghLs b. Soclal rlghLs c. CulLural rlghLs
lncludes:
1. 1he rlghL Lo soclal securlLy 2. 1he rlghL Lo work and proLecLlon agalnsL unemploymenL 3. 1he rlghL Lo equal pay for equal work 4. 1he rlghL Lo form and [oln Lrade unlons 3. 1he rlghL Lo resL and lelsure 1nIkD GLNLkA1ICN a. 8lghL Lo envlronmenL b. 8lghL Lo peace c. 8lghL Lo developmenL
: What are human r|ghts?
A: 1hose llberLles, lmmunlLles and beneflLs, whlch all human beings should be able to claim as a righL of Lhe socleLy ln whlch Lhey llve Louls Penkln
: now are human r|ghts c|ass|f|ed?
A:
1. lndlvldual rlghLs 2. Collective rights (right to self-determination of people, Lhe permanenL soverelgnLy over naLural resources)
Internat|ona| Covenant on C|v|| and o||t|ca| k|ghts (ICCk)
: What |s the so-ca||ed Internat|ona| Covenant on C|v|| and o||t|ca| k|ghts (ICCk)?
A: lL ls an lnLernaLlonal covenanL and ls blndlng on Lhe respecLlve sLaLe parLles.
NC1L: lL lncludes Lhe f|rst generat|on of human r|ghts alLhough lL llsLs more rlghLs Lhan Lhe uuP8: NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 49 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS
a. 1he rlghL Lo own properLy b. 1he rlghL Lo seek ln oLher counLrles asylum from prosecuLlon c. 1he rlghL of members of eLhnlc, rellglous or llngulsLlc groups noL Lo be delned Lo en[oy Lhelr own culLure, Lo profess and pracLlce Lhelr own rellglon, or Lo use Lhelr own language d. 1he rlghL Lo compensaLlon ln case of unalwful arresL e. 1he rlghL Lo legal asslsLance om crlmlnal prosecuLlon f. 1he rlghL agalsnL self-lncrlmlnaLlon g. roLecLlon agalnsL double-[eopardy h. 1he rlghL Lo revlew by hlgher Lrlbunal ln case of crlmlnal convlcLlon l. 8lghL of every chlld Lo naLlonallLy [. 8lghL Lo prorecLlon of a chlld as requlred by hls sLaLus as mlnor k. 8lghL of persons below 18 years old noL Lo be senLenced Lo deaLh for crlmes l. 8lghL agalnsL Lhe carrylng ouL of deLaLh senLence on Lhe parL of a pregnanL woman
Internat|ona| Covenant on Lconom|c, Soc|a| and Cu|tura| k|ghts (ICLSCk)
: What |s the Internat|ona| Covenant on Lconom|c, Soc||a and Cu|tura| k|ghts (ICLSCk)?
A: Llke Lhe lCC8, lL ls an lnLernaLlonal covenanL and ls blndlng on Lhe respecLlve SLaLe arLles.
NC1L: 1hls embodles Lhe second generat|on of human r|ghts, alLhough lL llsLs more rlghLs:
a. 8lghL Lo healLh b. 8lghL Lo sLrlke c. 8lghL Lo be free from hunger d. 8lghLs Lo en[oy Lhe beneflLs of sclenLlflc progress e. lreedom of sclenLlflc research and creaLlvlLy
IN1LkNA1ICNAL nUMANI1AkIAN LAW (InL) AND NLU1kALI1
: What |s Internat|ona| numan|tar|an Law (InL)?
A: lL ls Lhe branch of lL whlch governs armed confllcLs Lo Lhe end LhaL Lhe use of vlolence ls llmlLed and LhaL human sufferlng ls mlLlgaLed or reduced by regulaLlng or llmlLlng Lhe means of mlllLary operaLlons and by proLecLlng persons who do noL or no longer parLlclpaLe ln hosLlllLles. lL ls also known as Lhe law of armed confllcL or Lhe law of war.
: What are the two branches of InL?
A:
1. ?#N &; H1'1># deslgned Lo safeguard mlllLary personnel who are no longer Laklng parL ln Lhe flghLlng and people noL acLlvely. 2. ?#N &; 4E1 Y#$=1 esLabllshes Lhe rlghLs and obllgaLlons of belllgerenLs ln Lhe conducL of mlllLary operaLlons, and llmlLs Lhe means of harmlng Lhe enemy.
Armed conf||ct
: What |s armed conf||ct?
A: All cases of declared war or any oLher armed confllcL whlch may arlse beLween 2 or more of Lhe PlghesL conLracLlng parLles, even lf sLaLe of war ls noL recognlzed by one of Lhem (T54+ -( H1'1># V&'>1'46&' &; ,^X^0.
Categor|es of armed conf||cts
Internat|ona| armed conf||cts a. LxlsLs when Lhere ls resorL Lo Lhe use of force beLween 2 sLaLes Interna| or Non- |nternat|ona| armed conf||ct b. 8eLween Lhe governmenL auLhorlLles and an organlzed armed group c. 8eLween such groups wlLhln Lhe same LerrlLory War of nat|ona| ||berat|on a. An armed confllcL may be of such naLure ln whlch peoples are flghLlng agalnsL colonlal domlnaLlon and allen occupaLlon and agalnsL raclsL reglmes ln Lhe exerclse of Lhelr rlghL Lo self-deLermlnalLon b. lL ls consldered an 6'415'#46&'#% #5D17 9&';%694 under roLocol 1
: What are the categor|es on the wars for nat|ona| ||berat|on?
A: lLs caLegorles are:
1. Colonlal domlnaLlon 2. Allen occupaLlon, and 3. Racist regimes when the peoples oppressed by these regimes are fighting for self-determination.
CCkL IN1LkNA1ICNAL C8LIGA1ICNS CI S1A1LS IN InL
: What are the essent|a| ru|es of InL? A:
1. 1he parLles Lo a confllcL musL aL all Llmes dlsLlngulsh beLween Lhe clvlllan populaLlon and combaLanLs 2. nelLher Lhe clvlllan populaLlon as a whole nor lndlvldual clvlllans may be aLLacked NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 30 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS 3. ALLacks may be made sole agalnsL mlllLary ob[ecLlves 4. eople who do noL or can no longer Lake parL ln Lhe hosLlllLles are enLlLled Lo respecL for Lhelr llves and for Lhelr physlcal and menLal lnLegrlLy and musL be LreaLed wlLh humanlLy, wlLhouL any unfavorable dlsLlncLlon whaLever. 3. lL ls forbldden Lo klll or wound an adversary who surrenders or who can no longer Lake parL ln Lhe flghLlng 6. nelLher Lhe parLles Lo Lhe confllcL nor members of Lhelr armed forces have an unllmlLed rlghL Lo choose meLhods and means of warfare 7. lL ls forbldden Lo use weapons or meLhods of warfare LhaL are llkely Lo cause unnecessary losses and excesslve sufferlng. 8. 1he wounded and slck musL be collecLed and cared for by Lhe parLy Lo Lhe confllcL whlch has Lhem ln lLs power. 9. Medlcal personnel and medlcal esLabllshmenLs, LransporLs and equlpmenL musL be spared. 1he red cross or red crescenL ls Lhe dlsLlncLlve slgn lndlcaLlng LhaL such persons and ob[ecLs musL be respecLed 10. CapLured combaLanLs and clvlllans who flnd Lhemselves under Lhe auLhorlLy of Lhe adverse parLy are enLlLled Lo respecL for Lhelr llves, Lhelr dlgnlLy, Lhelr personal rlghLs and Lhelr pollLlcal, rellglous and oLher convlcLlons and musL be proLecLed agalnsL all acLs of vlolence or reprlsals, enLlLled Lo exchange of news wlLh Lhelr famllles and recelve ald and en[oy baslc [udlclal guaranLees.
kINCILLS CI IN1LkNA1ICNAL nUMANI1AkIAN LAW
: What are the fundamenta| pr|nc|p|es of the InL?
A:
1. art|es to armed confllcL are prohlblLed from employlng weapons or means of warfare LhaL cause unnecessary damage or excesslve sufferlng.(rlnclple of prohlblLlon of use of weapons of a naLure Lo cause superfluous ln[ury or unnecessary sufferlng) 2. arLles Lo armed confllcL shall dlsLlngulsh beLween clvlllan populace from combaLanLs and spare Lhe former from mlllLary aLLacks.(rlnclple of dlsLlncLlon beLween clvlllans and combaLanLs) 3. ersons hors de combaL and Lhose who do noL Lake parL ln hosLlllLles shall be proLecLed and LreaLed humanely wlLhouL any adverse dlsLlncLlon. 4. lL ls prohlblLed Lo klll or ln[ure an enemy who surrenders or who ls a hors de combaL. 3. 1he wounded and Lhe slck shall be proLecLed and cared for by Lhe parLy who ls ln cusLody of Lhem. 6. arLles who capLured clvlllans and combaLanLs shall respecL Lhelr rlghLs Lo llfe, dlgnlLy, and oLher personal rlghLs.
nors de combat
: When |s a person cons|dered as J/+& 1* #/34"$?
A:
a. Pe ls ln Lhe power of an adverse parLy Lo Lhe confllcL b. lncapable of defendlng hlmself provlded he absLalns away from any hosLlle acL and does noL aLLempL Lo escape c. Pe clearly expresses an lnLenLlon Lo surrender
1reatment of c|v|||ans
: What |s the Martens c|ause]r|nc|p|e of human|ty?
A: ln cases noL covered by oLher lnLernaLlonal agreemenLs, clvlllans and combaLanLs remaln under Lhe proLecLlon and auLhorlLy of Lhe prlnclples of lnLernaLlonal law derlved from esLabllshed cusLom, from Lhe prlnclples of humanlLy and from Lhe dlcLaLes of publlc consclence.
r|soners of war
: What are the r|ghts and pr|v||eges of pr|soners of war?
A: 1. 1hey musL be LreaLed humanely, shall noL be sub[ecLed Lo physlcal or menLal LorLure, shall be allowed Lo communlcaLe wlLh Lhelr famllles, and may recelve food, cloLhlng, educaLlonal and rellglous arLlcles. 2. 1hey may noL be forced Lo reveal mlllLary daLa excepL Lhe name, rank, serlal number, army and reglmenLal number and daLe of blrLh, Lhey may noL be compelled Lo work for mlllLary servlces 3. All Lhelr personal belonglng excepL Lhelr arms and mlllLary papers remaln Lhelr properLy. 4. 1hey musL be lnLerned ln a healLhful and hyglenlc place. 3. AfLer Lhe concluslon of peace, Lhelr speedy repaLrlaLlon musL be accompllshed as soon as ls pracLlcable
LAW CN NLU1kALI1
: What |s neutra||ty?
A: It is non-participation, directly or indirectly, in a war beLween conLendlng belllgerenLs. 1hls exlsLs only durlng war NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 31 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS Llme and ls governed by Lhe law of naLlons. Lxamples of Lhese sLaLes are SwlLzerland, Sweden, 1he vaLlcan ClLy, CosLa 8lca.
NC1L: An #4464=71 &; 6D*#546#%64: adopLed by Lhlrd SLaLes Lowards belllgerenLs and recognlzed by Lhe belllgerenLs, such aLLlLude creaLlng rlghLs and duLles beLween Lhe lmparLlal SLaLes and Lhe belllgerenLs.
Q: What is non-alignment (Neutralism)?
A: 1hls refers Lo peaceLlme forelgn pollcles of naLlons deslrlng Lo remaln deLached from confllcLlng lnLeresLs of oLher naLlons or power groups.
: What |s a neutra||st po||cy?
A: lL ls Lhe pollcy of Lhe sLaLe Lo remaln neuLral ln fuLure wars. Non-alignment is the implemenLaLlon of neuLrallsm.
: D|st|ngu|sh neutra||ty from neutra||zat|on.
A:
NLU1kALI1 NLU1kALI2A1ICN CbLalns only durlng war
A condlLlon LhaL applles ln peace and war A sLaLus creaLed under lnLernaLlonal law, by means of a sLand on Lhe parL of a sLaLe noL Lo slde wlLh any of Lhe parLles aL war
A sLaLus creaLed by means of a LreaLy
8roughL abouL by a unllaLeral declaraLlon by neuLral sLaLe
CannoL be effecLed by unllaLeral acL only buL musL be recognlzed by oLher sLaLes.
: D|st|ngu|sh neutra||ty from non-a||gnment.
A:
NLU1kALI1 NCN-ALIGNMLN1 resupposes Lhe exlsLence of war or confllcL LxlsLs durlng peace Llme Avolds lnvolvemenL ln a war 8e[ecLs lmperlallsm and colonlallsm by Lhe world powers Pre-determined position
LvaluaLes Lhe world pollLlcal events based on case-to-case merlLs
: When |s a State cons|dered as a neutra||zed State?
A: Where lLs lndependence and lnLegrlLy are guaranLeed by an lnLernaLlonal convenLlon on Lhe condlLlon LhaL such SLaLe obllgaLes lLself Lo never Lake up arms agalnsL any oLher SLaLe, except for self-defense, or enter into such international obllgaLlons as would lndlrecLly lnvolve a war.
: What are the r|ghts and dut|es of a neutra| State?
A: 1. AbsLaln from Laklng parL ln Lhe hosLlllLles and from glvlng asslsLance Lo elLher belllgerenL, 2. revenL lLs LerrlLory and oLher resources from belng used ln Lhe conducL of hosLlllLles(8lghL of LerrlLorlal lnLegrlLy), and 3. Acqulesce ln cerLaln resLrlcLlons and llmlLaLlons Lhe belllgerenLs may flnd necessary Lo lmpose. 4. 1o conLlnue dlplomaLlc relaLlons wlLh oLher neuLral sLaLes and wlLh Lhe belllgerenLs (8lghL of dlplomaLlc communlcaLlons).
ku|es of Neutra||ty
: What are the ru|es of neutra||ty?
A:
1. 1he LerrlLory of Lhe neuLral power ls lnvlolable 2. 8elllgerenLs are forbldden Lo move Lroops or munlLlons of war and supplles across Lhe LerrlLory of a neuLral power 3. A neuLral power ls forbldden Lo allow belllgerenLs Lo use lLs LerrlLory for movlng Lroops, esLabllshlng communlcaLlon faclllLles, or formlng corps of combaLanLs 4. 1roops of belllgerenL armles recelved by a neuLral power ln lLs LerrlLory shall be lnLerned by way from Lhe LheaLer of war 3. 1he neuLral power may supply Lhem wlLh food, cloLhlng, and rellef requlred by humanlLy 6. lf Lhe neuLral power recelves escaped prlsoners of war, lL shall leave Lhem a place of resldence lf lL allows Lhem Lo remaln ln lLs LerrlLory 7. 1he neuLral power may auLhorlze Lhe passage lnLo lLs LerrlLory of Lhe slck and wounded lf Lhe means of LransporL brlnglng Lhem does noL carry personnel or maLerlals of war.
Cther concepts
: What are some restra|nts on neutra| States?
A: 1he followlng are some resLralnLs:
1. 8lockade 2. ConLraband of war 3. lree shlps make free goods
8|ockade
: What |s a b|ockade? NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 32 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS
A: lL ls a hosLlle operaLlon by means of whlch vessels and alrcrafL of one belllgerenL prevenL all oLher vessels, lncludlng Lhose of neuLral SLaLes, from enLerlng or leavlng Lhe porLs or coasLs of Lhe oLher belllgerenL, Lhe purpose belng Lo shuL off Lhe place from lnLernaLlonal commerce and communlcaLlons wlLh oLher SLaLes.
Contraband
: What |s contraband?
A: lL refers Lo goods whlch, alLhough neuLral properLy, may be selzed by a belllgerenL because Lhey are useful for war and are bound for a hosLlle desLlnaLlon.
1hey may be #B3&%=41, such as guns or ammunlLlon, whlch are useful for war under all clrcumsLances, 9&'7646&'#%, such as food and cloLhlng, whlch have boLh clvlllan and mlllLary uLlllLy, or under Lhe ;511 %634, such as medlclnes, whlch are exempL from Lhe law on conLraband for humanlLarlan reasons.
Doctr|ne of Infect|on
: What |s the doctr|ne of Infect|on?
A: lnnocenL goods shlpped wlLh conLraband may also be selzed.
Doctr|ne of U|t|mate Consumpt|on
: What |s the doctr|ne of U|t|mate Consumpt|on?
A: Coods lnLended for clvlllan use whlch may ulLlmaLely flnd Lhelr way Lo and be consumed by belllgerenL forces may be selzed on Lhe way.
Doctr|ne of U|t|mate Dest|nat|on
: What |s the doctr|ne of U|t|mate Dest|nat|on?
A: 1he llablllLy of Lhe conLraband from belng capLured ls deLermlned noL by Lhelr osLenslble buL by Lhelr real desLlnaLlon.
Doctrine of Free ships make free goods
: What |s the Doctrine of Free ships make free goods?
A: A ships nationality determines the status of its cargo. 1hus, enemy goods on a neuLral shlp, excepLlng conLraband, would noL be sub[ecL Lo capLure on Lhe hlgh seas.
Concept of V|s|t and Search
: What |s the concept of V|s|t and Search?
A: 8elllgerenL warshlps and alrcrafL have Lhe rlghL Lo vlslL and search neuLral merchanL vessels on Lhe hlgh seas Lo deLermlne wheLher Lhey are ln any way connecLed wlLh Lhe hosLlllLles.
Unneutra| serv|ce
What |s unneutra| serv|ce?
A: lL conslsLs of acLs, of a more hosLlle characLer Lhan carrlage of conLraband or breach of blockade, whlch are underLaken by merchanL vessels of a neuLral SLaLe ln ald of any of Lhe belllgerenLs.
k|ght of Angary
: What |s the k|ght of Angary?
A: 8y Lhe rlghL of angary, a belllgerenL may, upon paymenL of [usL compensaLlon, selze, use or desLroy, ln case of urgenL necesslLy for purposes of offenses or defense, neuLral properLy found ln enemy LerrlLory, or on Lhe hlgh seas.
: What are the requ|s|tes before k|ght of Angary may be exerc|sed?
A: 1. 1haL Lhe properLy ls ln Lhe LerrlLory under Lhe conLrol or [urlsdlcLlon of Lhe belllgerenL, 2. 1haL Lhere ls urgenL necesslLy for Lhe Laklng, and 3. 1haL [usL compensaLlon ls pald Lo Lhe owner.
: When |s neutra||ty term|nated?
A: When Lhe neuLral SLaLe lLself [olns Lhe war or upon Lhe concluslon of peace.
IN1LkNA1ICNAL LNVIkCNMLN1AL LAW
: What |s Internat|ona| Lnv|ronmenta| Law (ILL)?
A: lL ls Lhe branch of publlc lnLernaLlonal law comprlslng "Lhose subsLanLlve, procedural and lnsLlLuLlonal rules whlch have as Lhelr prlmary ob[ecLlve Lhe proLecLlon of Lhe envlronmenL," Lhe Lerm envlronmenL belng undersLood as encompasslng "boLh Lhe feaLures and Lhe producLs of Lhe naLural world and Lhose of human clvlllzaLlon.
r|nc|p|e 21 of the Stockho|m Dec|arat|on
: What |s the Stockho|m Dec|arat|on?
A: 1he SLockholm ueclaraLlon, or Lhe ueclaraLlon of Lhe unlLed naLlons Conference on Lhe Puman LnvlronmenL, was NC1LS CN U8LIC IN1LkNA1ICNAL LAW kenneLh & klng Plzon (3A) _____________________________________________ "#$%&'#( () *)+)$,- ./0/& 33 UNIVLkSI1 CI SAN1C 1CMAS adopLed on !une 16, 1972 ln SLockholm, Sweden. lL conLalns 26 prlnclples and 109 recommendaLlons regardlng Lhe preservaLlon and enhancemenL of Lhe rlghL Lo a healLhy envlronmenL.
SLaLe have, ln accordance wlLh Lhe ChapLer of Lhe un and Lhe prlnclple of lnLernaLlonal Law, Lhe soverelgn rlghL Lo explolL Lhelr own resources pursuanL Lo Lhelr own resources pursuanL Lo Lhelr own resources pursuanL Lo Lhelr envlronmenLal pollcles, and Lhe responslblllLy Lo ensure LhaL acLlvlLles wlLhln Lhelr [urlsdlcLlon or conLrol do noL cause damage Lo Lhe envlronmenL of oLher SLaLes or areas beyond Lhe llmlLs of naLlonal [urlsdlcLlon.
: What |s r|nc|p|e 21 of the Stockho|m Dec|arat|on?
A: 1hls ls one of Lhe 26 prlnclples conLalned ln Lhe SLockholm ueclaraLlon on Lhe Puman LnvlronmenL whlch was adopLed by acclamaLlon f 113 sLaLes ln Lhe unlLed naLlons Conference on Lhe Puman LnvlronmenL ln 1972. 1hls ls a landmark ln Lhe developmenL of lnLernaLlonal law on Lhe proLecLlon of Lhe envlronmenL.
: What does r|nc|p|e 21 of the Stockho|m Dec|arat|on prov|de?
A: 1hls declares LhaL SLaLes have
1. 1he soverelgn rlghL Lo explolL Lhelr own resources pursuanL Lo Lhelr own envlronmenLal pollcles, and 2. 1he responslblllLy Lo ensure LhaL acLlvlLles wlLhln Lhelr [urlsdlcLlon or conLrol do noL cause damage Lo Lhe envlronmenL of oLher SLaLes or of areas beyond Lhe llmlLs of naLlonal [urlsdlcLlon.
: Is r|nc|p|e 21 of the Stockho|m Dec|arat|on a part of customary |aw?
A: ?es. 1he CourL recognlzes LhaL Lhe envlronmenL ls dally under LhreaL and LhaL Lhe use of nuclear weapons could consLlLuLe a caLasLrophe for Lhe envlronmenL. 1he courL also recognlzes LhaL Lhe envlronmenL ls noL an absLracLlon buL represenLs Lhe llvlng space, Lhe quallLy of llfe and Lhe very human belngs, lncludlng generaLlons unborn. 1he exlsLence of Lhe general obllgaLlon of SLaLes Lo ensure LhaL acLlvlLles wlLhln Lhelr [urlsdlcLlon and conLrol respecL Lhe envlronmenL of oLher SLaLes or of areas beyond naLlonal conLrol ls now parL of Lhe corpus of lnLernaLlonal law relaLlng Lo Lhe envlronmenL. !T7>63&5: M*6'6&' &' 4E1 ?1$#%64: &; 4E1 UE51#4 &5 a31 &; I=9%1#5 b1#*&'3( <=%: K( ,^^c0. 1he CourL has also no dlfflculLy ln acknowledglng LhaL Lhe concerns expressed by Pungaray for lLs naLural envlronmenL ln Lhe reglon affecLed by the Gabcikovo-Nagyamaros Project related to an essential interes of the State, within the meaning given to LhaL expresslon ln ArLlcle 33 of Lhe urafL of Lhe lnLernaLlonal Law Commlsslon.
Slowly Improving Human Protection: The normative character of R2P - Responsibility to Protect - and how it can slowly modify States behavior on Human protection