THE SKELETAL SYSTEM BONE TISSUE

Bone tissues is continuously growing,

remodelling and repairing it. It contributes to
the homeostasis of the body by providing
support, protection, the production of blood
cells, and the storage of minerals and
triglycerides.
Tissues working together in the bone:
Bone tissue
cartilage tissue
Dense connective tissue
Epithelium
adipose tissue
Nervous tissue
Osteology Study of bone
Six Main Function of the bone of the Skeletal
System:
*Bone Tissues Makes up about 18% of the
weight of the body
1. Support
*The Skeletal serves as the structural
framework for the body by supporting soft
tissues and providing attachment points to the
tendons of most skeletal muscles.
2. Protection
*the skeleton protects the most important
internal organs from injury.
3. Assistance in movement
*Most skeletal muscles attach to the bones;
when they contract; they pull on the bones to
produce movement.
4. Mineral Homeostasis (Storage and release)
*Bone tissues stores several minerals especially
calcium and minerals.
*Bone tissues stores about 99% of the body's
calcium.
5. Bone Cell production
*A connective tissue called the bone marrow
produces red blood cells and platelets a process
called homeostasis
*Bone marrow consist of developing blood
cells, adipocytes, fibroblast, and macrophage
within a network of reticular fibers.
* It is present in developing bones of the fetus
in some adult bones such as the hip bones, ribs,
breastbones, vertebrae (backbones), skull and
the end of the bones of the arm and thigh.
6. Triglyceride Storage
* Yellow bone marrow consist mainly of adipose
cells, which stores triglycerides. The stored
glyceride is a potential chemical energy reserve
* in a newborn, all bone marrow is red and
involve in hemopoiesis.
* With increasing age, much of the bone
marrow changes from red to yellow
Structures of Long bone
Diaphysis
* Bone shafts or body the long cylindrical,
main portion of the bone.
Epiphyses
* Proximal and distal of the bones.
Metaphyses
* are the region between the diaphysis and the
epiphysis
* in a growing, each metaphysis contains an
epiphyseal plate, length at about ages 18-21,
the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced
by bone, the resulting bony structure is known
as the epiphyseal plate.
Articular cartilage
* is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the
part of the epiphysis where the bones form an
articulation (joint) with another bone.
* Articular cartilage reduces friction and
absorbs shock at freely movable joints.
Periosteum
* Surrounds the external bone surface
wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage.
* Some of the cells of the periosteum enable
bone to grow in thickness, but not in length.
* The periosteum protects the bones, assists in
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM BONE TISSUE
fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissues,
serves as an attachment point for ligaments and
tendons
Medullary cavity or marrow cavity
* is a hollow cylindrical space within the
diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone
marrow in adults.
Endosteum
* A thin membrane that lines the internal bone
surface facing the medullary cavity. It contains
single layers of cells and a small amount of
connective tissue.
FOUR TYPES OF CELLS
1. Osteogenic cells
* unspecialized stem cells derived from
mesenchyme , the tissue from which almost all
connective tissues are formed.
* They are only bone cells to undergo cell
division; the resulting cells are osteoblast.
* Osteogenic cells are found along the inner
position of the periosteum, in the osteum, and
in the canals within bone that contain blood
vessels.
2. Osteoblast (Buds or sprouts)
* are bone building cells
* they synthesize and secrete collagen fibers
and other organic components needed to build
extracellular matrix of bone tissue, and they
initiate calcification
* As osteoblast surround themselves with
extracellular matrix, they become trapped in
their secretion and becomes osteocytes.

Note: The ending -blast in the name of the
bone cell or any other connective tissue cell
means that the cell secretes extracellular
matrix.
3. Osteocytes
* Mature bone cells
* The main cells in bone tissue and maintains its
daily metabolism, such as the exchange of
nutrients and wastes with the blood.
* Like osteoblast, osteocytes do not undergo
cell division.
cytes maintain the tissue
4. Osteoclast
* are huge cell derived from the fusion of as
many as 50 monocytes and are concentrated in
the endosteum.
* On the side of the cell that faces the bone
surface, the osteoclast plasma membrane is
deeply folded into a ruffled border
* the cell release powerful lysosomal enzymes
and acids that digest the protein and the
mineral components of the underlying bone
matrix.
* this breakdown of bone extracellular matrix,
termed resorption is part of the normal
development, maintenance and repair of the
bone.
-clast cells breakdown extracellular matrix.
* In response to certain hormones, osteoclast
helps regulate blood calcium level.
* they are also target cell for drug theraphy
used to treat osteoporosis .
Depending on the size and distribution of the
spaces, the region of the bone may be
categorized as compact or spongy. overall,
about 80% of the skeleton is compact bone and
20% spongy bone.
Compact bone tissue
* contains few spaces and is the strongest form
of bone tissue
* it is found beneath the periosteum of all the
bones and makes up the bulk of the diaphysis of
long bones
* provides protection and support and resist
the stresses produced by weight and
movement.

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM BONE TISSUE
HAVERSIAN SYSTEM
* Lamellae concentric rings of matrix around
the haversian canal
* Haversian canal passage for blood vessels
and nerves
* Lacuane Structures that contain each
osteocytes
* Canaliculi Tiny canals protruding from the
lacunae connecting access to haversian canal
via lamellae, since the haversian canal allows
access to blood vessels for nutrient supply
SPONGY BONE
* In contrast to compact bone tissue, spongy
bone tissue does not contain osteons.
* Spongy bone consist of lamellae arranged in
an irregular lattice of thin columns called
trabeculae.
* The macroscopic space between the
trabeculae help make bones lighter and can
sometimes be fluid with red bone marrow,
which contains numerous small blood vessels.
* Within each trabecular are lacunae that
contain osteocytes
* Canaliculi radiate outward from the lacunae
* Osteocytes receives nourishment from the
blood circulating through the blood vessels in
the spaces between trabeculae.
BLOOD AND NERVE SUPPLY OF BONE.
1. Periosteal arteries by nerves
* enter the diaphysis through many perforating
canals and supply the periosteum and outer
part of the compact bone.
2. near the center of the diaphysis, a large
nutrient artery passes through a hole in
compact bone called nutrient foramen.
3. on entering the medullary cavity, the
nutrients arteries divides into proximal and
distal branches that supplies both the inner part
of compact bone tissue and red marrow as far
as the epiphyseal plates.
4. The ends of long bones are supplied by
metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, which
arise from arteries that suplly the associate
joint.