A PROJECT REPORT

ON
LASER COMMUNICATION
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electronics & Communication
2011-2012
Project Incharge : Submitted By:
Mr. Saurabh Sharma Akshat Mitta !0"2#2$100%&
Miss. S'ati Singh (eha Singh !0"2#2$102)&
Shrey Agar'a !0"2#2$10$#&
Mudit *ander
!0"2#2$1+0+&
Bharti ,oshi !0"2#221010&
-e.artment o/ 0ectronics 1 2ommunication
M00*34 I(S4I4340 56 4027(5859:;
M00*34 !3.P.&
20*4I6I2A40
This is to certify that or! hich is "eing #resente$ in the #ro%ect
entitle$ LASER COMMUNICATION su"mitte$ "y Mr& Akshat Mitta
Miss& (eha Singh' Mr& Shrey Agar'a' Mr& Mudit *ander' Miss& Bharti
,oshi stu$ent of final year B&Tech& In ELECTRONICS &
COMMUNICATION in #artial fulfillment of the re(uirement for aar$ of
the $egree of B&Tech in ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION is a recor$
of stu$ents or! carrie$ out "y them un$er my gui$ance an$ su#er)ision&
As #er the can$i$ates $eclaration this or! has not "een su"mitte$
elsehere for the aar$ of any other $egree&

-ated: 2< A.ri 2012 Signature of *ro%ect +ui$e
Pace: Meerut (ame, Miss& Sati Singh
-esignation, 80243*0*

Signature of *ro%ect Incharge Signature of -&O&.
A2=(5>80-90M0(4
?Enthusiasm is the feet of all progresses, with it there is
accomplishment and without it there are only slits alibis.@

Ac!nole$gment is not a ritual "ut is certainly an im#ortant thing for
the successful com#letion of the #ro%ect& At the time hen e ere ma$e to
!no a"out the #ro%ect' it as really )ery tough to #rocee$ further as e
ere to $e)elo# the same on a #latform' hich as ne to us& More so' the
co$ing #art seeme$ so tric!y that it seeme$ to "e im#ossi"le for us to
com#lete the or! ithin the gi)en $uration&
/e really feel in$e"te$ in ac!nole$ging the organi0ational su##ort
an$ encouragement recei)e$ from the management of our college.
The tas! of $e)elo#ing this system oul$ not ha)e "een #ossi"le
ithout the constant hel# of our mentors& /e ta!e this o##ortunity to
e1#ress our #rofoun$ sense of gratitu$e an$ res#ect to those ho hel#e$ us
throughout the $uration of this #ro%ect&
/e e1#ress our gratitu$e to Mr. Saurabh Sharma !7.5.-;MI4& Miss.
S'ati Singh!8ecturer;MI4&& /e oul$ again li!e to than! all of them for
gi)ing their )alua"le time to us in $e)elo#ing this #ro%ect&
-ated:2< A.ri 2012 Mr& A!shat Mittal
Pace: Meerut Miss& Neha Singh
Mr& Shrey Agaral
Mr& Mu$it Ran$er
Miss& Bharti 2oshi

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PLATFORM USED
AIM OF THE PROJECT
BLOCK DIAGRAM
WORKING OF THE PROJECT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
COMPONENT LIST
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
PCB LAYOUT
STEPS FOR MAKING PCB
PROGRAMMING
SENSING UNIT DESCRIPTION
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
APPLICATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
Intro$uction

I(4*5-324I5( ,

Laser communications systems are ireless connections through the
atmos#here& They or! similarly to fi"er o#tic lin!s' e1ce#t the "eam is
transmitte$ through free s#ace& /hile the transmitter an$ recei)er must
re(uire line3of3sight con$itions' they ha)e the "enefit of eliminating the nee$
for "roa$cast rights an$ "urie$ ca"les& Laser communications systems can "e
easily $e#loye$ since they are ine1#ensi)e' small' lo #oer an$ $o not
re(uire any ra$io interference stu$ies& The carrier use$ for the transmission
signal is ty#ically generate$ "y a laser $io$e& To #arallel "eams are
nee$e$' one for transmission an$ one for rece#tion& .ue to "u$get
restrictions' the system im#lemente$ in this #ro%ect is only one ay&
This #ro%ect is microcontroller "ase$ Laser communication system
use$ for the successful transmission of $ata& In this #ro%ect using to
microcontroller 'e are transmitting $ata from one en$ using laser
transmitter an$ at other en$ recei)e$ "y laser recei)er hich is connecte$ to
the #in of microcontroller 'here the transmitte$ as ell as recei)e$ $ata
$is#laye$ on lc$ &
Platform used
7ard'are reAuirements ,
1& Microcontroller AT45C67
2& L.R
$& LM8496 Regulator
+& *oer Su##ly
)& Resistors
%& Ca#acitors
<& Transistors
"& LI:UI. CR;STAL .IS*LA;
#& Transformer
10& Connectors
11) Laser Transmitter
12) Laser Recei)er
1$& Sitch
So/t'are reAuirements :
1& Assem"ler of ATMEL microcontroller series
2& *A.S for *CB $esigning
AIM OF THE
PROJECT
The Aim of this #ro%ect is to $esign a communication system through
Laser'a laser $io$e at the transmitting en$ act as a trans$user to con)ert the
$igital $ata into laser form an$ transmitte$ 'at the recei)ing en$ a laser
transistor con)ert the laser $ata into $igital form &
-ere the moti)e of using Laser is that /hile the transmitter an$
recei)er must re(uire line3of3sight con$itions' they ha)e the "enefit of
eliminating the nee$ for "roa$cast rights an$ "urie$ ca"les& Laser
communications systems can "e easily $e#loye$ since they are ine1#ensi)e'
small' lo #oer an$ $o not re(uire any ra$io interference stu$ies&
Block diagram
Laser communication
TRANSMITTER
TRANSMITTER
LASER DIODE
SUPPLY
SECTION

MICRO
CONTROLLER
89C51
Commun!"#o
n
DISPLAY SECTION
USING
LCD
Receiver

MICRO CONTROLLER
89C51
RECEI$ER
LDR
DISPLAY SECTION
USING
LCD
SUPPLY
SECTION
WORKING OF
THE PROJECT

There are to microcontroller one at sen$ing en$ an$ the other at
recei)ing en$ &Laser transmitter is connecte$ to the #in of the
microcontroller at the sen$ing en$ an$ the LASER recei)er is
connecte$ to microcontroller at recei)er en$&hene)er a #erson is
ishing to sen$ the $ata the microcontroller ma!e the laser transmitter
to sen$ the fre(uency corres#on$ing to that $ata an$ at recei)er en$
that fre(uency can change to the original $ata form hich ill $is#lay
on the lc$ connecte$ to the #in of the microcontroller&in this ay the
function of transmitting the $ata through laser recei)er an$
transmitter ha)e "een com#lete$&

CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM
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Component list
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Component list
CIRCUIT
DE#CRIPTION
POWER SPPL! SECTION"
Co$%%t% of&
1% RLMT Connector &&& I# ' " !onn(!#o) u'(* #o !onn(!#
#+( '#(, *o-n #)"n'.o)m() #o #+( /)*0( )(!#.()%
1% Bri#$e Recti%ier &&& I# ' " .u22 -"3( )(!#.() u'(* #o
!on3()# "! n#o *! 4 9&153 "! m"*( /5 #)"n'.o)m() '
!on3()#(* n#o *! -#+ #+( +(2, o. )(!#.()%
6% Ca&acitor" &&&&&I# ' "n (2(!#)o25#! !","!#o) o.
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+ISPLA! SECTION"
LC+,LI-I+ CR!STAL +ISPLA!)
EMICROCONTROLLER BASED LCD DISPLAYF 4#+' ,)oG(!# ' "n (m/(**(*
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LIHUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY -#+ #+( M!)o!on#)o22()4 -( ")( u'n0 ATMEL
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Pro!ra""$!
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#EN#ING UNIT
DE#CRIPTION
Laser transmitter
Laser receiver
A aser diode is a laser here the acti)e me$ium is a semicon$uctor similar
to that foun$ in a light3emitting $io$e& The most common an$ #ractical ty#e
of laser $io$e is forme$ from a #3n %unction an$ #oere$ "y in%ecte$ electric
current& These $e)ices are sometimes referre$ to as injection laser diodes to
$istinguish them from <o#tically= pumped laser diodes' hich are more
easily manufacture$ in the la"oratory&

4heory o/ o.eration
A laser $io$e' li!e many other semicon$uctor $e)ices' is forme$ "y $o#ing a
)ery thin layer on the surface of a crystal afer& The crystal is $o#e$ to
#ro$uce an n3ty#e region an$ a #3ty#e region' one a"o)e the other' resulting
in a p3n %unction' or $io$e&
Laser $io$es form a su"set of the larger classification of semicon$uctor p3n
%unction $io$es& As ith any semicon$uctor p3n %unction $io$e' forar$
electrical "ias causes the to s#ecies of charge carrier > holes an$ electrons
> to "e ?in%ecte$? from o##osite si$es of the p3n %unction into the $e#letion
region' situate$ at its heart& -oles are in%ecte$ from the p3$o#e$' an$
electrons from the n3$o#e$' semicon$uctor& <A $e#letion region' $e)oi$ of
any charge carriers' forms automatically an$ una)oi$a"ly as a result of the
$ifference in chemical #otential "eteen n3 an$ p3ty#e semicon$uctors
here)er they are in #hysical contact&=
As charge in%ection is a $istinguishing feature of $io$e lasers as com#are$ to
all other lasers' $io$e lasers are tra$itionally an$ more formally calle$
?in%ection lasers&? <This terminology $ifferentiates $io$e lasers' e&g&' from
flashlam#3#um#e$ soli$ state lasers' such as the ru"y laser& Interestingly'
hereas the term ?soli$3state? as e1tremely a#t in $ifferentiating 7569s3era
semicon$uctor electronics from earlier generations of )acuum electronics' it
oul$ not ha)e "een a$e(uate to con)ey unam"iguously the uni(ue
characteristics $efining 75@9s3era semicon$uctor lasers&= /hen an electron
an$ a hole are #resent in the same region' they may recom"ine or
?annihilate? ith the result "eing s#ontaneous emission A i&e&' the electron
may re3occu#y the energy state of the hole' emitting a #hoton ith energy
e(ual to the $ifference "eteen the electron an$ hole states in)ol)e$& <In a
con)entional semicon$uctor %unction $io$e' the energy release$ from the
recom"ination of electrons an$ holes is carrie$ aay as #honons' i&e&' lattice
)i"rations' rather than as #hotons&= S#ontaneous emission gi)es the laser
$io$e "elo lasing threshol$ similar #ro#erties to an LE.& S#ontaneous
emission is necessary to initiate laser oscillation' "ut it is one among se)eral
sources of inefficiency once the laser is oscillating&
The $ifference "eteen the #hoton3emitting semicon$uctor laser an$
con)entional #honon3emitting <non3light3emitting= semicon$uctor %unction
$io$es lies in the use of a $ifferent ty#e of semicon$uctor' one hose
#hysical an$ atomic structure confers the #ossi"ility for #hoton emission&
These #hoton3emitting semicon$uctors are the so3calle$ ?$irect "an$ga#?
semicon$uctors& The #ro#erties of silicon an$ germanium' hich are single3
element semicon$uctors' ha)e "an$ga#s that $o not align in the ay nee$e$
to allo #hoton emission an$ are not consi$ere$ ?$irect&? Other materials'
the so3calle$ com#oun$ semicon$uctors' ha)e )irtually i$entical crystalline
structures as silicon or germanium "ut use alternating arrangements of to
$ifferent atomic s#ecies in a chec!er"oar$3li!e #attern to "rea! the
symmetry& The transition "eteen the materials in the alternating #attern
creates the critical ?$irect "an$ga#? #ro#erty& +allium arseni$e' in$ium
#hos#hi$e' gallium antimoni$e' an$ gallium nitri$e are all e1am#les of
com#oun$ semicon$uctor materials that can "e use$ to create %unction
$io$es that emit light&
.iagram <not to scale= of a sim#le laser $io$e' such as shon a"o)e&
In the a"sence of stimulate$ emission <e&g&' lasing= con$itions' electrons an$
holes may coe1ist in #ro1imity to one another' ithout recom"ining' for a
certain time' terme$ the ?u##er3state lifetime? or ?recom"ination time?
<a"out a nanosecon$ for ty#ical $io$e laser materials=' "efore they
recom"ine& Then a near"y #hoton ith energy e(ual to the recom"ination
energy can cause recom"ination "y stimulate$ emission& This generates
another #hoton of the same fre(uency' tra)elling in the same $irection' ith
the same #olari0ation an$ #hase as the first #hoton& This means that
stimulate$ emission causes gain in an o#tical a)e <of the correct
a)elength= in the in%ection region' an$ the gain increases as the num"er of
electrons an$ holes in%ecte$ across the %unction increases& The s#ontaneous
an$ stimulate$ emission #rocesses are )astly more efficient in $irect
"an$ga# semicon$uctors than in in$irect "an$ga# semicon$uctorsB therefore
silicon is not a common material for laser $io$es&
As in other lasers' the gain region is surroun$e$ ith an o#tical ca)ity to
form a laser& In the sim#lest form of laser $io$e' an o#tical a)egui$e is
ma$e on that crystal surface' such that the light is confine$ to a relati)ely
narro line& The to en$s of the crystal are clea)e$ to form #erfectly
smooth' #arallel e$ges' forming a Ca"ry>*Drot resonator& *hotons emitte$
into a mo$e of the a)egui$e ill tra)el along the a)egui$e an$ "e
reflecte$ se)eral times from each en$ face "efore they are emitte$& As a light
a)e #asses through the ca)ity' it is am#lifie$ "y stimulate$ emission' "ut
light is also lost $ue to a"sor#tion an$ "y incom#lete reflection from the en$
facets& Cinally' if there is more am#lification than loss' the $io$e "egins to
?lase?&
Some im#ortant #ro#erties of laser $io$es are $etermine$ "y the geometry of
the o#tical ca)ity& +enerally' in the )ertical $irection' the light is containe$
in a )ery thin layer' an$ the structure su##orts only a single o#tical mo$e in
the $irection #er#en$icular to the layers& In the lateral $irection' if the
a)egui$e is i$e com#are$ to the a)elength of light' then the a)egui$e
can su##ort multi#le lateral o#tical mo$es' an$ the laser is !non as ?multi3
mo$e?& These laterally multi3mo$e lasers are a$e(uate in cases here one
nee$s a )ery large amount of #oer' "ut not a small $iffraction3limite$
"eamB for e1am#le in #rinting' acti)ating chemicals' or #um#ing other ty#es
of lasers&
In a##lications here a small focuse$ "eam is nee$e$' the a)egui$e must
"e ma$e narro' on the or$er of the o#tical a)elength& This ay' only a
single lateral mo$e is su##orte$ an$ one en$s u# ith a $iffraction3limite$
"eam& Such single s#atial mo$e $e)ices are use$ for o#tical storage' laser
#ointers' an$ fi"er o#tics& Note that these lasers may still su##ort multi#le
longitu$inal mo$es' an$ thus can lase at multi#le a)elengths
simultaneously&
The a)elength emitte$ is a function of the "an$3ga# of the semicon$uctor
an$ the mo$es of the o#tical ca)ity& In general' the ma1imum gain ill occur
for #hotons ith energy slightly a"o)e the "an$3ga# energy' an$ the mo$es
nearest the gain #ea! ill lase most strongly& If the $io$e is $ri)en strongly
enough' a$$itional side modes may also lase& Some laser $io$es' such as
most )isi"le lasers' o#erate at a single a)elength' "ut that a)elength is
unsta"le an$ changes $ue to fluctuations in current or tem#erature&
.ue to $iffraction' the "eam $i)erges <e1#an$s= ra#i$ly after lea)ing the
chi#' ty#ically at E9 $egrees )ertically "y 79 $egrees laterally& A lens must
"e use$ in or$er to form a collimate$ "eam li!e that #ro$uce$ "y a laser
#ointer& If a circular "eam is re(uire$' cylin$rical lenses an$ other o#tics are
use$& Cor single s#atial mo$e lasers' using symmetrical lenses' the
collimate$ "eam en$s u# "eing elli#tical in sha#e' $ue to the $ifference in
the )ertical an$ lateral $i)ergences& This is easily o"ser)a"le ith a re$ laser
#ointer&
The sim#le $io$e $escri"e$ a"o)e has "een hea)ily mo$ifie$ in recent years
to accommo$ate mo$ern technology' resulting in a )ariety of ty#es of laser
$io$es' as $escri"e$ "elo&
MI2*525(4*5880* A4"#2)1
6eatures
F Com#ati"le ith MCS367G *ro$ucts
F 4H Bytes of In3System Re #rogramma"le Clash Memory
F En$urance, 7'999 /riteIErase Cycles
F Cully Static O#eration, 9 -0 to JK M-0
F Three3le)el *rogram Memory Loc!
F J6@ 1 43"it Internal RAM
F EJ *rogramma"le IIO Lines
FThree 7@3"it TimerICounters
F Eight Interru#t Sources
F *rogramma"le Serial Channel
F Lo3#oer I$le an$ *oer3$on Mo$es
.ESCRI*TION
The AT45C6J is a lo3#oer' high3#erformance CMOS 43"it microcom#uter 4H"ytes of
Clash #rogramma"le an$ erasa"le rea$ only memory <*EROM=& The $e)ice is
manufacture$ using Atmel Ls high3$ensity non)olatile memory technology an$ is
com#ati"le ith the in$ustry stan$ar$ 49C67 an$ 49C6J instruction set an$ #in out&
The on3chi# Clash allos the #rogram memory to "e re#rogramme$
in3system or "y a Con)entional non)olatile memory #rogrammer& By
com"ining a )ersatile 43"it C*U ith Clash on a monolithic chi#' the Atmel
AT45C6J is a #oerful microcom#uter that #ro)i$es a highly fle1i"le an$
cost3effecti)e solution to many em"e$$e$ control a##lication&
4he A4"#2)2 .roBides the /oo'ing standard /eatures: "= bytes o/ 6ash; 2)%
bytes o/ *AM; $2 IC5 ines; three 1%-bit timerCcounters; a siD-Bector t'o-eBe
interru.t architecture; a /u-du.eD seria .ort; on-chi. osciator; and cock
circuitry. In addition; the A4"#2)2 is designed 'ith static ogic /or o.eration do'n
to Eero /reAuency and su..orts t'o so/t'are seectabe .o'er saBing modes. 4he
Ide Mode to.s the 2P3 'hie ao'ing the *AMF timerCcounters; seria .ort; and
interru.t system to continue /unctioning.
The *oer3$on mo$e sa)es the RAM contents "ut Cree0es the
oscillator' $isa"ling all other chi# functions until the ne1t har$are reset
&
Pin -escri.tion
G22
Su##ly )oltage&
9(-
+roun$&
Port 0
Port 0 is an "-bit o.en drain bi-directiona IC5 .ort. As an out.ut .ort; each .in can
sink eight 448 in.uts. >hen 1s are 'ritten to .ort 0 .ins; the .ins can be used as
high im.edance in.uts.
*ort 9 can also "e configure$ to "e the multi#le1e$ lo or$er a$$ressI$ata
"us $uring accesses to e1ternal #rogram an$ $ata memory& In this mo$e' *9
has internal #ull3u#s &
*ort 9 also recei)es the co$e "ytes $uring Clash #rogramming an$ out#uts
the co$e "ytes $uring #rogram )erification& E1ternal #ull3u#s are re(uire$
$uring #rogram )erification&
Port 1
*ort 7 is an 43"it "i3$irectional IIO #ort ith internal #ull3u#s& The *ort 7
out#ut "uffers can sin!Isource four TTL in#uts& /hen 7s are ritten to *ort
7 #ins' they are #ulle$ high "y the internal #ull3u#s an$ can "e use$ as
in#uts& As in#uts' *ort 7 #ins that are e1ternally "eing #ulle$ lo ill source
current <IIL= "ecause of the internal #ull3u#s&
In a$$ition' *7&9 an$ *7&7 can "e configure$ to "e the timerIcounter J e1ternal count in#ut
<*7&9ITJ= an$ the timerIcounter J trigger in#ut <*7&7ITJEM=' res#ecti)ely' as shon in the
folloing ta"le&
*ort 7 also recei)es the lo3or$er a$$ress "ytes $uring
Port 2
*ort J is an 43"it "i3$irectional IIO #ort ith internal #ull3u#s& The *ort J
out#ut "uffers can sin!Isource four TTL in#uts& /hen 7s are ritten to *ort
J #ins' they are #ulle$ high "y the internal #ull3u#s an$ can "e use$ as
in#uts& As in#uts' *ort J #ins that are e1ternally "eing #ulle$ lo ill source
current <IIL= "ecause of the internal #ull3u#s& *ort J emits the high3or$er
a$$ress "yte $uring fetches from e1ternal #rogram memory an$ $uring
accesses to e1ternal $ata memory that use 7@3"it a$$resses <MONM O
.*TR=& In this a##lication' *ort J uses strong internal #ull3u#s hen
emitting 7s& .uring accesses to e1ternal $ata memory that use 43"it
a$$resses <MONM O RI=' *ort J emits the contents of the *J S#ecial
Cunction Register& *ort J also recei)es the high3or$er a$$ress "its an$ some
control signals $uring Clash #rogramming an$ )erification&
Port $
*ort E is an 43"it "i3$irectional IIO #ort ith internal #ull3u#s& The *ort E
out#ut "uffers can sin!Isource four TTL in#uts& /hen 7s are ritten to *ort
E #ins' they are #ulle$ high "y the internal #ull3u#s an$ can "e use$ as
in#uts& As in#uts' *ort E #ins that are e1ternally "eing #ulle$ lo ill source
current <IIL= "ecause of the #ull3u#s& *ort E also ser)es the functions of
)arious s#ecial features of the AT45C67' as shon in the folloing ta"le&
*ort E also recei)es some control signals for Clash #rogramming&
*S4
*eset in.ut. A high on this .in /or t'o machine cyces 'hie the osciator is running
resets the deBice.
A80CP*59
A$$ress Latch Ena"le is an out#ut #ulse for latching the lo "yte of the a$$ress $uring
accesses to e1ternal memory& This #in is also the #rogram #ulse in#ut <*RO+= $uring Clash
#rogramming& In normal o#eration' ALE is emitte$ at a constant rate of 7I@ the oscillator
fre(uency an$ may "e use$ for e1ternal timing or cloc!ing #ur#oses& Note' hoe)er' that
one ALE #ulse is s!i##e$ $uring each access to e1ternal $ata memory& If $esire$' ALE
o#eration can "e $isa"le$ "y setting "it 9 of SCR location 4E-& /ith the "it set' ALE is
acti)e only $uring a MONM or MONC instruction& Otherise' the #in is ea!ly #ulle$
high& Setting the ALE3$isa"le "it has no effect if the micro controller is in e1ternal
e1ecution mo$e&
PS0(
*rogram Store Ena"le is the rea$ stro"e to e1ternal #rogram memory& /hen the AT45C6J
is e1ecuting co$e from e1ternal #rogram memory' *SEN is acti)ate$ tice each machine
cycle' e1ce#t that to *SEN acti)ations are s!i##e$ $uring each access to e1ternal $ata
memory&
EA/VPP
E1ternal Access Ena"le& EA must "e stra##e$ to +N. in or$er to ena"le the
$e)ice to fetch co$e from e1ternal #rogram memory locations starting at
9999- u# to CCCC-&
Note' hoe)er' that if loc! "it 7 is #rogramme$' EA ill "e internally
latche$ on reset&
EA shoul$ "e stra##e$ to NCC for internal #rogram e1ecutions& This #in
also recei)es the 7J3)olt #rogramming ena"le )oltage <N**= $uring Clash
#rogramming hen 7J3)olt #rogramming is selecte$&
H4A81
In#ut to the in)erting oscillator am#lifier an$ in#ut to the internal cloc! o#erating circuit&
H4A82
Out#ut from the in)erting oscillator am#lifier &
S.ecia 6unction *egisters
A ma# of the on3chi# memory area calle$ the S#ecial Cunction Register
<SCR= s#ace is shon in Ta"le 7&
(ote that not a o/ the addresses are occu.ied; and unoccu.ied addresses may not
be im.emented on the chi.. *ead accesses to these addresses 'i in genera return
random data; and 'rite accesses 'i haBe an indeterminate e//ect. 3ser so/t'are
shoud not 'rite 1s to these unisted ocations; since they may be used in /uture .rod
ne' /eatures. In that case; the reset or inactiBe Baues o/ the ne' bits 'i a'ays be
0.
Timer 2 Registers
Control an$ status "its are containe$ in registers TJCON <shon in Ta"le J=
an$ TJMO. <shon in Ta"le K= for Timer J& The register #air <RCA*J-'
RCA*JL= are the Ca#tureIReloa$ registers for Timer J in 7@3"it ca#ture
mo$e or 7@3"it auto3reloa$ mo$e&
Interru.t *egisters
The in$i)i$ual interru#t ena"le "its are in the IE register& To #riorities can "e set for each
of the si1 interru#t sources in the I* register& Instructions that use in$irect a$$ressing
access the u##er 7J4 "ytes of RAM& Cor e1am#le' the folloing in$irect a$$ressing
instruction' here R9 contains 9A9-' accesses the $ata "yte at a$$ress 9A9-' rather than
*J <hose a$$ress is 9A9-=&
MON OR9' P$ata
Note that stac! o#erations are e1am#les of in$irect a$$ressing' so the u##er 7J4 "ytes of
$ata RAM are a)ail a)aila"le as stac! s#ace&
4imer 0 and 1
Timer 9 an$ Timer 7 in the AT45C6J o#erate the same ay as Timer 9 an$ Timer 7 in the
T45C67&
4imer 2
Timer J is a 7@3"it TimerICounter that can o#erate as either a timer or an
e)ent counter& The ty#e of o#eration is selecte$ "y "it CITJ in the SCR
TJCON <shon in Ta"le J=&Timer J has three o#erating mo$es, ca#ture'
auto3reloa$ <u# or $on counting=' an$ "au$ rate generator& The mo$es are
selecte$ "y "its in TJCON' as shon in Ta"le E&Timer J consists of to 43
"it registers' T-J an$ TLJ& In the Timer function' the TLJ register is
incremente$ e)ery machine cycle& Since a machine cycle consists of 7J
oscillator #erio$s' the count rate is 7I7J of the oscillator in#ut #in' TJ& In this
function' the e1ternal in#ut is sam#le$ $uring S6*J of e)ery machine cycle&
/hen the sam#les sho a high in one cycle an$ a lo in the ne1t cycle' the
count is incremente$& The ne count )alue a##ears in the register $uring
SE*7 of the cycle folloing the one in hich
the transition as $etecte$& Since to machine cycles <JK oscillator #erio$s=
are re(uire$ to recogni0e a 73to39 transition' the ma1imum count rate is 7IJK
of the oscillator fre(uency& To ensure that a gi)en le)el is sam#le$ at least
once "efore it changes' the le)el shoul$ "e hel$ for at least one full machine
cycle&
2a.ture Mode
In the ca#ture mo$e' to o#tions are selecte$ "y "it EMENJ in TJCON& If EMENJ Q 9'
Timer J is a 7@3"it timer or counter hich u#on o)erflo sets "it TCJ in TJCON&This "it
can then "e use$ to generate an interru#t& If EMENJ Q 7' Timer J #erforms the same
o#eration' "ut a 73to39 transition at e1ternal in#ut TJEM also causes the current )alue in
T-J an$ TLJ to "e ca#ture$ into CA*J- an$ RCA*JL' res#ecti)ely& In a$$ition' the
transition at TJEM causes "it EMCJ in TJCON to "e set& The EMCJ "it' li!e TCJ' can
generate an interru#t& The ca#ture mo$e is illustrate$ in Cigure 7&
Auto-reoad !3. or -o'n 2ounter&
Timer J can "e #rogramme$ to count u# or $on hen configure$ in its 7@3"it auto3reloa$
mo$e& This feature is in)o!e$ "y the.CEN <.on Counter Ena"le= "it locate$ in the SCR
TJMO. <see Ta"le K=& U#on reset' the .CEN "it is set to 9 so that timer J ill $efault to
count u#& /hen .CEN is set' Timer J can count u# or $on' $e#en$ing on the )alue of the
TJEM #in&
Cigure J shos Timer J automatically counting u# hen .CEN Q 9& In this mo$e' to
o#tions are selecte$ "y "itEMENJ in TJCON& If EMENJ Q 9' Timer J counts u# to
9CCCC- an$ then sets the TCJ "it u#on o)erflo& The o)erflo also causes the timer
registers to "e reloa$e$ ith the 7@3"it )alue in RCA*J- an$ RCA*JL& The )alues in
Timer in Ca#ture Mo$eRCA*J- an$ RCA*JL are #reset "y softare& If EMENJ Q 7' a 7@3
"it reloa$ can "e triggere$ either "y an o)erflo or "y a 73to39 transition at e1ternal in#ut
TJEM& This transition also sets the EMCJ "it& Both the TCJ an$ EMCJ "its can generate an
interru#t if ena"le$& Setting the .CEN "it ena"les Timer J to count u# or $on' as shon
in Cigure E& In this mo$e' the TJEM #in controls
the $irection of the count& A logic 7 at TJEM ma!es Timer J count u#& The
timer ill o)erflo at 9CCCC- an$ set the TCJ "it& This o)erflo also
causes the 7@3"it )alue in RCA*J- an$ RCA*JL to "e reloa$e$ into the
timer registers' T-J an$ TLJ' res#ecti)ely& A Logic 9 at TJEM ma!es Timer
J count $on& The timer un$erflos hen T-J an$ TLJ e(ual the )alues
store$ in RCA*J- an$ RCA*JL& The un$erflo sets the TCJ "it an$ causes
9CCCC- to "e reloa$e$ into the timer Registers& The EMCJ "it toggles
hene)er Timer J o)erflos or un$erflos an$ can "e use$ as a 78th "it of
resolution& In this o#erating mo$e' EMCJ $oes not flag an interru#t&
Baud *ate 9enerator
Timer J is selecte$ as the "au$ rate generator "y setting TCLH an$Ior RCLH
in TJCON <Ta"le J=& Note that the "au$ rates for transmit an$ recei)e can "e
$ifferent if Timer J is use$ for the recei)er or transmitter an$ Timer 7 is
use$ for the other function& Setting RCLH an$Ior TCLH #uts Timer J into
its "au$ rate generator mo$e' as shon in CigureK& The "au$ rate generator
mo$e is similar to the auto3reloa$ mo$e' in that a rollo)er in T-J causes the
Timer J registers to "e reloa$e$ ith the 7@3"it )alue in registers RCA*J-
an$ RCA*JL' hich are #reset "y softare&
The "au$ rates in Mo$es 7 an$ E are $etermine$ "y TimerJLs o)erflo rate accor$ing to
the folloing e(uation&
The Timer can "e configure$ for either timer or counter o#eration& In most a##lications' it
is configure$ for timer o#eration <C*ITJ Q 9=& The timer o#eration is $ifferent for Timer J
hen it is use$ as a "au$ rate generator& Normally' as a timer' it increments e)ery machine
cycle <at 7I7J the oscillator fre(uency=& As a "au$ rate generator' hoe)er' it increments
e)ery state time <at 7IJ the oscillator fre(uency=& The "au$ rate formula is gi)en "elo&
here <RCA*J-' RCA*JL= is the content of RCA*J- an$ RCA*JL ta!en as a 7@3"it
unsigne$ integer& Timer J as a "au$ rate generator is shon in Cigure K& This figure is )ali$
only if RCLH or TCLH Q 7 in TJCON& Note that a rollo)er in T-J $oes not set TCJ an$
ill not generate an interru#t& Note too' that if EMENJ is set' a 73to39 transition in TJEM
ill set EMCJ "ut ill not cause a reloa$ from <RCA*J-' RCA*JL= to <T-J' TLJ=& Thus
hen Timer J is in use as a "au$ rate generator' TJEM can "e use$ as an e1tra e1ternal
interru#t&
Note that hen Timer J is running <TRJ Q 7= as a timer in the "au$ rate
generator mo$e' T-J or TLJ shoul$ not "e rea$ from or ritten to& Un$er
these con$itions' the Timer is incremente$ e)ery state time' an$ the results
of a rea$ or rite may not "e accurate& The RCA*J registers may "e rea$
"ut shoul$ not "e ritten to' "ecause a rite might o)erla# a reloa$ an$
cause rite an$Ior reloa$ errors& The timer shoul$ "e turne$ off <clear TRJ=
"efore accessing the Timer J or RCA*J registers&
Programmabe 2ock 5ut
A 69R $uty cycle cloc! can "e #rogramme$ to come out on *7&9' as shon
in Cigure 6& This #in' "esi$es "eing a regular IIO #in' has to alternate
functions& It can "e #rogramme$ to in#ut the e1ternal cloc! for
TimerICounter J or to out#ut a 69R $uty cycle cloc! ranging from @7 -0 to
K M-0 at a 7@ M-0 o#erating fre(uency& To configure the TimerICounter J
as a cloc! generator' "it CITJ <TJCON&7= must "e cleare$ an$ "it TJOE
<TJMO.&7= must "e set& Bit TRJ <TJCON&J= starts an$ sto#s the timer& The
cloc!3out fre(uency $e#en$s on the oscillator fre(uency an$ the reloa$ )alue
of Timer J ca#ture registers <RCA*J-' RCA*JL=' as shon in the
folloing e(uation&
In the cloc!3out mo$e' Timer J roll3o)ers ill not generate an interru#t& This
"eha)ior is similar to hen Timer J is use$ as a "au$3rate generator& It is
#ossi"le to use Timer J as a "au$3rate generator an$ a cloc! generator
simultaneously& Note' hoe)er' that the "au$3rate an$ cloc!3out
Cre(uencies cannot "e $etermine$ in$e#en$ently from one another since
they "oth use RCA*J- an$ RCA*JL&
3A*4
The UART in the AT45C6J o#erates the same ay as the UART in the AT45C67&
Interru.ts
The AT45C6J has a total of si1 interru#t )ectors, to e1ternal interru#ts <INT9 an$ INT7='
three timer interru#ts <Timers 9' 7' an$ J=' an$ the serial #ort interru#t& These interru#ts are
all shon in Cigure @&Each of these interru#t sources can "e in$i)i$ually ena"le$ or
$isa"le$ "y setting or clearing a "it in S#ecial Cunction Register IE& IE also contains a
glo"al $isa"le "it' EA' hich $isa"les all interru#ts at once&
Note that Ta"le shos that "it #osition IE&@ is unim#lemente$& In the
AT45C67' "it #osition IE&6 is also unim#lemente$& User softare shoul$ not
rite 7s to these "it #ositions' since they may "e use$ in future AT45
#ro$ucts& Timer J interru#t is generate$ "y the logical OR of "its TCJ an$
EMCJ in register TJCON& Neither of these flags is cleare$ "y har$are
hen the ser)ice routine is )ectore$ to& In fact' the ser)ice routine may ha)e
to $etermine hether it as TCJ or EMCJ that generate$ the interru#t' an$
that "it ill ha)e to "e cleare$ in softare& The Timer 9 an$ Timer 7 flags'
TC9 an$ TC7' are set at S6*J of the cycle in hich the timers o)erflo& The
)alues are then #olle$ "y the circuitry in the ne1t cycle& -oe)er' the Timer
J flag' TCJ' is set at SJ*J an$ is #olle$ in the same cycle in hich the timer
o)erflos&
5sciator 2haracteristics
H4A81 and H4A82 are the in.ut and out.ut; res.ectiBey; o/ an inBerting am.i/ier
that can be con/igured /or use as an on-chi. osciator; as sho'n in 6igure <. 0ither
a AuartE crysta or ceramic resonator may be used. 4o driBe the deBice /rom an
eDterna cock source; H4A82 shoud be e/t
Un connecte$ hile MTAL7 is $ri)en' as shon in Cigure 4&There are no re(uirements on
the $uty cycle of the e1ternal cloc! signal' since the in#ut to the internal cloc!ing circuitry
is through a $i)i$e3"y3to fli#3flo#' "ut minimum an$ ma1imum )oltage high an$ lo
time s#ecifications must "e o"ser)e$&
Ide Mode
In i$le mo$e' the C*U #uts itself to slee# hile all the on chi# #eri#herals
remain acti)e& The mo$e is in)o!e$ "y softare& The content of the on3chi#
RAM an$ all the s#ecial functions registers remain unchange$ $uring this
mo$e& The i$le mo$e can "e terminate$ "y any ena"le$ interru#t or "y a
har$are reset&
Note that hen i$le mo$e is terminate$ "y a har$are reset' the $e)ice
normally resumes #rogram e1ecution from here it left off' u# to to
machine cycles "efore the internal reset algorithm ta!es control& On3chi#
har$are inhi"its access to internal RAM in this e)ent' "ut access to the #ort
#ins is not inhi"ite$& To eliminate the #ossi"ility of an une1#ecte$ rite to a
#ort #in hen i$le mo$e is terminate$ "y a reset' the instruction folloing
the one that in)o!es i$le mo$e shoul$ not rite to a #ort #in or to e1ternal
memory&
Po'er-do'n Mode
In the #oer3$on mo$e' the oscillator is sto##e$' an$ the instruction that
in)o!es #oer3$on is the last instruction e1ecute$& The on3chi# RAM an$
S#ecial Cunction Registers retain their )alues until the #oer3$on mo$e is
terminate$& The only e1it from #oer3$on is a har$are reset& Reset
re$efines the SCR s "ut $oes not change the on3chi# RAM& The reset shoul$
not "e culti)ate$ "efore NCC is restore$ to its normal o#erating le)el an$
must "e hel$ acti)e long enough to allo the oscillator to restart an$
sta"ili0e&
AC Characteristics
Un$er o#erating con$itions' loa$ ca#acitance for *ort 9' ALEI*RO+' an$
*SEN Q 799 #CB loa$ ca#acitance for all other
out#uts Q 49 #C&
Note, 7& AC In#uts $uring testing are $ri)en at NCC 3 9&6N
for a logic 7 an$ 9&K6N for a logic 9& Timing measurements
are ma$e at NI- min& for a logic 7 an$ NIL ma1&
for a logic 9&
6oat >aBe/orms<7=
Note, 7& Cor timing #ur#oses' a #ort #in is no longer floating
hen a 799 mN change from loa$ )oltage occurs& A
#ort #in "egins to float hen a 799 mN change from
the loa$e$ NO-INOL le)el occurs&
Com#onent $escri#tion
Trans%ormers
A transformer is a $e)ice that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another "y magnetic cou#ling ithout re(uiring relati)e motion "eteen its
#arts& It usually com#rises to or more cou#le$ in$ings' an$' in most
cases' a core to concentrate magnetic flu1& A transformer o#erates from the
a##lication of an alternating )oltage to one in$ing' hich creates a time3
)arying magnetic flu1 in the core& This )arying flu1 in$uces a )oltage in the
other in$ings& Narying the relati)e num"er of turns "eteen #rimary an$
secon$ary in$ings $etermines the ratio of the in#ut an$ out#ut )oltages'
thus transforming the )oltage "y ste##ing it u# or $on "eteen circuits&
1%8%1Basic .rinci.e

The #rinci#les of the transformer are illustrate$ "y consi$eration of a
hy#othetical i$eal transformer consisting of to in$ings of 0ero resistance
aroun$ a core of negligi"le reluctance& A )oltage a##lie$ to the #rimary
in$ing causes a current' hich $e)elo#s a magnetomoti)e force <MMC= in
the core& The current re(uire$ to create the MMC is terme$ the magnetising
currentB in the i$eal transformer it is consi$ere$ to "e negligi"le& The MMC
$ri)es flu1 aroun$ the magnetic circuit of the core&
6igure 2%: 4he idea trans/ormer as a circuit eement
An electromoti)e force <EMC= is in$uce$ across each in$ing' an effect
!non as mutual in$uctance& The in$ings in the i$eal transformer ha)e no
resistance an$ so the EMCs are e(ual in magnitu$e to the measure$ terminal
)oltages& In accor$ance ith Cara$aySs la of in$uction' they are
#ro#ortional to the rate of change of flu1,
an$
0Auation <: 0M6 induced in .rimary and secondary 'indings
here,
an$ are the in$uce$ EMCs across #rimary an$ secon$ary in$ings'
an$ are the num"ers of turns in the #rimary an$ secon$ary in$ings'
an$ are the time $eri)ati)es of the flu1 lin!ing the #rimary an$
secon$ary in$ings&
In the i$eal transformer' all flu1 #ro$uce$ "y the #rimary in$ing also lin!s
the secon$ary' an$ so ' from hich the ell3!non transformer
e(uation follos,
0Auation ": 4rans/ormer 0Auation
The ratio of #rimary to secon$ary )oltage is therefore the same as the ratio
of the num"er of turnsB alternati)ely' that the )olts3#er3turn is the same in
"oth in$ings& The con$itions that $etermine Transformer or!ing in STE*
U* or STE* .O/N mo$e are,
Ns T N#
0Auation #: 2onditon /or S40P 3P
Ns U N#
0Auation 10: 2onditon /or S40P -5>(
*ecti/ier
A bridge recti/ier is an arrangement of four $io$es connecte$ in a "ri$ge
circuit as shon "elo' that #ro)i$es the same #olarity of out#ut )oltage for
any #olarity of the in#ut )oltage& /hen use$ in its most common
a##lication' for con)ersion of alternating current <AC= in#ut into $irect
current <.C= out#ut' it is !non as a "ri$ge rectifier& The "ri$ge rectifier
#ro)i$es full a)e rectification from a to ire AC in#ut <sa)ing the cost of
a center ta##e$ transformer= "ut has to $io$e $ro#s rather than one
re$ucing efficiency o)er a center ta# "ase$ $esign for the same out#ut
)oltage&
6igure #: Schematic o/ a bridge recti/ier
The essential feature of this arrangement is that for "oth #olarities of the
)oltage at the "ri$ge in#ut' the #olarity of the out#ut is constant&
2.2.1 Basic 5.eration
/hen the in#ut connecte$ at the left corner of the $iamon$ is #ositi)e ith
res#ect to the one connecte$ at the right han$ corner' current flos to the
right along the u##er colore$ #ath to the out#ut' an$ returns to the in#ut
su##ly )ia the loer one&
/hen the right han$ corner is #ositi)e relati)e to the left han$ corner'
current flos along the u##er colore$ #ath an$ returns to the su##ly )ia the
loer colore$ #ath&
Fi$ure 1." AC/ 0a'%12ave an# %u'' 2ave recti%ie# si$na's
In ("!+ !"'(4 #+( u,,() )0+# ou#,u# )(m"n' ,o'#3( -#+
)(',(!# #o #+( 2o-() )0+# on(% Sn!( #+' ' #)u( -+(#+() #+(
n,u# ' AC o) DC4 #+' !)!u# no# on25 ,)o*u!(' DC ,o-()
-+(n 'u,,2(* -#+ AC ,o-()J # "2'o !"n ,)o3*( -+"# '
'om(#m(' !"22(* K)(3()'( ,o2")#5 ,)o#(!#onK% T+"# '4 #
,()m#' no)m"2 .un!#onn0 -+(n /"##()(' ")( n'#"22(*
/"!9-")*' o) DC n,u#&,o-() 'u,,25 -)n0 K+"' #' -)('
!)o''(*K ?"n* ,)o#(!#' #+( !)!u#)5 # ,o-()' "0"n'#
*"m"0( #+"# m0+# o!!u) -#+ou# #+' !)!u# n ,2"!(@%
P)o) #o "3"2"/2#5 o. n#(0)"#(* (2(!#)on!'4 'u!+ " /)*0(
)(!#.() -"' "2-"5' !on'#)u!#(* .)om *'!)(#( !om,on(n#'%
Sn!( "/ou# 19574 " 'n02( .ou)&#()mn"2 !om,on(n#
!on#"nn0 #+( .ou) *o*(' !onn(!#(* n #+( /)*0(
!on.0u)"#on /(!"m( " '#"n*")* !omm()!"2 !om,on(n#
"n* ' no- "3"2"/2( -#+ 3")ou' 3o2#"0( "n* !u))(n#
)"#n0'%
23232 Out&ut Smoot0in$
Fo) m"n5 ",,2!"#on'4 (',(!"225 -#+ 'n02( ,+"'( AC
-+()( #+( .u22&-"3( /)*0( '()3(' #o !on3()# "n AC n,u#
n#o " DC ou#,u#4 #+( "**#on o. " !","!#o) m"5 /(
m,o)#"n# /(!"u'( #+( /)*0( "2on( 'u,,2(' "n ou#,u#
3o2#"0( o. .<(* ,o2")#5 /u# ,u2'"#n0 m"0n#u*(%
Fi$ure 11" Bri#$e Recti%ier 2it0 smoot0en out&ut
T+( .un!#on o. #+' !","!#o)4 9no-n "' " L'moo#+n0
!","!#o)L ?'(( "2'o .2#() !","!#o)@ ' #o 2(''(n #+( 3")"#on
n ?o) L'moo#+L@ #+( )"- ou#,u# 3o2#"0( -"3(.o)m .)om #+(
/)*0(% On( (<,2"n"#on o. L'moo#+n0L ' #+"# #+( !","!#o)
,)o3*(' " 2o- m,(*"n!( ,"#+ #o #+( AC !om,on(n# o. #+(
ou#,u#4 )(*u!n0 #+( AC 3o2#"0( "!)o''4 "n* AC !u))(n#
#+)ou0+4 #+( )(''#3( 2o"*% In 2('' #(!+n!"2 #()m'4 "n5 *)o,
n #+( ou#,u# 3o2#"0( "n* !u))(n# o. #+( /)*0( #(n*' #o /(
!"n!(22(* /5 2o'' o. !+")0( n #+( !","!#o)% T+' !+")0(
.2o-' ou# "' "**#on"2 !u))(n# #+)ou0+ #+( 2o"*% T+u' #+(
!+"n0( o. 2o"* !u))(n# "n* 3o2#"0( ' )(*u!(* )(2"#3( #o
-+"# -ou2* o!!u) -#+ou# #+( !","!#o)% In!)("'(' o. 3o2#"0(
!o))(',on*n025 '#o)( (<!('' !+")0( n #+( !","!#o)4 #+u'
mo*()"#n0 #+( !+"n0( n ou#,u# 3o2#"0( 8 !u))(n#%
T+( !","!#o) "n* #+( 2o"* )(''#"n!( +"3( " #5,!"2 #m(
!on'#"n# M RC -+()( C "n* R ")( #+( !","!#"n!( "n* 2o"*
)(''#"n!( )(',(!#3(25% A' 2on0 "' #+( 2o"* )(''#o) ' 2")0(
(nou0+ 'o #+"# #+' #m( !on'#"n# ' mu!+ 2on0() #+"n #+(
#m( o. on( ),,2( !5!2(4 #+( "/o3( !on.0u)"#on -22 ,)o*u!(
" -(22 'moo#+(* DC 3o2#"0( "!)o'' #+( 2o"* )(''#"n!(% In
'om( *('0n'4 " '()(' )(''#o) "# #+( 2o"* '*( o. #+(
!","!#o) ' "**(*% T+( 'moo#+n0 !"n #+(n /( m,)o3(* /5
"**n0 "**#on"2 '#"0(' o. !","!#o)N)(''#o) ,")'4 o.#(n
*on( on25 .o) 'u/&'u,,2(' #o !)#!"2 +0+&0"n !)!u#' #+"#
#(n* #o /( '(n'#3( #o 'u,,25 3o2#"0( no'(%
4o'ta$e Re$u'ators
A vo'ta$e re$u'ator ' "n (2(!#)!"2 )(0u2"#o) *('0n(* #o
"u#om"#!"225 m"n#"n " !on'#"n# 3o2#"0( 2(3(2% I# m"5 u'(
"n (2(!#)om(!+"n!"2 m(!+"n'm4 o) ,"''3( o) "!#3(
(2(!#)on! !om,on(n#'% D(,(n*n0 on #+( *('0n4 # m"5 /(
u'(* #o )(0u2"#( on( o) mo)( AC o) DC 3o2#"0('% W#+ #+(
(<!(,#on o. '+un# )(0u2"#o)'4 "22 3o2#"0( )(0u2"#o)' o,()"#(
/5 !om,")n0 #+( "!#u"2 ou#,u# 3o2#"0( #o 'om( n#()n"2
.<(* )(.()(n!( 3o2#"0(% An5 *..()(n!( ' "m,2.(* "n* u'(*
#o !on#)o2 #+( )(0u2"#on (2(m(n#% T+' .o)m' " n(0"#3(
.((*/"!9 '()3o !on#)o2 2oo,% I. #+( ou#,u# 3o2#"0( ' #oo 2o-4
#+( )(0u2"#on (2(m(n# ' !omm"n*(* #o ,)o*u!( " +0+()
3o2#"0(% Fo) 'om( )(0u2"#o)' . #+( ou#,u# 3o2#"0( ' #oo
+0+4 #+( )(0u2"#on (2(m(n# ' !omm"n*(* #o ,)o*u!( "
2o-() 3o2#"0(O +o-(3()4 m"n5 Gu'# '#o, 'ou)!n0 !u))(n# "n*
*(,(n* on #+( !u))(n# *)"- o. -+"#(3() # ' *)3n0 #o ,u22
#+( 3o2#"0( /"!9 *o-n% In #+' -"54 #+( ou#,u# 3o2#"0( '
+(2* )ou0+25 !on'#"n#% T+( !on#)o2 2oo, mu'# /( !")(.u225
*('0n(* #o ,)o*u!( #+( *(')(* #)"*(o.. /(#-((n '#"/2#5
"n* ',((* o. )(',on'(%
23531 LM617 ,61Termina' A#8usta9'e Re$u'ator)
+escri&tion
T+( LM61; ' "n "*Gu'#"/2( #+)((&#()mn"2 ,o'#3(&3o2#"0(
)(0u2"#o) !","/2( o. 'u,,25n0 mo)( #+"n 1%5 A o3() "n
ou#,u#&3o2#"0( )"n0( o. 1%1 $ #o 6; $% I# ' (<!(,#on"225 ("'5
#o u'( "n* )(>u)(' on25 #-o (<#()n"2 )(''#o)' #o '(# #+(
ou#,u# 3o2#"0(% Fu)#+()mo)(4 /o#+ 2n( "n* 2o"* )(0u2"#on
")( /(##() #+"n '#"n*")* .<(*
)(0u2"#o)'% T+( LM61; ' ,"!9"0(* n #+( KC ?TO&117AB@ "n*
KTE ,"!9"0('4 -+!+ ")( ("'5 #o +"n*2( "n* u'(% In "**#on
#o +"3n0 +0+() ,().o)m"n!( #+"n .<(* )(0u2"#o)'4 #+'
*(3!( n!2u*(' on&!+, !u))(n# 2m#n04 #+()m"2 o3()2o"*
,)o#(!#on4 "n* '".(&o,()"#n0&")(" ,)o#(!#on% A22 o3()2o"*
,)o#(!#on )(m"n' .u225 .un!#on"24 (3(n . #+( ADJUST
#()mn"2 ' *'!onn(!#(*%
Fi$ure 1:J TOP IC vie2 o% LM 617
T+( LM61; ' 3()'"#2( n #' ",,2!"#on'4 n!2u*n0 u'(' n
,)o0)"mm"/2( ou#,u# )(0u2"#on "n* 2o!"2 on&!")*
)(0u2"#on% O)4 /5 !onn(!#n0 " .<(* )(''#o) /(#-((n #+(
ADJUST "n* OUTPUT #()mn"2'4 #+( LM61; !"n .un!#on "' "
,)(!'on !u))(n# )(0u2"#o)% An o,#on"2 ou#,u# !","!#o) !"n
/( "**(* #o m,)o3( #)"n'(n# )(',on'(% T+( ADJUST
#()mn"2 !"n /( /5,"''(* #o "!+(3( 3()5 +0+ ),,2(&
)(G(!#on )"#o'4 -+!+ ")( *..!u2# #o "!+(3( -#+ '#"n*")*
#+)((&#()mn"2 )(0u2"#o)'% T+( LM61; ' !+")"!#()C(* .o)
o,()"#on o3() #+(
3)#u"2 Gun!#on #(m,()"#u)( )"n0( o. 7PC #o 115PC%
Fi$ure 17" A#8usta9'e 4o'ta$e Re$u'ator
23532 LM7;.) ,61Termina' Fi<e# 4o'ta$e Re$u'ator)
T+( MC;8QQ8LM;8QQ8MC;8QQA '()(' o. #+)(( #()mn"2
,o'#3( )(0u2"#o)' ")( "3"2"/2( n #+(
TO&1178D&PAK ,"!9"0( "n* -#+ '(3()"2 .<(* ou#,u#
3o2#"0('4 m"9n0 #+(m u'(.u2 n " -*( )"n0( o.
",,2!"#on'% E"!+ #5,( (m,2o5' n#()n"2 !u))(n# 2m#n04
#+()m"2 '+u# *o-n "n* '".( o,()"#n0 ")(" ,)o#(!#on4
m"9n0 # (''(n#"225 n*('#)u!#/2(% I. "*(>u"#( +("# 'n9n0
' ,)o3*(*4 #+(5 !"n *(23() o3() 1A ou#,u# !u))(n#%