Drilling and Completion Engineering

Dr. Tim Hopper

Outline
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Week Date Module/Chapter/Topic Assessment
31
1st August
Overview of Drilling Operations / Rig
Types
32
8
th
August
Rig Components / Drillstring / Bit
Selection
33
15
th
August
Well Logging (Wireline, LWD,
MWD) and Intervention
34
22
nd
August
Subsurface Pressures / Well Control
and Monitoring
35
29
th
August
Casing and Cementing
36
5
th
September
Drilling fluids and mud program
design
37
12
th
September
Drilling related geomechanics. Near-
wellbore damage due to drilling and
completion operations
Major
Assignment
38
19
th
September
Well Completion Techniques,
Equipment and Fluids;
39
26
th
September
STUDY BREAK
40
3
rd
October
Well Completion Techniques
41
10
th
October
Well Completion Techniques
42
17
th
October
Survey, Well Trajectory Design and
Simulation, multiwall trajectories
43
24
th
October
Real time pore pressure monitoring /
Deepwater drilling,
44
31
st
November
Recap & Exam Guide

Overview of Drilling Operations

Drilling Engineer
Drilling engineers design and implement procedures to drill wells as
safely and economically as possible. They work closely with the
drilling contractor, service contractors and compliance personnel, as
well as with geologists and other technical specialists.
The drilling engineer has the responsibility for ensuring that costs are
minimized while getting information to evaluate the formations
penetrated, protecting the health and safety of workers and other
personnel, and protecting the environment.
Wiki
Completion Engineer
Select equipment that will best suit the subsurface environment in
order to produce the hydrocarbon reserves. Once selected, a
completion engineer will monitor and adjust the equipment to ensure
the well and reservoir produces under ideal circumstances.
Also called Subsurface Engineer.
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Life of an Oil and Gas Field
Exploration
Appraisal
Development
Maintenance
Abandonment
Exploration
Objectives
Determine the rock and fluid properties
of the subsurface in a specific area.
Length of exploration depends on
success and economic model.
If economically attractive, move to
Appraisal phase.
Wildcat wells..
Appraisal
Objectives
To determine the physical extent of the
reservoir, to provide a reserves
estimate and production rate
information.
Data is used in a Field Development
Plan (FDP) to determine if the
economics dictate to go ahead or not.
Development
Objectives
To bring a field to the production
stage extraction of oil and gas
from the subsurface to surface
facilities.
Maintenance
Workover rigs
Pulling completions
Plugging and perforating
Wear and tear from sanding etc
Abandonment
When cost of production exceeds revenue
the field may be abandoned.
Government regulations determine how..
need to find local regulations (e.g.
http://www.bcogc.ca/document.aspx?docum
entID=920)
Money is to be put aside at the start of the
drilling campaign to cover the abandonment
process.
Drilling Personnel
Operator
Company man
Drilling superintendent
Drilling engineer
Geologist
Drilling Contractors
Day rate
Turn key
Drilling contractor employs a Toolpusher to be in overall charge of the rig responsible for all rig
floor activities. Crew consists of Derrikman, 3 Roughnecks, Mechanic, Electrician, Crane
Operator and Roustabouts.
Service Companies
Drilling Fluids (Mud), Wireline, LWD, Cementing etc
Drilling Personnel
Unforseen Problems
Service Contracts
Transport
Accommodation
Rig
Communications
Power and Fuel
Supervision
Time Related
Drilling
Service Contract
Well Equipment
Casing and Downhole Equipment
Cement
Drilling Fluids
Drill Bits
Consumable Items
Logging
Testing
Perforating
Surveying
Depth Related
Platform Installation
Platform Equipment
Platform Structure
Wellhead
Mobilisation
Fixed Cost
COST
Drilling Superintendant
Company Man
Drilling Engineer
Production Engineer
Reservoir Engineer
Geologist
Operator
Toolpusher
Driller
Derrickman
Roughneck
Mechanic
Electrician
Crane Operator
Roustabout
Drilling Crews
Contractor
Mud Engineer
Directional Drilling Engineer
Logging/Surveying Engineer
Service Company
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENT
Movement
Maintainence
Rig
Conductor
Drill 26" Hole
Run 20" Casing
Cement Casing
Install WHH
Rig Up BOP
1st Hole Section
Drill 17 1/2" Hole
Run 13 3/8" Casing
Cement Casing
Remove BOP
Install WHS
Rig Up BOP
2nd Hole Section
Drill 12 1/4" Hole
Run 9 5/8" Casing
Cement Casing
Remove BOP
Install WHS
Rig Up BOP
3rd Hole Section
Drill ?" Hole
Run ?" Casing
Cement Casing
Next Hole Section
Construction
Run Production Casing
Run Packer
Run Production Tubing
Perforation
Xmas Tree
Completing
Drilling Process
OPERATIONS
Uncosolidated Clay
Very Hard Formation (chert)
Pressure Changes
Geological
Mud Losses
Borehole Instability
Stuckpipe
Fishing
Mechanical
TECHNICAL PROBLEMS
DRILL A WELL
Drilling Costs
Fixed Cost
Depth Cost
Time Related
Current Rig Cost / Day
Jackup US$100 k/day
Drillship US$400 k/day
Deepwater US$500 - 1400 k/day
Total Well Cost
Land ~ AUD$5-10 million
Offshore AUD30-100 million
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Example AFE: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/pdfs/egs_chapter_6.pdf
Drilling Calculation Spreadsheets
http://petroleumengineeringspreadsheets.com/drilling_xl/file_descripti
on_drill.html#drill17
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Drilling Proposal
Basis of Well Design (BOWD)
Prepared by the geologists and reservoir
engineers.
Objective of the well
Depth, Location of Target.
Geological Cross Section
Pore Pressure Profile Prediction
Drilling Program
Prepared by Drilling Engineer
Drilling Rig
Location
Hole Sizes and Depths
Casing Sizes and Depths
Drilling Fluid Specification
Directional Drilling Information
Well Control Equipment and Procedures
Bits and Hydraulic Program
Example
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Depth-Time Curve
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Drilling Process Land Rig (example)
Installing 30 Conductor
Drilling and Casing 26 hole
Drilling and Casing the 17 hole
Drilling and Casing the Intermediate
Casing, 12 hole
Drilling TD section,
Log, Drill Stem Tests
Case
Complete the well
Installing 30 Conductor
Drive a large diameter pipe to a depth of
~30m below ground level using a pile-driver
or jetting in offshore.
Called Conductor
Prevents unconsolidated surface
formations from collapsing whilst drilling
Size depends on consolidation of the
surface material.
Drilling and Casing 26 hole
First hole section drilled with a drill bit slightly smaller than I.D. of
conductor
Typically drilled to 600-700m.
Drilling mud is circulated down drillpipe, out through the drill bit and
up the annulus to surface.
Once the casing point has been reached, Pull Out Of Hole (POOH)
with drillstring, then run casing and cement it in place.
Casing ~ 20
Drilling and Casing the 17 hole
Wellhead attached to top of 20 casing
Blowout Prevention (BOP) stack is mounted and pressure tested
17 hole is now drilled to next casing set point (e.g. 2000m)
Run casing
Troublesome hole sections are now isolated behind casing (13
5/8 intermediate casing)
Casing is supported at the 20 wellhead.
Cement casing in place
Remove BOP, install wellhead spool connection, reinstall BOP
Drilling and Casing the Intermediate Casing, 12 hole
Pressure test BOPs
Leak off Test (LOT) or Formation
Integrity Test (FIT) at casing shoe
Drill 12 hole
Coring
WirelineLogging
Open Hole Drill Stem Tests
Well Completion
Depending on what has shown and
what type of well has been drilled..
Exploration plug and abondon
Appraisal P&A or completion
Development - completion
Break
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Rig Types
Land Rigs
Offshore
Jackup
Semi-submersible
Drilling Ships
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Rig Count
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0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
525
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
*
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

R
i
g
s
Total Weekly Drilling Rig Count
2012
Totals
2011
Totals
2010
Totals
2009
Totals
Jackups
Retractable legs
Usually designed for
depths < 150 meters
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Semi-submersible
Also called Floaters
Typically operate in
water depths up to
1200 meters
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Drilling Ships
Used in very deep water ~
up to 3500 meters
Dual Derricks enable
parallel operations and
subsequent time savings
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Fixed Platforms
Once commercial decision
made to develop.
Many (> 40 wells) can be drilled
from the one platform.
Production, production logging
and maintenance all done from
the one platform.
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Land Rig - PNG
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Land Central Australia
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When Things Go Wrong
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