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Document NA 003 RDV
Rev. C.
Brocca
Answer Drives S.r.l.
36054 Montebello Vicentino (VI) Italy
1
Application note
AFE for photovoltaic: MIRO Function
Number Rev. Date Drawn up by Checked by Approved by
NA 003 RDV 03 30/11/2010
NAME S. Moretto E. Rubega C. Brocca
SIGNATURE
NAME x P. Santac
SIGNATURE
CONFIDENTIALITY LEVEL No restrictions
HISTORY OF REVISIONS First issue
TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES: 13 FILE: NA003RDV_r03EN.doc NUMBERED COPY: NO -------
PROPRIETARY
RIGHTS
This document is the property of Answer Drives S.p.a. and may not be copied, reproduced or disclosed, in whole or in part,
without written authorization.
Document NA 003 RDV
Rev. C.
Brocca
2
Paragraph
CONTENTS
Page
1 Notes on the release.........................................................................................................................................................3
2 MIRO function ............................................................................................................................ 3
3 How i t works.................................................................................................................. 6
3.1 Transition thresholds .......................................................................................................................... 6
3.2 Transition thresholds recalibration ..................................................................................................... 8
3.3 Shift work ............................................................................................................................................ 9
3.3.1 Partial shift ................................................................................................................................... 9
3.3.2 Total shift ..................................................................................................................................... 9
3.4 Modules enabling/disabling modes..................................................................................................... 9
3.4.1 Enabling/disabling with pause ...........................................................................................................9
3.4.2 Enabling/disabling without pause .............................................................................................. 10
3.5 Digital outputs .................................................................................................................................. 10
4 Par amet er s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5 Important notes ...................................................................................................................................... 11
6 On the transition thresholds selection...................................................................................................... 12
Other referenced documents
Annexes
Document NA 003 RDV
Rev. C.
Brocca
3
1 NOTES ON THE RELEASE
This application note refers to the firmware version AG0300E1 dated 30/11/2010 and later. Compared to the previous
releases the following changes were made with regard to the MIRO function:
1. Changed the modules enabling/disabling principle. In the previous version the principle was based on the
comparison of the active power with the thresholds set. In this new version the comparison is made on the
active current.
2. Set at two seconds the time of enabling the modules in parallel. The disabling time is established by the
parameter.
2 MIRO FUNCTION
In photovoltaic power generation systems it is necessary to minimize the losses in all system components (cables,
inverters, transformers, etc.) in order to achieve the maximum conversion efficiency.
With regard to AFE inverters, the efficiency is strongly influenced by the power level delivered in the network. Figure
1 shows as an example the efficiency curves of some SVGT inverters in accordance with the power delivered.
From figure 1 it is seen that the efficiency decreases abruptly for values 20% below the nominal power, while for
values above 40% the efficiency is practically constant.
In conditions of low or medium radiation, this loss in efficiency means that the losses of each inverter become
appreciable when compared with the incoming power from the photovoltaic modules.
Analysing the data of annual average radiation (Apulia Region, ENEA source) it can be seen that the monthly
average power produced by a photovoltaic field is less than 40% for 4 months a year.
From these data we understand how important it is to increase the efficiency of the inverters also for low powers.
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Figure 2
Percentage of average radiation in the period 1994-1999 in Apulia (Monopoli) 100% = 24.2MJ/m
2
. ENEA source
In large power photovoltaic systems where the inverter(s) are of modular type, i.e. consisting of two or more modules
in parallel, the conversion efficiency can be optimized by enabling only the minimum number of modules required to
deliver the power coming from the strings. In this way, the enabled modules work only at high power values and
therefore in the working area with greater efficiency.
The MIRO function (Optimized Efficiency Multi-Inverter) has been developed for photovoltaic applications in which
multiple inverters are used, i.e. consisting of two, three or four modules in parallel.
The strategy of the "MIRO" function is to enable/disable the modules, acting on the line contactor and on the driving
pulses, depending on the power to be delivered with the aim of keeping enabled only the modules needed to convert
energy coming from the photovoltaic field.
Document NA 003 RDV
Rev. C.
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Figure 3
Document NA 003 RDV
Rev. C.
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3 HOW IT WORKS
At the start up, the MIRO function enables all the inverter modules. If the active current is less than 35% of the total
nominal current of the inverter, then the MIRO function disables one of the modules.
If the active current is less than 35% of the nominal current of enabled modules, then the MIRO function disables
another module, and so on.
If instead the active current is 85% greater than the nominal current of the enabled modules, then the MIRO function
re-enables a module.
The current limits are in turn recalibrated depending on the modules enabled. This precaution prevents that in the
transitional phases, a module is allowed to operate at a power greater than its nominal power.
3.1 TRANSITION THRESHOLDS
The 35% and 85% threshold values for enabling/disabling the modules are fixed. The choice of these thresholds has
been made based on the trend of the efficiency according to the power (figure 1).
The condition for disabling a module is that the current must remain below 35% of the nominal current of the
enabled modules for a minimum time set by the parameter [32.19].
The condition for enabling a module is that the current must remain above 85% of the nominal current of the enabled
modules for two seconds.
Figure 4
Nenabled Number of enabled modules
Ntot Total number of modules in parallel
INOM Nominal current of the inverter including all the modules in parallel
According to the two formulas shown in the diagram it is possible to determine the active current values that enable
or disable a module.
Document NA 003 RDV
Rev. C.
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2 module inverter (Ntot=2):
1 to 2 modules (nenabled=1) Iactive 42.5%
2 to 1 module (nenabled=2) Iactive 35%
3 to 2 modules (nenabled=3) Iactive 35%
2 to 1 module (nenabled=2) Iactive 23.3%
2 to 1 module (nenabled=2) Iactive 17.4%
The efficiency graphs of an inverter composed of four SVGT340 modules depending on the enabled modules are shown
as an example. Due to the hysteresis introduced the graphics are different depending on whether the power is increasing
or decreasing.
Efficiency at increasing power
Figure 5
Transition 12 modules
% 3 . 21
4
1
%. 85 %. 85
Ntot
nactive
Inom
Iactive
% 5 . 42
4
2
%. 85 %. 85
Ntot
nactive
Inom
Iactive
% 8 . 63
4
3
%. 85 %. 85
Ntot
nactive
Inom
Iactive
Document NA 003 RDV
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Efficiency at decreasing power
Figure 6
% 35
4
4
%. 35 %. 35
Ntot
nactive
Inom
Iactive
% 3 . 26
4
3
%. 35 %. 35
Ntot
nactive
Inom
Iactive
% 5 . 17
4
2
%. 35 %. 35
Ntot
nactive
Inom
Iactive
3.2 TRANSITION THRESHOLDS RECALIBRATION
The transition thresholds described in the previous paragraph are valid as long as the limit of Isd current (parameter
[17.04]) is set at 1.0 (or higher).
In cases in which the inverter has to work at reduced power (for cooling problems, for example), it is necessary to
decrease the Isd current limit (parameter [17:04]).
When this limit is less than 1.0, then also the transition thresholds are recalibrated proportionally to the value of this
limit, up to a minimum of 80%.
For example, we can consider the following three cases:
Case 1) Current limit [17.04] = 1.1. Since the limit is greater than 1.0 then the transition thresholds calculated in
2.1 are not recalibrated.
Case 2) Current limit [17.04] = 0.7. Since the limit is less than 0.8 then the transition thresholds calculated in
2.1 are recalibrated to 80%.
Case 3) Current limit [17.04] between 0.8 and 1.0. The transition thresholds calculated in 2.1 are linearly
recalibrated according to the formula:
ThresholdREC= ThresholdNOT_REC* [17.04]
Document NA 003 RDV
Rev. C.
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9
3.3 SHIFT WORK
As we have seen, within a year, the average power delivered by a photovoltaic inverter is about half of the peak power
for which the inverter has been designed. In terms of exploitation of parallel modules, this means that there are
modules that always work, whereas others work only a few hours a year. This observation leads to the idea of having
variable sequences of modules enabling, such that statistically all the modules are used in the same way.
For example, if an inverter composed of four modules, numbered from 0 to 3, is taken into consideration, the 16
enabling sequences that can be obtained are shown in table 1.
Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6
Line 1 0-1-2-3 0-2-1-3 0-1-3-2 0-2-3-1 0-3-1-2 0-3-2-1
Line 2 1-0-2-3 1-2-0-3 1-0-3-2 1-2-3-0 1-3-0-2 1-3-2-0
Line 3 2-1-0-3 2-0-1-3 2-1-3-0 2-0-3-1 2-3-1-0 2-3-0-1
Line 4 3-1-2-0 3-2-1- 3-1-0-2 3-2-0-1 3-0-1-2 3-0-2-1
Table 1
The first line shows all sequences that always start with the module 0. These sequences are used in cases in which
there is a master module (see section 3.3.1).
In column 1, the rows 1 and 2 show the sequences for two module inverters (the modules 2 and 3 are never enabled).
In columns 1 and 2, the lines 1, 2 and 3 show the sequences for three module inverters (module 3 is never enabled)
3.3.1 PARTIAL SHIFT
In this type of shift work, only the sequences of the first line of the matrix are generated. Module 0 ("shift master") is
always enabled first. The other modules are enabled by selecting at random one of the sequences of the first row.
This mode of operation requires that there is an inverter (master) equipped with a control board and one, two or three
modules in parallel with only the driver board. In this case the module 0 is the master.
3.3.2 TOTAL SHIFT
In this type of shift work, all the sequences of the matrix are generated. There is no "shift master" i.e. the module
that is enabled first is also random as the other modules.
This mode of operation requires that there is no master inverter i.e. that the control card is external to the
various modules in parallel and that these are all controlled in the same manner.
This type of operation for the moment is not applicable.
3.4 MODULES ENABLING/DISABLING MODE
The modules enabling/disabling can occur in two modes to be chosen: with pause or without pause.
The behaviour of the MPPT is influenced by the choice of the mode.
3.4.1 ENABLING/DISABLING WITH PAUSE
The mode with pause (recommended) consists in switching off the IGBT driving pulses each time a module is enabled
or disabled.
This type of enabling/disabling is used when it is necessary to close/open the line contactor upstream of each module.
In this mode there is a cumulative feedback signal of the enabled modules contactors closing. This feedback signal
takes the name of "MIRO OK" and it must be brought to the logic input DI2 (terminal XM1-14). After enabling a
module, the MIRO function expects that the DI2 input goes up within 2 seconds. If this does not occur, or if for some
reason this signal goes low, the function interprets this as a closing problem of one of the contactors of the enabled
modules therefore it disables all the modules except the first and minimizes the limits of active current. This measure
is necessary to prevent that the power incoming from the photovoltaic field is greater than the power delivered by the
modules actually enabled.
During the period in which the driving pulses of the IGBT are suppressed, the maximum power search function
(MPPT) is stopped. As soon as the pulses are rehabilitated, the MPPT function is re-started forcing a fast tracking.
Document NA 003 RDV
Rev. C.
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3.4.2 ENABLING/DISABLING WITHOUT PAUSE
The mode without pause does not require the use of in line contactors and consists only in enabling - disabling the
IGBT driving pulse each time a module is enabled or disabled.
In this mode of operation, the maximum power search function (MPPT) is not stopped.
This type of enabling/disabling cannot be used for the moment.
3.5 DIGITAL OUTPUTS
The modules enabling/disabling controls are given by the SCADA PLUS control board to the "GIMPA" board using
the programmable logic outputs.
The GIMPA board acts on the enable signal of the pulses of each module and which is enabled when the
corresponding logic output is low. For this reason it is necessary that the outputs are programmed as "Inverted"
(see parameter [32.20]).
Although the digital outputs are programmable, and therefore it is possible to assign as desired the drivers output for
each module, the following default settings are used:
DO4 terminals XM1-21/25 MIRO 1
The MIRO 0 control should be used only in the case in which there is no master (see 3.3.2)
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Rev. C.
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4 PARAMETERS
The MIRO function parameters become visible in the PV Control family when the parameter [06.05] is set up
differently from "Single".
L32.17] Miro Enable
Disabled MIRO function disabled. All modules are always enabled.
Paused The various modules enabling/disabling occurs with disabled pulses. See section 3.4.1
Continued The various modules enabling/disabling occurs with pulsed on. See section 3.4.2
L32.18] Miro Shift Work
Disabled Shift work disabled. The modules enable sequence is fixed: 0-1-2-3.
Partial Shift work partially enabled. The modules enable sequence is random with the exception of
the module 0 that is always the first to start. See section 3.3.1.
Tot al Shi f t wor k compl et el y r andom. The various modules enabling/disabling occurs with
random sequences. Unlike the "Partial" case, in this case the first module to be enabled is
itself random.
L32.19] Miro Switch delay
Time in seconds in which the module disabled condition must persist (see Chapter 2).
L32.20] Miro Rev outputs
Miro outputs inversion. Default=Inverted. The use of the GIMPA board requires that the
digital outputs configured as MIRO are reversed.
L32.21] Miro Test Power ref
Parameter that simulates the active current (in% of the [02.02] parameter) and that is used
to test the MIRO function. If this parameter is different from zero, then the MIRO function
uses the value set in this parameter to enable or disable a module. At the end of the test, it
is necessary to return this parameter to zero. The values of this parameter that make a
module enable/disable are (assuming that the parameter [17:04] = 100%):
2 module inverter:
42.5%
35%
3 module inverter:
28.4%
56.7%
35%
23.3%
4 module inverter:
21.3%
42.5%
63.8%
34.9%
26.2%
17.4%
5 IMPORTANT NOTES
Note 1) The parameters values of the clean power filter [03.01] and [03.02] are calculated for the size of the
individual module, i.e. referring to the parameter [06.01].
Document NA 003 RDV
Rev. C.
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12
6 ABOUT TRANSITIONTHRESHOLDCHOICES
The current thresholds established for enabling and disabling the various inverter modules were chosen based on the
efficiencies progress shown in figure 1.
A constraint on the choice of the transition thresholds is given by the fact that there must be a certain hysteresis to
avoid the oscillation between the enable and the disable of a module around a certain value of current.
In formulas, this constraint is expressed as
NOM
tot
active
INF NMOM
tot
active
upper
I
N
n
hysteresis Threshold I
N
n
Threshold .
1 (
). ( . .

where the meaning of the terms has already been specified in Chapter 2.
ThresholdUPPER Power threshold for enabling a module
ThresholdLOWER Power threshold for disabling a module
nenabled Number of enabled modules
Ntot Total number of modules in parallel
INOM Nominal current of the inverter including all the modules in parallel
It follows that
tot
active
LOWER upper
N
n
hysteresis Threshold Threshold
1 (
). (

This constraint must be satisfied for 1 5 nenabled 5 Ntot-1 therefore the most restrictive condition is for nenabled = 1.
So it must be
) .( 2 hysteresis Threshold Threshold
LOWER upper
(1)
Another constraint that should be fulfilled is Threshold UPPER 5 90% - hysteresis showing that the following relation
must be fulfilled
hysteresis Threshold hysteresis Threshold
upper LOWER
% 90 ) .( 2 (2)
From (2) it results that it must be
3
. 2 % 90
LOWER
Threshold
hysteresis

3
From the graph of figure 1 it is shown that the work area with greater efficiency is above the inverter 35% nominal power
and therefore ThresholdLOWER = 35% was chosen.
From (3) it follows that hysteresis 5 6.7%. Therefore hysteresis = 5% was chosen so from the formula (2) is
obtained 80 5 ThresholdUPPER 5 85% therefore ThresholdUPPER = 85% was chosen.
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