Impact of PE in Space Technology

Impact of power electronics in aerospace systems
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A
Seminar Report
on

IMPACT OF POWER ELECTRONICS IN AEROSPACE SYSTEM

Submitted to: Submitted by:
Dr. Vijay Kumar K. Shubham Agrawal (2011uee1825)
Assistant Professor. Mehul Chattree(2011uee1827)
Hitesh Singh(2011uee1826)
Vikas Choudhary(2011uee1399)
L. P. P. Abeyrathne (2011uee4043)
Hukum C. Meena

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JAIPUR


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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We take this opportunity to express our profound gratitude and deep regards to our
guide Dr. Vijay Kumar K. for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant
encouragement throughout the course of this thesis. The blessing, help and guidance
given by him time to time shall carry us a long way in the journey of life on which
we are about to embark. We also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of
gratitude to thank electrical department faculty for their cordial support, valuable
information and guidance, which helped us in completing this task through various
stages.
We are also obliged to our friends, for the valuable information provided by them in
their respective fields. We are grateful for their cooperation during the period of our
report.
Lastly, we thank almighty, our parents, brother, sisters and friends for their constant
encouragement without which this assignment would not be possible.


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CONTENTS

Topic Page no.
Abstract 5
1. Chapter I: Introduction 6
1.1 Power Electronics Subsystem 6
1.2 Power Electronics Subsystem 6
1.3. Aerospace Power System 6
1.3.1 DC Power Management and Distribution Based Power System 6
1.3.2 AC Power Management and Distribution Based Power System 7
2. Chapter II: Space Station Power System 8
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Distributed power systems 8
2.3 Effect of impedance 8
2.4 Resonance and filters 8
3. Chapter III: Power Electronics in Motor Drive Applications 10
3.2. More Electric Technology for Aircraft 10
3.2.1 Concept 10
3.2.2 Basic Knowledge 10
3.2.3. Motor Drive 11
3.2.3.1 Advantage of Using Motor Drive 11
3.3 Reusable Launch vehicles 11
3.4. Flywheel Technology 12
4. Chapter IV: On Board Electric Propulsion 13
4.1 Electric Thruster Systems 13
4.2 Power Processing Units (PPUs) 13
4.3. PPU Design 14
4.3.1 Discharge Supply Circuit 14
4.3.2 Auxiliary Supply Circuit 14
5. Chapter V: Satellite Power System 15
5.1 Introduction 15
5.2 Battery Charging Circuit 15
6. Chapter V: Conclusions 16
References 17


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Figures

List of Figures page no.

Fig 1: DC Power Management and Distribution Based Power System 07
Fig 2: AC Power Management and Distribution Based Power System 07
Fig. 3: Conventional Aircraft 10
Fig 4: More Electrical Aircraft 11
Fig 5: Thrust Vectoring Control 12
Fig 6: Electric Propulsion System 13
Fig 7: Discharge Module Simplified Schematic 14
Fig 8: Simplified Schematic of Auxiliary Supply 14
Fig 9: Solar Satellite Power System 15
Fig 10: Battery charging circuit 16


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Abstract
The power electronics converters have widespread applications in aerospace system and aircrafts
also. This application includes the International Space Station, satellite power system, and motor
drives in 'more electric' technology applied to aircraft, starter/generators and reusable launch
vehicles. In this report application of power electronics devices and converters in flywheel energy
storage system, servo system, spacecraft on board electric propulsion are also discussed.


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1. Introduction

In the present scenario the use of power electronics devices and system is very common in
spacecraft technology.

1.1. Power Electronics Subsystem:
Basically the power electronics system comprises of power electronics subsystem connected to the
source and load at input and output ports and the third port is connected to the control system.
Power electronics subsystem consists of power device modules. Power electronics device are:-
a) MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor)
b) IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Junction Transistor)
c) MCT (MOS Controlled Switch)
d) GTO (Gate Turn Off thyristor)
Their applications depend on the power and switching frequency characteristic.

1.2. Power Electronics Converters:
The aerospace power system has considerable source of DC power but the ac power is a cheap
driver to operate more electrical technology thus we have to convert DC power to AC power,
hence we require power electronic converters. DC-DC converters have been also used in aerospace
power systems to provide the required voltage for the secondary distribution network. The basic
topologies are the step-down (buck) and step-up (boost) converters for various load requirements.

1.3. Aerospace Power System:
An spacecraft has to generate power by own because it is millions of kilometers away from the
earth and the time to consume the conventional sources of energy is very less to an spacecraft
system so it has to generate the electricity by its own. This energy is in the form of solar energy
which comes from Sun when the spacecraft comes in the exposure of the Sun.
The system which generally install are DC power management and distribution based power
system or AC power management and distribution based power system or it may be hybrid one.
They are explained as follows.

1.3.1 DC Power Management and Distribution Based Power System:
In this type of system the source is non-conventional source of energy i.e. solar energy. After
taking the energy from solar panels first it is converted to higher level of voltages by using DC-
DC converters. They it is supplied further according to the demand and second it is converted to
the AC to operate system which works on AC power.


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Fig 1: DC Power Management and Distribution Based Power System

1.3.2 AC Power Management and Distribution Based Power System:
In this type of system also the source is solar energy. After taking the energy from solar panels
first it is supplied to some system which require DC power like battery charging etc. Then it is
converted into AC then supplied to other instruments which require AC power.

Fig 2: AC Power Management and Distribution Based Power System


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2. Space Station Power System
2.1 Introduction:
In space station power systems (SSPS) switching power converters play an important role in power
conditioning and control.
But special care must be taken about electrical stability and the loads on the system as
SSPS face many problems with respect to system stability such as high power, complex sources
and undefined loads. To achieve the stability of a space station this system requires a specific
hardware requirements.
2.2 Distributed power systems:
These systems are used in space station power systems. They use multiple dc to dc converter units
(DDCU) to supply needed power levels at different voltages.
DDCU allow close regulation of output voltage under wide variation of input voltage and
loads. So the quality of power at different loads can be controlled and the reliability provided to
power system is very high.
Space station power system is a specific case of distributed system. It is a channelized load
following dc network of solar arrays, batteries, power converters, switches and cables which route
current to all user loads on the station.
It consists of primary system and secondary system where primary system is designated by
DDCU. The DDCU step down the power to secondary system. Secondary system must be flexible
enough to accommodate a wide variety of cable length and loads.
It is not feasible to design an entire system so it can be done in terms of smaller blocks are
then integrated to form the unit. For space station which includes laboratory modules and payload
subsystems are designed independently.
2.3 Effect of impedance:
The impedance characteristics should be taken into the account while designing space station
power system otherwise stability of the system can be disturbed due to LC resonance and input
impedance characteristics of the switching of dc to dc converters. So it is important to develop
proper interface requirements for substations and this is based on controlling the impedance of
source and loads.
In space station power systems it is impractical to have less output impedance of the load
system than the input impedance of the load system for all interfaces so it would require a
conservative and costly design.
So on the basic of the requirement established on the space station the necessary
impedances are achieved by using converter designs which are controlled by single contactors.
2.4 Resonance and filters:
Besides the resonant peaks that can form at source/load impedance crossover points, other
resonance can exist in the system. This resonant should be avoided by using input filters, bus filters

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and source converter output filters.
Space station power quality specifications contain recommendations that input filter
quality factors (Q) should be below than 3.0.
Parallel load converters can also be introduced to minimize such resonances.
Many power electronics techniques and power electronic devices have been employed in
space station power systems and they are helpful to achieve the stability of space station power
systems as well.


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3. Power Electronics in Motor Drive Applications
3.1 Introduction:
The key elements in Electric Actuation (EA) for More Electrical Technology (MET) are the
electric motor, its power electronics, the control system and the actuator load. Lower costs and
advances in power electronics and high speed electric machines have fuelled the interest of
technologists, developers and researchers in industry, Government Agencies, and academia in
aerospace motion control systems. A key premise of the MET is to replace the traditionally
mounted auxiliary drives and bleed air extraction with integral engine starter/generators, electrical
driven actuators and engine-gearbox-driven fuel pumps. The replacement eliminates hydraulic and
mechanical power, and minimizes and/or eliminates their associated costs.
3.2. More Electric Technology for Aircraft:
3.2.1 Concept: More electric aircraft will lower the total cost of ownership, enhance
propulsion efficiency and reduce environmental impact. Thus leading investors are investing
heavily to develop cost-effective technologies for these aircraft. By electric aircraft, we mean
that the traditional hydraulic fluids and compressed air used to drive many aircraft systems will be
replaced by electrically-driven systems, for a significant reduction in weight and therefore fuel
consumption. A number of studies are being carried on electrical systems, while developing the
required electrical, electronic and mechanical components, and looking at new ways to assemble,
protect and monitor these components throughout their operating life.
3.2.2 Basic Knowledge:

Fig. 3: Conventional Aircraft

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Fig 4: More Electrical Aircraft

3.2.3. Motor Drive:
Depending on the application, the Electric Actuation and its electronic controller must suitably
match the safety and reliability of hydraulic actuation. This may require motor drive redundancy,
for assured flight and landing. And thus Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM) are used due to the
fact that they have built-in redundancy in its independent motor windings due to magnetic
isolation, and in power switching circuits by electrical isolation.
3.2.3.1 Advantage of Using Motor Drive:
1. Removal of hydraulic system
Reduced system weight
Ease maintenance
Bladeless engine
Improved efficiency.

2. Desirable characteristics of electrical systems
Controllability
Power on demand
Reconfigurability
Maintain functionality during faults
Advanced diagnostics and prognostics
More intelligent maintenance
Increased aircraft availability

3.3 Reusable Launch Vehicles
In order to control the attitude or angular velocity of the vehicle, the rocket or aircraft uses the
direction of the thrust from the engines or motor. This is called Thrust Vectoring Control (TVC).


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Fig 5: Thrust Vectoring Control
The Thrust vectoring is achieved by gimballing the rocket engine or propeller or nozzle.
Previously, thrust vectoring was by deflecting the rocket nozzle using electric servomechanisms
or hydraulic cylinders.
But now Electro Magnetic Actuation (EMA) has been under consideration which uses
power electronics devices and converters for replacing hydraulic systems. This More Electric
Technology would save nearly 66 percent of man hours needed for hydraulic TVC processing of
the Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster.
The EMA embodied in Induction Motor drive uses a field-oriented control for independent
control of torque and flux, and a Pulse Population Modulation technique for independent control
of voltage and frequency.
3.4. Flywheel Technology
Flywheel energy storage (FES) works by accelerating a rotor (flywheel) to a very high
speed and maintaining the energy in the system as rotational energy.
It can be useful to loosely categorize flywheel applications as serving either energy
storage or peak power requirements.
3.4.1 Applications of Flywheel Technology:
Energy storage Characteristics
Altitude Control system
Aircrafts
Military vehicles
Advances in recent years of high strength flight weight composite materials, high performance
magnetic bearings, and power electronics technology has spurred a renewed interest in flywheel
energy storage (FES) technologies, not only for spacecraft applications, but also in the
transportation, utility, and manufacturing industries.


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4. On Board Electric Propulsion
(Electric Propulsion for Space Systems)
4.1 Electric Thruster Systems:
Electric thruster systems are used for primary or auxiliary propulsion in spacecraft. Electric
thrusters are now being used to provide most propulsion demands for both geosynchronous and
deep space missions. The availability of practical, high-specific-impulse electric thrusters with
long life, and the development of electrical power-systems required to sustain them, has resulted
in extremely rapid growth in the applications of this technology. It includes the fundamental
operating principles, performance characteristics and design features of state-of-the-art systems in
each of the three classes of electric thrusters (electro thermal, electromagnetic and electrostatic).
Electric Propulsion Systems comprise the following main components:

Fig 6: Electric Propulsion System
4.2 Power Processing Units (PPUs):
The Power Processing Unit is the central part of the electric propulsion system. Power
Processing Units (PPUs) are circuit devices that convert an electricity input from a utility line into
the appropriate voltage and current to be used for the device in question. They serve the same
purpose as linear amplifiers, but they are much more efficient, since the use of linear amplifiers
results in much power loss due to the use of a resistor to change the voltage and current. Instead
of using a resistor, PPUs use switches to turn a signal on and off quite rapidly in order to change
the average current and voltage. In this way, they could be conflated with dc-ac converters, but the
frequency at which they switch the signal on and off is a few orders of magnitude higher than that
of ac signals. They are used to convert the current and voltage of both dc and ac signals.
Power electronics are constituent parts of the Power Processing Units (PPU) of spacecraft
electric propulsion. A PPU comprises one or more electronic converters. It provides electric power
for the spacecraft thruster, and commands.
The converters may be current-controlled and voltage-fed, to rapidly supply constant
current to offset thruster voltage variations, typically during a start-up period.

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4.3. PPU Design:
The main components of the PPU including the discharge and auxiliary supplies.
4.3.1 Discharge Supply Circuit:

Fig 7: Discharge Module Simplified Schematic
4.3.2 Auxiliary Supply Circuit:

Fig 8: Simplified Schematic of Auxiliary Supply

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5. Satellite Power System
5.1 Introduction:
In general solar photo voltaic are used to power up the satellite power system. In
these panels silicon PN junction diodes are used to store the energy which are made up of silicon
and these devices are power electronic devices.
By these panels we get only small amount of voltage which is DC. But to give
supply to AC appliances fixed in spacecraft/satellite we have to generate AC from DC which is
done with the help of AC-DC converters. Spacecraft loads are fed via a Power Distribution Unit
(PDU). PV arrays, battery and Power Control Units (PCU) are the major constituents of Satellite
Power Systems. A PCU embodies battery charge and discharge converter modules.

Fig 9: Solar Satellite Power System
5.2 Battery Charging Circuit:
Initially the switch (MOSFET) is on, during this time the energy is supplied to the R-L-E load and
diode is reverse biased and when the switch is off then no power is given to the load. This type of
operation occurs when the input energy from the PV panel is more than the required energy to the
load.

Fig 10: Battery Charging Circuit


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6. Conclusions:
This report gives a brief introduction of power electronics applications in aerospace
technologies. It encompasses the International Space Station, satellite and aircraft power systems,
flywheel technology, spacecraft on board propulsion, and the 'more electric' technology (MET)
insertion in spacecraft, aircraft and launch vehicles.
Power electronic converters are central to the performance of aerospace power systems and
spacecraft on-board electric propulsion. Future multi voltage needs and varied load requirements
will necessitate the use of multi-voltage level converters which are power electronic converters.


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References:
1. A Survey of Power Electronics Applications in Aerospace Technologies, M. David Kankan
Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, Malik E. Elbuluk, University of Akron, Akron,
Ohio.
2. High Input Voltage Discharge Supply for High Power Hall Thrusters Using Silicon
Carbide Devices, Luis R. Piero Robert J. Scheidegger and Michael V. Aulisio, Arthur G.
Birchenough
3. Hamley, J.A., "Direct Drive Options for Electric Propulsion Systems," 30th IECEC, July-
Aug. 1995.
4. Ghold ton, E.W., Karimi, K , Lee, F.e., Rajagopalan, Panov, Y., MarUlers, B., "Stability
of Large DC Power Sys tems U ing Switching Converters, with Application to the
International Space Station," Proc. Of 31 t IECEC, Aug. 1996, pp. 166-171.

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