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Week 5

1
Chapter 4 Modelling and Solution
4.5 Similarity and Difference in Plane Stress and Plane Strain (Page 130-132)
Similarity:
In both plane stress and plane strain problems, Deformation occurs in a plane x-y, all
independent stresses, strains and displacements are the functions of coordinate x and y only.

Hookes Law: Observe difference of the Hookes laws:
Plane Stress Plane Strain
zz
o 0
0 ) ( = + =
yy xx zz
o o v o
zz
c 0 ) ( = + =
yy xx zz
E
o o
v
c 0
xx
yy xx xx
E vo o c =
yy xx xx
E
o
v
v
o c
v
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

1
1
2

yy
xx yy yy
E vo o c =
xx yy yy
E
o
v
v
o c
v
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

1
1
2

xy
xy xy
E o v c ) 1 ( + =
xy xy
E
o
v
v
c
v
(

|
.
|

\
|

+ =
|
.
|

\
|

1
1
1
2

E*
E E = *
2
1
*
v
=
E
E
v v v = *
v
v
v

=
1
*
Unified
Hookes
Law

+ =
=
=
xy xy
xx yy yy
yy xx xx
E
E
E
o v c
o v o c
o v o c
*) 1 ( *
* *
* *

Replacing Solution Methods
From plane stress to plane strain solution: This indicates that once we have obtained the
solution of a plane-stress problem, we can actually obtain the solution to the corresponding
plane-strain problem provided that the elastic constants E and v of solution of the plane-stress
problem are replaced by
2
1 v
E
and
v
v
1
, respectively.
From plane strain to plane stress solution: Similarly, by replacing the E and v in the solution
of a plane-strain problem by
2
) 1 (
) 2 1 (
v
v
+
+ E
and
v
v
+ 1
, we can also obtain the solution to the
plane stress problems. This is because in plane strain:
For the Poissons ratio:
v
v
v

=
1
*
Pstrain
, v v v = ) 1 (
*
Pstrain
v v v v =
* *
Pstrain Pstrain

v v v ) 1 (
* *
Pstrain Pstrain
+ =
) 1 (
*
*
Pstrain
Pstrain
v
v
v
+
=
For Youngs modulus:
2
*
1 v
=
E
E
Pstrain
) 1 (
2 *
v =
Pstrain
E E
(

+
+
=
(
(

+
+
=
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
2 *
*
*
2 *
2
*
2 *
2 *
*
2
*
*
*
) 1 (
2 1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
1
Pstrain
Pstrain
Pstrain
Pstrain
Pstrain
Pstrain
Pstrain
Pstrain
Pstrain
Pstrain
Pstrain
E E E E
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v

Week 5
2
Key Differences
Despite the abovementioned similarity, plain stress differs from plain strain. Plane stress
concerns a thin plate with stress-free surfaces normal to z-axis and
Plane stress:

= + =
=
=
0 ) (
0
0
yy xx zz
zz
E
w
o o
v
c
o

Plant strain concerns a very long cylindrical component
Plane strain:

= + =
=
=
0 ) (
0
0
yy xx zz
zz
E
w
o o
v
o
c

Example 4.2
A thin circular plate of radius R is subjected to a uniform pressure p
1
on its edge. The two
place surfaces are free, as illustrated in Figure below. The in-plane (xy-plane) displacements
in the plate are found to be x
E
p u
v
=
1
1
and y
E
p v
v
=
1
1
. Find the corresponding
displacements in long circular bar under a uniform pressure p
2
.
Assume that the length of the bar is much longer than its radius
R.
Solution: From the plane stress solution to a plane strain
solution: Using
2
1
*
v
=
E
E to replace E and and
v
v
v

=
1
* to
replace v, pressure p
2
to replace

p
1
:
x
E
p x
E
p x
E
p x
E
p u
) 2 1 )( 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2 2
v v v v v
v
v
v
v +
=
+
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

=
Similarly: y
E
p v
) 2 1 )( 1 (
2
v v +
=

4.6 Superposition Principles (Page 133-135)
Complex problems can be often broken down as a number of simple problems. We can do so
where materials and deformation are linear, where the problem is independence of loading
history. We used this idea in Mechanics of Solids I last year. For example, we can resolve the
combined loading problem in axial tension, torsion and bending.

Fig. 4.6 Superposition principle
o
x
o
y
o
x
o
y
Week 5
3

Fig. 4.7 A foundation under arbitrarily distributed normal pressure.

Example 4.3
The stress components in a plane stress elastic plates under an in-plane bending are known as
0 = =
xy yy
o o and ay
xx
6 = o . On the other hand, those in the same plate under in-plane
shearing as shown, 0 = =
yy xx
o o and a
xy
= o . Find the stress in the same elastic plate
under the combined loading.
Solution: Known the stress functions in the two different loading cases.

Thus the stress functions can be added directly as per the superposition principle.
ay ay
case xx case xx xx
6 0 6
2 , 1 ,
= + = + = o o o .
0
2 , 1 ,
= + =
case yy case yy yy
o o o
a
case xy case xy xy
= + =
2 , 1 ,
o o o

4.7 Solution Approaches and Skills
Introduction
After define the B.C., one should solve for three groups of unknowns:
- Displacement: u,v,w
- Strain , , , , , ,
zx yz xy zz yy xx
c c c c c c
- Stress , , , , , ,
zx yz xy zz yy xx
o o o o o o
It is however impossible to solve for these unknowns altogether. We often have to solve one
or two groups first. As such we have four different methods: displacement method, strain
method, stress method and mixed method.

Fig. 4.8 Flowchart of displacement method (replace stress and strain by displacement).
Solution under
concentrated force
Solution under
distributed force
Integration
x
y
-a
-a
6ay
6ay

= +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z z
zz
zy
zx
y y
yz yy yx
x x
xz
xy
xx
a f
z y x
a f
z y x
a f
z y x

o
o
o

o o o

o
o
o

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
x
w
z
u
z
v
y
w
y
u
x
v
z
w
y
v
x
u
zx
yz
xy
zz
yy
xx
2
1
;
2
1
;
2
1
,
,
c
c
c
c
c
c
( )( )
( ) ( ) | |
( )( )
( ) ( ) | |
( )( )
( ) ( ) | |

+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=
yy xx zz zz
xx zz yy yy
zz yy xx xx
E
E
E
c c v c v
v v
o
c c v c v
v v
o
c c v c v
v v
o
1
2 1 1
1
2 1 1
1
2 1 1
( )
( )
( )

+
=
+
=
+
=
zx zx
yz yz
xy xy
E
E
E
c
v
o
c
v
o
c
v
o
1
1
1
2
Week 5
4
Displacement Method
Unknowns: u, v, w
Procedure: Other two sets of the unknown variables must be eliminated from the equations.
Thus we replace strain and stress in displacements, which can be done as follows:

We derive (refer to Tutorial Question #3, Week 5)

( )
( )
( )

= + V +
c
c
+
= + V +
c
c
+
= + V +
c
c
+
z z
y y
x x
a f w
z
I
a f v
y
I
a f u
x
I



c
c
c
2 1
2 1
2 1

where Laplace operator:
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
z y x c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V and
z
w
y
v
x
u
I
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
1

After obtain u, v, w, one can calculate strain by using strain-displacement equation and then
calculate the stress by using Hookes law. Note that the solution must satisfy the boundary
conditions.
Stress Method
Unknowns: , , , , , ,
zx yz xy zz yy xx
o o o o o o
Procedure: Solve for stress component first and then strains and displacements.
Strain Method
Unknowns: , , , , , ,
zx yz xy zz yy xx
c c c c c c
Procedure: Solve for strain component first and then stresses and displacements.

4.8 Problem 1: Solution to Cylinder under Internal and External Pressure
Introduction
It is convenient to use cylindrical coordinate
system for many engineering problem which
involves in circular geometry (e.g. Fig. 4.8).

Cylindrical coordinate system
Similar to Cartesian coordinate system,
cylindrical system consists of 3 independent
coordinates: (r, u, z) as shown in Fig. 4.9.

(
(
(

zz z zr
z r
rz r rr
o t t
t o t
t t o
u
u uu u
u

Equilibrium equations in 3D cylindrical
system (can be derived by replacing coordinate):

= + +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= + +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= +

+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z z
rz zz z rz
r z r
r r
rr rz r rr
a f
r z r r
a f
r z r r
a f
r z r r

o o
u
o o

o o
u
o o

o o o
u
o o
u
u u
u u uu u
uu u
1
2 1
1

p
o
p
i
r
z
u
r
R
i
R
o
Fig. 4.8 Pressurised cylinder
dr
dz
du
dV=rdudrdz
From cylindrical to Cartesian
dx=dr
dy=rdu
dz=dz
Fig. 4.9 Cylindrical coordinate system and stress tensor
Week 5
5
In 2D: ( 0 , 0 , 0 = = =
z rz zz u
o o o )

= + +
c
c
+
c
c
= +

+
c
c
+
c
c
u u
u uu u
uu u

o
u
o o

o o
u
o o
a f
r r r
a f
r r r
r r
r r
rr r rr
2 1
1

Strain-Displacement relations: Normal:

c
c
=
+
c
c
=
c
c
=
z
w
r
u v
r
r
u
zz
rr
c
u
c
c
uu
1
Shear:

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|

c
c
+
c
c
=
x
w
z
u
z
v w
r
r
v u
r r
v
zr
z
r
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
c
u
c
u
c
u
u

Hookes Law in 2D:

| |
| |
| |

+
=
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=
zr zr
rr zz zz
rr zz
zz rr rr
E
E
E
E
c
v
o
c c v c v
v v
o
c c v c v
v v
o
c c v c v
v v
o
uu
uu uu
uu
1
) ( ) 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (
) ( ) 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (
) ( ) 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (


Displacement Method
Step 1: Check the Boundary conditions:
At
i
R r = :
i rr
p = o , 0 =
u
o
r
, 0 =
rz
o
At
o
R r = :
o rr
p = o , 0 =
u
o
r
, 0 =
rz
o
Step 2 Analysis: The deformation is
axisymmetric and under plane strain. So the
deformation is independent of coordinate z
and u. Thus the circumferential and axial displacement v and w vanish, and displacements can
be expressed as:

=
=
=
0
0
) (
w
v
r u u

Step 3 Strain Displacement relation:

=
c
c
=
= + = +
c
c
=
c
c
=
0
0
1 1
z
w
r
u
r
u
r r
u v
r
r
u
zz
rr
c
u
c
c
uu

( )

= + =
|
.
|

\
|
+
c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
= =
c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|

c
c
+
c
c
=
0 0 0
2
1
0
) (
2
1
2
1
0 0 0
1
2
1 1
2
1
0 0
2
1 ) (
2
1 1
2
1
z
r u
r
w
z
u
r z
v w
r
r
r u
r r
v u
r r
v
zr
z
r
c
u
c
u u
c
u
u

Step 4 Apply Hookes law:
p
o
p
i
r
z
u
r
R
i
R
o
Week 5
6

=
+
=
+
=
(

+
c
c
+
=
(

+
c
c
+
+
=
(

c
c
+
+
=
(

c
c
+ +
+
=
(

+
c
c

+
=
(

+ +
c
c

+
=
0 0
1 1
) 2 1 )( 1 (
) ( 0 ) 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (
) 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (
) 0 ( ) 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (
) 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (
) 0 ( ) 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (
v
c
v
o
v v
v
v v
v v
o
v v
v v
v v
v v
o
v v
v v
v v
v v
o
uu
E E
r
u
r
u E
r
u
r
u E
r
u
r
u E
r
u
r
u E
r
u
r
u E
r
u
r
u E
zr zr
zz
rr

Step 5: Equilibrium Equations

= +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=

+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=

+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
0
0 ) ( 0 1 0 1
0
0 2 0 ) ( 1 0 2 1
0
1
r z
r
r r r z r r
r z
r
r r r z r r
r z r r
zz rz zz z rz
r z r
rr rz r rr
o
u
o o
u
o o
u
o o o
u
o o
o o o
u
o o
u
uu u u uu u
uu u

The second and third equations are satisfied automatically. The first equation is:
0
0 0 1 1
=

+
c
c
=

+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=

+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
r r r z r r r z r r
rr rr rr rr rr rz r rr uu uu uu u
o o o o o
u
o o o o
u
o o

Substitution of Hookes law into the above equation of 0 =

+
c
c
r r
rr rr uu
o o o

0 ) 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (
) 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (
1
) 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (
=
)
`

|
|
.
|

\
|
(

c
c
+
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
(

+
c
c

+
+
)
`

+
c
c

+ c
c
r
u
r
u E
r
u
r
u E
r
r
u
r
u E
r
v v
v v
v v
v v
v v
v v

( )
0 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
) 1 (
2
2 1
) 1 (
2
2 1
) 1 (
2 2
1 1
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
) 1 (
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
+
c
c

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
)
`

+
c
c

c
c
+

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ +
c
c
=
)
`

+
c
c

c
c
+
)
`

|
.
|

\
|
+
c
c

c
c
=
)
`

c
c
+
(

+
c
c
+
)
`

+
c
c

c
c
=
r
u
r
u
r
r
u
r
u
r
u
r
u
r r
u
r r
u
r
r
u
r
u
r
u
r
u
r
u
r r
u
r r
u
r
r
u
r
u
r
u
r
u
r
u
r
u
r
u
r r
u
r
r
u
r
u
r
u
r
u
r r
u
r
u
r
LHS
v v v
v
v v
v v
v
v v
v v
v v v v
v v v v v v

Thus 0
1
2 2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
r
u
r
u
r
r
u
LHS
Step 6: Solve for this linear and static ordinary differential equation
Thus its solution can be assumed as (Displacement Method)

r
c r c u
1
2 1
+ =
(in which c
1
and c
2
are constants to be determined by using B.C.)
Week 5
7
Step 7: plug this trial function (solution) into the Strain Displacement equations

= = =
+ =
(

+ = = +
c
c
=
=
(

+
c
c
=
c
c
=
0 , 0 , 0
1 1 1 1
1 1
2
2 1 2 1
2
2 1 2 1
zr z zz
rr
r
c c
r
c r c
r r
u
r
u v
r
r
c c
r
c r c
r r
u
c c c
u
c
c
u
uu

2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2 1
2
2 1
2
2 1
2 1
2
2 1
) 1 (
1
) 2 1 )( 1 (
) 2 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (
1
) 2 1 )( 1 (
1 1
) 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (
) 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (
r
B
A
Ec
r
Ec
r
c
c
E
r
c r c
r
r
c c
r
c c
E
r
c r c
r
r
c c
E
r
u
r
u E
rr
=
(

+
=
(


+
=
(

+ + +
+
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
(

+
c
c

+
=
v v v
v
v v
v v v
v
v v
v
v
v v
v v
v v
o

Similarly, we can have:
2
r
B
A+ =
uu
o
where
) 1 (
,
) 2 1 )( 1 (
2 1
v v v +
=
+
=
Ec
B
Ec
A . Now the question is how to determine A and B.
Note that since we used all the equations, the solution should satisfy all the equations.
Step 8: Apply B.C. to determine the constants

= = =
= = =
o
o
o rr
i
i
i rr
p
R
B
A R r
p
R
B
A R r
2
2
) (
) (
o
o

which leads to:
2 2
2 2
i o
o o i i
R R
R p R p
A

= and
( )
2 2
2 2
i o
o i o i
R R
R R p p
B

=
From A and B we can calculate c
1
and c
2
:

|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
+
=
2 2
2 2
1
) 2 1 )( 1 ( ) 2 1 )( 1 (
i o
o o i i
R R
R p R p
E
A
E
c
v v v v


( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
+
=
2 2
2 2
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
i o
o i o i
R R
R R p p
E
B
E
c
v v

Step 9: Calculate all the functions
Displacements:
( )

= =
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
= + =
0 , 0
1 ) 1 ( ) 2 1 )( 1 ( 1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 1
w v
r
R R
R R p p
E
r
R R
R p R p
E r
c r c u
i o
o i o i
i o
o o i i
v v v

Week 5
8
Strains:
( )
( )

= = = =
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
= + =
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

+
= =
0 , 0 , 0 , 0
1 ) 1 ( ) 2 1 )( 1 ( 1
1 ) 1 ( ) 2 1 )( 1 ( 1
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 1
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 1
zr z r zz
i o
o i o i
i o
o o i i
i o
o i o i
i o
o o i i
rr
r R R
R R p p
E
R R
R p R p
E
r
c r c
r R R
R R p p
E
R R
R p R p
E
r
c c
c c c c
v v v
c
v v v
c
u u
uu

Stresses:
( )
( )

= = =
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

= + =
|
.
|

\
|

= =
0 , 0 , 0
2 ) (
1
) (
1
) (
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
zr r z
i o
o o i i
zz
i o
o i o i
i o
o o i i
i o
o i o i
i o
o o i i
rr
R R
R p R p
r
r R R
R R p p
R R
R p R p
r
B
A r
r R R
R R p p
R R
R p R p
r
B
A r
o o o
v o
o
o
u u
uu

Plane Stress Problem:
Replacing E and v by
2
) 1 (
) 2 1 (
*
v
v
+
+
=
E
E and
) 1 (
*
v
v
v
+
= , we can further obtain the solution to
the corresponding plane stress problems.
( )
r
R R
R R p p
E
r
R R
R p R p
E
u
i o
o i o i
i o
o o i i
strain p
1
*
*) 1 (
*
*) 2 1 *)( 1 (
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=

v v v

( )
r
R R
R R p p
E
r
R R
R p R p
E
u
i o
o i o i
i o
o o i i
stress p
1
) 1 (
) 2 1 (
1
1
) 1 (
) 2 1 (
1
2 1
1
1
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
(

|
.
|

\
|
+

|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=

v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v

Plant stress
( )
r R R
R R p p
E
r
R R
R p R p
E
u
i o
o i o i
i o
o o i i
1
) 1 (
) 2 1 (
1
2 1
) 1 (
) 2 1 (
1
1
1
2 1
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
(

+
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
(

+
+
=
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v


Fig. 4.10 Pressurised cylinder with plane strain and plane stress


Displacement:
( )

+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|


=
C z
R R
R p R p
E
w
v
r R R
R R p p
E
r
R R
R p R p
E
u
i o
o o i i
i o
o i o i
i o
o o i i
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
, 0
1 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
v
v v

Plane strain Plane stress
Week 5
9
Strains:
( )
( )

= = =
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|


=
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|


=
0 , 0 , 0 ,
1 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
1 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
zr z r
i o
o o i i
zz
i o
o i o i
i o
o o i i
i o
o i o i
i o
o o i i
rr
R R
R p R p
E
r R R
R R p p
E
R R
R p R p
E
r R R
R R p p
E
R R
R p R p
E
c c c
v
c
v v
c
v v
c
u u
uu

Stresses:
( )
( )

= = = =
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

=
0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) (
1
) (
1
) (
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
zr r z zz
i o
o i o i
i o
o o i i
i o
o i o i
i o
o o i i
rr
r
r R R
R R p p
R R
R p R p
r
r R R
R R p p
R R
R p R p
r
o o o o
o
o
u u
uu

Remarks:
-
uu
o o ,
rr
are independent on material properties. The cylinder made of any materials
will have the same stress values and thus if strength is the major concern, one should
select the highest strength material.
- However, the displacement and strains are dependent on material properties. If the
stiffness is the main concern, a higher E modulus material should be chosen.
- When 0 =
o
p , one have

|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

=
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2
1
) (
1
) (
r R R
R R p
R R
R p
r
r R R
R R p
R R
R p
r
i o
o i i
i o
i i
i o
o i i
i o
i i
rr
uu
o
o

Since
o
R r s , the radial stress 0 s
rr
o (always negative) and 0 >
uu
o (always positive).
Thus:
rr zz
o o o
uu
s = s 0 . As all shear stresses are zero, thus the principal stresses are:

rr zz
o o o o o o
uu
= = = =
3 2 1
, 0 ,

4.9 Saint-Venant Principle
In the cantilever beam problem, some observed some
difference of stress contours as shown in Fig. 4.11.

Saint Venant observed that in pure bending of a beam
conforms a rigorous solution only when the external forces
applied at the ends of beams are distributed over the end is
the same as internal stress distribution, i.e. linear
distribution.

Saint Venant Principle:
If the force acting on a small portion of the surface of an
elastic body are replaced by another statically equivalent
system of forces acting on the same portion of the surface,
such redistribution of loading produces substantial
change in stress locally but has a negligible effect on the stress at a distances which are
large in comparison with a linear dimensions of the surface on which the force are changed.
x
y
0
L
P
FEA
Theoretical solution
Fig. 4.11 Saint Venant Principles
Week 5
10
Two key assumptions:
(1) very small loading area compared with the whole dimension. The affected area will
be much smaller than the unaffected area A
unaffected
>>A
affected
. e.g in the tensile bar as
shown in Fig 4.12, L>>a, in which the affected area will take roughly: ,z,~a.
(2) Force replaced must be statically equivalent. The replacement must not change
either the resultant force or resultant
couple.
For example the slender bar is stretched in
different ways as below, where one can
approximately define the affected and unaffected
areas.

Tensile test
In the tensile test, the way of holding a specimen
has no effect on the stress and deformation in the
middle region of the specimen. In test code
requires a sufficient length of the specimen to
avoid the end effect on the testing result. It is an application of Saint-Venants principle.

Four-point bending
The better positioning of strain gauge should be in a far field as shown below to get more
stable and reliable testing result.

Cantilever beam in FEA
The end force can be applied in different way, which only affects a small area as shown.

F
F
o
Y
o
c
Elastic Yielding Hardening Necking
Standard
Specimen
Yield stress
Ultimate
stress o
u
Fracture
stress o
f
Plastic behavior
Elastic
behavior
o
pl
Proportional
limit
M(x)
Better
position
worse
position
Strain gauge testing
Affect zone
x
-1000
-1000
-2000
-2000N/m
Affected
zone
Affected
zone
unaffected zone
a
L
z z
Fig. 4.12 Affected and unaffected areas

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