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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas
Mahvkyas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahvkyas[04/10/2014 9:11:39 AM]
1. prajnam brahma - "Praja is Brahman" , or "Brahman is Praja"
(Aitareya Upanishad 3.3 of the Rig Veda)
2. ayam tm brahma - "I am this Self (Atman) that is Brahman" (Mandukya Upanishad
1.2 of the Atharva Veda)
3. tat tvam asi - "Thou art That" (Chandogya Upanishad 6.8.7 of the Sama Veda)
4. aham brahmsmi - "I am Brahman", or "I am Divine"
[5]
(Brhadaranyaka Upanishad
1.4.10 of the Yajur Veda)
People who are initiated into sannyasa in Advaita Vedanta are being taught the four [principal]
mahavakyas as four mantras, "to attain this highest of states in which the individual self
dissolves inseparably in Brahman".
[6]
Other Mahavakyas [edit]
Brahma satyam jagan mithya - Brahman is real; the world is unreal - Vivekachudamani
Ekam evadvitiyam brahma - Brahman is one, without a second - Chndogya Upaniad
Soham - You are the same as I am - Soham (Sanskrit)
Sarvam khalvidam brahma - All of this is brahman - Brahman
Prajnam Brahma [edit]
See also: Prajna
Several translations, and word-orders of these translations, are possible:
Prajnam:
j can be translated as "consciousness", "knowledge", or "understanding."
[7]
Pra is an intensifier which could be translated as "higher", "greater", "supreme" or
"premium",
[8]
or "being born or springing up",
[9]
referring to a spontaneous type of
knowing.
[9][note 3]
Prajnam as a whole means:
, "prajJ Ana",
[web 7]
Adjective: prudent, easily known, wise
[web 7]
Noun: discrimination, knowledge, wisdom, intelligence. Also: distinctive mark, monument,
token of recognition, any mark or sign or characteristic, memorial
[web 7]
"Consciousness"
[2][web 2]
"Intelligence"
[3][4]
"Wisdom"
[web 3]
Related terms are jnana, prajna and prajnam, "pure consciousness".
[10]
Although the common
translation of jnanam
[10]
is "consciousness", the term has a broader meaning of "knowing";
"becoming acquainted with",
[web 8]
"knowledge about anything",
[web 8]
"awareness",
[web 8]
"higher knowledge".
[web 8]
Brahman:
"The Absolute"
[2][web 2]
"Infinite"
[web 2]
"The Highest truth"
[web 2]
Most interpretations state: "Prajnam (noun) is Brahman (adjective)". Some translations give a
Mahvkyas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahvkyas[04/10/2014 9:11:39 AM]
reverse order, stating "Brahman is Prajnam",
[web 3]
specifically "Brahman (noun) is
Prajnam (adjective)": "The Ultimate Reality is wisdom (or consciousness)".
[web 3]
Sahu explains:
Prajnanam iti Brahman - wisdom is the soul/spirit. Prajnanam refers to the intuitive
truth which can be verified/tested by reason. It is a higher function of the intellect
that ascertains the Sat or Truth in the Sat-Chit-Ananda or truth-consciousness-
bliss, i.e. the Brahman/Atman/Self/person [...] A truly wise person [...] is known as
Prajna - who has attained Brahmanhood itself; thus, testifying to the Vedic Maha
Vakya (great saying or words of wisdom): Prajnanam iti Brahman.
[11]
And according to David Loy,
The knowledge of Brahman [...] is not intuition of Brahman but itself is Brahman.
[12]
See also [edit]
Advaita Vedanta
J iva
Monism
Soham (Sanskrit)
Vakya Vritti
Ajativada
Hadith
Analects
Notes [edit]
1. ^ "Consciousness",
[2][web 2]
"intelligence",
[3][4]
"wisdom"
[web 3]
2. ^ "The Absolute",
[2][web 2]
"infinite",
[web 2]
"the Highest truth"
[web 2]
3. ^ Compare Radhakrishnan's notion of
"intuition". See
[web 4][web 5][web 6]
References [edit]
1. ^ Saraswati 1995, p. 4.
2. ^
a
b
c
d
Grimes 1996, p. 234.
3. ^
a
b
Sivaraman 1973, p. 146.
4. ^
a
b
Braue 1984, p. 80.
5. ^ Baue 1984, p. 80.
6. ^ kamakoti.org, The Upanisads
7. ^ See, e.g., Monier-Williams (1899), "ja,"
p. 425 (retrieved 14 Aug. 2012 from
"Cologne U." at http://www.sanskrit-
lexicon.uni-
koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw042
jehila.pdf ).
8. ^ See, e.g., Monier-Williams (1899), "pr,"
p. 652 (retrieved 14 Aug. 2012 from
"Cologne U." at http://www.sanskrit-
lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-
bin/monier/serveimg.pl?
file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0659-
prajalpana.jpg )
9. ^
a
b
Loy 1997, p. 136.
10. ^
a
b
Raganthnanda 1991, p. 109.
11. ^ Sahu 2004, p. 41.
12. ^ Loy 1997, p. 62.
Mahvkyas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahvkyas[04/10/2014 9:11:39 AM]
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Sources [edit]
Published sources [edit]
Braue, Donald A. (1984), My in Radhakrishnans Thought: Six Meanings Other Than Illusion,
Motilall Banarsidass
Grimes, J ohn A. (1996), A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in
English, SUNY Press
Loy, David (1997), Nonduality. A Study in Comparative Philosophy, Humanity Books
Raganthnanda, Swami; Nelson, Elva Linna (1991), Human Being in Depth: A Scientific
Approach to Religion, SUNY Press
Sahu, Bhagirathi (2004), The New Educational Philosophy, Sarup & Sons
Saraswati, Chandrasekharendra (1995), Hindu Dharma: The Universal Way of Life, Bhavan's Book
University, ISBN 81-7276-055-8
Sivaraman, K. (1973), aivism in Philosophical Perspective: A Study of the Formative Concepts,
Problems, and Methods of aiva Siddhnta, Motilall Banarsidass
Web-sources [edit]
1. ^ Sanskrit Structure
2. ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
J iddu Krishnamurti, Saanen 2nd Conversation with Swami Venkatesananda 26th
July 1969
3. ^
a
b
c
d
e
Encyclopedy of Hinduism, Mahavakyas
4. ^ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (18881975)
5. ^ Ashok Vora, Radhakrishna's notion of intuitive knowledge: a critique
6. ^ [DR. SIR S. RADHAKRISHNAN, Intellect and Intuition in Sankara's Philosophy]
7. ^
a
b
c
Sanskrit Dictionary, prajnanam
8. ^
a
b
c
d
Sanskrit Dictionary, jnanam
External links [edit]
Categories: Hindu philosophical concepts