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values for
chloroethane and 1,1,2-trichloroethane in Table 2.2).
2.3.5 Transformation Reactions
Not included in Figure 2.3 is an additional critical pathway that impacts chlorinated solvent
fate in groundwater, that of transformation reactions. Rates and products of transformation
reactions will depend upon many of the chemical and physical properties discussed above, as
well as the average oxidation state of carbon in the chlorinated solvent (Table 2.2). The carbon
oxidation state is a measure of the number of electrons associated with the carbon atoms
in a chlorinated solvent; this value ranges from I to +IV for the chlorinated solvents listed in
Table 2.2. The more negative the oxidation state, the more electrons associated with the carbon
atom. A positive oxidation state (e.g., carbon tetrachloride with a +IV) corresponds to a species
in a highly oxidized form that is prone to reduction (gaining electrons). On the other hand,
chlorinated solvents with more reduced carbon centers, such as vinyl chloride (C oxidation state
of I), are more susceptible to being oxidized (losing electrons).
From a practical sense, transformation reactions are often classified as either biotic or
abiotic. Biotic reactions are typically those that involve microbial processes associated with
bacterial metabolism, whereas abiotic reactions are defined as those processes that involve
another chemical species. The distinction, however, can become blurred when discussing
chemicals such as biological exudates or minerals formed as a direct result of microbial activity
or as an indirect result of biological modification of a chemical environment.
The classification does, however, provide a convenient organizational structure for dis-
cussing the principles of chlorinated solvent remediation, and it has been adopted for use by the
authors in Chapter 4. Chapter 3 discusses microbially driven processes, including cometabolic
reductive reactions, oxidative metabolism, and dehalorespiration. Chapter 4 describes the impor-
tant abiotic processes for chlorinated solvents, including sorption, volatilization and transforma-
tion reactions such as substitution, elimination, oxidation and reduction. Chapter 5 examines the
practical challenges for site remediation that result from the properties and behavior of
chlorinated solvents.
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