iII
Hitesh: Hi Mallesh, I coludn't see you the
whole of yesterday. What happened?
(E†oçû√ éπ-E°œç-‰ü¿’. àç ïJTçC?)
Mallesh: (I was) Busy at home. I had to be at
home attending to some repairs for
the house. Dad was out of town.
busy repairs
(Éçöx í¬ ÖØ√o. ÉçöÀ
îª÷Ææ’éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ÉçöxØË Öçú≈Lq ´*açC.
Ø√†o- Ü∞x ™‰®Ω’.)
a) Attend = College/ School/ Class ™«çöÀ
¢√öÀéÀ, functions/ meetings/ marriages
™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ £æ…ï-®Ω-´ôç.
b) attend to = äéπ °æE îË°æ-ôd-ôç / ¶«üµ¿u-ûªí¬
îËߪ’ôç; 'I am attending to the repairs'.
c) Attend on = ÅA--ü∑¿’-©èπ◊, ®Óí∫’-©èπ◊ Ææ°æ-®Ωu©’
îËߪ’ôç,
When I was ill, my sister, attended on me.
Hitesh: You remember we have to go to
Naresh's for his birthday party. It's
already 5. Shall we start?
(Naresh birthday party Èé∞«x-©E í∫’®Ω’hç-C-
éπü∆? É°æp-öÀÍé 5 Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. •ßª’-©’-
üË®Ω-ü∆-´÷?)
Mallesh: But we should buy some gift for him.
gift
(àüÓ éÌØ√-L-éπü∆?)
Hitesh: We must hurry then. We shouldn't be
late.
late
(ûªy®Ω-°æ-ú≈L ´’J. Å´-èπÿ-úøü¿’.)
Mallesh: What, do you think, is Naresh's age
now?
(Éçûªéà †Í®≠ˇ ´ßª’Ææ’q áçûª’ç-úÌ--îªaç-ö«´¤?
ÉC ÅûªE áØÓo birthday?– DEéÀ
English ™‰ü¿’.)
Hitesh: He must be 18 now. I think it is his
18th birth anniversary.
birthday
(18 à∞¡Ÿxç-ú≈L. ÉC ÅûªE 18´
Anniversary-
ņ’-èπ◊çö«. (Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ -Ñ®Ó--V °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉîËa-ߪ÷L.
¢√J{-éÓûªq-´ç)
Mallesh: We are all the same age then, give or É≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’.)
b) Éûª-®Ω’© •©-´çûªç´©x-í¬F, àüÁjØ√ E•ç-üµ¿-†©
take a few months.
(Å®·ûË ´’†-´’çû√ ØÁ©© ûËú≈ûÓ äÍé ´©-xí¬F (Rules) ´’†ç îËߪ÷-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’/ Öçú≈-
´ßª’Ææ’q™ ÖØ√o´’-†o-´÷ô.) Lq-†-°æ¤púø’ have to/ has to ¢√úøû√ç.
Hitesh: Ok. Let's start.
Mallesh: We must get back home early. Don't
forget our exams from the day after
tomorrow. Because of the change in
the exam hours, we must be at col-
lege 10 minutes before nine.
(´’†ç ûªy®Ωí¬ ÉçöÀéÀ AJT ´îËa-ߪ÷L.
á©’xçúÕ †’ç* ´’†èπ◊ exams ÅE ´’®Ω-*-
§Úèπ◊. ´÷J† ¢Ë∞¡© v°æ鬮Ωç College ™
10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ ûªèπ◊\´ 9 éπ-™«x -Öçú≈-L-.)
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson ™ have to be/ has to be
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? äéπ-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊
ûÁa-èπ◊çü∆ç.
a) I, We, You, They subjects Å®·ûË have to.
b) He, She, It Å®·ûË has to.
c) be form: have to be/ has to be (Öçú≈L
ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ).
-v°æ-¨¡o:
1) ¢√£æ«-Ø√© ¢Á†éπ ®√ÊÆ 'please
sound horn'
Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.
2) ¢Á·£æ«-´÷-ö«EéÀ Ææ´÷† Å®Ωnç
´îËa ÉçTx≠ˇ °æü¿ç à¢Á’iØ√
Öçü∆?
– >™«E, é¬éÀ-Ø√úø
-ï-¢√-•’:
1) Please sound horn Åçõ‰ horn ¢Á÷Tç-îªçúÕ ÅE
Å®Ωnç. äéπ ¢√£æ«†ç ¢Á†-éπ-´¤†o ¢√£æ«†ç, ´·çü¿J
¢√£æ«-Ø√Eo ü∆öÀ ´·çü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, horn
¢Á÷TÊÆh, ´·çü¿J ¢√£æ«†ç, ¢Á†éπ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-EéÀ
ü∆JÆæ’hçü¿E îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ Å™« ®√≤ƒh®Ω’.
2) '¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç— Å†o-´÷-ôèπ◊ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬
ņ-í∫-L-TçC 'unassertive'. 'assertive' Åçõ‰
E®Ìt-£æ«-´÷-ôçí¬ Öçúøôç, 鬕öÀd, 'unassertive'
Åçõ‰ ¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç í∫© ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
Spoken English
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
d) Action word: have to + 1st Regular
Doing Word, has to + 1st Regular Doing
Word. (Have to go, have to do, has to
go, has to do etc,
¢Á∞«}L, îËߪ÷L ÅØË
Å®ΩnçûÓ)
Éçé¬ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC–
a) ´’†ç àüÁjØ√ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© ´©x Öçúø-´-©-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’,
îËߪ’-´-©-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’– have to be/ has to be;
have to + 1st RDW/ has to + 1st RDW.
eg:
1) I have to be at home by 8.
b)
؈’ 8 éπ-™«x Éçöx Öçú≈L. (™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´÷ Ø√-†o-
éÓ°æ p-úøû√®Ω’)
2) He has to be here by 10. Otherwise we
can't start.
(Åûª-E-éπ\úø 10éπ-™«x Öçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω™‰ç)
3) They have to see the doctor today. The
appointment is for today.
doctor
(É¢√∞¡ ¢√-∞¡Ÿx ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞«xL. Çߪ’† Ñ
®ÓVèπ◊ appointment 'have
Éî√aúø’)– Ééπ\úø
to' has to
(Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈) ´’†ç ´·çü¿’ E®Ωg-®·ç-
-èπ◊†o °æEéÀ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. Å™«Íí–
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
102
You have to do it
4) He has to return my book today. He said
he would.
1) You have to show the ticket on demand.
Keep it safe until the journey is over.
[
ÅúÕT†°æ¤púø’ Ticket (öÀÈéö¸– öÀ ØÌéÀ\
°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) îª÷§ƒL. v°æߪ÷ùç °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’-u´-®Ωèπ◊
ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öç-. On demand = ÅúÕT†°æ¤púø’-]
2) Kumar has to pay the fees tomorrow.
(kumar Í®°æ¤ fees éπö«dL.)
3) The boss has asked us to be at office half
an hour earlier than usual. We have to be
at office at 9.
(Boss ´’†Lo ã Å®Ω-í∫çô ´·çü¿’ office èπ◊
®Ω´’t-Ø√o®Ω’ éπü∆. ´’†ç 9 éπ-™«x office ™
Öçú≈L.)
Have to/ has to á°æ¤púø÷ present/ future situ-
ations èπ◊ ´Jh-≤ƒh®·. ÅüË past ™ ´’†ç îÁ§ƒp-
©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ had to ¢√úøû√ç. lesson v§ƒ®Ω綵º
Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Mallesh -à-´’-Ø√oúø’?I had to be at
home (Yesterday - past) ÅE. Åçõ‰ ØËEçöx
Öçú≈Lq ´*açC. 鬕öÀd í∫ûªç™– a) --à-üÁj-Ø√ °æJ-
Æœn-ûª’©´©x-í¬E, E•ç-üµ¿-†©´©x-í¬E, Éûª-®Ω’©
•©-´ç-ûªç-´©xí¬E áéπ\-úÁjØ√ Öçú≈Lq ´ÊÆh, had
to be, àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷-Lq-´ÊÆh had to + 1st
Regular Doing Word (RDW) ¢√úøû√ç.
1. He had to be at station by 8, as his friend
was coming.
(Station ™ Åûª†’ 8 éÀ Öçú≈Lq ´*açC, ¢√∞¡x
friend á´®Ó ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ 鬕öÀd)
2. Santhi had to go to Vijayawada last
Sunday to attend a marriage.
(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ¨»çA Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø, °RxéÀ
¢Á∞«}Lq ´*açC.)
3. Vishal had to pay the fees yesterday; he
had no money, so I had to lend him the
amount.
(N¨»™¸ E†o fees îÁLxç-î√Lq ´*açC. ÅûªE ü¿í∫_®Ω
úø•’s-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE ØË-†’ -Å®Ω’-´¤ -É¢√yLq ´*açC.)
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
í∫ûªç™ Éûª-®Ω’© •©-´çûªç´©x-í¬F, E•ç-üµ¿-†©
´©xí¬F ´’†ç àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’/
Öçú≈-Lq†°æ¤púø’ πÿú≈ had to ¢√úøû√ç.
1) Lord Rama had to go to forests to honour
his father's word.
¢√∞¡x-Ø√†o ´÷ô E©-¶„-ôd-ö«-EéÀ X®√-´·úø’
Åúø-´¤©èπ◊ -¢Á∞«x-Lq- ´-*açC.
2) He had to live in the forest for 12 years
°æØÁoç-úË∞¡x ´†-¢√Ææç îËߪ÷Lq ´*açC.
3) He had to pay a fine of Rs. 250/- for driv-
ing the wrong way.
(Åûª†’ wrong direction ™ drive îËÆœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊
250 ®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’© -ï-J-´÷-Ø√ éπö«dLq ´*açC.)
4) Pramila had to submit the application the
day before yesterday. She submitted it
yesterday, so she had to pay a late fee of
Rs. 10/-.
(v°æO’© ¢Á·†oØË application submit
îËߪ÷-LqçC – é¬F E-†o îËÆœçC, Åçü¿’-éπE 10
®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ late fee îÁLxç-î√Lq ´*açC.)
´’Sx lesson ¢Á·ü¿öx Ö†o Ææ綵«-≠æù ã≤ƒJ
îª÷úøçúÕ:
Mallesh: We should buy some gift for him.
Hitesh: .... We shouldn't (should not) be late.
Ééπ\úø 'should'Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. ÉC èπÿú≈
have to/ has to èπ◊ î√-™« ü¿í∫_®Ωí¬ Öçô’çC. DEéÀ
'be' form should be = Öçú≈L ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ;
Action word, should + 1st RDW (should go,
should know, should do, etc.) = ¢Á∞ «xL,
ûÁL-ߪ÷L/ ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L, îËߪ÷L, etc. Å®√n-©ûÓ)
should á°æ¤púø÷ ´’†ç Öçú≈-Lq† ÆæÈ®j† B®Ω’†’
í∫’-Jç-*, ÆæJí¬ îËߪ÷Lq† °æEE í∫’-Jç-*
ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC.
a) You should be here at 10 everyday.
†’´¤y ®ÓW °æ-Cç-öÀéÀ -Ééπ\-úø -Öç-ú≈-L.
b) He should understand that we are his well
wishers.
´’†ç ÅûªE v¨ÏßÁ÷-Gµ-™«-≠æfl©-´’ØË N≠æߪ’ç Åûª†’
Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ¢√L.
c) You should refer to the dictionary when
you are in doubt.
FÍé-üÁjØ√ ÆæçüË£æ«ç Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ Dictionary
îª÷ú≈L. (îª÷úøôç ÆæÈ®j† °æE)
E•ç-üµ¿-†© v°æ鬮Ωç ÆæÈ®j†D, é¬E-D ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’ π◊
πÿú≈ should ¢√úø-´îª’a.
a) You should not drive at more than 20 kmph
along this road.
(Ñ road ™ O’®Ω’ 20 éÀ-™O’-ô®Ωx ¢Ëí¬-Eo -N’ç-*
-†-úø°æ®√-ü¿’.)
(Kmph = KPH = Kilometres per hour)
b) Passengers should be at the airport half
an hour before the flight departure.
(N´÷†ç •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-ö«-EéÀ Å®Ω-í∫çô ´·çü¿’
v°æߪ÷-ùÀèπ◊©’ airport ™ Öçú≈L.)
flight = N´÷-†-ߪ÷†ç/ °æéÀ~ áí∫-®Ωôç,
Departure = •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç
-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 25 -ï-†-´-J 2006
c) Before you build a house, you should sub-
mit the plan for approval.
(É©’x éπõ‰d ´·çü¿’, ÉçöÀ plan sub-
Ç¢Á÷-ü∆-EéÀ
mit
îËߪ÷L)
´ Should èπ◊ èπÿú≈ past form 'had to' have
ØË,
to/ has to ©èπ◊ ™«í¬. Ñ éÀçC sentences †’
§Ú©açúÕ.
a) The Players should be at the field by 9 AM
field
ûÌN’t-Cç-öÀ-éπ-™«x véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’©’ ™ Öçú≈L.
ÉC present/ future Ŵa.
b) The players had to be at the field by 9 AM.
Players 9 éÀfield ™ Öçú≈Lq ´*açC–
ÉC Past.
´·êu í∫´’-Eéπ: E•ç-üµ¿-†©’, Å´-Ææ-®√-© π◊
have to/
¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, éπçõ‰
has to, should should
have to/ has to á π◊\´ powerful.
You have to do it =
O’JC îËߪ÷L = You
should do it. Ééπ\úø you
have to do it èπ◊, you
should do it éπØ√o force
áèπ◊\´, Åçõ‰ ÉçéÌç-îÁç
M. SURESAN
í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpôç.
Now practise the following in English:
Prema:´’†ç á°æ¤púø’ -•-ߪ’-©’-üË®√-L?
Preethi: ÉçéÓ í∫çô™/ 9 í∫çô-©éπ-™«x ´’†ç airport
™ Öçú≈L. Passport, visa, Éûª®Ω docu-
ments Åçû√ ready í¬ Öç-éÓ-¢√L. ¢√-∞¡Ÿx
-Å-úøí∫ç-í¬ØË îª÷°œç-îª-í∫-©í¬L.
Prema: ´‚úø’ Ø√©’í∫’ ´çü¿-© *©x-®Ω èπÿ-ú≈ Öç-
éÓ-¢√L éπü∆. àüÁjØ√ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ®√´îª’a.
Preethi: Airport entrance ticket é̆’-éÓ\-¢√-©-E O’
friends ûÓ îÁ§ƒpL †’´¤y. ¢√∞¡Ÿx lounge
™ØË èπÿ®Óa-¢√L.
Prema: OK.
Answer:
Prema: When have we to start? / When should
we start?
Preethi: In an hour from now. We have to be at
the airport by 9. We have to have our
passport, visa and other documents
ready. We should be able to show
them when they ask for it.
Prema: We have to have / should have three
hundred to four hundred rupees in
change in case of need.
Preethi: You should tell your friends that they
have to buy the airport entrance ticket.
They have to sit all the time in the
lounge.
Prema: OK.