International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE)

Volume 1 Issue 4, May2014, ISSN 2348 8050

103
www.ijete.org

A Study of the Performance of a Stimulated Flame
Retardant-4 Based Microwave Photonic
Band Stop Filter

1
Pooja Sahoo,
2
P.K.Singhal
Madhav Institute of Technology & Science, Gwalior, India




AbstractIn this article, we explore the design,
computation, and simulated analysis of photonic Filter,
with a special emphasis on structures with Flame
Retardant-4 substrate that make a connection with
practically realizable systems. We analyze the periodic
dielectric structures that have a band gap for
propagation. The Photonic band gap of periodically
loaded air column on a dielectric substrate is simulated
using CST. For microstrip lines PBG structures offered a
wide stop band and the design equations presented can
precisely predict the bandwidth and the stop band Centre
frequency.

I ndex Terms Photonic structure, FR-4 substrate, Band
gap filters, CST (Computer Simulation Technology)
software

I. INTRODUCTION
Filtering is one of the most important parts of
microwave circuit systems. Filters can be implemented
with shunt stubs or stepped impedance lines in a
microstrip circuit [1], but these techniques require large
circuit layout size and provide a narrow band and a
spurious pass band in stop band. Photonic bandgap
(PBG) structures have been considered as an alternate to
solve these problems in microwave circuit applications
[2]. Many researchers have proposed and demonstrated
several PBG structures for microstrip circuit application
with filtering characteristics. A serial connection of
several different PBG structures for wide rejection
bandwidth requires large size and had a limitation of
compactness in microstrip circuit applications [3].
One of the PBG structure used as filters are
demonstrated in Figure1 and that offers a wide
bandwidth in Figure 5. This forms a structure with more
flexibility, higher compactness, lower radiation loss, and
easier integration with the uni-planar circuits.
PBG structures in the ground plane of coplanar
waveguide can be implemented by etching holes in the
ground plane with an open connected with the gap
between strip line and ground plane [5]. At the resonant
frequencies of the periodic structure, there exists a stop
band for the transmission of microwave signals [6]. This
provides an effective methode to suppress higher order
harmonics in active circuits[6,7].


Figure.1. Circle shaped slots PBG in the ground plane

II. PBG UNIT CELL CONFIGURATION
Figure. 1 shows the proposed etched lattice for the
PBG circuit, which is located on the ground metallic
plane. The line width is chosen for the characteristic
impedance of 50 microstrip line [8]. Microstrip PBG
can be considered as a wide stop-band filter. For this
PBG design considered CST software [9]. This idea
could be extended to the ground plane of the microstrip
line allowing a periodic fluctuation in impedance and
thus restricting some frequencies in the pass band [10]. It
is the purpose of this work to analyze periodic structures
to determine effective and realizable uses for microwave
circuits and antennas [11].


Figure.2. Geometry 1-D PBG Cell
International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE)
Volume 1 Issue 4, May2014, ISSN 2348 8050

104
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TABLE.I. CIRCUIT PARAMETERS FOR THE
PROPOSED PBG SECTION

Ground
plane
Dimension 150mm
x50mm
Height 0.038mm
Material PEC

PBG Cell
Dimension 20mm x
20mm
Inner circle
radius (R
1
)
8mm
Outer circle
radius (R
2
)
8.5mm

Substrate
Dielectric
constant
r

4.7
Material FR-4
Thickness 1.6mm

Microstrip
Design
Width 1.46mm
Length 150mm
Impedance 50
Thickness 0.038mm
Material PEC


Figure.3.View of the proposed micro-strip line

This microstrip photonic structure can be analyzed like a
single-mode Bragg reflector or grating satisfying the
Bragg condition with guided wave number k in the
perturbed microstrip line and d the period of the
perturbation as
2d sin = n
When = 90

and for the first mode

2d=n
2k= 2/
And the guided wavelength g is
g =2d
The performance of this structure shows a deep and
broad rejected frequency band around the design
frequency.

III. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Effect of Substrate Parameter on Band Gap
The substrate parameters like dielectric constant
r
and
substrate thickness h influences the location, depth and
width of the stop band. the dielectric constant between
the etched and the un-etched portion of the substrate
should be in the ratio 2: 1. For this reason substrate
having dielectric constant
r
4, Variation with respect
to dielectric constant are shown in figure 4.

TABLE.II. SIMULATED -10 dB BANDWIDTH
VARIATION DUE TO DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
r
FOR FR-4 SUBSTRATE, h=1.6
Dielectric
constant
r

4.7 8 12
Corner
frequencies(GHz)
2.94-
5.96
2.30-
4.79
1.89-
4.0
Cutoff
frequency(GHz)
4 3.12 2.406
Bandwidth(GHz) 3.02 2.49 2.1

Effect of the psition of the transmission line
The effect of the position of the transmission line with
respect to the PBG ground plane is studied. When the
transmission line was just above the center of PBG
structures in the ground plane, the S
12
characteristics
showed reasonable width and depth in the stop band. As
the transmission line got shifted towards the Centre of
the PBG structure the stop band depth and width are
found to decreases as shown in Figure 5 & 6.

Effect of Number of Cells n
The depth of rejection in the transmission
characteristics is found to increase with number of cells
n as per figure 7. It is found that more than one cell is
needed in the ground plane of the microstrip line to
produce band gap for a given PBG structure.

TABLE.III. DEPTH OF REJECTION WITH NUMBER
OF CELLs
r
= 4.7, h=1.6 mm, d= 20mm
Number of cells Rejection Depth
(Experimental)
1 -1.9011
4 -5.4740
12 -12.8442
24 -23.6565


Figure.4.Variation of cut off Frequency with different
Dielectric constant
r
of FR-4 Substrate
International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE)
Volume 1 Issue 4, May2014, ISSN 2348 8050

105
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Figure.5.Variation of S
12
(dB) with Frequency for
different position of the transmission line for n=6


Figure.6.Variation of S
11
(dB) with Frequency for
different position of the transmission line for n=6


Figure.7.Depth of rejection experimental with nunber of
cells

IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper the effect of PBG structures for band stop
filters is presented. For microstrip line PBG structure
offered a wide stop band and the design equations
presented can precisely predict the bandwidth and the
stop band center frequency. By reducing or eliminating
the effect of surface waves with photonic crystals, a
broadband response can be obtained In addition, it is also
proposed that the behavior of the photonic structure will
lead to improvements in radiation pattern and antenna
efficiency by the elimination of surface waves. In detail
For microstrip lines PBG structures offered a wide stop
band and Simulated values of cut-off frequency and -10
dB bandwidth are found to be in good agreement with
the predicted values and these results are tabulated in
table II.

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