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The ecological systems theory proposes that human development is influenced by different environmental systems that people interact with over their lifespan. These systems include the microsystem of immediate family and social contacts, the mesosystem of relationships between microsystems, the exosystem of external contexts like a parent's workplace, the macrosystem of broader cultural values, and the chronosystem of life transitions and events. Together, the interactions within and between these environmental systems help shape human behavior and development from a young age through adulthood according to this influential theory developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner.
The ecological systems theory proposes that human development is influenced by different environmental systems that people interact with over their lifespan. These systems include the microsystem of immediate family and social contacts, the mesosystem of relationships between microsystems, the exosystem of external contexts like a parent's workplace, the macrosystem of broader cultural values, and the chronosystem of life transitions and events. Together, the interactions within and between these environmental systems help shape human behavior and development from a young age through adulthood according to this influential theory developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner.
The ecological systems theory proposes that human development is influenced by different environmental systems that people interact with over their lifespan. These systems include the microsystem of immediate family and social contacts, the mesosystem of relationships between microsystems, the exosystem of external contexts like a parent's workplace, the macrosystem of broader cultural values, and the chronosystem of life transitions and events. Together, the interactions within and between these environmental systems help shape human behavior and development from a young age through adulthood according to this influential theory developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner.
Otherwise known as the Human Ecology Theory, the Ecological Systems theory states that human development is influenced by the different types of environmental systems. Formulated by famous psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner, this theory helps us understand why we may behave differently when we compare our behavior in the presence of our family and our behavior when we are in school or at work. The Five Environmental Systems The ecological systems theory holds that we encounter different environments throughout our lifespan that may influence our behavior in varying degrees. These systems include the micro system, the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macro system, and the chronosystem. 1. The Micro System The micro system's setting is the direct environment we have in our lives. Your family, friends, classmates, teachers, neighbors and other people who have a direct contact with you are included in your micro system. The micro system is the setting in which we have direct social interactions with these social agents. The theory states that we are not mere recipients of the experiences we have when socializing with these people in the micro system environment, but we are contributing to the construction of such environment. 2. The Mesosystem The mesosytem involves the relationships between the microsystems in one's life. This means that your family experience may be related to your school experience. For example, if a child is neglected by his parents, he may have a low chance of developing positive attitude towards his teachers. Also, this child may feel awkward in the presence of peers and may resort to withdrawal from a group of classmates. 3. The Exosystem The exosystem is the setting in which there is a link between the context where in the person does not have any active role, and the context where in is actively participating. Suppose a child is more attached to his father than his mother. If the father goes abroad to work for several months, there may be a conflict between the mother and the child's social relationship, or on the other hand, this event may result to a tighter bond between the mother and the child. 4. The Macrosystem The macrosystem setting is the actual culture of an individual. The cultural contexts involve the socioeconomic status of the person and/or his family, his ethnicity or race and living in a still developing or a third world country. For example, being born to a poor family makes a person work harder every day. 5. The Chronosystem The chronosystem includes the transitions and shifts in one's lifespan. This may also involve the socio-historical contexts that may influence a person. One classic example of this is how divorce, as a major life transition, may affect not only the couple's relationship but also their children's behavior. According to a majority of research, children are negatively affected on the first year after the divorce. The next years after it would reveal that the interaction within the family becomes more stable and agreeable. Value of the Theory This theory, published in 1979, has influenced many psychologists in terms of the manner of analyzing the person and the effects of different environmental systems that he encounters. The ecological systems theory has since become an important theory that became a foundation of other theorists' work. Urie Bronfenbrenner and Child Development One final developmental theory needs to be addressed, even though it's not a stage theory. Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005) developed the ecological systems theory to explain how everything in a child and the child's environment affects how a child grows and develops. He labeled different aspects or levels of the environment that influence children's development, including the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, and the macrosystem. The microsystem is the small, immediate environment the child lives in. Children's microsystems will include any immediate relationships or organizations they interacts with, such as their immediate family or caregivers and their school or daycare. How these groups or organizations interact with the child will have an effect on how the child grows; the more encouraging and nurturing these relationships and places are, the better the child will be able to grow. Furthermore, how a child acts or reacts to these people in the microsystem will affect how they treat her in return. Each child's special genetic and biologically influenced personality traits, what is known as temperament, end up affecting how others treat them. This idea will be discussed further in a later document about child temperament. Bronfenbrenner's next level, the mesosystem, describes how the different parts of a child's microsystem work together for the sake of the child. For example, if a child's caregivers take an active role in a child's school, such as going to parent-teacher conferences and watching their child's soccer games, this will help ensure the child's overall growth. In contrast, if the child's two sets of caretakers, mom with step-dad and dad with step-mom, disagree how to best raise the child and give the child conflicting lessons when they see him, this will hinder the child's growth in different channels. The exosystem level includes the other people and places that the child herself may not interact with often herself but that still have a large affect on her, such as parents' workplaces, extended family members, the neighborhood, etc. For example, if a child's parent gets laid off from work, that may have negative affects on the child if her parents are unable to pay rent or to buy groceries; however, if her parent receives a promotion and a raise at work, this may have a positive affect on the child because her parents will be better able to give her her physical needs. Bronfenbrenner's final level is the macrosystem, which is the largest and most remote set of people and things to a child but which still has a great influence over the child. The macrosystem includes things such as the relative freedoms permitted by the national government, cultural values, the economy, wars, etc. These things can also affect a child either positively or negatively. Urie Bronfenbrenner (April 29, 1917September 25, 2005) was a very famous and influential, Russian American psychologist known for developing his path breaking, "Ecological Systems Theory." His theories impacted the education of disadvantaged and marginalized sections of society.
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory holds that 'development' is influenced by several environmental systems. The theory identifies five environmental systems. The five environmental systems are: "Microsystem: This refers to the immediate surroundings of the individual. These contexts include the person's family, peers, school, and neighborhood. It is in the microsystem that the most direct interactions with social agents take place; with parents, peers, and teachers, for example. The individual is not merely a passive recipient of experiences in these settings, but someone who actually helps to construct the social settings. Mesosystem: This refers to the relations between the different microsystems or connections between contexts. Some common examples are the connection between family experiences and school experiences, school experiences to church experiences, and family experiences to peer experiences. For example, children whose parents have rejected them may have difficulty developing positive relations with their friends or peers. Exosystem: Is concerned with the connection between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context. For example, a wife's or child's experience at home may be influenced by the husband's experiences at work. The father might receive a promotion that requires more travel, which might increase conflict with the wife and affect patterns of interaction with the child. Macrosystem: Describes the culture in which individuals live. Culture meaning the ways of people. Cultural contexts would include socioeconomic status, poverty, and ethnicity. Chronosystem: Refers to the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life of an individual as well as sociohistorical circumstances. For example, divorce is one transition. Researchers have found that the negative effects of divorce on children often peak in the first year after the divorce. Two years after the divorce, family interaction is less chaotic and more stable. An example of sociohistorical circumstances, would be the increasing opportunities for women to pursue a career. The ecological theory is one among the many different theories related to human development. It emphasizes environmental factors as playing the major role to development. However this theory varies from culture to culture.
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