Prepared by Asst.

Professor Mohammad (AERO)

Page 1 of 12


B.S. ABDUR RAHMAN UNIVERSITY
Heat Transfer (AE309) B.E.-3(AERO)
Continuous Assessment II (05.03.2014)

Answer all the questions and dont mix-up Part-A with other answers.
Only non-programmable calculator is allowed
Part A (Marks: 5 x 2 = 10)
A1. Write the total thermal resistance of a cylindrical conducting layer followed by a convection
layer. Draw appropriate diagram and use appropriate symbols.
A2. Define Reynolds number and write its expression.
A3. Explain briefly what does transient mean.
A4. An ideal gas is heated from 50
0
C to 80
0
C (a) at constant volume and (b) at constant pressure.
For which case do you think the energy required will be greater? Why?
A5. Draw a typical velocity boundary layer over a flat plate. Also mention the various regions.
Part B (Marks: 2 x 20 = 40)
B1 (i) Define viscosity and also explain the effect of temperature on the viscosity of
gases and liquids.
(8)
(ii) Explain the concept of thermal boundary layer with an analogy of velocity
boundary layer. Also explain the significance of Prandtl number in heat
transfer.
(12)
(OR)
B2 (i) Explain the differences between boundary condition and initial condition.
Write the boundary conditions at the radial distance
1
and
2
in the given
figure-1.
(8)
(ii) Write short notes on heat and moment transfer in turbulent flow. Also derive
the momentum equation for the fluid flow inside a velocity boundary layer by
using appropriate diagrams.
(12)
B3 (i) 10.9 kg of milk at 80
0
C is added with cool water of 5 kg at 40
0
C. Find the
final temperature and also the final specific heats of the mixture. Specific
heats of milk and water is given to be 3.93 kJ/kg and 4.186 kJ/kg respectively.
Assume constant heat capacities within the range of operating temperature.
(4)
(ii) A spherical container of inner radius
1
= 2, outer radius
2
= 2.1, and
thermal conductivity = 30 W/m C is filled with iced water at 0
0
C. the
container is gaining heat by convection from the surrounding air at

=
25
0
C with a heat transfer coefficient of = 18 W/m
2
K. Assuming the inner
(16)
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

Page 2 of 12

surface temperature of the container to be 0C, (a) express the differential
equation and the boundary conditions for the steady one-dimensional heat
conduction through the container, (b) obtain a relation for the variation of
temperature in the container by solving the differential equation, (c) evaluate
the rate of heat gain to the iced water, and (d) amount of ice turned into water
in 150 seconds in steady condition (latent heat of water is 333.7 kJ/kg).
(Marks: 4+6+4+2)
B4 (i) In a thermal circuit, draw the isotherms and adiabatic surfaces. Take at least
two layers in parallel and two in series
A pipe is insulated to reduce the heat loss from it. However, measurement
indicates that the rate of heat loss has increased instead of decreasing. Can the
measurement bet right? Justify your answer.
(4)
(ii) A 2.2-mm-diameter and 10-m-long copper ( = 401 W/m
0
C) electric wire
is tightly wrapped with a 1-mm-thick plastic cover whose thermal
conductivity is = 0.15 W/m
0
C. Electric current or 13A passes through the
wire with a voltage drop of 8V across it. If the insulated wire is exposed to
the medium of

= 30
0
C with a heat transfer coefficient of = 24
W/m
2

0
C, determine (a) the temperature at the interface of the wire and the
plastic cover in steady operation. Also determine (b) Critical Radius of
Insulation and (c) Maximum temperature inside the electrical conductor. Also
explain by doubling the thickness will increase or decrease the interface
temperature. (Ref. Figure-2)
(16)

Figure-1

Figure-2
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

Page 3 of 12

Answers (Part-A)
A1. The total thermal resistance for the given situation is as
follows:

=
(

+
1
(2
2
)
2

A2. Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of the inertial force
to the viscous force.

A3. Transient means the unsteady behaviour but it is in the process of being steady. In due course
of time the transient will subside and steady nature will prevail. It is the large fluctuation about
the slow buildup of the average value of the quantity.
A4. The energy required to heat the gas at constant pressure will be higher because in this way two
job will be done. 1. To heat the gas from 50
0
C to 80
0
C and 2. To do the job by expanding
the gas at constant pressure.
A5. A typical velocity boundary layer is drawn below with its various regions indicated.

Answers (Part-B)
B1. (i) Viscosity is the property of the material by the virtue of
which, it opposes or resists the relative motion in the adjacent
layers of fluid. When there is a fluid flowing over any solid
surface, the fluid particle at the adjacent to the surface comes
to rest relative to the surface movement. This also results a
gradual increment in the velocity in the layers away from the
solid surface and after a small distance velocity of the layer
becomes equal to that of the free stream. This happens due to
the inherent property of the fluid called viscosity.
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

Page 4 of 12

Viscosity is basically a mutual interaction of the two types of molecular forces called adhesive
and cohesive forces in liquids and a process of momentum transfer in the gases. Due to the
different mechanism of viscosity being active in the liquid and gases, they behave differently with
the rise in temperature. In liquids viscosity decreases as the temperature rises, because with the
rise in temperature, the intermolecular forces decrease so the resistance based upon these forces
to decrease. On the other hand, in gases, with the rise in temperature, molecules start moving more
vigorously, hence causing larger momentum transfer. So among gases, viscosity increases with
the rise in temperature.
(ii) When flow takes place over any flat plate, there exists a thin region in which velocity of
the flow varies from zero velocity relative to the plate to the full velocity of the free stream. This
thin region is called boundary layer and specifically velocity boundary layer because velocity acts
as the characteristic quantity in this phenomenon. In the similar manner there exists a thin region
in the same flow field where temperature of the fluid varies from the temperature of the surface to
the ambient temperature of the fluid. This region is called thermal boundary layer because the
behaviour of this layer is characterised by the temperature variation in the region.
In the case of velocity boundary layer there exists non slip condition and the velocity of the fluid
at the surface is equal to velocity of the surface itself
similarly the temperature of the fluid in the thermal
boundary layer will be equal to the temperature of the
surface itself. Then there will be a variation in the
characteristic quantity with the distance away from
the surface.
Analogous to the velocity boundary layer thickness,
thermal boundary layer thickness is also defined as
the normal distance from the surface where temperature gain of the fluid becomes almost 99% of
the total temperature difference between the fluid and surface.
The existence of these boundary layers is caused by the difference in their respective characteristic
quantities between the fluid and surface. In the velocity boundary layer there seems to be a loss of
momentum at the surface which is slowly gained as we go away from it. In the similar manner in
the thermal boundary layer there exist a loss of temperature at the surface in the fluid which is
gained as we go away from the surface. These two boundary layers always exist as long as the
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

Page 5 of 12

difference in their characteristic quantities between the surface and fluid exists. The mutual
existence and their grown is characterised by a non-dimensional called Prandtl number, which is
defined as below:

=
Molecular diffusivity of momentum
Molecular diffusivity of heat
=

A material of higher Prandtl number will have high momentum diffusion but low thermal
diffusion, so the conduction of velocity will be high compared to conduction of heat. So a thin
velocity boundary layer and a thick thermal boundary layer is expected in such material. On the
other hand if a material has low Prandtl number then, there will be low momentum diffusion but
high thermal diffusion and hence a thick velocity boundary layer and a thin thermal boundary
layer is expected.
B2. (i) Boundary conditions and initial conditions are the required spatial and temporal values
to solve the problem related to heat transfer. By the name itself it is clear that boundary conditions
will exist at the edge of the control volume i.e. = 0, = . On the other hand initial conditions
will exist at the edge of the time or at the beginning of the time i.e. = 0.
In the given problem there exists a convection in the inner region of the cylinder, so the heat
transfer rate by convection will be same as that of conduction at the inner surface of the cylindrical
conductor. On the other hand, at the outer there region there is an insulation so there will be no
heat transfer at the outer surface of the cylindrical conductor. This will give us two boundary
conditions at both the boundaries as below:

1
(

1
) =

|
=
1

|
=
2
= 0

|
=
2
= 0
(ii) Turbulent flows are characterised by random and rapid fluctuations of swirling region
of fluid. These fluctuating regions are called eddies. So apart from the mean velocity there exists
an additional fluctuating velocity for the particles in the turbulent flows i.e. = +

. In the
laminar flow the mass, momentum and energy are transferred across the streamlines using
molecular diffusion only as the molecules remain. But in the case of turbulent flow, the fluctuating
part of the velocity provides an additional means to transfer the mass, momentum and energy.
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

Page 6 of 12

Thus turbulent flow is associated with much higher values of friction, heat transfer and mass
transfer coefficients.
Sometimes even the average flow fluctuates and then these transport phenomena become much
more vigorous.
Laminar and turbulent flows are detected by the non-dimensional parameter called Reynolds
number which includes all the possible parameters affecting the flow characteristics. A high
Reynolds number flow will be prone to the turbulent flow and hence will make the higher values
of momentum and energy transfer. Also the in turbulent flow the velocity profile is very steep so
a very high value of shear resistance force (moment transfer) will exist near the wall.
Moment equation for the boundary layer:
While considering the forces acting on the elemental volume, we must consider all the possible
forces there. One type of the force is body force that acts throughout the entire body of the control
volume such as gravity force, electrostatic force, magnetic force etc. in which each and every
molecule of the mass is affected and such forces are proportional to the volume of the body.
Second type is surface force which act only at the control surface such as hydrostatic pressure
force and shear force. Now applying the Newtons second law of motion:
(Mass) (
Acceleration in a
specified direction
) = (
Net force (body and surface)
acting in that direction
)
Now considering the same elemental volume again, mass of the fluid element will be given by:
= ( 1)
Now let us analyse the flow and forces acting in the -direcion first. From the knowledge of partial
and total derivative and velocity being two-dimensional, we can write that:
= (, ), = (, ) =

, =

Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

Page 7 of 12

We have assumed steady flow so only convective acceleration will be available. Local
acceleration ( ) will be zero. Same will be true in the
y-direction also. Now the surface forces acting on the element
will be pressure force and the shear stress force. Pressure force
will be normal to the surface while shear stress force will be
along the surface. Net force in the positive x-direction will be:

,
= {( +

) } ( 1)
+{ ( +

)} ( 1)
= (

) ( 1)
= (

)( 1)
We got above equation by putting the Newtons law of viscosity = ( ). We are analysing
the laminar boundary layer so it is a valid argument. Now on equating the product of mass and
acceleration with this force:
(

) =

Above is the momentum equation or momentum balance equation in x-direction. The same can be
written for the y-direction also with an introduction of only body force acting in that direction in
the normal cases. If there is any body force acting on the fluid element, the body force per unit
volume can be added on the right had side in that case.
(

) =

+g
B3. (i) The given data are as follows:

= 10.9 kg,

= 80,

= 3.93
kJ
kg C

= 5 kg,

= 40,

= 4.186
kJ
kg C

Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

Page 8 of 12

Let after mixing the final temperature of the mixture is . Then loss of heat from the milk will be
same as the gain of heat from water.

) =

)
10.93.93(80 ) = 54.186( 40)
42.837(80 ) = 20.93( 40)
3426.96 42.837 = 20.93 837.2
=
3426.96 +837.2
20.93 +42.837
= .
The final

of the mixture will be given by:

=
10.93.93 +54.186
10.9 +5

= .



(ii) The given situation is as given below:

1
= 2.0 m,
2
= 2.1 m, = 30
W
m C
,

1
= 0,

= 25, = 18
W
m
2
C

It is clear that there will be no sensible heat transfer between
inner surface and the water in the centre. Both are at the same
temperature, but there can be phase change which happens at the constant temperature.
Boundary conditions are:

1
= 0 ()

|
=
2
=

(
2

) ()
The general equation for the conduction inside the solid container is:
1

(
2

) = 0 ()
No heat generation and no transient is mentioned. On integrating the equation (iii) we get that:

2
()
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

Page 9 of 12

=

+()

1
=

1
+()
Now we have three unknowns (A, B, T2) but only two equations. So we generate the third equation
here.

2
=

2
+()

|
=
2
=

2
2
()
Above two equations can be put into equation (ii) to reduce the number of equations by 1. On
rewriting the equation (ii) using (vii) and (viii)

2
2
= (

2
+

2
2
= (

2
) ()
Replacing B from (vi):

2
2
= {

2
(
1
+

1
)}
On solving above equation we get that:
(

2
2
+
1

1

1

2
) = (

1
)
=
(

1
)
(

2
2
+
1

1

1

2
)
()
On putting this in (viii) we get that:
=
1
+
(

1
)

1
(

2
2
+
1

1

1

2
)
()
On putting the numerical values:
=
(25 0)
(
30
182.1
2
+
1
2

1
2.1
)
= 62.23
= 0 +
(25 0)
2.0(
30
182.1
2
+
1
2

1
2.1
)
= 31.11
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

Page 10 of 12

Differential equation and boundary conditions are already given above as equation (i), (ii) and
(iii).
(b) The relation of variation of temperature is:
=
62.23

+31.11
(c) The heat transfer rate:

|
=
2
=

2
2
= 30(4)62.23 = .
Negative sign shows that heat transfer is inward.
(d) Total amount of ice turned into water in 150 seconds:

= 23460150

=
23460150
333.7
= .
B4. (i) The isothermal and adiabatic lines are as shown below:
When we want to pass some hot fluid through pipes, we expect that there
would be as less loss of heat as possible. For this we insulate the pipe
using some insulating material. While insulating this we also increase the
external surface area through which the convection is taking place. So
virtually the area or volume which was doing convection is not doing
conduction and depending upon the conductivity of the insulation and
convection heat transfer of the surrounding fluid, the heat transfer may increase or decrease. There
is a critical outer radius of the insulation which gives the maximum heat transfer and any other
radius will actually decrease the lower heat transfer rate. Now it is possible that sometimes we
want to check the heat transfer rate and for this we put the insulation and increase the radius, but
if it is well below the critical radius of insulation, instead of decreasing the heat transfer rate, it
may increase it. The critical radius of insulation for the cylindrical and spherical object is given
below.

,
=

,
,
=

(i) The given situation is as below:
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

Page 11 of 12

1
= 2.2 mm, = 10 m,

= 401
W
m C
,

= 1 mm,

= 0.15
W
m C
,
= 13A, = 8V,
2
= 30C,
2
= 24
W
m C
,
The heat generated per unit time is:

= = 13 8 = 104 W
This is also the total heat transfer rate by any means. At the central axis of the conductor there will
be symmetric boundary condition, so there will be no heat transfer there.
Total thermal resistance will be:

conv
=
1

2
=
1
24 ( 0.0042 10)
= 0.3157

plastic
=
ln(
2

1
)
2
=
ln(2.1 1.1 )
2 0.15 10
= 0.0686

total
=
conv
+
plastic
= 0.3157 +0.0686 = 0.3843
(a) Now using the thermal circuit equation:

=

1

2

total

104 =

1
30
0.3843

= .
(b) Critical radius of insulation:

2
=
0.15
24
= .

(c) Maximum temperature will be felt at the axis of the electrical wire.
Heat generation per unit volume per unit time will be:

gen
=

(
1
2 )
2

=
104
(1.1)
2
10
= 2.7358
W
m
3

Now we must have two boundary conditions.

1
= 69.96 (),

|
=0
= 0 ()
Governing equation will be:
1

) +

gen

= 0

) =

gen

=
2.7358
401
= 6.822 10
3

Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

Page 12 of 12

gen

gen

2
2
+

gen

2
+()
=

gen

2
+
=

gen

2
4
+()
On putting the expression (ii) in (iii) we get that = 0.
Then on putting the value of temperature from (i) in (iv) we get that:

1
=

gen

1
2
4
+
=
2
+

gen

1
2
4
= 69.96 +
2.7358
401

1.1
2
= 69.9618
Temperature at the centre will be given by:

0
=

gen

0
2
4
+ 69.9618 = 69.9618
There is a very little difference between the temperature between the temperature at the conductor
surface and the temperature at the conductor core axis.
(d) On doubling the thickness of the plastic cover the outer radius will go to 3.1 mm which is less
than the critical radius of insulation 6.25 mm. So the heat transfer will increase instead of
decreasing.