SYBASE SESSION -- 2 DOCUMENTS

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Creating & Altering Database Objects

Chapter Includes:

• Adding columns to a table

• Renaming objects
• Temporary tables
• Permanent Temporary tables
• Views
• View with check option
• Rule
• Defaults
• User defined Objects
• Constraints

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Adding columns to a table

 We use Alter table command for adding and removing the columns to the
table.

Column Properties:

 Null : a value does not need to be specified for a column

 Not Null : a value must be specified for a column
 Identity : server is to maintain a row counter on the table.

Renaming objects

 To rename the object in the database such as table or a view we use

sp_rename option.
 Syntax : sp_rename old name, new name.

Temporary tables

 Temporary tables are the real tables created in the tempdb database,
usually for the purpose of holding an intermediate result set. They can be
identified by the symbol #.
 They exist for a particular session.

They are 2 types

 Temporary tables and

 Permanent temporary tables

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Temporary tables:

 Temporary tables only last as long as the session exists and they are
available only for your session.

Permanent temporary tables:

 They exist til the explicitly is dropped or the SQL server is restarted.

Views

 Views are logical ways of looking at the physical data located in the tables.
It is used to limit access to selected columns in a base table. We can also
limit the access to rows by using view with where clause, which is referred
as view horizontal.
 View with check option prevents the insertion or updating of rows that will
subsequently not meet the view criteria.
 Syntax : create view view name as select col_name from table name

Rule

 Rules provide a mechanism for enforcing domain constraints for columns or

user defined data types.
 They are applied before an insert or update, prior to the execution of the
command.
 Syntax : create rule rule name as @exp

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Defaults

 Defaults provide a value for a column when one is not supplied at insert
time. They exist only as database objects, after creating, they must be
subsequently bound to columns.
 Syntax : create default default_name as expression.

User defined Objects

 User defined datatypes are not really a new data type, it is a way of
describing an existing data type. it provides a mechanism for enforcing data
type consistency across and within a database or server.
 Syntax : sp_add type type_name sys name

Constraints

 Constraints provide an alternative method for defining data integrity

requirements.

There are three types of constraints

 Primary key and Unique key constraints

 Check constraints
 Referential integrity constraints

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Primary key and Unique key constraints:

 They require that all values in a table be unique and the columns cannot
allow null values. Where as a Unique key constraint can allow one null value
in its respective columns.

Check constraints:
 Similar to rules they specify a domain for columns. They are slightly faster.
 They are defined for a table using the create table or alter table command.
They can be defined at the column level or table level.

Referential integrity constraints:

 It is the property of all foreign keys having associated with a primary key in
their related tables. Constraints which enforce both primary and foreign key
integrity checks without programming is called Declarative referential
integrity.

Important Syntaxes

a) Altering a table

 It means adding a new column to a table with the help pf alter command.

Alter table tablename add (new column) int null.

b) Renaming an objects

 It means renaming an existing name in the table.

sp_rename old_name, new_name.

 To rename an existing column in the table the syntax is

Sp_rename 'table_name.old_name',new_col_name

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c) Views

 It is a logical way of looking at the physical data locatetd in the tables.The

syntax is follows.

Create view view_name as select column name from tablename.

d) Rules

 It is used to assign a rule for the column.

Create rule rule name as some condition (like @mark >50)

 Next we have to bind the rule to the table sp_bindrule

rulename,'tablename.columnname'

e) Default

 Default provide a value for a column when one is not supplied at the
insertion time

Create default default_name as constant expression

SESSION:

1) For the table win_ratio,

 Create Rule that if matches lost=3 then points= -3 and matches lost= 6

then points=-6

 Create default that rank should be null if the points less than 0

 Create a View that only teams and rank can be view.

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2) Give the difference between the following.

 char and varchar

 primary and unique constraints.

 order by and group by.

 temporary tables and permanent temporary tables

3) What happens when we fail to specify a common key while using join ?

4) What are user defined data types ? How many valid data types are used for

storing strings?

5) State true or false

 T-SQL allows more than three keywords.

 Data Definition Language is also used to secure the table data.

 Distinct is the only keyword that removes duplicate rows from the result set.

 count (*) returns the number of non null expressions .

6) What is the syntax to get a list of columns in a view?

7) What are the column properties?

8) What are foreign-key constraints ? How can u modify and add constraints?

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DATABASE SCHEMA

The database scheme consists of four relations:

Product(maker,model,type)
PC(code,model,speed,ram,hd,cd,price)
Laptop(code,model,speed,ram,hd,screen,price)
Printer(code,model,color,type,price)

The relation "Product" shows the maker, model number, and type (pc, laptop, or
printer). It is assumed that model numbers are unique for all the makers and
product types. Each model number specifying pc in the relation "PC" is
characterized by speed (of the processor in MHz), total amount of RAM (in Mb),
hard disk drive capacity (in Gb), CD ROM speed (for example, '4x'), and the price.
The relation "Laptop" is similar to that one of PCs except for the CD ROM speed,
which is replaced by the screen size (in inches). For each printer model in the
relation "Printer" it is told whether the printer is color or not (color attribute is 'y'
for color printers; otherwise it is 'n'), printer type (laser, jet, or matrix), and the
price.

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Based on the above database scheme solve the following Queries

1. Find the model number, speed and hard drive capacity for all the PCs with
prices below $500.
Result set: model, speed, hd.

2. Find the printers having the highest price.

Result set: model, price.

3. Find the model number, speed and hard drive capacity of the PCs having 12x
CD and prices less than $600 or having 24x CD and prices less than $600.

Topics Covered:

Creating and Altering Database objects

Book for Reference

Book: Sybase SQL Server 11

by

Ray Rankins

Jeffrey R. Garbus

David Solomon

Bennett Wm.McEwan

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