1.

INTRODUCTION:
Advances in power electronics in the last few decades have led to not just improvements in
power devices, but also new concepts in converter topologies and control. In the 1970s,
conventional pulse width modulated (P!" power converters were operated in a switched
mode operation. Power switches have to cut off the load current within the turn#on and
turn#off times under the hard switching conditions. $ard switching refers to the stressful
switching behavior of the power electronic devices. %he switching trajector& of a hard#
switched power device is shown in 'ig.1.
'ig.1 %&pical switching trajectories of power switches
(uring the turn#on and turn#off processes, the power device has to with# stand high voltage
and current simultaneousl&, resulting in high switching losses and stress. (issipative
passive )nubbers are usuall& added to the power circuits so that the dv/dt and di/dt of
the power devices could be reduced, and the switching loss and stress be diverted to the
passive snubbed circuits. $owever, the switching loss is proportional to the switching
fre*uenc&, thus limiting the ma+imum switching fre*uenc& of the power converters.
%&pical converter switching fre*uenc& was limited to a few tens of ,ilo#$ert- (t&picall& .0/
00 ,$-" in earl& 1910s. %he stra& inductive and capacitive components in the power circuits
and power devices still cause considerable transient effects, which in turn give rise to electro#
magnetic interference (2!I" problems. 'igure.. shows ideal switching waveforms and
t&pical practical waveforms of the switch voltage. %he transient ringing effects are major
causes of 2!I.
Page 1
'ig .. %&pical (a" ideal and (b" practical switching waveforms
In the 1910s, lots of research efforts were diverted towards the use of resonant
converters. %he concept was to incorporate resonant tan,s in the converters to create
oscillator& (usuall& sinusoidal" voltage and3or current waveforms so that -ero#voltage
switching (45)" 0 -ero#current switching (46)" conditions can be created for the power
switches. %he reduction of switching loss and the continual improvement of power
switches allow the switching fre*uenc& of the resonant converters to reach hundreds of
,ilo#$ert- (t&picall& 100/000 ,$-". 6onse*uentl&, the si-e of magnetic components
can be reduced and the power densit& of the converters increased. 5arious forms of
resonant converters have been proposed and developed. $owever, most of the resonant
converters suffer several problems. hen compared with the conventional P!
converters, the resonant current and the voltage of resonant converters have high pea,
values, leading to higher conduction loss and higher V and I rating re*uirements for
the power devices. 7lso, man& resonant converters re*uire fre*uenc& modulation ('!" for
output regulation. 5ariable switching fre*uenc& operation ma,es the 8lter design and
control more complicated.
In late 1910s and throughout 1990s, further improvements have been made in
converter technolog&. 9ew generations of soft#switched converters that combine the
advantages of conventional P! converters and resonant converters have been developed.
%hese soft#switched converters have switching waveforms similar to those of conventional
P! converters e+cept that the rising and falling edges of the waveforms are :smoothed;
with no transient spi,es. <nli,e the resonant converters, new soft#switched converters
usuall& utili-e the resonance in a controlled manner. =esonance is allowed to occur just
before and during the turn#on and turn#off processes so as to create 45) and 46)
conditions. >ther than that, the& behave just li,e conventional P! converters. ith
Page 2
simple modi8cations, man& customi-ed control integrated circuits (I6s" designed for
conventional converters can be emplo&ed for soft#switched converters. ?ecause the
switching loss and stress have been reduced, soft#switched converter can be operated at the
ver& high fre*uenc& (t&picall& 000 ,$- to a few !ega#$ert-". )oft#switching converters
7lso provide an effective solution to suppress 2!I and have been applied to (6/(6,
76/(6, and (6/76 converters. %his chapter covers the basic technolog& of resonant and
soft#switching converters. 5arious forms of soft#switching techni*ues such as 45), 46),
voltage clamping, -ero#voltage transition methods, etc. are addressed. %he emphasis is
placed on the basic operating principle and practicalit& of the converters without using
much mathematical anal&sis.
1.1 RESONANCE:
In an electrical circuit, the condition that e+ists when the inductive reactance and the
capacitive reactance are of e*ual magnitude, causing electrical energ& to oscillate between
the magnetic field of the inductor and the electric field of the capacitor.
Page 3
2. CLASSIFICATION:
Page 4
3. RESONANT SWITCH:
Prior to the availabilit& of full& controllable power switches, %h&ristors was the major
power devices used in power electronic circuits. 2ach %h&ristors re*uires a commutation
circuit, which usuall& consists of a LC resonant circuit, for forcing the current to -ero in the
turn#off process. %his mechanism is in fact a t&pe of -ero#current turn#off process. ith
the recent advancement in semiconductor technolog&, the voltage and current handling
capabilit&, and the switching speed of full& controllable switches have signi8cantl& been
improved. In man& high power applications, controllable switches such as gate turn#offs
(@%>s" and insulated gate bipolar transistors (I@?%s" have replaced %h&ristors. $owever,
the use of resonant circuit for achieving 46) and3or 45) has also emerged as a new
technolog& for power converters. %he concept of resonant switch that replaces
conventional power switch is introduced in this section.
7 resonant switch is a sub#circuit comprising a semiconductor switch ) and resonant
elements, L
r
and 6r
.
%he switch ) can be implemented b& a unidirectional or
bidirectional switch, which determines the operation mode of the resonant switch.
%wo t&pes of resonant s wi t c h e s , including -ero#current (46" resonant switch
a n d -ero#voltage (45" resonant switches, are shown in 'igs.A and B, respectivel&.


Fig.3 Zero-curren !ZC" re#on$n S%ic&
Fig.' Zero-(o)$ge !Z(" re#on$n #%ic&
Page 5
3.1 ZC Re#on$n S%ic&:
In a 46 resonant switch, an inductor L
r is
connected in series with a power switch )
in order to achieve -ero#current switching (46)". If the switch ) is a unidirectional switch,
the switch current is allowed to resonate in the positive half c&cle onl&. %he resonant
switch is said to operate in half#wave mode. If a diode is connected in anti#parallel with
the unidirectional switch, the switch current cans Cows in both directions. In this case, the
resonant switch can operate in full#wave mode. 7t turn#on, the switch current will rise
slowl& from -ero. It will then oscillate, because of the resonance between L
r
and C
r.
'inall&, the switch can be commutated at the ne+t -ero current duration. %he objective of
this t&pe of switch is to shape the switch current waveform during conduction time in
order to create a -ero#current condition for the switch to turn off
3.2. Z( Re#on$n S%ic&:
In a 45 resonant switch, a capacitor C
r is
connected in parallel with the switch ) for
achieving -ero#voltage switching (45)". If the switch ) is a unidirectional switch, the
voltage across the capacitor C
r
can oscillate freel& in both positive and negative half#c&cle.
%hus, the resonant switch can operate in full#wave mode. If a diode is connected in anti#
parallel with the unidirectional switch, the resonant capacitor voltage is clamped b& the
diode to -ero during the negative half#c&cle. %he resonant switch will then operate in half#
wave mode. %he objective of a 45 switch is to use the resonant circuit to shape the switch
voltage waveform during the off time in order to create a -ero#voltage condition for the
switch to turn on
Page 6
'. *UASI-RESONANT CON(ERTERS:
Duasi#resonant convert ers (D=6s" can be considered as a h&brid of resonant and
P! converters. %he underl&ing principle is to replace the power switch in P!
converters with the resonant switch. 7 large famil& of conventional converter circuits can
be transformed into their resonant converter counterparts. %he switch current and3or
voltage waveforms are forced to oscillate in a *uasi#sinusoidal manner, so that 46)
and3or 45) can be achieved.
'.1 ZCS-*RC
7 46)#D=6 designed for half-wave operation is illustrated with a buc, t&pe (6/(6
converter. %he schematic is shown in 'ig.0a. It is formed b& replacing the power switch in
conventional P! buc, converter with the 46 resonant switch in 'ig.Aa. %he circuit
waveforms in stead& state are shown in 'ig.0b. %he output 8lter inductor L
f
is sufficientl&
large so that its current is appro+imatel& constant. Prior to turning the switch on, the output
current I
o freewheel s
through the out# put diode (
F.
%he resonant capacitor voltage
V
CR e*ual s
-ero. 7t t
0,
the switch is turned on with 46). 7 *uasi#sinusoidal current I)
Cows through Er

and 6r
,
the output 8l ter, and the load. ) is then softl& commutated at
t
1 wi t h
46) again. (uring and after the gate pulse, the resonant capacitor volt# age V
CR
rises and then deca&s at a rate depending on the output current. >utput voltage regulation
is achieved b& con# trolling the switching fre*uenc&. >peration and characteristics of the
converter depend mainl& on the design of the resonant circuit L
r
C
r.
%he following
parameters are de8nedF voltage conversion ratio M, characteristic impedance Z
r,
resonant
fre*uenc& Fr
,
normali-ed load resistance r, normali-ed switching fre*uenc& .
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Page 7
(5)
It can be seen from the waveforms that if I
o >
V
i
3Z
r,
I
S will
not come bac, to -ero
naturall& and the switch will have to be forced off, thus resulting in turn#off losses. %he
relationships between M and at different r are shown in 'ig.0c. It can be seen that M is
sensitive to the load variation. 7t light load conditions, the unused energ& is stored in C
r,
leading to an increase in the output voltage. %hus, the switching fre*uenc& has to be
controlled, in order to regulate the output voltage.
Page 8
'ig.0 $alf#wave, *uasi# resonant buc, converter with 46) (a" schematic diagram
(b" 6ircuit aveforms(c" relationship between ! G H
If an anti#parallel diode is connected across the switch, the converter will be
operating in full#wave mode. %he circuit schematic is shown in 'ig.Ia. %he circuit
waveforms in stead& state are shown in 'ig.Ib. %he operation i s similar to the one in
half#wave mode. $owever, the inductor current i s allowed to reverse through t he anti#
parallel diode and the duration for the resonant stage is lengthened. %his permits e+cess
energ& in the resonant circuit at light loads to be transferred bac, to the voltage source
V
i
%his signi8cantl& reduces the dependence of V
o on
the output load. %he relationships
between M and at different r are shown in 'ig.Ic. It can be seen that ! is insensitive to
load variation.
Page 9
'ig.I 'ull#wave, *uasi#resonant buc, converter with 46)F (a" schematic diagramJ
(b" 6ircuit waveformsJ and (c" relationship between ! and
?& replacing the switch in the conventional converters, a famil& of D=6 with 46) is
shown in 'ig.7
Page 10
'ig.7 7 famil& of *uasi#resonant converter with 46)
Page 11
'.2 Z(S-*RC
In these converters, the resonant capacitor provides a -ero# voltage condi t i on for t h e
switch t o turn on and off.
7 *uasi#resonant buc, converter designed for half#wave operation is shown in 'ig.
1a / using a 45 resonant switch in 'ig.Bb. %he stead&#state circuit waveforms are shown
in 'i g. 1b. ?asic relations of 45)#D=6s are given in 2s*. (1". hen the switch ) is
turned on, it carries the output current Io
.
%he suppl& voltage V
i
reverse biases the diode
(
f.
hen the switch is -ero#voltage (45" turned off, the output current starts to Cows
through the resonant capacitor C
r.
hen the resonant capacitor voltage V
Cr is
e*ual to V
i
,
(
f
turns on. %his starts the resonant stage. hen V
CR e*ua l s
-ero, the anti#parallel
diode turns on. %he resonant capacitor is shorted and the source voltage is applied to the
resonant inductor L
r.
%he resonant inductor current I
Lr i ncr eas es
linearl& until it reaches
I
o.
%hen (
F
turns off. In order to achieve 45), ) should be triggered during the time
when the anti# parallel diode conducts. It can be seen from the waveforms that the pea,
amplitude of the resonant capacitor voltage should be greater or e*ual to the input voltage
(i.e. I
o Zr >
V
IN
. 'rom 'ig. 1c, it can be seen that the voltage conversion ratio is load#
sensitive. In order to regulate the output voltage for different loads r, the switching
fre*uenc& should also be changed accordingl&.
45) converters can be operated in full#wave mode. %he circuit schematic is shown in
'ig.9a. %he circuit waveforms in stead& state are shown in 'ig.9b. %he operation is similar to
half#wave mode of operation, e+cept that 5
6= can
swing between positive and negat i ve
voltages. %he relationships between ! and g at different r are shown in 'ig.9c. 6omparing
'ig.1c with 'ig.9c, it can be seen that ! is load#insensitive in full#wave mode. %his is a
desirable feature. $owever, as the series diode limits the direction of the switch current,
energ& will be stored in the output capacitance of the switch and will dissipate in the switch
during turn on. $ence, the full#wave mode has the problem of capacitive turn#on loss, and is
less practical in high fre*uenc& operation. In practice, 45)#D=6s are usuall& operated in
half#wave mode rather than full#wave mode.
Page 12
'ig.1
Page 13
'ig.9
Page 14
?& replacing the 45 resonant switch in the conventional converters, various 45)#D=6s
can be derived. %he& are shown in 'ig.10.
'ig.10
Page 15
'.3 Co+,$ri#on# -e%een ZCS $n. Z(S
46) can eliminate the switching losses at turn off and reduce the switching losses at turn
on. 7s a relativel& large capacitor is connected across the output diode during resonance,
the converter operation becomes insensitive to the diodeKs junction capacitance. hen
power !>)'2%s are -ero#current switched on, the energ& stored in the deviceKs capacitance
will be dissipated. %his capacitive turn#on loss is proportional to the switching fre*uenc&.
(uring turn on, considerable rate of change of voltage can be coupled to the gate drive
circuit through the !iller capacitor, thus increasing switching loss and noise. 7nother
limitation is that the switches are under high current stress, resulting in higher conduction
loss. $owever, it should be noted that 46) is particularl& effective in reducing switching
loss for power devices (such as I@?%" with large tail current in the turn#off process.
45) eliminates the capacitive turn#on l os s . It is suitable for high#fre*uenc& operation.
'or single#ended con8guration, the switches could suffer from e+cessive voltage stress,
which is proportional to the load. It will be shown in )ection 0 that the ma+imum voltage
across switches in half#bridge and full#bridge con8gurations is clamped to the input
voltage.
'or both 46) and 45), output regulation of the resonant converters can be achieved b&
variable fre*uenc& control. 46) operates with constant on#time control, while 45)
operates with constant off#time control. ith a wide input and load range, both
techni*ues have to operate with a wide switching fre*uenc& range, ma,ing it not eas& to
design resonant converters optimall&.
Page 16
/. Z(S in Hig& Fre0uenc1
A,,)ic$ion#
?& the nature of the resonant tan, and 46), the pea, switch current in resonant converters
is much higher than that in the s*uare#wave counterparts. In addition, a high voltage will
be established across the switch in the off state after the resonant stage. hen the switch is
switched on again, the energ& stored in the output capacitor will be discharged through the
switch, causing a signi8cantl& power loss at high fre*uencies and high voltages. %his
switching loss can be reduced b& using 45).
45) can be viewed as s*uare#wave power utili-ing a constant off#time control. >utput
regulation is achieved b& controlling the >9 time or switching fre*uenc&. (uring the off
time, the resonant tan, circuit traverses the voltage across the switch from -ero to its pea,
value and then bac, to -ero again. 7t that 45 instant, the switch can be reactivated. 7part
from the conventional single#ended converters, some other e+amples of converters with
45) are illustrated in the following section.
Page 17
2. Z(S %i& C)$+,e. (o)$ge
%he high voltage stress problem in the single#switch con8guration with 45) can be
avoided in half#bridge ($?" and full#bridge ('?" con8gurations. %he pea, switch volt# age
can be clamped to the dc suppl& rail, and thus reducing the switch voltage stress. In
addition, the series transformer lea,age and circuit inductance can form parts of the
resonant path. %herefore, these parasitic components, which are undesirable in hard#
switched converter become useful components in 45) ones. 'igures.11 and1. show the
45) $? and '? circuits, respectivel&, together with the circuit waveforms.
%he resonant capacitor is e*uivalent to the parallel connection of the two capacitors
(C
r
3." across the switches. %he off#state voltage of the switches will not e+ceed the input
voltage during resonance because the& will be clamped to the suppl& rail b& the anti#
parallel diode of the switches.
Page 18
Fig.11
Page 19
'ig.1.
Page 20
7 3u)i-re#on$n Con4erer# !3RC"
%he 46)# and 45)#D=6s optimi-e the switching condition for either the active switch or
the output diode onl&, but not for both of them simultaneousl&. !ulti#resonant switch
concept, which is an e+tension of the concept of the resonant switch, has been developed to
overcome such limitation. %he -ero#current multi#resonant (46#!=" and -ero#voltage multi#
resonant (45#!=" switches are shown in 'ig.1A.
Fig.13
%he multi#resonant c i r c ui t s incorporate all major parasitic components, including
switch output capacitance, diode junction capacitance, and transformer lea,age inductance
into the resonant circuit. In general, 45) (half-wave mode" is more favorable than 46) in
(6/(6 converters for high#fre*uenc& operation because the parasitic capacitance of the
active switch and the diode will form a part of the resonant circuit.
'ig.1B
7n e+ample of a buc, 45)#!=6 is shown in 'ig.10. (epending on the ratio of the
Page 21
resonant capacitance C
!
3C
S
, two possible topological modes, namel& mode I and mode
II, can be operated . %he ratio affects the time at which the voltages across the switch )
and the output diode (
F "e#o$e
-ero. %heir waveforms are shown in 'igs.10a and b,
respectivel&. If diode voltage V
! f al l s
to -ero earlier than the switch voltage V
S,
the
converter will follow mode I. >therwise, the converter will follow mode II.
Fig.15
Page 22
Fig.15
Instead of having one resonant stage, there are three in this converter. %he mode I
operation in 'ig.10a is described 8rst. ?efore the switch ) is turned on, the output diode
(
f
is conducting and the resonant inductor current I
Lr i s
negative ('lowing through the
anti#parallel diode of )". ) is then turned on with 45). %he resonant inductor current I
Lr
in#reases
linearl& and (
F
is still conducting. hen I
Lr rea#hes
the output current I
o,
the 8rst resonant stage starts. %he resonant circuit
is formed b& the resonant inductor L
r
and the capacitor C
! across the output diode. %his stage ends when S is turned off with
45). %hen, a second resonant stage starts. %he resonant
circuit consists of L
r
, C
!
, and
the capacitor across the
switch C
s
. %his stage ends when the output diode becomes
forward biased. 7 third resonant stage will then start. L
r and
C
s
form the resonant circuit.
%his stage ends and completes one operation c&cle when the diode C
s "e # o$e s
forward
biased. %he onl& difference between mode I and mode II in 'ig.1Ib is in the third
resonant stage, in which the resonant circuit is formed b& L
r
and C
!
. %his stage ends
when (
F
becomes forward biased. %he concept of the multi#resonant
switch can be
applied to conventional converters
5
i
a famil& of !=6s is shown in 'ig.1I.
Page 23
'ig.1I
Page 24
7lthough the variation of the switching fre*uenc& for regulation in !=6s is smaller than that
of D=6s, a wide#band fre*uenc& modulation is still re*uired. $ence, the optimal design of
magnetic components and the 2!I filters in !=6s is not eas&. It would be desirable to have
a constant switching fre*uenc& operation. In order to operate the !=6s with constant
switching fre*uenc&, the diode in 'ig.1A can be replaced with an active switch ). . 7
constant#fre*uenc& multi#resonant (6'#!=" switch is shown in 'ig.11. %he output voltage is
regulated b& controlling the on#time of the two switches. %his concept can be illustrated with
the buc, converter as shown in 'ig.11, together with the gate drive waveforms and operating
stages. )1 and ). are turned on during the time when currents flow through the anti#parallel
diodes of )1 and ).. %his stage ends when ). is turned off with 45). %he first resonant stage
is then started. Lr and CS. form the resonant circuit. 7 second resonant stage begins. Lr
resonates with CS1 and CS.. %he voltage across S1 oscillates to -ero. hen ILr becomes
negative, S1 will be turned on with 45). %hen, Lr resonates with CS.. S. will be turned on
when current flows through !S.. 7s the output voltage is the average voltage across S.,
output voltage regulation is achieved b& controlling the conduction time of S..
'ig.17
7ll switches in !=6s operate with 45), which reduces the switching losses and switching
noise and eliminates the oscillation due to the parasitic effects of the components (such
as the junction capacitance of the diodes". $owever, all switches are under high current
and voltage stresses, resulting in an increase in the conduction loss.
Page 25
'ig.11
Page 26
5 Lo$. Re#on$n Con4erer#:
Eoad resonant converters (E=6s" have man& distinct fea# tures over conventional power
converters. (ue to the soft commutation of the switches, no turn#off loss or stress is
present. E=6s are speciall& suitable for high#power applications becaus e the& al l ow
high#fre*uenc& operation for e*uipment si-e3weight reduction, without sacri8cing the
con# version efficienc& and imposing e+tra stress on the switches. ?asicall&, E=6s can be
divided into three different con8gu
rations, namel& series resonant converters, parallel
resonant
converters, and series/parallel resonant converters.
5.1 Serie# Re#on$n Con4erer#
)eries resonant converters ()=6s" have their load connected in series with the resonant tan,
circuit, which is formed b& L
r and
C
r .
%he half#bridge con8guration is shown in 'ig.19.
hen the resonant inductor current i
Lr is
positive, it Cows through %
1 if
%
1 is
>9.
>therwise it Cows through the diode (
.
hen i
Lr is
negative, it Cows through %
. if
%
. is
onJ otherwise it Cows through the diode (
1.
In the stead&#state s&mmetrical operation,
both the active switches are operated in a complementar& manner. (epending on the ratio
between the switching fre*uenc& %
S and
the converter resonant fre*uenc& %
r,
the
converter has several possible operating modes.
Fig.19
Page 27
5.2 6$r$))e) Re#on$n Con4erer#
Parallel resonant convert er s (P=6s" have their l oad connected in parallel with the
resonant tan, capacitor C
r &
.7/A0L. %he half#bridge con8guration is shown in 'ig..0 )=6
behaves as a current source, whereas the P=6 acts as a voltage source. 'or voltage
regulation, P=6 re*uires a smaller operating fre*uenc& range than the )=6 to compensate
for load variation.
'ig..0
Page 28
7. Re#on$n DC Lin8 In4erer %i& Lo% (o)$ge Sre##
'ig..1
7 resonant dc lin, inverter with low voltage stress is shown in 'ig. .1 it consists of a front#
end resonant converter that can pull the dc lin, voltage down just before an& inverter
switching. %his resonant dc circuit serves as an interface between the dc power suppl& and
the inverter. It essentiall& retains all the advantages of the resonant (pulsating" dc lin,
inverters. ?ut it offers e+tra advantages such asF
9o increase in the dc lin, voltage when compared with conventional hard#switched
inverter. %hat is, the dc lin, voltage is 1.0 per unit
%he -ero voltage condition can be created at an& time. %he 45) is not restricted
to the periodic -ero#voltage instants as in resonant dc lin, inverter.
ell#established P! techni*ues can be emplo&ed.
Power devices of standard voltage ratings can be used.
%he timing program and the si+ operating modes of this resonant circuit are as
shown in 'igs...and.1respectivel&.

Fig.22
Page 29
'ig..A
Page 30
!1"Nor+$) +o.e:
%his is the standard P! inverter mode. %he resonant inductor current iEr

(t" and the
resonant voltage V
#r
(t" are given b&
here Vs is the nominal dc lin, voltage
!2" Mode 1 (initiating mode): (t9:t1)
7t t0, mode 1 begins b& switching on %. and %A on with -ero current. iLr (t" increases
linearl& with a di3dt of Vs 3Lr. If iLr (t" is e*ual to the initiali-ed current Ii , %1 is -ero#voltage
turned off. If (IsMIo" ' Ii , then the initiali-ation is ended when iLr (t" is e*ual to Ii , where Is
is the current flowing into the dc inductor Ld#. If (IsMIo" > Ii , then this mode continues until
iLr (t" is e*ual to (IsMIo". %he e*uations in this interval are
!3" Mode 2 (Resonant mode): (t
1
Mt
."
7fter %1 is turned off under 4 5) condition, r e s o n a n c e between L
r
and C
r
occurs. V
#r
(t" decreases from 5s

to 0. 7t t.
,
i
Lr
(t" r eaches the pea, value in this
interval. %he e*uations areF
Page 31
!I(" Mode 3 (Freewheeling mode) (t
.
Mt
A"
%he resonant inductor current Cows through two freewheel#ing paths (%.#Er#(. and %A#
(1#Er". %his duration is the -ero voltage periods created for 45) of the inverter, and should
be longer than the minimum on and off times of the inverterKs power switches.
((" Mode 4 (Resonant mode): (t
A
Mt
B"
%his mode begins when %. and %A are switched off under 45). %he second half of the
resonance between L
r
and C
r
starts again. %he capacitor voltage V
CR
(t" increases bac,
from 0 to V
s
and is clamped to V
s.
%he relevant e*uations in this mode are
here I
on i s
the load current after the switching state.
!(I" Mode 5 (Discharging mode): (t
'
:t
/"
In this period, %1 is switched on under 45 condition because V
#r
(t" N V
s.
%he inductor
current decreases linearl&. %his mode 8nishes when i
Lr
(t" becomes -ero.
Page 32
CONCLUSIONS
=esonant converter topologies can be used to increase circuit switching speeds, allowing the
cost of circuit magnetic to be reduced, while still ,eeping switching losses to a minimum.
'ull wave rather than half wave topologies are generall& used, as the& generate less 2!I.
6apacitive switching losses when turning on with a high drain#source voltage means that
!>)'2%s are more suitable for 4ero #5oltage than 4ero#6urrent switches, while its poor
turn#off characteristics mean that the I@?% is more suited to 4ero#6urrent topologies.

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References:
1. R. M. !avis, *ower !iode and +h,ristor Cir#-its, I.. Mono/ra0h,
Series 1, 2erts) *ere/rin-s, 3413.
5. M. 2. Rashid, *ower .le#troni#s, Cir#-its, !evi#es, and 600li#ations,
700er Saddle River, N8) *earson/*renti#e 2all, 599:.
;. www.wi<i0edia.or/
:. Ieee=0lore.ieee.or/
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