Australia Post 1945

Aboriginals
KINSHIP- complex system of belonging and responsibility within a clan based on
familial and totem relations that govern daily Aboriginal life by determining clan
issues
Significant because: Assigns responsibility to transmit knowledge of the
dreaming from elders to younger generations
OBLIGATIONS TO LAND AND PEOPLE
Land is of great importance because:
- Aboriginals regard land as mother and work to deepen appreciation
and understanding of land
Dreaming is inextricably connected to the land because:
- Land is the physical meaning from which dreaming is communicated
- Land provides the foundation for Aboriginal beliefs, traditions, rituals
and laws
Ancestral beings dwell in the land and therefore:
- hese are the identity of the people
- hus, identity of Aboriginal people is connected to the land
CEREMONIAL LIFE
Art- used to communicate the dreaming
- !mportant way of communicating dreaming as it illustrates actions of
ancestral beings in the land
Stories- describe the Aboriginal law and lifestyle
- Describe how ancestral beings move through land creating nature
- "rovide foundation for Aboriginal existence by explaining creation and
sharing how dreaming shapes daily life
- !mportant as a socialisation process as it teaches children right and
wrong
#ituals- found from dreaming, help to relive the actions of ancestor spirits
- !mportant as they relieve activities of ancestor spirits
- Ancestors made present through words, movement, people, ob$ects
otems- represent individual as they existed in the dreaming
- %orm of animal, plant or natural phenomena
- Links individual and ancestor spirit
- otems carry ceremonial responsibilities &balance rights'
()g) if your totem was a *angaroo, you have a right to protect
*angaroos and have responsibility over their actions
SEPARATION FROM KINSHIP GROUPS
+hat happened,
-hildren taken away from home to assimilate to +hite culture &attitude, habits
ways of life'
.nce /stolen0, didn0t get to live their own traditional Aboriginal culture
&rituals, ceremonies, responsibilities never learnt' therefore, Aboriginal culture
died out
+hat is the conse1uence,
oday, has led to demoralisation and depression for many Aboriginal people
Stereotyped as la2y, alcoholics, drug users
#esulted in loss of language
Ability to pass on beliefs, rituals, stories in an authentic way was destroyed
#esulted in loss of kinship system
"assing on of dreaming for younger generations was destroyed
STOLEN GENERATION
+hat happened,
Aboriginal children removed from homes between 3455-3467 to assimilate
them to be +hite and adapt to +hite culture
half-caste0s generally taken as they were closer to being white, therefore
+hite culture became entrenched much easier'
8uman #ights and (1ual .pportunity -ommission &3449' issued the
/:ringing them home0 report which told of the horrific conditions Aboriginal
children were forced to face
+hat is the conse1uence,
8ad a very destructive effect on Aboriginal identity
Separation from elders prohibited learning traditional languages and
practices therefore, severed ties with dreaming
#emoval from land meant they could no longer fulfil ritual responsibilities
e)g) otems
Protection Policy- &!ssues by +hite Australians'
- #emove Aboriginal children from traditional environments and protect them in safer
-hristian missions and reserves
Assiil!tion Policy- &!ssued by +hite Australians'
- :reed Aboriginals out of existence by introducing them to +hite culture
L!n" Ri#$ts Mo%eent- !mportant movement in helping Aboriginal people re-
establish spiritual links with land lost as a result of (uropean settlement
Land is the spiritual medium through which dreaming is lived and communication;
therefore, Aboriginal people need it in order to fulfil rituals, ceremonies, and culture)
NATI&E TITLE- communal or individual rights or interests of Aboriginals in
relation to traditional land and water
Aboriginals claim <ative itle based on dreaming stories, totem locations and
elders original possession of land
NATI&E TITLE ACT
!ntroduced =anuary 344>
Allowed Aboriginal people ownership of traditional land, legally
!n order to claim <ative itle, must meet 7 prere1uisites
3) Land must not be owned by anyone else
- his included governments and individuals
7) Aboriginal people must show a continuing connection with this piece of
land since 36??
- his was very hard to prove as Aboriginals don0t base themselves
around written contracts due to their native lifestyle
@ery small portion and percentage of Australian land is owned by Aboriginal
people through <ative itle because:
Aost land is already owned by other people or institutions
!nsufficient proof could be provided
MABO
=une 3447, 8igh -ourt of Australia ruled in favour of (ddie Aabo0s action
#uled that Australia was occupied by Aboriginal people in 36?? when :ritish
settlement took over
.verturned erra <ullius /land belonging to no one0
!ntroduced /<ative itle Act0, giving awareness and ownership of Aboriginal
people to their traditional land
<ow part of Australian law
'IK
3449, 8igh -ourt of Australia ruled in favour of +ik0s action
!mportant to answer 1uestions not answered in Aabo court case
+ik people argued that they could have <ative itle on all local, pastoral land
8igh -ourt ruled in their favour and decided that <ative itle rights of
Aboriginal people and the rights of "astoral leaseholders could co-exist
together
(1ual ownership of land
Australia Post 1945
Religious Expression 1945- Present
CHANGING PATTERNS AND CENSUS DATA
-hristianity
-hurch of (ngland &Anglican' went from B4C of population in 34>6 to 3?C
in 7559
-atholicism has risen from 75C in 34>6 to 7DC in 7559
-hristianity has decreased, yet remains most popular religion in Australia
&9>C -hristian'
raditional -hurches &"resbyterian, -ongregational, Aethodist' experienced
downturn losing 3DC since 3449
<ewer "entecostal -hurch had 7DC increase since 3449
:aptist, -atholic, .rthodox -hurches had significant gains of up to ?C since
3449
/.ther -hristian0 increased 34C since 3449
.ther #eligions
.ther #eligions increased from 5)DC of population in 34>6 to D)9C in 7559
Large, rapid growth in other mainstream religions
:uddhism &7)3C'
8induism &5)6C'
!slam &3)6C'
=udaism &5)>C'
8induism grew fastest, closely followed by :uddhism and !slam and lastly,
=udaism
raditional Aboriginal religion decreased losing B5C of practitioners between
3449 and 7553
/<o #eligion0
!n 34>6, 5)BC of population were no religion, stayed static until 3463 when it
rose to 9)6C suddenly
oday, 79C of population no religion
/<ot statedE inade1uately described0 33)3C in 34>6 stayed nearly the same at
33)6C in 3449, and today, 33)7C despite population doubling since 34>6
THE CURRENT RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE
C$risti!nity !s t$e M!(or Reli#ion
Still main religion in Australia &9BC of population' due to historical factors
%irst fleet arrival brought ma$ority of Anglican settlers as well as
"resbyterians and Aethodists) .nly 35C were -atholic
"ost first fleet settlers were predominately Anglican making population
almost exclusively -hristian
!mmigration #estriction Act &3453' allowed (uropean immigrants
only, bringing ma$ority of -hristian adherents ensuring the
demographic stay the same for at least D5 years
(ffects of Aigration
After ++3, further migration from (urope encouraged saw more -hristian
adherents
After ++7, other (uropean nations encouraged to migrate to Australia &i)e)
Freece' brought other -hristian denominations to Australia such as (astern
.rthodox &i)e) Freek .rthodox'
+ith the relaxation of the +hite Australia policy in the 34D50s and its
abolition in 346B, Australia has seen increasing diversity of faiths, however
most remain :ritish and therefore -hristian
!nstitutionalisation of -hristianity
!nstitutionalisation of -hristianity within Australia has made it the
predominant religion in Australia
(arly settlers were -hristian and it was these people who enforced law and
government which is based upon -hristian ideals
"ublic holidays are based around -hristian calendar, (aster and -hristmas
-hurch schools and universities have increased
-hristian -haritable foundations such as St @incent de "aul have had
significant impact
+ide range of -hristian books, maga2ines, websites further promoting
-hristianity throughout Australia
Significant rends
-hristianity decreased due to introduction of other mainstream religions due to
migration
Large, traditional -hristian churches such as Anglican and Gniting have lost
large members due to ageing population and low birth rate, switching and
movement to /no religion0
Smaller, traditional -hristian churches such as "entecost and :aptist are
steadily increasing
-atholic remains steady due to immigration
(astern .rthodox members are rising due to immigration and it is these
-hurches which have a /young0 profile
Ii#r!tion
"ost-+ar !mmigration
<umber of people fleeing destroyed countries and immigrating to Australia
after ++7 changed the -hristian face of Australia
Assisted "assage Scheme implemented to encourage :ritish migration to
Australia to increase population, and was then spread to other (astern
(uropean countries
increased #oman -atholics and (astern .rthodox
more communities, churches, schools and other social fixtures had to be
built for the increase of new religious adherents
After++7, =ewish population began to increase evident that the =ewish
population in Australia was very small before ++7, consisting of =ews only
from the first fleet
8ungarian revolution, expulsion of =ews from (gypt in the Sue2 conflict
and South African apartheid saw rise in =ewish
36C of =ewish population arrived after 34?5
3465s and @ietnam +ar
"rior to the 3465s, the main religious adherents were -hristian
Abolition of +hite Australia policy in 346B saw Australia become a
multicultural society who accepted many different religious adherents
@ietnam +ar displaced more than 7 million !ndo--hinese people, 375555
came to Australia for refuge
Large increase in :uddhism and 8induism &@ietnam, -ambodia, Aalaysia,
hailand'
!ncrease in #oman -atholics
-hanges to !mmigration Laws
"rior to !mmigration #estriction Act &3453', there had been a mere >B55
8indu0s living in Australia, 3449 there were 3>?555 8indu adherents
Abolition of +hite Australia "olicy saw a rise in multiculturalism within
Australia and a wider acceptance of other religious traditions
!slam in Australia
!slam first introduced to Australia in 3??7 when thousand of camel drivers
from Afghanistan, "akistan and the Aiddle (ast came to Australia to work on
telegraph lines and railways
!mmigration #estriction Act did not allow them to become citi2ens
%irst ma$or influx of Auslims arrived with urkish -ypriot Auslims fleeing
++7 refugee camps
Significant members started to arrive with Lebanese Auslims fleeing civil war
!n 7559, the fastest growing source of refugees was from Sudan
!ra1 war has seen an increase in refugees from Afghanistan and !ra1
Diverse religion, expanding from 95 different countries of both Sunni and
Shi0a
67C of Auslims under the age of BD, 7C over the age of 95
Auch higher birth rates than general population and over 3EB were born in
Australia so religion is expected to rise
Denoin!tion!l S)itc$in#
Switching from one sector E denominate of a particular -hurch to another to
suit lifestyle and feel comfortable and well catered for
-ontrasts to historic patterns where families remained with the one
denomination for many generations
Significance of lifetime loyalty to one particular church diminished due to
growing individualism within lives
!ncreased proliferation of finding meaning in life to cater for different tastes
and individualistic lifestyle
-hristian -hurch Denominational Switching
"ast two decades has seen dramatic swing away from liberal churches to the
more conservative
"entecostal -hurch grew by >7C from 34?9-3443
"entecostal -hurch grew by 7DC from 3449-7559
- .nly a small percentage of those numbers were from people with no
church background
"entecostal -hurch has grown in popularity because:
"eople switching here to relive older and more traditional religions
"entecost allows for bored devotees to become excited about religion again
+ho switches and why,
"eople under the age of >5 switch as they are less likely to view a lifetime
loyalty to a church as important, whereas people over 95 do
-hristians more likely to switch denominations than any other religious faith
as they move to explore and seek stronger -hristian faiths, re$ecting light Fod
churches
rends show a sway to more conservative churches throughout the +estern
world due to sense of exclusivity that these churches provide
- Freater demands placed on members and stronger commitment
re1uired e)g) "entecostal church
Switch to conservative churches can also be explained by the fact that Fod
is presented as being closely involved in human life as well as having more
dynamic services on offer
-onservative churches aggressively evangelistic with successful
conversion methods
-onservative churches have also lost many members out of the -hristian faith
all together, with "entecostal churches losing the greatest amount
%amily breakdown and Denominational switching
-hildren of divorced parents 9>C more likely to cease identifying with family
faith than those with non-divorced parents
%ollowing patterns found:
-atholics 7 times more likely to switch to a moderate "rotestant
denomination, 7)D times more likely to switch to a conservative "rotestant
denomination
"rotestants twice as likely to switch to -atholicism
- .verall, due to the seeking of a stronger religious community
Ne) A#e Reli#ion
Differ from traditional churches as they lack any single unifying creed or
doctrine
<o 8oly text, no central organisation, no formal leadership
%astest growing religious faiths in 7553 census, increasing by 3>5C since
3449
8istory
<ew Age practices became popular from 34950s to 34650s as a reaction to the
failure of -hristianity and Secular 8umanism to provide spiritual and ethical
guidance for the future
#oots of new Age practices traceable in many religious origins including
8induism, +icca, <eopagan traditions
movement began in (ngland where many of the above religious origins
were well established and 1uickly became international
:asic :eliefs
Monism- all that exists is derived from single source of divine energy
Pantheism- all that exists is Fod; Fod found within self through entire
universe
Reincarnation- after death, reborn to live a new life as a different human being
Karma- good or bad deeds we do throughout life accumulate to determine if
we are rewarded or punished in our next life
Aura- energy field surrounding the body which determines individuals state of
mind or physical health
Universal religion- Fod is perceived as the /mountain0 which all religions seek
to reach, there are many different paths to reach 8im
Age of Aquarius- notion that (arth moved into the planetary constellation of
A1uarius in the nineteenth century which caused the gradual ushering in of a
new world order which banishes war, disease, pollution, racism, poverty
<ew Age practices
Aeditation, astrology, divination, holistic health &acupuncture, message',
crystals, channelling the dead, feng shui
#easons for growth in popularity
Disillusionment with Fovernment by many after @ietnam +ar led to further
1uestioning of traditional authority structures such as the church
-hristianity was seen as failing to provide spiritual or ethical guidance
Aedia began to release stories of -atholic church clergymen involved in
sexual abuse
Frowing emphasis of autonomy and individualistic lifestyle throughout
society with more obligation on fulfilling and satisfying the needs of self
rather than the community
"eople currently seeking spiritual insight as a reaction to the unsettled and
turbulent nature of the times we live in
<ew Age #eligion itself says popularity is a result of the Age of A1uarius and
the coming of the utopian world
Sec*l!ris
+hat is Secularism,
he stance of stating /<o religious affiliation0 or people who have
/inade1uately described0 or /not stated0 their religious belief
Secularism is to be free from religion or spirituality
Secular systems are based on reason, fact and scientific analysis and therefore
differ from religious systems which are based on divine light and spirituality
Secularists believe policies and decisions made by governments should be
completely separate from religious influence which they believe has the right
to $eopardise the freedom and rights of citi2ens
#easons for popularity
Secularism is a key feature of democracy and therefore champions the notion
of freedom from religion
.ne theory suggests popularity has increased as ideals of seventeenth century
enlightenment are being reintroduced)
belief in supernatural, spirituality or divine is best comprehended through
reason, science and logic
Another theory states that secularism has increased due to social changes that
have occurred post @ietnam +ar)
led to 1uestioning of many governments and related authorities including
the -hurch
%inal theory states that traditional churches were beginning to be viewed by
some as part of an /unholy trinity0 which only had self interest in mind
Secularism and #eligious intolerance
Disenchantment with traditional religious churches combined with changing
viewpoints on religion in recent decades has led to religious intolerance
religious intolerance is viewed as having the power to lead to social
estrangement or at worst, 8oly war
!nfluenced by the many wars throughout history which have been caused by
the basis of religion
Secularism and the individual
3495s and 3465s saw nearly all Australians being affiliated with a religious
denomination and Sunday -hurch was seen as an integral component of life
oday however, there is less emphasis on conforming and more emphasis of
the autonomy of the individual for freedom and rights
increased freedom has seen increase in secularism
religion now viewed as a personal and private decision
8umanist societies
Ailestone for secularism in Australia was the introduction of the Australian
8umanist Society in the 3495s followed by the formation of many 8umanist
groups throughout Australia
Aade great impact on secularism in Australia
right to be married by civil celebrant rather than a church clergy became
official in 346B- today D5C of people married by civil celebrant
steady decline in church attendance and clergy recruitment figures
ECUMENICAL MO&EMENT 'ITHIN CHRISTIANIT+
T$e N!tion!l Co*ncil o, C$*rc$es -NCCA.
(cumenical organisation bringing together a number of Australian churches in
dialogue and practical cooperation
:egan with Australian -ommittee for the +orld -ouncil of -hurches which
developed into Australian -ouncil of -hurches and then into <--A in 344>
.riginally, the movement was for -hristian unity within Australia between
Anglican and "rotestant churches only
3495s, (astern and .riental .rthodox churches $oined
344> after opening of @atican !!, #oman -atholic church $oined
oday 3D different church variants apart of <--A
Aore conservative, evangelical denominations such as :aptists and
"entecostal churches have failed to $oin <--A due to:
reluctance to accept validity of ecumenical dialogue with churches
possessing doctrines at variance with their own
!mpact of <--A
8elped create positive relationships throughout many (astern and +estern
churches which continue to last today through dialogue and practical
cooperation so there is no conflict or tensions between -hristian
denominations
<--A works through a number of commissions, networks and programs
including the -hristian +orld Services &-+S' which is responsible for
international programs such as Aake "overty 8istory and the <ational
"rogram on #efugees and Displaced "eople &<"#D"'
<"#D" helped to resettle and protect hundreds of refugees in horrific
conditions from countries such as Afghanistan, !ra1 and (ast imor
Assisted asylum seekers by creating /8ouses of +elcome0, offering (nglish
classes and free accommodation
<--A sponsors <ational Aboriginal and orres Straight !slander (cumenical
-ommission &<AS!(-'
#epresents !ndigenous Australians from -hristian faiths
Aims to support indigenous issues, reconciliation and education whilst
helping sustain Aboriginal spirituality and theology
<--A Special pro$ects
Jubilee campaign- debt $ustice for impoverished nations
Safe as Churches project- confronts reality of sexual abuse by clergy and
church workers
eca!e to "vercome #iolence $"#%- developing interfaith relationships for
faiths to live in harmony together
<--A is a founding member partner in Australian national dialogue
between -hristians, Auslims and the =ewish
- seeks to understand key concepts in each religion that have led to
misunderstanding
NS' Ec*enic!l Co*ncil
(stablished in 34>9 to be the instrument through which its member churches
celebrate and manifest their unity to understand each others faith
Affiliated with <--A
oday possesses 39 member churches, but, like <--A conservative churches
have refused to $oin
Sponsors a variety of social and charitable initiatives overlapped by the <--A
()g) the promotion of the -hristmas bowl throughout <S+ which helps to
support thousands of people in needing countries such as the Aiddle (ast,
Africa and Asia at -hristmas time
Social =ustice "rogram
hrough its social $ustice program, the <S+ (cumenical -ouncil also seeks to
address issues of $ustice and e1uity for all people especially AS!
Ainistry and refugee "rogram helps asylum seekers, refugees, immigrants and
detainees)
Local (cumenism !nformation *it provided by the <S+ (cumenical -ouncil
contains strategies and resources to guide people to work ecumenically
INERFAITH DIAGLOGUE
Inter,!it$ Di!lo#*e in M*lti-,!it$ A*str!li!
Australia is a multicultural society and whilst this is positive, it can lead to
many misunderstandings and clashes in belief, particularly throughout
religious faiths
Australian -hristians believe =esus -hrist is Fod and the Aessiah,
Australian =ews believe =esus -hrist was a prophet and that calling him Fod is
blasphemous whilst Australian Auslims believe =esus -hrist was a minor
prophet
-lashes in belief have been the result of much blood shed, war and violence
throughout history
he role of !nterfaith Dialogue
!t is when representatives from different religious traditions meet together
peacefully to talk and exchange information about their respective faiths and
clear up misunderstandings
<ot about debate or attempts to proselytise
.ne example was the Australian <ational Dialogue of -hristians, Auslims
and =ews in 755B by the <--A
purpose was to provide opportunities for faiths to build understandings and
harmony whilst clarifying issues
!nternational Dialogue
!n December 755>, 3> countries with ten interfaith delegates met in !ndonesia
for the purpose of friendly dialogue)
+as initiated by %oreign Ainister, Alexander Downer who stated that religion
may well be the key to /cracking the global tensions problem0
-ebu Dialogue
Aarch 7559, delegates from 3D different countries met in the "hilippines for
-ebu dialogue and concluded that
interfaith dialogue builds upon understanding, good will and relationships
interfaith cooperation plays a central role in fostering peace and security
interfaith dialogue is essential in de-linking religions from terror
Aade a call for religions to recognise pluralism, multiculturalism and peace
and to develop openness and respect for other faiths, traditions and cultures
#eligious leaders
Dr Ameer Ali &"resident of Australian %ederation of !slamic -ouncils' stated
that interfaith dialogue was essential to /understand each other0
Archbishop Feorge "ell made a point that interfaith dialogue is something that
needs to be done now while peaceful relationships are still possible before
there is a clash
Limitations of !nterfaith Dialogue
:elief that there is a point where important differences cannot be overlooked
-ontroversy that some people are trying to /water-down0 and distort their
religious beliefs in a desperate attempt to reconcile between other religions
Aany believe that a Fod cannot be revitalised to be right for all
ABORIGINAL SPIRITUALITIES AND RECONCILIATION
A/ori#in!l s0irit*!lities1 reli#io*s tr!"itions !n" Reconcili!tion
+hat is #econciliation,
#econciliation is the term given to the process whereby AS! people and non-
AS! people can move into the future with a new relationship based on mutual
recognition, understanding and respect
Aistakes of the past such as dispossession of land and the stolen generation
must be acknowledged and dealt with for harmony to exist
#econciliation therefore encompasses issues such as Land #ights, <ative itle
as well as initiatives designed to help psychological trauma of AS! people
healing AS! spirituality
#econciliation is a long process which began with the 3496 referendum
allowing AS! people the right to vote and the Australian government the
authority to make laws in the interest of AS! people
Aost churches have helped facilitate reconciliation
-atholic -hurch and #econciliation
+hen "ope =ohn "aul !! visited Alice Springs in 34?9, he stated /there is the
need for $ust and proper settlement that lies unachieved in Australia0
since then, -atholic -hurch has made many positive moves toward
#econciliation
344?, $oined with other churches to issue a statement called /owards
#econciliation in Australian Society- #econciliation and Aboriginal
Australians0 which argued for the settlement of differences between AS! and
non-AS! people
-A#!AS Australia has called for more assistance to AS! due to the ongoing
psychological trauma of the "rotection and Assimilation "olicies
-atholic :ishops -onference Australia established a commission concerned
with relations between the church and Aboriginal -ommunities
<ational #econciliation +eek sees a week of -atholic !nitiatives promoting
reconciliation particularly regarding Aboriginal health
"ope :enedict0s recent address to Australia, encouraging ongoing help for
AS! people
Anglican -hurch and #econciliation
Anglican -hurch expressed its support for #econciliation at the 344? Feneral
Synod and encouraged a number of enterprises designed to facilitate the
process
"rovides funding to <ational Aboriginal and orres Straight !slander
(cumenical -ommission &<AS!(-', giving a voice to AS! people and
helping rebuild AS! communities
Anglicare Australia and the Anglican :oard of Aissionaries formed the
Anglican #econciliation +orking Froup which provides accommodation,
health care, family support for AS! communities
Steps have been taken to support training of AS! people
<ational trust fund for AS! :ishops has been established
#eturn of land to local AS! communities at a diocesan level
Gniting -hurch and #econciliation
Gniting Aboriginal and !slander -hristian -ongress, ownsville works with
AS! people to promote healing and reparation of past wrongs
Gniting -hurch <ational Assembly made formal apology to AS! people to
policies of the past and made a pledge for a better future
Hueensland :aptist -onvention Annual Assembly, 3446 released a statement
encouraging reconciliation by acknowledging past wrongs
he <--A and #econciliation
<--A acknowledged that many of its member churches played a part in the
stolen generations
!ssued a public statement on the /:ringing hem 8ome0 report making
recommendations in support of #econciliation
he +eek of "rayer for #econciliation
+eek of "rayer for #econciliation began in 344B with the express goal of
providing interfaith week of prayer, thought and reflection with the common
goal of reconciliation
!ncludes all faiths, including !slam, :uddhism and 8induism
!s done to /devote time to prayer, thought and reflection on the soul of a nation
and the relationship between !ndigenous and non-!ndigenous Australians0
-hristianity and Aboriginal raditions
Attempts at reconciliation by various religious traditions have helped to bring
out acceptance of syncretisation of -hristian and Aboriginal religious ideas
()g) Aany Aboriginal clergy incorporate !ndigenous symbols and rituals
from their own culture to express -hristian concepts
- Gse !ndigenous coconut milk instead of wine and damper or yam
instead of bread
- -hristian stories often retold with an !ndigenous slant &instead of fire,
they talk about fire sticks'
- #ed ochre used instead of ashesEoil on forehead
- "rayers able to be told in !ndigenous languages