BIO IMPLANTABLE ANTENNAS FOR

TELEMETRY APPLICATIONS
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of
M. Tech
in
Communication Systems
By
MODEPALLI NAGAR!NA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS "
COMM!NICATION ENGINEERING
NATIONAL INSTIT!TE OF TEC#NOLOGY
TIR!C#IRAPALLI$%&''()
DECEMBER &'(*
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project titled BIO IMPLANTABLE ANTENNAS FOR
TELEMETRY APPLICATIONS is a bonafide record of the work done by
MODEPALLI NAGAR!NA +&',((&'&)-
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Maste. o/
Techno0o1y in Communication Systems of the NATIONAL INSTIT!TE OF
TEC#NOLOGY2 TIR!C#IRAPALLI2 during the year 2013-201!
D..S.RAG#A3AN

"roject #uide $ead of the %epartment
"roject &i'a-'oce held on
Inte.na0 E4amine. E4te.na0 E4amine.
ii
ABSTRACT
(ince the introduction of implantable pacemakers in the early 1)*0s+
implantable medical de'ices ha'e become more and more interesting for health care
ser'ices! ,owadays+ the de'ices designed to monitor physiological data from inside
the human body ha'e great promises to pro'ide major contributions to disease
pre'ention+ diagnosis and therapy! -urthermore+ minimally in'asi'e de'ices allow
reducing hospitali.ation terms+ thus impro'ing the patient/s quality of life!
"lanning how transmitting information from inside the body to the e0ternal
world requires a multidisciplinary approach! (uch a challenging task combines
concepts+ models and applied solutions drawing from se'eral fields+ including
electromagnetism+ electronics+ biology+ and package engineering! 1ore specifically+
this work focuses on antennas to be integrated in implantable de'ices with far field
data telemetry capabilities! Among its components+ the antenna plays a key role! The
presence of the human body+ which is 2hostile3 to radio frequency propagation+ the
need of miniaturi.ation and the necessity of biocompatibility participate all in
determining the final characteristics of implantable antennas!
The analysis is built upon the fundamental theory of antennas in lossy matter+
the features of electrically small radiators and the modeling of the human body! This
approach allows a clear identification of the main challenges related to implantable
antennas+ thus setting a solid base for the work presented further on! -or instance+
biocompatible insulation was found of paramount importance! Accordingly+ we ha'e
elaborated and implemented physical and mathematical models showing that the
proper choice of insulating layers substantially impro'es the radiation efficiency! The
design of implantable antennas takes into account theoretical inputs+ packaging
considerations and technological constraints! Thus+ we propose an effecti'e design
strategy that combines these three aspects+ and that has been applied to design the
1icrostrip 4ectangular (piral Antenna!
5eywords6 Antennas in lossy matter+ 7io compatible insulation+ 7ody centric wireless
communications+ 8lectrically small antennas+ 9mplantable antennas+ 1edical %e'ice
4adio communications (er'ice :1ed4adio;+ (piral Antenna!
iii
AC5NO6LEDGEMENT
9 take this opportunity to e0press my sincere thanks and deep sense of
gratitude to my project guide D.. S. RAG#A3AN+ P.o/esso.+ %epartment of
8lectronics and <ommunication 8ngineering+ ,ational 9nstitute of Technology+
Tiruchirappalli for his guidance+ needy suggestions+ constant encouragement and kind
co-operation!
9 record my grateful and heartfelt thanks to P.o/. P. Somas7an8an2 #ea8 o/
the De9a.tment+ 8lectronics and <ommunication 8ngineering+ ,ational 9nstitute of
Technology+ Tiruchirappalli+ for his moral support and indispensable help throughout
the course of this project work!
9 am thankful to research scholars 1r! (! "radeep ,arayanan+ 1r! &! 4ajesh
5umar and 1s! 9maculate! (! 4osaline for their timely help! -inally 9 would like to
thank to all teaching and non-teaching staff+ my classmates and my parents for their
sincere help to complete this project without any problem!
1=%8"A>>9 ,A#A4?@,A
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Tit0e Pa1e No.
ABSTRACT iii
AC5NO6LEDGEMENT i:
TABLE OF CONTENTS :
LIST OF FIG!RES :ii
LIST OF TABLES :iii
GLOSSARY i4
C#APTER ( INTROD!CTION
1!1 ='er'iew 1
1!2 =bjecti'e 2
1!3 =rgani.ation of Thesis 2
C#APTER & MICROSTRIP PATC# ANTENNAS
2!1 ='er'iew of 1icrostrip Antenna
2!2
(tructure of 1icrostrip "atch Antenna
A
2!3 1erits and %e 1erits *
2!3!1 1erits *
2!3!2 %e 1erits *
2! -eed Techniques B
2!!1 1icrostrip >ine -eed B
2!!2 <oa0ial -eed C
2!!3 Aperture <oupled -eed )
2!! "ro0imity <oupled -eed )
2!A %esign 8quations for 1icro (trip "atch Antenna by
Transmission >ine 1odel
10
C#APTER * DESIGN OF IMPLANTABLE ANTENNAS
3!1 9ntroduction 1
3!2 (alient Aspects of a Direless 9mplantable (ystem for %ata
Telemetry

1A
3!3 -requency 7ands+ "ower >imits and >ink 7udget 1B
3! (pecifications and 80isting (olutions 1C
3!!1 #eneral 4equirements 1C
3!!2 %ifferences between 9mplantable Antennas and #eneral
1iniaturi.ed Antennas

1)
3!!3 @sual %esign "rocedure 1)
C#APTER ; SIM!LATION RES!LTS
!1 $-(( (91@>AT9=, 20
!1!1 %esign parameters for antenna radiating in 9(1 band 20
!1!2 4eturn >oss and Antenna 7andwidth 21
!1!3 &(D4 "lot 21
!1! 4adiation "attern "lot 22
!2 %esign parameters for antenna radiating in 1ed4adio band 23
!2!1 4eturn >oss and Antenna 7andwidth 2
v
C#APTER ) CONCL!SION 2A
APPENDI< A
#FSS 2*
REFERENCES 2B
LIST OF FIG!RES
Fi1u.e No. Tit0e Pa1e No
1!1 $ome healthcare system with a wireless implantable
de'ice working in a D7A,
1
2!1 (tructure of 1icrostrip "atch Antenna A
2!2 <ommon (hapes of 1icrostrip "atch 8lements A
2!3 1icrostrip >ine -eed B
2! "robe fed 4ectangular 1icrostrip "atch Antenna C
2!A Aperture-coupled feed )
2!* "ro0imity-coupled -eed 10
2!B +a- 1icrostrip >ine and 8lectric -ield >ines 10
+=- 1icrostrip "atch Antenna 11
+c- Top &iew of Antenna and (ide &iew of Antenna 12
vi
3!1 (alient aspects of a wireless implantable system for
data telemetry
1A
!1 $-(( 1odel of designing an antenna radiating in 9(1
band
20
!2 4eturn loss graph of the antenna 21
!3 &(D4 "lot 22
!
!A
!*
8le'ation pattern of the antenna in theta direction
$-(( 1odel of designing an antenna radiating in
1ed4adio band
4eturn loss graph of the antenna
22
23
2
LIST OF TABLES
Ta=0e No. Tit0e Pa1e No
1!1 -requency 7ands 1ain <haracteristics! 1B
1!2 80amples of "ower >ink 7udgets from 9mplant to
7ase (tation
1B
vii
GLOSSARY
Antenna> 9s a transducer+ an impedance matching de'ice+ a radiator!
Ana0ysis> %etermination of output knowing the input and system details!
Antenna E//iciency> 4atio of radiated power to the input power!
Antenna measu.ement> A part of the analysis of antenna parameters!
Antenna im9e8ance o. In9ut im9e8ance> 4atio of input 'oltage of the
antenna to its input current!
Ba0un > 7alanced to @nbalanced!
B.oa8 si8e a..ay> 1a0imum radiation is along the perpendicular to the
lineEarray
Desi1n> %etermination of system details knowing the input and output
parameters!
E0ect.ic /ie08 st.en1th +E-> 9s the force per one coulomb!
En8 /i.e a..ay> Dhose main beam is along the a0is of the array!
Int.insic im9e8ance o/ an antenna> <ritical input impedance of an ideal
basic radiating structure!
Ma1netic /ie08 st.en1th +#-> 9s the current per meter width!
viii
MET#OD OF MOMENT +MOM-> 1ethod useful for finding field distribution in
the slot!
Mic.ost.i9 Patch antenna> 1ade from patches of conducting material on a
dielectric substrate abo'e a ground plane!
Po?e. 9atte.n> 9t is the 'ariation of radiated power with F
Ra8iation Intensity6 "ower radiated per unit solid angle!
3S6R :(;6 4atio of ma0imum 'alue to the minimum 'alue!

ix