Analytical Formulation for the

Temperature Prole by Duhamels

Theorem in Bodies Subjected
to an Oscillatory Heat Source
Jun Wen
M. M. Khonsari
1
Dow Chemical Endowed Chair in Rotating Machinery
Fellow ASME
e-mail: Khonsari@me.lsu.edu
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Louisiana State University,
2508 CEBA,
Baton Rouge, LA 70803
An analytical technique is presented for treating heat conduction
problems involving a body experiencing oscillating heat ux on its
boundary. The boundary heat ux is treated as a combination of
many point heat sources, each of which emits heat intermittently
based on the motion of the ux. The working function of the in-
termittent heat source with respect to time is evaluated by using
the Fourier series and temperature prole of each point heat
source is derived by using the Duhamels theorem. Finally, by
superposition of the temperature elds over all the point heat
sources, the temperature prole due to the original moving heat
ux is determined. Prediction results and verication using nite
element method are presented for an oscillatory heat ux in a
rectangular domain. DOI: 10.1115/1.2424236
Keywords: oscillating heat ux, point heat source, Fourier series,
Duhamels theorem
1 Introduction
Many heat conduction problems are concerned with a moving
heat source traversing along over one of the boundaries, for ex-
ample, as a result of a solid sliding back and forth on another
body. The heat generated within the contact region is due to fric-
tion, whose magnitude is dependent on the friction coefcient,
sliding velocity, and pressure in the contact area. Depending on
the thermomechanical properties of the bodies, part of the inter-
facial heat transfers to the sliding body and the rest conducts into
the stationary solid. Thus relative to the respective coordinate sys-
tems attached to each body, the sliding body is subject to a xed
heat source, and the stationary body is subject to a moving heat
source. The temperature rise at the interface has a signicant ef-
fect on the tribological behavior of the contact materials, causing
the materials to distort, which in turn affects the contact geometry,
pressure distribution, and the temperature. In some applications,
depending on the operating conditions, a positive feedback loop
develops where the contact pressures and temperature become ex-
ceedingly high leading to gross surface damage and ultimately
failure of the system. Thus, an efcient methodology for predic-
tion of the temperature eld as a function of time is needed at the
design stage.
Pioneering work on the moving heat source problems was re-
ported by Blok 1 with particular interest in the meshing of gear
teeth giving rise to the concept of ash temperature. The work
was later extended by Jaeger 2 who expressed the surface tem-
perature of each solid in terms of heat ux. Tian and Kennedy 3
analyzed the surface temperature rise for a semi-innite body due
to different moving heat sources for the entire range of Peclet
number using a Greens function method. Ju and Farris 4 and
Gao and Lee 5 developed a transient temperature model based
on the fast Fourier transform method, respectively. Qiu and Cheng
6 did a numerical simulation of the temperature rise for a three-
dimensional rough surface sliding against a smooth surface in
mixed lubricated contact by the moving grid method. Hirano and
Yoshida 7 analyzed the surface temperature of semi-innite
body subjected to a rectangular heat source with reciprocating
motion. Greenwood and Greiner 8 presented an analysis of sur-
face temperature in fretting contact by assuming the source re-
mains stationary. Additional references about the models for ash
temperature can be found in Ref. 9, where the difference of the
predicted temperature among the models is investigated. With the
exception of Ref. 8,9, most of the papers focused their attention
on a unidirectional, moving heat source.
In this paper Duhamels theorem is used to analytically deter-
mine the temperature in a rectangular domain subjected to oscil-
lating heat source on its boundary, extending the semi-analytical
treatment of the problem as developed by Krishnamurthy 10.
The approach to this paper is as follows. The moving heat ux
is considered to consist of many intermittent point heat sources
and their working function f, t with respect to time is evaluated
by using the Fourier series. The temperature eld T

x, y, t of
each point heat is derived by using Duhamels theorem. Then, the
superposition of T

x, y, t over all the heat sources yields the

desired solution for Tx, y, t of the original problem. The math-
ematical formulation is illustrated in Sec. 2.
2 Mathematical Formulation
Referring to Fig. 1, consider a rectangular domain of width L
and height h on which an oscillating heat ux of magnitude q is
acting over a contact width ll L/ 2. The oscillation velocity is
. The other three sides are at constant temperature T
0
, and the
initial temperature of the domain is T
i
. Along the top surface, the
local coordinate denotes the location of a point heat source. The
heat ux extending over the width l is treated as a combination of
many point heat sources. Without the loss of generality, it is as-
sumed that the oscillation starts from the left side.
2.1 Working Function f, t of a Time-Dependent Point
Heat Source. Each point heat source on the top surface emits heat
intermittently. Referring to Fig. 2, the working function f, t for
a point heat source at x=y=h within one cycle is a periodic
square wave function with magnitude of 1 on or 0 off.
The oscillation period and the angular frequency are T=2L
l / and =2/ T=/ Ll, respectively. The function f, t
can be treated as an even function. Its Fourier series is given by
f, t = a
0
+

n=1

a
n
cosnt 1a
where
a
0
=
2
T

0
T/2
f, tdt 1b
1
Corresponding author.
Contributed by the Heat Transfer Division of ASME for publication in the JOUR-
NAL OF HEAT TRANSFER. Manuscript received December 31, 2005; nal manuscript
received July 5, 2005. Review conducted by A. Haji-Sheikh.
236 / Vol. 129, FEBRUARY 2007 Copyright 2007 by ASME Transactions of the ASME
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a
n
=
4
T

0
T/2
f, tcosntdt 1c
Then for the interval 0L, the Fourier series of f, t is
f, t =

f
1
, t if 0 l
f
2
, t if l L l
f
3
, t if L l L

2a
where
f
1
, t =

L l
+
2

n=1

1
n
sin
n
L l
cos
nt
L l
2b
f
2
, t =
l
L l
+
2

n=1

1
n

sin
n
L l

sin
n l
L l

cos
nt
L l
2c
f
3
, t =
L
L l

2

n=1

1
n
sin

n l
L l

cos
nt
L l
2d
2.2 Temperature Prole T

x, y, t of a Time-Dependent
Point Heat Source. The governing equation for time-dependent
heat conduction is

2
T

x, y, t
x
2
+

2
T

x, y, t
y
2
=
1

x, y, t
t
in 0 x L,
0 y h, t 0 3a
where T

x, y, t is the transient temperature eld of a time-

dependent point heat source at location , h, k is the thermal
conductivity of the material, and represents the thermal
diffusivity.
The boundary conditions are
T

= T
0
at x = 0, x = L, t 0 3b
T

= T
0
at y = 0, t 0 3c
k
T

y
= qx f, t at y = h, t 0 3d
where x represents the Dirac delta function dened as
x =

if x =
0 if x

3e
with

+
x dx = 1 3f
for 0, and the following property for any function gx

x gxdx = g 3g
The initial condition is
T

= T
i
at t = 0, in 0 x L, 0 y h 3h
Let
T

x, y, t =
1
x, y, t +

x, y, t 4
the solution of problem 3 becomes the superposition of the fol-
lowing two problems

1
x
2
+

2

1
y
2
=
1

1
t
in 0 x L, 0 y h, t 0

1
= T
0
at x = 0, x = L, t 0

1
= T
0
at y = 0, t 0

1
y
= 0 at y = h, t 0

1
= T
i
at t = 0 5
and

x
2
+

2

y
2
=
1

t
in 0 x L, 0 y h, t 0

= 0 at x = 0, x = L, t 0

= 0 at y = 0, t 0
k

y
= qx f, t at y = h, t 0

= 0 at t = 0 6
It can be shown that the Greens function for the problem is
Gx, y, tx, y, =
4
Lh

m=1

p=1

m
2
+
p
2
t
sin
m
xsin
p
ysin
m
xsin
p
y 7
Then the solution for problem 5 can be obtained by use of the
Greens function as
Fig. 1 A rectangular domain subject to oscillatory heat ux on
its top boundary
Fig. 2 Periodic square wave of working function of the point
heat source
Journal of Heat Transfer FEBRUARY 2007, Vol. 129 / 237
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1
= T
0
+
4T
i
T
0

Lh

m=1

p=1

1 1
m

p
e

m
2
+
p
2
t
sin
m
xsin
p
y
8a
where

m
=
m
L
m = 1, 2, , 8b

p
=
2p 1
2h
p = 1, 2, , 8c
To solve problem 6 using Duhamels theorem, the auxiliary
problem is dened as follows:

x
2
+

2

y
2
=
1

t
in 0 x L, 0 y h, t 0

= 0 at x = 0, x = L, t 0

= 0 at y = 0, t 0
k

y
= x at y = h, t 0

= 0 at t = 0 9
Then by Duhamels theorem the solution to problem 6 is written
as

x, y, t =

=0
t
qf,

x, y, t
t
d 10
Application of the same Greens function as that in Eq. 7
yields the solution for the auxiliary problem 9

x, y, t =
4
Lhk

m=1

p=1

1
p+1
sin
m

m
2
+
p
2
1 e

m
2
+
p
2
t
sin
m
xsin
p
y 11
where
m
,
p
are the same as those in Eqs. 8b and 8c,
respectively.
Introducing Eq. 11 to Eq. 10, the solution to problem 6 is
obtained as

x, y, t = q
4
Lhk

m=1

p=1

1
p+1
sin
m
xsin
p
ysin
m

=0
t
f, e

m
2
+
p
2
t
d
12
Substituting Eqs. 8a and 12 into Eq. 4, temperature prole
of a time-dependent point heat source at location , h with work-
ing function f, t is obtained as
T

x, y, t = T
0
+
4T
i
T
0

Lh

m=1

p=1

1 1
m

p
e

m
2
+
p
2
t
sin
m
xsin
p
y
+ q
4
Lhk

m=1

p=1

1
p+1
sin
m
xsin
p
ysin
m

=0
t
f, e

m
2
+
p
2
t
d
13
2.3 Transient Temperature Prole Tx, y, t for the Entire
Domain. In Eq. 13 the last term, i.e.,

x, y, t, is the only term

that accounts for the contribution of a point heat source at location
, h to the entire domain temperature. The temperature prole
Tx, y, t due to all the point heat sources is determined by inte-
grating the last term in Eq. 13 over the top surface of the domain
as
Tx, y, t =
1
x, y, t +

=0
L

x, y, td 14
Substituting Eqs. 8a and 12 into Eq. 14 and performing the
indicated operations yields the following solution for the transient
eld temperature of the entire domain
Tx, y, t = T
0
+
4T
i
T
0

Lh

m=1

p=1

1 1
m

p
e

mp
t
sin
m
xsin
p
y
+ q
4
Lhk

m=1

p=1

1
p+1
sin
m
x
sin
p
y

1 1
m

mp

m
2
L l
sin
m
l1 e

mp
t

+

n=1

S
n

n
sin
n
t +
mp
cos
n
t
mp
e

mp
t

n
2
+
mp
2
15a
where

n
=
n
L l
15b

mp
=
m
2
+
p
2
15c
S
n
=

1 1
n+m
n
sin
m
l
1

m

n
/

1

m
+
n
/
if
m

n
/ 0
1 1
n+m
n
sin
m
l
1

m
+
n
/
+
L l
n

1 cos
nl
L l

if
m

n
/ = 0

15d
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m
,
p
are determined from Eqs. 8b and 8c, respectively.
3 Results and Discussion
In this section, simulations are done using Eq. 15. Table 1
shows the input parameters. In the simulations, the truncation er-
ror is set to be 10
5
, and thus the maximum numbers of the terms
for the innite series in Eq. 15 are m=50, p=48, and n=7. A
nite element model, shown in Fig. 3, was also developed to
verify the results. The top surface is divided into 30 elements. The
ux traverses from the left to the right side after 20 steps and then
oscillates back to the left. The step time t =L/ 30/ =0.00833 s.
The user-dened subroutine DFLUX is used to apply the thermal
load of the oscillatory ux. The simulations are done using the
ABAQUS on a 3.2 GHz Pentium 4 computer. It takes about 11 h
to perform 2000 s of simulations for the oscillatory heat ux. In
contrast, the computations of the analytical solution take only a
few minutes on the same computer. The temperature contour at
the steady state is shown in Fig. 4.
Figure 5 shows a comparison between the predicted analytical
results and ABAQUS simulations for the temperature rise at loca-
tions L/ 2, h, L/ 6, h, 5L/ 6, h, and L/ 2, h/ 2 specied in Fig.
3. The analytical and numerical results are in excellent agreement.
In the analytical solution, the temperature rise at L/ 6, h is
slightly higher than that at 5L/ 6, h. The reason is that although
the geometry of the domain is symmetric along the center line in
the y direction, the motion of the ux is not exactly symmetric
because of our assumption that the ux begins to oscillate from
the left. If we assume the beginning location is at the center of the
top surface, the difference will disappear. The analytical solution
provides a direct and efcient methodology for problems involv-
ing oscillatory heat ux.
4 Concluding Remarks
In this paper, an analytical method for treating heat conduction
problems involving a body subjected to oscillating heat ux on
one of its boundaries is developed. The method can be easily
applied to the problem where the working function and fundamen-
tal solution are easily determined. Otherwise, the semi-analytical
treatment of the problem reported in Ref. 10 can be used. Pre-
diction results by the analytical solution and verication using the
nite element method are also presented. The analysis demon-
strates that the result can efciently predict the eld temperature
of such moving boundary problems or be used to verify the solu-
tion from other methods. The method can be readily extended to
three-dimensional problems as well as problems involving other
types of periodic heat ux on a boundary.
Table 1 Parameters used in the simulations
Width of the domain L m
0.3
Height of the domain h m
0.1
Length of heat ux l m
0.1
Heat ux q W/ m
2

50,000
Velocity of oscillation m/s
1.2
Thermal conductivity k W/m K
52
Thermal diffusivity m
2
/ s 10
5
Boundary temperature T
0
C
25
Initial temperature T
i
C
25
Fig. 3 Model of nite element method
Fig. 4 Temperature contour at steady state
Fig. 5 Comparison of temperature rise obtained analytically
and by the nite element method at locations L/ 2, h, L/ 6, h,
5L/ 6, h, and L/ 2, h/ 2
Journal of Heat Transfer FEBRUARY 2007, Vol. 129 / 239
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References
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