DR.

PRADIPDUTTA
DepartmentofMechanical
Engineering
IndianInstituteofScience
Bangalore
WhatisHeatTransfer?
Energyintransitduetotemperaturedifference.
Thermodynamicstellsus:
Howmuchheatistransferred(dQ)
Howmuchworkisdone(dW)
Finalstateofthesystem
Heattransfertellsus:
How(withwhatmodes) dQistransferred
Atwhatrate dQistransferred
Temperaturedistributioninsidethebody
Heattransfer Thermodynamics
complementary
MODES:
Conduction
needsmatter
molecularphenomenon(diffusionprocess)
withoutbulkmotionofmatter
Convection
heatcarriedawaybybulkmotionoffluid
needsfluidmatter
Radiation
doesnotneedsmatter
transmissionofenergybyelectromagneticwaves
APPLICATIONSOFHEAT
TRANSFER
Energyproductionandconversion
steampowerplant,solarenergyconversionetc.
Refrigerationandairconditioning
Domesticapplications
ovens,stoves,toaster
Coolingofelectronicequipment
Manufacturing/materialsprocessing
welding,casting,soldering,lasermachining
Automobiles/aircraftdesign
Nature(weather,climateetc)
(Needsmedium,Temperaturegradient)
..........
...........
............
..............
...........
.....
q
T
2
T
1
T
1
>T
2
RATE:
q(W)or(J/s)(heatflowperunittime)
......
.....
......
.....
.......
solidorstationaryfluid
Conduction
(contd)
q
T
1
T
2
k
x
A
Rateequations(1Dconduction):
q DifferentialForm
q=kAdT/dx,W
k=ThermalConductivity,W/mK
A=CrosssectionalArea,m
2
T=Temperature,Kor
o
C
x=Heatflowpath,m
q DifferenceForm
q=kA(T
1
T
2
)/(x
1
x
2
)
Heatflux:q=q/A=kdT/dx(W/m
2
)
(negativesigndenotesheattransferinthedirectionof
decreasingtemperature)
Conduction
(contd)
qExample:
The wall of an industrial furnace is constructed from 0.2 m
thick fireclay brick having a thermal conductivity of 2.0
W/mK. Measurements made during steady state operation
revealtemperaturesof1500and1250Kattheinnerandouter
surfaces, respectively. What is the rate of heat loss through a
wallwhichis0.5mby4monaside?
movingfluid
T

q
T
s
T
s
>T

vEnergytransferredbydiffusion+bulkmotionoffluid
Rateequation
(convection)
Heattransferrateq=hA(T
s
T

)W
Heatfluxq=h(T
s
T

)W/ m
2
h=heattransfercoefficient(W/m
2
K)
(notaproperty)dependsongeometry,natureofflow,
thermodynamicspropertiesetc.
q
y
y
U

T

T(y)
T
s
u(y)
U

Convection
(contd)
Freeornatural
convection(inducedby
buoyancyforces)
Forcedconvection
(inducedbyexternal
means)
Mayoccurwith
phasechange
(boiling,
condensation)
Convection
Convection
Convection(contd)
Typicalvaluesofh(W/m
2
K)
Freeconvection gases:225
liquid:50100
Forcedconvection gases:25250
liquid:5020,000
Boiling/Condensation 2500100,000
RATE:
q(W)or(J/s)Heatflowperunittime.
T
1
T
2
q
1

q
2

Flux:q(W/m
2
)
Rateequations
(Radiation)
RADIATION:
HeatTransferbyelectromagneticwavesorphotons(no
mediumrequired.)
Emissivepowerofasurface(energyreleasedperunitarea):
e=emissivity(property)
s=StefanBoltzmannconstant
E=esT
s
4
(W/m
2
)
Rateequations
(Contd.)
q
conv.
q
rad.
T
sur
Area=A T
s
Radiationexchangebetweenalargesurfaceand
surrounding
Q
rad
= es(T
s
4
T
sur
4
)W/m
2
Radiation(contd)
qExample:
Anuninsulatedsteampipepassesthrougharoominwhichthe
air and walls are at 25C. The outside diameter of pipe is 80
mm,anditssurfacetemperatureandemissivityare180Cand
0.85, respectively. If the free convection coefficient from the
surfacetotheairis6W/m
2
K,whatistherateofheatlossfrom
thesurfaceperunitlengthofpipe?