Its

1nc its
Its is a possessive pronoun showing ownership
Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005
(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)

Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to
show possession or ownership.
EG. This is your disk and that's mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)

Violation the aff incentives private sector development or exploration it doesnt
mandate federal development or exploration these are contextually distinct
McNutt, 13 - chair of the Ocean Exploration 2020 group (Marcia, The Report of Ocean Exploration
2020 http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/oceanexploration2020/oe2020_report.pdf)

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT By 2020, private sector investments in exploration technology
development specifically for the dedicated national program of exploration exceed the federal
investment, but federal partners play a key role in testing and refining new technologies.
Forum participants agreed that a top priority for a national ocean exploration program of distinction is
the development of mechanisms to fund emerging and creatively disruptive technologies to enhance
and expand exploration capabilities. In addition to the significant federal government investment in
ocean exploration technology developmentwhether by the U.S. Navy, NASA, NOAA, or other civilian
agenciesmany felt strongly that increased investment would come from the private sector to achieve
the kind of program they envisioned. Participants also felt that national program partners should
continue to play a key role in testing and refining these technologies as well as working to adapt existing
and proven technologies for exploration.
Voting issue
1. limits incentives introduce multiple new mechanisms its huge
Moran, 86 (Theodore, Investing in Development: New Roles for Private Capital?, p. 28)

Guisinger finds that if incentivesare broadly defined to include tariffs and trade controls along with tax
holidays, subsidized loans, cash grants, and other fiscal measures, they comprise more than forty
separate kinds of measures. Moreover, the author emphasizes, the value of an incentive package is just
one of several means that governments use to lure foreign investors. Other methodsfor example,
promotional activities (advertising, representative offices) and subsidized government servicesalso
influence investors location decisions. The author points out that empirical research so far has been
unable to distinguish the relative importance of fundamental economic factors and of government
policies in decisions concerning the location of foreign investmentlet alone to determine the
effectiveness of individual government instrucments.
2. negative ground they kill core negative strategies like free market counterplans



AT: No cases meet

Plenty of direct federal exploration affs
McNutt, 13 - chair of the Ocean Exploration 2020 group (Marcia, The Report of Ocean Exploration
2020 http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/oceanexploration2020/oe2020_report.pdf)

toward a national program of ocean exploration
Ocean Exploration 2020 participants agreed that there is a critical need for effective coordination among
the federal agencies in all aspects of ocean exploration and research. Likely federal budget ocean
exploration allocations for these agencies are too small for independent approaches. The community
noted that a national program must be flexible, responsive, and inclusive, and called for NOAA to act as
a coordinator and facilitator of all exploration activities. The program must have the means to grow
partnerships of all kinds to seize the opportunityand respond to the urgent need to understand the
global ocean.
Finally, Ocean Exploration 2020 participants noted the value of this National Forum and the need for
regular opportunities for the community of ocean explorers to come together. Maintaining the
momentum from Ocean Exploration 2020 is critical, and NOAA and its partners need to take advantage
of all opportunities to capture the energy and maintain the commitment of the ocean exploration
community.




Its means belonging to

Its means belonging to
Cambridge Dictionary ( Its, http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/its)
Definition
belonging to or relating to something that has already been mentioned The dog hurt its paw.
Their house has its own swimming pool.
The company increased its profits.
I prefer the second option - its advantages are simplicity and cheapness.


Aff - its
Federal ocean development occurs by permits the federal government never directly
develops anything
Winter, 9 - E&E reporter (Allison, Greenwire, White House task force crafting 'marching orders' for
managing waters 8/24, http://www.eenews.net/stories/81712/print)

The Obama administration is working to craft a new overarching national ocean policy that could change
how federal agencies address new projects at sea -- from offshore energy development to aquaculture
to marine conservation.
Top administration officials last week kicked off what will be a cross-country tour of public listening
sessions on the plan, the first public events for a group that has worked in overdrive, but under the
radar, throughout the summer to craft the new policy.
Once completed, the group's work could significantly alter marine planning and set the stage for a new
system of ocean "zoning" that would allocate marine resources among interests such as fishing, boating,
oil and gas development, shipping, renewable energy and wildlife.
The new ocean policy is intended to give a unifying voice to the 20 federal agencies and more than 140
separate laws that address aspects of ocean policy. Two major national oceans commissions
recommended the creation of an overaching ocean policy five years ago in reports that found the
marine environment is seriously depleted and disrupted by overfishing, development, pollution and
climate change.
"It is commonly understood that the lack of a cohesive policy, the lack of mechanisms to ensure the
health of the ecosystem, is one of the reasons we're seeing so many problems in the oceans," said Jane
Lubchenco, one of the administration's chief advocates for oceans as head of the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration and a member of the task force.
Lubchenco added: "It is high time we took a careful look and made a statement about what the national
oceans policy should be, to bring that all together in a cohesive fashion with clear marching orders, clear
intent for our uses of the oceans and our uses on land for things that affect the oceans."
The White House-appointed group plans to release the recommendations for a first-of-its-kind national
ocean policy next month and a framework for marine planning by the end of the year.
Its recommendations, which will go to President Obama for approval, are an attempt to address issues
such as who should oversee permits for ocean development , conflicts over shipping lanes that run into
marine mammal migration routes, wind farms poised to enter recreational areas and water pollution
from Midwest farms that kills fish in the Gulf of Mexico.
Federal ocean development occurs by creating legal frameworks to guide private
actions
Winter, 9 - E&E reporter (Allison, Greenwire, White House task force crafting 'marching orders' for
managing waters 8/24, http://www.eenews.net/stories/81712/print)

The new policy will likely provide "general guidance" to federal agencies on the national priorities for
the ocean, according to Lubchenco. Further regulations or laws may be needed to translate the guidance
into action, she said.
"But its importance shouldn't be underestimated," Lubchenco said. "There are currently no guidelines,
there is no cohesive statement about the nation's intent for the use of the waters and ecosystems under
its jurisdiction."
The next phase, the marine spatial planning framework, will set parameters for how the federal
government could approach ocean development and conservation at the ecosystem level, rather than
just project by project in different isolated agencies.
The marine plan could eventually lead to a system of zoning the ocean for different uses, mapping out
areas for different activities, such as energy development, recreation or fishing. But Lubchenco said the
task force is unlikely to come up with something that specific by the end of the year. Rather, she said the
task force will likely assemble a "road map" for how to move ahead with more specific plans.
"It's not clear how detailed we will be able to get," she said. "I think, in the time we have available, we
will be making recommendations about a fairly generic approach framing what [marine spatial planning]
is, what it looks like, who might be responsible and what it would include."


Its means associated with

Its means associated with
Dictionary.com, 9 (based on Collins English Dictionary, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/its?s=t)

its (ts)
determiner
a. of, belonging to, or associated in some way with it: its left rear wheel
b. ( as pronoun ): each town claims its is the best


Non-military

1nc Must be civilian

Non-military means they cant be associated with the armed forces in any way
Oxford Dictionaries, 14 (http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/non-military)

non-military
Line breaks: non-military
Pronunciation: /nnmlt()ri /
ADJECTIVE
Not belonging to, characteristic of, or involving the armed forces; civilian:
the widespread destruction of non-military targets
B. Violation Using the military in a non-combat role isnt non-military because it still
operates within military structure
Brown, 12 - PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London (Sylvia, Youths in non-military roles in an armed
opposition group on the Burmese-Thai border. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/15634)

a) Definition of key terms
The term youth is understood in this study to be a socially constructed emic term which, like all social
constructions, is not static, but continually re-defined by society based on the social context of the time.
The term non-military is used here to refer to roles which are not located within army or militia
structures. Since roles within military structures involve both combat and non-combat roles (army
cooks, porters, signallers and engineers, for example), the term non-combat can be used to refer to
ancillary roles within a military, which are not the focus of this study. This study is concerned with
participants outside the armed wing of an armed opposition group entirely, for instance, within its
administrative apparatus or mass organisations.
C. Voting issue

1. limits allowing the military explodes the literature base and our research burdens there are
dozens of noncombat roles like anti-piracy, counterterrorism or counternarcotics that could all facilitate
development it could be its own topic

2. predictability their interpretation makes the word non-military meaningless if military only
means formal combat roles, exploration and development are incoherent in that context.

2nc must be civilian
Theyre a non-aggressive use of the military thats substantially broader than non-
military international law establishes a brightline
Benko et al, 85 served as the legal adviser to the German Delegation in the UN Committee on the
Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS) from 1979-2013; teaches space law & policy at Aachen
University of Applied Sciences (Faculty of Aerospace Engineering)(Marietta, Space Law in the United
Nations, p. 176)

The vast literature on the subject shows, in space law, two major interpretations of'peaceful': that of
non-military and that of non-aggressive53. In international law 'non-military is defined as the
prohibition to use outer space for military activities in times of peace, whereas 'non-aggressiveness'
refers to the permission to use at least partial military precautions. The term 'non-aggressiveness'
includes the possibility to apply military activities in outer space law-fully as long as those activities do
not aim at direct attack in the sense of the United Nations definition of 'aggression'.
The concept of non-aggressiveness is, from the political point of view, therefore a much broader one
than the non-military one : it permits among other things almost all present activities in outer space
such as those of 'spy' satellites, interceptor satellites, remote sensing satellites of a certain type as well
as laser beam experiments and the use of nuclear power in outer space.
At this point it begins to be difficult for those among us who are in favour of peace on Earth as well as in
the rest of outer space, because many outer space activities, scientific or not, have up to now been
executed by military personnel*; so that, if we had to get rid of the 'non-military', this would mean that
space research as it stands would become impossible. But it would be difficult, if not impossible, to
discontinue space research, the more so since international law, and, to a smaller degree space law, do
not forbid the use of outer space for military purposes.
Including military operations other than war makes non-military meaningless and
explodes the topic
Stepanova, 2 - Candidate of Historical Sciences (E.A., Military Thought: A Russian Journal of Military
Theory and Strategy, MILITARY OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR (THE U.S. VIEW)
http://eastviewpress.net/Files/MT_FROM%20THE%20ARCHIVES_No.%203_2010_small.pdf)

The term operations other than war* itself is formulated by the rule of contraries, stressing their
specifics as opposed to conventional military operations. The change of terminology was also supposed
to symbolize the difference of the new concept, which placed a special thrust on the non-military
character of humanitarian, peacekeeping, and other suchlike operations, from the 1970s-1980s theory
of low-intensity conflicts where they were regarded as less intensive military operations. The concept of
operations other than war is by definition rather blurry : In U.S. society itself, there are plenty of
versions of their definition and classification, as reflected in the relevant documents by the Joint Chiefs
of Staff, the Department of Defense, U.S. Army field manuals, and so forth.2 The U.S. military doctrine
specifies the following main types of operations other than war:
Humanitarian operations in crisis zones that for their part include the following: assistance in natural
disasters and other emergencies (say, man-made disasters); assistance to refugees and displaced
persons; ensuring the security of humanitarian operations (facilitating access for international
humanitarian organization and service officers to disaster areas, and protection of humanitarian
personnel, columns of refugees and areas of their temporary accommodation, humanitarian aid convoys
and depots as well as seaports and airports used to deliver humanitarian aid); and technical support
say, in humanitarian mine-clearing (not directly connected with military necessity).
Peace support operations: peacekeeping operations, contingent on consent by the belligerents to the
presence of peacekeeping forces as well as non-use of force to the extent possible, even in self-
defensesay, the UN operation in Cyprus (since 1964) or Cambodia (1991-1992 and 1992-1993); and
peace enforcement operations, with none of the aforementioned limitationse.g., NATO operations in
Bosnia (since 1995) and Kosovo (since 1999).
Counterinsurgency and nation assistance (assistance in creating local (national) security agencies
training, arming, technical and information support; humanitarian and other non-emergency assistance,
etc.).
Support for insurgency (guerrilla) movements in other countries (support by the U.S. military-political
leadership for the mujahedin in Afghanistan in 1979-1989).
Noncombatant evacuation operations in zones of conflict or man-made disaster (e.g., 1991 operations
to evacuate U.S. and other citizens from Somalia and Zaire).
Sanctions enforcement (e.g., the 1993 operation along the Haitian coast) and no-fly zone enforcement
in Iraq (since 1992) and in Bosnia (since 1993).
Show of force (patrolling by U.S. Air Force of insurgency bases in the course of a coup attempt in the
Philippines in 1989).
Non-combat operations also include short-term actions to deliver pinpoint strikes, controlling
proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, arms control (inspections), and interagency military
contacts.3
Although U.S. military doctrine provides for military participation in operations other than war mainly
abroad, it allows for the use of armed forces in operations other than war also domestically. This
includes support for civilian authoritiesin dealing with strikes, emergencies and natural disasters as
well as in search-and-rescue, humanitarian, and other operations; law enforcement agenciesin
restoring public order (in the event of mass riots), protection of sensitive installations (e.g., electric
power and water intake stations, transport and communication nodes, and so forth) as well as in
counterdrug and counterterrorism operations.
Whereas some types of operations other than war provide for the use of force (say, peace
enforcement), others (humanitarian or traditional peacekeeping operations) do not. Oftentimes both
types of operation are conducted simultaneously: Humanitarian operation combined with peace
enforcement (as in Bosnia, Kosovo, etc.) is becoming standard practice. Finally, operations other than
war can be both multilateral (multinational) and unilaterali.e., conducted by one or several countries.
The most common types of operations other than war are peacekeeping and humanitarian operations.
For all the diversity of operations other than war, they have something in common, which sets them
apart from military (combat) operations per senamely, their predominantly political character.
Regardless of the role that armed forces play in an operation other than war, it serves above all political,
not military, tasks and objectives. Although military operations are in the final analysis also dictated by
political considerations, in operations other than war, political considerations prevail over all other
considerations. These operations are designed not to achieve military victory, but to avert, limit, and
settle conflicts; keep the peace and provide support to civilian authorities in internal crises; maintain
and assert influence in a particular region, and so forthnaturally, in accordance with national
interests.4 They do not include such goals as effective engagement or physical elimination of an
adversary; they are called upon to, among other things, create conditions for electoral victory by local
political forces loyal to the international community or national authorities. Operations other than war
are literally permeated with political interests and considerations on all levels while their objectives are
always limited (that is to say, are not related to the vital interests of participating countries) and can
change often and quicklycontingent on the prevailing situation. Although in theory, specific tasks
addressed by armed forces at a particular stage of an operation (say, forcible separation of belligerents)
should be subordinated to its general political tasks, in practice it is often the case that political
considerations not only do not coincide with military needs at given moment but even are in conflict
with them.

2nc not Icebreakers

Icebreakers are military ships
Bement, 8 Director, National Science Foundation (Adrien, COAST GUARD ICEBREAKING (110-154)
HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON COAST GUARD AND MARITIME TRANSPORTATION OF THE
COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, 7/16,
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110hhrg43754/html/CHRG-110hhrg43754.htm)

The other big difference is that, because the Coast Guard icebreakers are military ships and have
multiple missions, they have a much larger crew strength. Their manning is about 134 crew, officers and
crew, compared with 18 on the Oden.

2nc Coast Guard is military

The Coast Guard is part of the military
US Coast Guard, 14 - About Us, last modified 3/20, http://www.uscg.mil/top/about/)

The U.S. Coast Guard is one of the five armed forces of the United States and the only military
organization within the Department of Homeland Security. Since 1790 the Coast Guard has safeguarded
our Nation's maritime interests and environment around the world. The Coast Guard is an adaptable,
responsive military force of maritime professionals whose broad legal authorities, capable assets,
geographic diversity and expansive partnerships provide a persistent presence along our rivers, in the
ports, littoral regions and on the high seas. Coast Guard presence and impact is local, regional, national
and international. These attributes make the Coast Guard a unique instrument of maritime safety,
security and environmental stewardship.

AT: Non-combat CI

Non-military means not associated with the military, not non-combat
Wordnet, 10 - WordNet is a large lexical database of English, run by Princeton University and
supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation,
http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=nonmilitary&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o8=
1&o1=1&o7=&o5=&o9=&o6=&o3=&o4=&h=) bold in original

Adjective
S: (adj) unmilitary, nonmilitary (not associated with soldiers or the military) "unmilitary circles of
government"; "fatigue duty involves nonmilitary labor"
Non-military means civilian it excludes peacetime military roles
Bunyan, 6 Editor of Statewatch (Tony, Essays for an Open Europe,
http://www.statewatch.org/secret/essays2.htm)

There are a few other aspects to the Solana decision which are worrisome. First, the phrase "non-
military crisis management" refers to civilian aspects of crisis management, such as police and judicial
co-operation. This would exclude, for example, access to all documents relating to the new EU rapid-
reaction paramilitary police force, even with regard to policy-making matters. Second, the Solana
decision allows international organisations such as NATO and third countries such as the US to veto a
citizens access to documents if the documents have been drawn up by or in conjunction with them. For
all the rhetoric of the EU on the need for greater transparency only the Netherlands, Sweden, and
Finland voted against adoption of the Council's Solana decision.



Aff Coast Guard is topical

The Coast Guard is part of the armed forces but has a statutorily mandated non-
military function
Dolan, 5 Masters Thesis for the Naval Postgraduate School (Mark, THE SEAMLESS MARITIME
CONCEPT https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=452965)

Capability and resource redundancy is expensive. However, contingency and surge compatibility is both
necessary and appropriate. Where does appropriate compatibility and surge capacity become
unnecessary redundancy? Navy and Coast Guard discussions concerning the Coast Guard as the national
patrol boat manager, Deepwater communications and weapons systems interoperability, and
deployment schedules are outstanding examples of complementary capabilities and cooperation. While
the Navys justification for capabilities is solely dependent on defense missions, the Coast Guards
justification includes readiness for defense missions and traditional Coast Guard missions . The
redundancy discussion frequently fails to recognize that the Navy does not have a requirement to
execute non-military missions . Moreover, the Coast Guard through its statue as a law enforcement
agency and military service must be prepared for both . The same is not true of the Navy .
This doesnt mean that the Navy cannot be an appropriate supporting service during times of maritime
homeland security duress; it just means the Navy force should not be built for that secondary purpose.
The Navys warfighting capability set includes numerous assets that can augment the Coast Guard
during crisis.
Some amount of redundancy is desirable. How much redundancy is appropriate is a constantly changing,
depending of the security and defense environments, deployments, threats, resource status, etc. At a
minimum the redundancy must include a Coast Guard force structure and capability mix sized for the
non-military mission and readiness for defense missions. The Navy force structure planning and
capability mix must be sized for military missions. The Navy does not need to be built to nonmilitary
mission specifications; however, that does not preclude the use of Navy resources and capabilities in
dealing with homeland security contingency plans. A Seamless Maritime Concept would include all
resources.
Coast Guard missions are non-military despite being part of the armed forces
Garrett, 81 Thesis written for the Naval Postgraduate School (Jeffrey, Arctic Alaska and icebreaking :
an assessment of future requirements for the United States Coast Guard
http://calhoun.nps.edu/public/bitstream/handle/10945/20435/arcticalaskaiceb00garr.pdf?sequence=1)

The Coast Guard is in certain ways unique in the country's governmental structure. It is, by definition, an
armed force of the United States yet virtually the entire thrust of its peacetime role is distinctly non-
military . This dual nature is characteristic of individual operating units as well as the organization as a
whole. The sheer scope of duties is also noteworthy; there are fourteen operating programs (or major
endeavors) carried out by 38,400 uniformed personnel, 5,400 civilian employees, 11,700 selected
reservists and an auxiliary of 42,500 [Reference 160] . The Coast Guard has been descriptively
categorized with regard to these features as a dual-role, multi-mission agency: it is a military service
performing a wide range of civilian duties [Ref. 2]
Most Coast Guard missions are non-military its military capabilities are only for a
crisis
ORourke, 14 Specialist in Naval Affairs at the Congressional Research Service (Ronald, Coast Guard
Polar Icebreaker Modernization: Background and Issues for Congress 6/5,
http://fas.org/sgp/crs/weapons/RL34391.pdf)

The prepared statement of the GAO witness at a December 1, 2011, hearing before the Coast Guard and
Maritime Transportation subcommittee of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee that
focused primarily on icebreakers states:
Another alternative option addressed by the Recapitalization report would be to fund new icebreakers
through the NSF. However, the analysis of this option concluded that funding a new icebreaker through
the existing NSF budget would have significant adverse impacts on NSF operations and that the
capability needed for Coast Guard requirements would exceed that needed by the NSF.
The Recapitalization report noted that a funding approach similar to the approach used for the Healy,
which was funded through the fiscal year 1990 DOD appropriations, should be considered. However, the
report did not analyze the feasibility of this option. We have previously reported that because of the
Coast Guards statutory role as both a federal maritime agency and a branch of the military, it can
receive funding through both the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and DOD. For example, as we
previously reported, although the U.S. Navy is not expressly required to provide funding to the Coast
Guard, the Coast Guard receives funding from the Navy to purchase and maintain equipment, such as
self-defense systems or communication systems, because it is in the Navys interest for the Coast Guard
systems to be compatible with the Navys systems when the Coast Guard is performing national defense
missions in support of the Navy. However, according to a Coast Guard budget official, the Coast Guard
receives the majority of its funding through the DHS appropriation, with the exception of
reimbursements for specific activities. Also, as the Recapitalization plan acknowledges, there is
considerable strain on the DOD budget. A recent DOD report on the Arctic also notes budgetary
challenges, stating that the near-term fiscal and political environment will make it difficult to support
significant new U.S. investments in the Arctic. Furthermore, DOD and the Coast Guard face different
mission requirements and timelines. For example, DODs recent report states that the current level of
human activity in the Arctic is already of concern to DHS, whereas the Arctic is expected to remain a
peripheral interest to much of the national security community for the next decade or more. As a result,
the Coast Guard has a more immediate need than DOD to acquire Arctic capabilities, such as
icebreakers. For example, with preliminary plans for drilling activity approved in 2011, the Coast Guard
must be prepared to provide environmental response in the event of an oil spill. Similarly, as cruise ship
traffic continues to increase, the Coast Guard must be prepared to conduct search and rescue
operations should an incident occur. For these reasons, it is unlikely that an approach similar to the one
that was used to build the Healy would be feasible at this time.63

Aff noncombat roles topical

CI noncombat functions of the military are non-military
Huntington, 93 former professor of government at Harvard (Samuel, Non-combat Roles for the U.S.
Military in the Post-Cold War Era, ed: James Graham, p. 5)

These would clearly seem to be non-traditional roles. But are they really? The more I have thought
about this issue, the more I have become convinced that with one possible exception the subject of this
conference does not exist There are almost no conceivable roles for the American military in this new
phase of national security that the American military have not performed in some earlier phase. The
true distinction, I believe, is not between traditional and non-traditional roles but between military and
non-military roles, or more precisely, between the combat missions of the military and the non-combat
uses of military force. The purpose of military forces is combat, that is to deter and to defeat the
enemies of the United States; that is their central mission, their raison d'etre, the only justification for
expending resources on their creation and maintenance. The forces created for that mission, however,
can and throughout our history have been employed in non-combat non-military uses.
Official military doctrine includes non-military roles
Morag, 6 - faculty member at the Center for Homeland Defense and Security (CHDS) at the Naval
Postgraduate School in Monterey, California (Nadav, The National Military Strategic Plan for the War on
Terrorism: An Assessment Homeland Security Affairs, July, http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=2.2.7)
NMSP = National Military Strategic Plan

Given the above, in order to develop a credible and realistic strategy for dealing with terrorism, the
military should play to its strengths and comparative advantages. The military establishments primary
role is to apply physical power in order to achieve national objectives. In this case, this means that the
military focuses on the physical disruption of terrorist networks and the apprehension or liquidation of
individual terrorists. The NMSP correctly spells out these goals and notes that they are a major part of
the militarys mission, but then it goes into unfamiliar territory, for the military, by dealing with overtly
non-military issues as well as ones in which the DoD subordinates itself to other domestic agencies
and/or foreign countries. The American public can legitimately and realistically expect the military to be
competent and effective (though not necessarily successful 100% of the time) in counterterrorist efforts
within the purely military sphere. Why, then, should the Pentagon willingly embrace mission creep
and dive head-and-shoulders into complex and muddled economic, financial, cultural, educational, etc.
issues that relate to broader societies? The military is infinitely more prepared and competent to arrest
or kill terrorists and destroy their bases than it is to change values, societal structures, and political
regimes. It is immeasurably better to produce a successful limited policy than a failed all-encompassing
one. As with any illness, it is always better to treat the root causes, but some diseases are presently
incurable and the best way to manage them is by addressing their symptoms.

Non-military missions include military assistance to civil authorities
GAO, 3 US General Accounting Office (Homeland Defense: DOD Needs to Assess the Structure of
U.S. Forces for Domestic Military Missions 7/11, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GAOREPORTS-GAO-03-
670/html/GAOREPORTS-GAO-03-670.htm)

To address these objectives we assessed key national and defense strategies; DOD plans, mission orders,
documents (such as training manuals), and directives; and laws governing DOD assistance to U. S. civilian
authorities. We conducted interviews with knowledgeable officials including those in the Office of the
Secretary of Defense; the services and their various commands; U. S. Northern Command; and met with
units performing domestic military missions at various locations nationwide. We analyzed Army military
police and other combat unit installation security deployments, Air Force fighter wing operational data,
1 We define domestic military missions as DOD activities to protect the U. S. sovereignty, territory,
domestic population, and critical defense infrastructure from external threats and aggression (i. e.,
homeland defense). We define nonmilitary missions as military assistance to U. S. civil authorities*
federal, state, and local governments.
The military can provide non-military functions
Department of Defense, 7 (Irregular Warfare: Joint Operating Concept,
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/dod/iw-joc_v1_2007.pdf)

Combatant Command Strategic Planning. Before a JFC can design an IW campaign, the supported
combatant commander and supporting and subordinate JFCs will conduct strategic planning to translate
national strategic guidance and direction into a strategic concept for achieving a set of military and non-
military conditions necessary to achieve strategic success. Unlike conventional warfare, the nature of IW
will rarely dictate that the military instrument of power be in the lead. In fact, a strategic military lead
will usually be counterproductive in IW because it will tend to alienate the population that is the focus
of the IW effort. Typically, the joint force role in IW will be to establish the military conditions necessary
to enable and support the other instruments of national power so that they can lead a unified effort to
achieve strategic success. However, when other instruments of national power are unavailable in
sufficient quantity, the President or Secretary of Defense may direct the supported combatant
commander to employ military forces and capabilities to perform non-military tasks and achieve non-
military conditions in the pursuit of strategic success.

Only a Communist votes neg
Huntington, 93 former professor of government at Harvard (Samuel, Non-combat Roles for the U.S.
Military in the Post-Cold War Era, ed: James Graham, p. 5-6

I will not go deep into this history, which I am sure, is familiar to you, but let me just highlight a few of
the traditional, non-combat uses of the aimed forces in our history. For over three decades West Point
trained all of this country's engineers, civilian as well as military. Throughout the nineteenth century, the
Army engaged in economic and political development. It explored and surveyed the West, chose the
sites for forts and settlements, planned settlements, built roads and developed waterways. For years,
the Army performed the functions later assumed by the Weather Bureau and the Geological Survey. In
the latter part of the century, the Signal Corps pioneered in the development and use of the telegraph
and telephone. The Navy was equally active in exploration and scientific research. U.S. naval ships
explored the Amazon, surveyed Latin American and North American coasts, laid cables, collected
scientific specimens and data from around the world. They policed the slave trade. Naval officers
negotiated dozens of treaties and served in the lighthouse service, the life-saving service, the coastal
survey, and the steamboat inspection service. The Army ran civil government in the South during
Reconstruction and simultaneously for ten years also governed Alaska. It was, of course, frequently
called upon to deal with strikes and labor violence. The Corps of Engineers constructed public buildings
and canals and other public works including the Panama Canal. Soldiers helped deal with malaria in
Panama and cholera, hunger, illiteracy in Cuba, Haiti, and Nicaragua. They also established schools, built
public works, promoted public health, organized elections, and encouraged democracy in these
countries. In the 1930s, the Army took on the immense task of recruiting, organizing, and administering
the Civilian Conservation Corps.
This past year after the hurricanes in Florida and Hawaii many people hailed the superb contribution the
military made to disaster relief as evidence of a "new role" for the U.S. armed forces. Nothing could be
more off the target. The U.S. military have regularly provided such relief in the past. As the official U.S.
military history puts it, during the 1920s and 1930s, "the most conspicuous employment of the Army
within the United States... was in a variety of tasks that only the Army had the resources and
organization to tackle quickly. In floods and blizzards and hurricanes it was the Army that was first on
the spot with cots, blankets, and food."2 That has been the case throughout our history. It is hard to
conceive of any non-military role for the U.S. military that does not have some precedent in U.S. history.
Non-military functions of the armed forces are as American as apple pie .


Exploration

1nc search for resources

Exploration means the process of searching for resources and development means
extracting them
US Code, 14 (43 USC 1331: Definitions, current as of 2014, From Title 43-PUBLIC LANDS CHAPTER 29-
SUBMERGED LANDS SUBCHAPTER III-OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF LANDS,
http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=(title:43%20section:1331%20edition:prelim))

(k) The term exploration means the process of searching for minerals, including (1) geophysical
surveys where magnetic, gravity, seismic, or other systems are used to detect or imply the presence of
such minerals, and (2) any drilling, whether on or off known geological structures, including the drilling
of a well in which a discovery of oil or natural gas in paying quantities is made and the drilling of any
additional delineation well after such discovery which is needed to delineate any reservoir and to enable
the lessee to determine whether to proceed with development and production;
(l) The term development means those activities which take place following discovery of minerals in
paying quantities, including geophysical activity, drilling, platform construction, and operation of all
onshore support facilities, and which are for the purpose of ultimately producing the minerals
discovered;
(m) The term production means those activities which take place after the successful completion of
any means for the removal of minerals, including such removal, field operations, transfer of minerals to
shore, operation monitoring, maintenance, and work-over drilling;

The aff violates the only topical affs are about energy exploration and development

Voting issue

1. Limits the energy topic is already huge adding entire categories of small
science research cases or looking through the ocean for missing airplanes or
protecting fish habitats makes it impossible to prepare for

2. Negative ground energy creates a finite, predictable body of literature with
stable plan mechanisms that guarantee us links to good energy disads

--XT exploration means resources

Exploration means looking for resources
US Code, 14 (16 USC 2462: Definitions, From Title 16-CONSERVATION CHAPTER 44B-ANTARCTIC
MINERAL RESOURCES PROTECTION, Pub. L. 101594, 3, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 2976,
http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-
section2462&num=0&edition=prelim)

(3) The term development means any activity, including logistic support, which takes place following
exploration, the purpose of which is the exploitation of specific mineral resource deposits, including
processing, storage, and transport activities.
(4) The term exploration means any activity, including logistic support, the purpose of which is the
identification or evaluation of specific mineral resource deposits. The term includes exploratory drilling,
dredging, and other surface or subsurface excavations required to determine the nature and size of
mineral resource deposits and the feasibility of their development.



2nc AT: CI
Prefer our resources-based definition its internationally recognized, and theirs is not
National Research Council, 3 - Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board, Division on
Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council (Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown, p.
199)

Montserrat Gorina-Ysern, American University, is an expert on the Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC).
She provided a brief background on the regulation of fundamental oceanographic research and marine
science research as distinct from exploration in the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf
and the 1982 LOSC, Part XIII, respectively. She outlined the main principles, rights and duties concerning
the conduct of marine science research in different jurisdictional maritime zones and proposed how
these would apply to IGOE activities.
Exploration has different meanings for different purposes (i.e., marine science research versus
discovery of natural resources). The definition problem is compounded because marine science research
has not been defined in LOSC. IOC has defined marine science research as referring to the scientific
investigation of the ocean, its biota and its physical boundaries with the solid Earth and the atmosphere.
The results of marine science research, normally published in journals of international circulation, are
said to benefit humankind at large; whereas, exploration (also referred to as applied research) is
concerned with ocean resources, and the results of this type of research are considered to be the
property of the persons, corporations, or governments initiating the research.



Aff - AT: search for resources
Their definition is only in the context of extractive industries not general ocean
exploration
National Research Council, 3 - Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board, Division on
Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council (Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown, p.
17)

As defined by the President's Panel on Ocean Exploration (National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, 2000), exploration is discovery through disciplined, diverse observations and the
recording of findings. Ocean exploration has included rigorous, systematic observation and
documentation of the biological, chemical, physical, geological and archaeological aspects of the ocean
in the three dimensions of space and in time. This definition of exploration is much broader than the
definition one would find, for example, within the context for the extractive industries, where
exploration is a search for hydrocarbon or mineral deposits. More general approaches allow researchers
to develop and ask questions that are not rooted in specific hypotheses and that often lead to
unexpected answers a difficult task to promote within the current approaches to research funding.
Exploration is an early component of the research process; it focuses on new areas of inquiry and
develops descriptions of phenomena that inform the direction of further study. It is the collection of
basic observations that later allow hypotheses to be posed to connect those observations with the laws
of physics, chemistry, and biology. In some disciplines, such as physics, exploration has been pursued
aggressively, and the resources are best invested in testing hypotheses and conducting controlled
experiments. In other disciplines, the system under investigation is so vast, complex, or remote that
exploration is still the necessary first step. Outer space, the human genome, and the oceans are
excellent examples. This nation and others have invested heavily in the exploration of outer space and
the functioning of the human genome, and each program has both captured the imagination of the
public and produced tangible, valuable discoveries. No similar systematic program exists for ocean
exploration, despite its promise.
In June 2000, a panel of experts from the ocean science community was convened to fulfill a presidential
request to provide recommendations for a national ocean exploration strategy (National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, 2000). In October, the Presidents Panel on Ocean Exploration
recommended that the United States add a national program of ocean exploration to its current marine
research portfolio (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2000). That program would
provide the opportunity to explore the Earths oceans through broad-based observations and through
interdisciplinary and cross-cultural investigations. The panels vision was to not only go where no one
has ever gone, but to see the oceans through a new set of technological eyes, and record those
journeys for posterity (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2000).
Their definition only refers to the limited context of the Law of the Sea
National Research Council, 3 - Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board, Division on
Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council (Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown, p.
199) LOS = Law of the Sea

An international ocean exploration program must be nonbureaucratic and flexible. Perhaps a
decentralized structure, evolving through time, would be the most effective. Many countries already
have ocean exploration programs. Others do not, often for financial reasons. As we consider global
ocean exploration, we need to consider it not only in the geographic sense, but also in the sense of
participation. The gap between developed and developing in science is widening. If we really want to
carry out an international program, we must consider issues of wide participation. The cooperation must
be rooted in shared interests. Standardization of data to facilitate data management, access, and
transfer is important. The situation with regard to data accessibility is changing and some of these issues
are being dealt with in international agreements. More data have commercial interest and this is a
growing problem. More data are now being used in real time and this means they must be shared much
more rapidly. Various international laws are forming the basis for changes in management of EEZs to
protect the proprietary interests of nations. While fully respecting the rights of coastal states and LOS,
we should seek to simplify the regulatory complexity where possible. The definition of exploration is
not the same as it is defined in LOS (i.e., exploration as a precursor of production, but rather in the
context of scientific discovery). An international ocean exploration program should ensure a strong
education and public outreach component.

1nc exploration is discovery
Ocean exploration is discovery and data collection
Huddleston, 9 communications officer for the National Research Council (Nancy, Ocean Exploration:
Highlights of the National Academies Reports,
http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/osb/miscellaneous/exploration_final.pdf

What Is Ocean Exploration?
As defined by the Presidents Panel on Ocean Exploration (National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, 2000), ocean exploration is discovery through disciplined, diverse observations and
recordings of findings. It includes rigorous, systematic observations and documentation of biological,
chemical, physical, geological, and archeological aspects of the ocean in the three dimensions of space
and in time.
Violation discovery is open ended they cant search for something specific thats
research
McNutt, 6 - PRESIDENT AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER, MONTEREY BAY AQUARIUM RESEARCH
INSTITUTE (Marcia, Prepared Testimony, UNDERSEA RESEARCH AND OCEAN EXPLORATION: H.R. 3835,
THE NATIONAL OCEAN EXPLORATION PROGRAM ACT OF 2005 AND THE UNDERSEA RESEARCH
PROGRAM ACT OF 2005, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-109hhrg28758/html/CHRG-
109hhrg28758.htm)

Ocean exploration is distinguished from research by the fact that exploration leads to questions, while
research leads to answers. When one undertakes exploration, it is without any preconceived notion of
what one might find or who might benefit from the discoveries . Research, on the other hand, is
undertaken to test a certain hypothesis, with the clear understanding of the benefits of either
supporting or refuting the hypothesis under consideration. Often novel discoveries are made
accidentally in the process of performing hypothesis-driven research, but with a purposeful exploration
program, those discoveries are more likely to be appreciated for what they are, properly documented,
and followed-up.
Here is a concrete example. One of the greatest surprises in oceanography in the 20th century was
the discovery of the hot-vent communities, deep-sea oases that thrive in sea water geothermally heated
to several hundred degrees centigrade. These animals form an entire ecosystem completely
independent of the sun's energy, and their existence opens up huge new possibilities for how life might
be sustained elsewhere in the universe. This discovery led to a host of new research questions. What is
the energy source for this new style of community? How do proteins fold at such high temperatures? By
what reproductive strategy do deep-sea vent organisms manage to find and colonize new, isolated vent
systems as the old ones die? These are important questions, but ones that we would not know enough
to even ask had the discovery not happened. And it almost didn't. The shipboard party involved was
entirely geologists and geophysicists. There wasn't a single biologist on board to appreciate the
significance of what was to become the most important discovery in marine biology. Ever. Lacking basic
biological supplies, the geophysicists had to sacrifice all of their vodka to preserve the novel specimens
they collected.
Such discoveries don't need to be rare, accidental, or potentially unappreciated with a strong, vigorous,
and systematic ocean exploration program. I created a graphic (Figure 1) to show how NOAA's OE
program might ideally relate to the broader ocean research agenda and to the NURP program.
The upper box is meant to represent NOAA's Ocean Exploration program. New discoveries are made
by exploring new places, and/or by deploying new tools which ``see'' the ocean in new dimensions. With
roughly 95 percent of the ocean still unexplored, and new tools that image the physics, chemistry,
biology, and geology of the ocean at all scales being developed constantly, the opportunities for
discovery are virtually limitless. The greatest strength of having a federal organization such as NOAA
leading this effort is the fact that it can undertake a systematic, multi-disciplinary exploration of the
ocean. However, if I had to identify NOAA's weakness in terms of being the lead agency for this effort, it
is the fact that NOAA is not widely known for its prowess in developing new technology. For this reason,
I support the provision in H.R. 3835 that establishes an interagency task force which includes NASA and
ONR to facilitate the transfer of new exploration technology to the program.

Voting issue they destroy negative ground and unlimit the topic both by allowing
searches for downed airplanes or specific shipwrecks, making small search and rescue
missions topical, and by allowing the entire category of ocean research as an
unpredictable aff mechanism

2nc discovery, not research

Exploration is the study of the unknown research is the attempt to understand
things previously discovered
Keener, 14 Marine Biologist and Education Director at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (Paula, Introduction to Volume 2: How Do We Explore?
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/edu/collection/media/hdwe-Bkgnd.pdf) bold in original

On August 13, 2008, the NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer was commissioned as Americas Ship for Ocean
Exploration; the only U.S. ship whose sole assignment is to systematically explore Earths largely
unknown ocean. A key part of the vision underlying this assignment is that the Okeanos Explorer is a
ship of discovery. Her mission is to find anomalies; things that are unusual and unexpected. When
anomalies are found, explorers aboard the ship collect basic information that can guide future
expeditions to investigate hypotheses based on this information. This process underscores an important
distinction between exploration and research:
Exploration is about making new discoveries to expand our fundamental scientific knowledge and
understanding and to lay the foundation for more detailed scientific investigations;
Research is about the attempt to understand things that have previously been discovered and leads to
informed decision-making.
Exploration seeks to establish new hypotheses; research seeks to prove or disprove
existing hypotheses
Malik et al, 13 The Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System (To Explore or to Research: Trends in
modern age ocean studies American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2013, abstract #OS33B-1763,
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMOS33B1763M)

The recommendations of President's Panel Report on Ocean Exploration gave rise to NOAA's Office of
Ocean Exploration in 2001, and helped establish NOAA as the lead agency for a federal ocean
exploration program. The panel defined exploration as discovery through disciplined, diverse
observations and recordings of findings including rigorous, systematic observations and documentation
of biological, chemical, physical, geological, and archaeological aspects of the ocean in the three
dimensions of space and in time. Here we ask the question about the fine line that separates
';Exploration' and ';Research'. We contend that successful exploration aims to establish new lines of
knowledge or give rise to new hypothesis as compared to research where primary goal is to prove or
disprove an existing hypothesis. However, there can be considerable time lag before a hypothesis can be
established after an initial observation. This creates interesting challenges for ocean exploration because
instant ';return on investment' can not be readily shown. Strong media and public interest is garnered by
far and apart exciting discoveries about new biological species or processes. However, most of the
ocean exploration work goes to systematically extract basic information about a previously unknown
area. We refer to this activity as baseline characterization in providing information about an area which
can support hypothesis generation and further research to prove or disprove this hypothesis. Examples
of such successful characterization include OER endeavors in the Gulf of Mexico that spanned over 10
years and it provided baseline characterization in terms of biological diversity and distribution on basin-
wide scale. This baseline characterization was also conveniently used by scientists to conduct research
on benthic communities to study effects of deep water horizon incident. More recently similar
characterization has been attempted by NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer from 2011 - 2013 field season in
NE Atlantic canyon. This has been one of the first ever campaigns to systematically map the NE canyons
from US-Canada border to Cape Hatteras. After the 3D mapping of the canyons that included multibeam
sonar derived bathymetry and backscatter, OER provided the first ever comprehensive maps of the
seafloor and water column which have become the basis for further exploration and research in this
region. NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer currently remains the only federal vessel dedicated solely to Ocean
Exploration. Examples of some of the recent discoveries of the ship will be provided to explain as how
Exploration and Research are merging together in modern era of ocean sciences.
Exploration is discovery, not research means it has to be open-ended
NOAA, 12 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations Office of Ocean Exploration and
Research (Independent Review of the Ocean Exploration Program 10 Year Review 2001 2011 5/21,
http://explore.noaa.gov/sites/OER/Documents/about-oer/program-review/oe-program-history-
overview.pdf)

2.1 What is Exploration?
As described in the Presidents Panel Report, ocean exploration is defined as discovery through
disciplined diverse observations and the recording of the findings. An explorer is distinguished from a
researcher by virtue of the fact that an explorer has not narrowly designed the observing strategy to test
a specific hypothesis. A successful explorer leaves a legacy of new knowledge that can be used by those
not yet born to answer questions not yet posed at the time of the exploration. Above all, the
overarching purpose of ocean exploration is to increase our knowledge of the ocean environment; its
features, habitats, and species; and how it functions as part of the global ecosystem.
In practice, the NOAA Ocean Exploration Program adopted and continues to promote an approach to
engage teams of scientists representing multiple disciplines to explore unknown and poorly known
ocean areas and phenomena. This approach also includes recruiting natural resource managers,
educators, journalists, documentary filmmakers, and others to join expeditions and provide a unique
perspective on the areas being investigated. The objective is to generate a comprehensive
characterization of the area and phenomena explored, providing a rich foundation to stimulate follow-
on research, as well as new lines of scientific inquiry.
Ocean exploration is distinct from hypothesis-driven investigations exploration is
discovery of the unknown
Ban, 12 - Chair, NOAA Science Advisory Board (Raymond, Letter to The Honorable Jane Lubchenco
Administrator National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 11/26,
http://www.sab.noaa.gov/Reports/OER_Review_TransmittalLetter_Final.pdf)

I am pleased to transmit to you the following report from the Ocean Exploration and Research (OER)
Program review. This review was conducted under the Science Advisory Board Ocean Exploration
Advisory Working Group (OEAWG) as per its terms of reference. The review panel found that the OER
Program has had impressive successes in science, mapping, data management, education, politics, and
diplomacy. However, there remain vast unexplored regions of the ocean. The panels major finding is
there is undiminished motivation for ocean exploration research. The panel affirmed that ocean
exploration is distinct from comprehensive surveys and at-sea research, including hypothesis-driven
investigations aimed at the ocean bottom, artifacts, water column, and marine life.


Aff AT: not research

Ocean exploration is the first stage of research and can lead to directed discovery
Mineart, 2 Oceanography Dept, US Naval Academy (G.M, A data management strategy for the ocean
exploration program OCEANS '02 MTS/IEEE (Volume:3 )
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/89070111/A-Data-Management-Strategy-for-the-Ocean-Exploration-
Program)

The Frontier Report defines ocean exploration as discovery through disciplined diverse observations
and recording of the findings *2+. The U.S. Navy, a partner in the Presidents Panel process, has refined
its definition as the systematic examination of the oceans for the purposes of discovery; cataloging and
documenting what one finds; boldly going where no one has gone before; and providing an initial
knowledge base for hypothesis-based science and for exploitation [3]. This definition recognizes that
true ocean exploration is planned and executed to achieve discoveries as an intentional process rather
than relying on serendipitous discoveries that sporadically emerge from typical oceanographic research
programs. This definition also emphasizes the recording of results to facilitate the sharing of each new
baseline level of knowledge across a broad, multidisciplinary user community.
Exploration is the first stage of research
National Research Council, 3 - Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board, Division on
Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council (Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown, p.
17)

As defined by the President's Panel on Ocean Exploration (National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, 2000), exploration is discovery through disciplined, diverse observations and the
recording of findings. Ocean exploration has included rigorous, systematic observation and
documentation of the biological, chemical, physical, geological and archaeological aspects of the ocean
in the three dimensions of space and in time. This definition of exploration is much broader than the
definition one would find, for example, within the context for the extractive industries, where
exploration is a search for hydrocarbon or mineral deposits. More general approaches allow researchers
to develop and ask questions that are not rooted in specific hypotheses and that often lead to
unexpected answers a difficult task to promote within the current approaches to research funding.
Exploration is an early component of the research process; it focuses on new areas of inquiry and
develops descriptions of phenomena that inform the direction of further study. It is the collection of
basic observations that later allow hypotheses to be posed to connect those observations with the laws
of physics, chemistry, and biology. In some disciplines, such as physics, exploration has been pursued
aggressively, and the resources are best invested in testing hypotheses and conducting controlled
experiments. In other disciplines, the system under investigation is so vast, complex, or remote that
exploration is still the necessary first step. Outer space, the human genome, and the oceans are
excellent examples. This nation and others have invested heavily in the exploration of outer space and
the functioning of the human genome, and each program has both captured the imagination of the
public and produced tangible, valuable discoveries. No similar systematic program exists for ocean
exploration, despite its promise.
In June 2000, a panel of experts from the ocean science community was convened to fulfill a presidential
request to provide recommendations for a national ocean exploration strategy (National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, 2000). In October, the Presidents Panel on Ocean Exploration
recommended that the United States add a national program of ocean exploration to its current marine
research portfolio (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2000). That program would
provide the opportunity to explore the Earths oceans through broad-based observations and through
interdisciplinary and cross-cultural investigations. The panels vision was to not only go where no one
has ever gone, but to see the oceans through a new set of technological eyes, and record those
journeys for posterity (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2000).

Development

1nc exploitation, not conservation
Ocean development is utilization of ocean resources
Japanese Institute of Navigation, 98 (Ocean Engineering Research Committee, http://members.j-
navigation.org/e-committee/Ocean.htm)

Discussions of "Ocean Engineering" are inseparable from "Ocean Development." What is ocean
development? Professor Kiyomitsu Fujii of the University of Tokyo defines ocean development in his
book as using oceans for mankind, while preserving the beauty of nature. In the light of its significance
and meaning, the term "Ocean Development" is not necessarily a new term. Ocean development is
broadly classified into three aspects: (1) Utilization of ocean resources, (2) Utilization of ocean spaces,
and (3) Utilization of ocean energy.
Among these, development of marine resources has long been established as fishery science and
technology, and shipping, naval architecture and port/harbour construction are covered by the category
of using ocean spaces, which have grown into industries in Japan. When the Committee initiated its
activities, however, the real concept that caught attention was a new type of ocean development, which
was outside the coverage that conventional terms had implied.
Special technologies are required for developing oceans, and an academic field is necessary to provide a
base to construct such special technologies in systematic and organic ways. This academic field is Ocean
Engineering. Dr. Tadayoshi Sasaki of the Tokyo Fisheries University stated that "Ocean Engineering" is
the integration of several fields in which diverse approaches are to be taken for the ocean environment,
unlike individual engineering fields in a traditional sense.
Violation increasing development excludes conservation it requires increasing
commercial use
Underhill, 7 US District Court Judge (Stefan, STATE OF CONNECTICUT and ARTHUR J. ROCQUE, JR.,
COMMISSIONER OF THE CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, Plaintiffs, v.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE and THE HONORABLE DONALD L. EVANS, IN HIS CAPACITY
AS SECRETARY OF COMMERCE, Defendants, ISLANDER EAST PIPELINE COMPANY, LLC, Intervenor
Defendant. CIVIL ACTION NO. 3:04cv1271 (SRU) UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF
CONNECTICUT 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 59320 August 15, 2007, Decided, lexis)

The term "develop" is not defined in the statute, and there is a dearth of case law on the subject. In the
"absence of statutory guidance as to the meaning of a particular term, it is appropriate to look to its
dictionary definition in order to discern its meaning in a given context." Connecticut v. Clifton Owens,
100 Conn. App. 619, 639, 918 A.2d 1041 (2007). There are various definitions of the term "develop,"
some of which connote commercial and industrial progress, and some of which imply natural growth.
See BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 462 (7th ed. 1999); WEBSTER'S NEW COLLEGE DICTIONARY 310 (2d ed.
1995). Having gained no clear answer from the dictionary, words must be given their "plain and ordinary
meaning . . . unless the context indicates that a different meaning was intended." Connecticut v. Vickers,
260 Conn. 219, 224, 796 A.2d 502 (2002). [*19] Here, the plain meaning of the term "develop" includes
commercial improvement. Connecticut argues, in effect, that by placing the term "develop" in the
context of other terms, such as "preserve, protect, and restore," the definition of "develop" must have a
natural, conservationist meaning. That argument is not supported by the legislative history of the CZMA.
Congress intended the CZMA to balance conservation of environmental resources with commercial
development in the coastal zone. See, e.g., COASTAL AND OCEAN LAW at 229. In fact, in the context of
the CZMA, the term "develop" has been defined to mean commercial improvement. Id. ("[T]he CZMA
reflects a competing national interest in encouraging development of coastal resources.").See also
Conservation Law Foundation v. Watt, 560 F. Supp. 561, 575 (D. Mass. 1983) (noting that the CZMA
recognizes a wide range of uses of the coastal zones, including economic development).
Voting issue

1. Limits the 2003 oceans topic was about protection, not development they add every aff from that
topic to this one

2. Negative ground they make the topic bidirectional; it allows increasing use of resources and
decreasing them

2nc exploitation, not conservation
Development means resource exploitation
US Code, 14 (16 USC 2462: Definitions, From Title 16-CONSERVATION CHAPTER 44B-ANTARCTIC
MINERAL RESOURCES PROTECTION, Pub. L. 101594, 3, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 2976,
http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-
section2462&num=0&edition=prelim)

(3) The term development means any activity, including logistic support, which takes place following
exploration, the purpose of which is the exploitation of specific mineral resource deposits, including
processing, storage, and transport activities.
(4) The term exploration means any activity, including logistic support, the purpose of which is the
identification or evaluation of specific mineral resource deposits. The term includes exploratory drilling,
dredging, and other surface or subsurface excavations required to determine the nature and size of
mineral resource deposits and the feasibility of their development.


AT: We meet sustainable use

They can take actions towards marine preservation but it has to be in the context of
increasing exploitation of resources
UNESCO, 86 - Organized with the support of the Department of Ocean Development, Government of
India Ocean Engineering Centre, Indian Institute of Technology (IOC-Unesco Regional Training
Workshop on Ocean Engineering and Its Interface with Ocean Sciences in the Indian Ocean Region
http://www.jodc.go.jp/info/ioc_doc/Training/085239eo.pdf)

The term "ocean development" has often been used to denote all activities, including ocean sciences,
ocean engineering and related marine technology, directed to resource exploration and exploitation and
the use of ocean space. The underlying guiding principle in all these activities has been that these be
conducted in a manner that insure the preservation of the marine environment without detriment to its
quality and the resources with which it abounds. From the statements given by the participants, it
became apparent that in some countries, such as China, Indonesia, India, Malaysia, Philippines and
Thailand, ocean development programmes and activities, over the years, have evolved from fisheries
oriented needs towards mineral resources exploitation. In some of these countries exploitation of these
resources has brought about new adjustments to their priority needs which have progressively involved
the strengthening of their marine scientific and technological capability demanded by these new
situations.
Sustainable development requires growth it cant be just environmental protection
alone
Dernbach et al, 2 Widener University Law School; report prepared for the Committee on Climate
Change and Sustainable Development (John, Climate Change and Sustainable Development,
Environmental Energy, and Resources Law: The Year in Review, Vol. 2002, pp. 166-354 2002 Env't.
Energy & Resources L.: Year Rev. 166 (2002), Hein Online)

Sustainable development was formally endorsed by the nations of the world ten years ago at the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED, or Earth Summit) in Rio de Janeiro. At
the Earth Summit, nations agreed to implement Agenda 21, a global plan of action for sustainable
development.77 The concept of sustainable development incorporates environmental protection and
restoration into the definition of development. The idea is to work toward both conventional
development and environmental protection, instead of making progress in conventional development
at the environment's expense or only protecting the environment.
Development requires commercial resource expansion
Byron, 88 - Neil Byron, Department of Forestry, Australian National University (Asian-Pacif ic Economic
Literature Vol. 2, No. 1, (March 19881, pp. 46-80, Wiley Online)

The notion of harnessing more of un-utilized or under-utilized resources is generally implicit in any
definition of 'development'. Thus the thrust of many development agencies is to expand sectors of the
economy in which such slack resources exist, particularly by incorporation into the world economy
through trade. Characteristic examples are plantation estates (of rubber, tea, coffee, etc), export-
oriented fisheries, mining and forestry development programs, all utilizing indigenous labour, land and
natural resources, plus foreign capital, typically to produce primary commodities for world markets. It is
within this context that many of the resource and environmental issues reported in the Asian-Pacific
region, have arisen.
Sustainable development makes the topic bidirectional
UNESCO, 11 (Build Green Societies in Small Island Developing States: Addressing Key Vulnerabilities
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/ioc-oceans/priority-areas/rio-20-ocean/10-proposals-
for-the-ocean/2a-small-island-developing-states/)

SIDS expect Rio+20 to provide support for sustainable ocean development and protection of resources.
Measures could include actions to reduce fishing overcapacity, to establish MPAs, enhance and support
local coastal management efforts, improve wastewater treatment as well as solid waste management
and recycling. Significantly, capacity development could take place through SIDS-SIDS partnerships
based on the sharing and consolidation of unique SIDS approaches to coastal management; such as the
Pacific Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMA) network, the recognition and transmission of local and
indigenous knowledge and customary management of the coastal environment, and community
participation in scientific coastal monitoring, management and decision-making as practiced in
UNESCOs Sandwatch programme.


Aff - AT: Not conservation
Conservation efforts are development they allow more sustained use of resources
Barnabe, 97 professor of marine ecology at the University of Montpellier (Gilbert, Ecology and
Management of Coastal Waters: The Aquatic Environment, p. 3-4)

1.3 DEFINITIONS OF COASTAL DEVELOPMENT
In ecological terms, development is defined as the organisation of a space by modifying an ecosystem in
order to exploit it, or the creation of habitats with a view to encouraging reproduction or settling of
particular species (Parent, 1990). Thus, pastoral, rural or forestry developments have become well
known on land and involve the development and careful exploitation of natural resources with respect
to the environment, since development also requires judicious organisation.
The development of European coastal waters which is aimed first at animal and, to a lesser degree, at
plant resources can be defined in the same way. This consists of the application of scientific and
technical principles and concepts to animal or plant populations, as well as to their habitats, with a view
to encouraging the reproduction or settling of particular species or ensuring their healthy survival.
These aims are of no direct benefit to man, whereas those of land management concern human ecology
and are defined as the organisation of space so as to improve living conditions for populations, to
develop economic activities and to develop natural resources while avoiding disturbance of natural
ecosystems (Parent, 1990). According to Lamotte (1985), the concept of development consists of the
transformation by man of a systemextending to the land, productivity, or some complex combination
of thesewith a view to more rational or efficient utilisation of resources; he added that it involves an
activity which is essential to human society ... man's objective is to free himself from the constraints of
the functioning of natural ecosystems in which he evolves and which he transforms.
The coastal domain is not very well defined; in France, it is considered to be a zone approximately 40 km
on either side of the water's edge (Anon., 1994). Coastal waters thus extend 40 km out from the coast.
Development of coastal waters must aim to compromise between man's requirements (in terms of food,
leisure, etc.) and safeguarding aquatic ecosystems. There is no contradiction between these two
objectives, even from the point of view of strict human utilitarianism; this goal can also be attained by
conservation of ecosystems (since reserves or wildlife parks constitute developments) as well as by
modifications. It has been said that it has now become essential to save the whales and the elephants ...
not for the whales and elephants themselves, but in order that we develop the qualities that will save
them and which will save ourselves (Panneau, 1990).
This compromise between strict human utilisation and conservation of natural ecosystems can also be
shown by sustainable development*, which consists of management and development that are limited
with respect to nature but are permanently renewable, as advocated by the Rio Conference in 1992.

Sustainable development is still resource exploitation it just manages it so that long-
term exploitation is possible
Borgese, 94 - Elisabeth Mann Borgese is Professor of Political Science at Dalhousie University. She is the
Founder of the International Ocean Institute and acts as Chairperson of the IOI Planning
Council.Elisabeth Mann Borgese is Professor of Political Science at Dalhousie University. She is the
Founder of the International Ocean Institute and acts as Chairperson of the IOI Planning Council. Ocean
Governance: Sustainable Development of the Seas, http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-
0envl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-
00&cl=CL3.33&d=HASH015e0d6a44dfd69a2ad9fcdc.1&gt=2

The word "development," in its international setting too readily associated with "economic
development," refers here to the use or exploitation of a natural resource. The word "sustainable,"
which conveys the idea of holding up or support, in this context means development that is
conservative, and is conducive to continued viability of a resource.
The term "sustainable development" which appeared in the World Conservation Strategy published in
1980 by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and was adopted by the World
Commission on Environment and Development, is used to describe management (i.e. regulation of use
and exploitation, and conservation) of a given resource in such a manner that the benefits of the
resource are optimized, that is, made available on an equitable basis to the largest number over the
longest term. It requires the sparing and economical use of non-renewable resources, and maintenance
of the productivity of renewable resources, as well as avoidance of or compensation for, irreversible
effects caused to the resource through use or exploitation that does not meet these standards.
Such equitable allocation of benefits from a resource necessarily implies regulation of access to the
resource, whether that resource is a stock of fish, a deposit of minerals, or the air or water; and whether
the resource is fixed, or mobile and fluctuating across national boundaries, or beyond national
jurisdiction in areas sometimes referred to as "global commons." The Report of the World Commission
declares that
... physical sustainability cannot be secured unless development policies pay attention to such
considerations as changes in access to resources and in the distribution of costs and benefits. Even the
narrow notion or physical sustainability implies a concern for social equity between generations, a
concern that must logically be extended to equity within each generation. (emphasis added)1
Thus, according to the Report, "sustainable development" requires, inter alia, (1) "that [the] poor get
their fair share of the resources required to sustain [economic] growth"; and (2) "that those who are
more affluent adopt lifestyles within the planet's ecological means.... Painful choices have to be
made...." The Report is right to conclude, therefore, that "sustainable development" implies nothing less
than the "progressive transformation of economy and society"; and to emphasize that "in the final
analysis, sustainable development must rest on political will."2

Sustainable development still requires growth conservation doesnt exclude it
Clancy, 98 - Indiana University School of Law (Erin, The Tragedy of the Global Commons, Indiana
Journal of Global Legal Studies: Vol. 5: Iss. 2, Article 12. Available at:
http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ijgls/vol5/iss2/12)

Sustainable development is equally fixated with the utilization of resources and distribution of economic
gains. Inherent in the term "development" is the concept of growth. This growth is fueled by the
consumption of natural resources. The term "sustainable" pertains to the distribution of that growth."
Ultimately, sustainable development seeks to promote economic growth so that current needs can be
sated, without jeopardizing the needs of future generations.34 Arguably, conservation is an integral part
of this theory. Clearly, future generations cannot prosper if there are no resources to exploit. The goal
then becomes to accurately assess the highest level of exploitation of resources possible while
maintaining a large enough resource base for future support. This calculation is what is known
scientifically as "maximum sustainable yield.""

Sustainable development means resource exploitation without depleting natural
capital stock
Pearce et al, 90 - Professor of Economics at University College London (David, Sustainable Development:
Economics and the Environment in the Third World, p. 1)

In this chapter we suggest a simple definition of sustainable development, and elaborate a set of
minimum conditions for development to be sustainable, the conditions being based on the requirement
that the natural capital stock should not decrease over time. Natural capital stock, in this context, is the
stock of all environmental and natural resource assets, from oil in the ground to the quality of soil and
groundwater, from the stock of fish in the oceans to the capacity of the globe to recycle and absorb
carbon. We keep the definition of natural capital stock deliberately vague in order to capture the more
general picture, and in the belief that a more detailed investigation will not raise insuperable problems.
The meaning of a constant natural capital stock is more problematic, however, and we therefore devote
a little time to alternative meanings.

Development is distinct from growth it requires considering negative consequences
Brown and Sovacool, 11 *American geographer on the faculty of the Georgia Institute of Technology
and is a member of the Tennessee Valley Authority board of directors. During her prior career at Oak
Ridge National Laboratory, she held various leadership positions managing programs focused on energy
efficiency, renewable energy, and the electric grid AND **Associate Professor of Law at Vermont Law
School and founding Director of the Energy Security and Justice Program at their Institute for Energy and
the Environment (Marilyn and Benjamin, Climate Change and Global Energy Security: Technology and
Policy Options, p. 343)

4. We are careful here to use the term development rather than growth. Growth implies getting
bigger at expanding regardless of the consequences, whereas development means getting better and
carefully considering social, political, and environmental consequences. See Herman E. Daly, Steady-
State Economics (Island, 1991); Paul Hawken, The Ecology of Commerce: A Declaration of Sustainability
(HarperCollins, 1993); Herman E. Daly, Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development
(Beacon, 1996).

1nc Development not production
Development is resource extraction distinct from production of energy
US Code, 14 (43 USC 1331: Definitions, current as of 2014, From Title 43-PUBLIC LANDS CHAPTER 29-
SUBMERGED LANDS SUBCHAPTER III-OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF LANDS,
http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=(title:43%20section:1331%20edition:prelim))

(k) The term exploration means the process of searching for minerals, including (1) geophysical
surveys where magnetic, gravity, seismic, or other systems are used to detect or imply the presence of
such minerals, and (2) any drilling, whether on or off known geological structures, including the drilling
of a well in which a discovery of oil or natural gas in paying quantities is made and the drilling of any
additional delineation well after such discovery which is needed to delineate any reservoir and to enable
the lessee to determine whether to proceed with development and production;
(l) The term development means those activities which take place following discovery of minerals in
paying quantities, including geophysical activity, drilling, platform construction, and operation of all
onshore support facilities, and which are for the purpose of ultimately producing the minerals
discovered;
(m) The term production means those activities which take place after the successful completion of
any means for the removal of minerals, including such removal, field operations, transfer of minerals to
shore, operation monitoring, maintenance, and work-over drilling;

Violation the aff is energy production topical affs are limited to removing ocean
resources, they cant mandate use

Voting issue for limits energy affs are big enough that they are their own topic its
impossible to debate the energy topic plus dozens of actual ocean exploration and
development affs




Development is management / regulation

Development includes management and regulation of resources
Borgese, 94 - Elisabeth Mann Borgese is Professor of Political Science at Dalhousie University. She is the
Founder of the International Ocean Institute and acts as Chairperson of the IOI Planning
Council.Elisabeth Mann Borgese is Professor of Political Science at Dalhousie University. She is the
Founder of the International Ocean Institute and acts as Chairperson of the IOI Planning Council. Ocean
Governance: Sustainable Development of the Seas, http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-
0envl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-
00&cl=CL3.33&d=HASH015e0d6a44dfd69a2ad9fcdc.1&gt=2

The word "development," in its international setting too readily associated with "economic
development," refers here to the use or exploitation of a natural resource. The word "sustainable,"
which conveys the idea of holding up or support, in this context means development that is
conservative, and is conducive to continued viability of a resource.
The term "sustainable development" which appeared in the World Conservation Strategy published in
1980 by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and was adopted by the World
Commission on Environment and Development, is used to describe management (i.e. regulation of use
and exploitation, and conservation) of a given resource in such a manner that the benefits of the
resource are optimized, that is, made available on an equitable basis to the largest number over the
longest term. It requires the sparing and economical use of non-renewable resources, and maintenance
of the productivity of renewable resources, as well as avoidance of or compensation for, irreversible
effects caused to the resource through use or exploitation that does not meet these standards.
Such equitable allocation of benefits from a resource necessarily implies regulation of access to the
resource, whether that resource is a stock of fish, a deposit of minerals, or the air or water; and whether
the resource is fixed, or mobile and fluctuating across national boundaries, or beyond national
jurisdiction in areas sometimes referred to as "global commons." The Report of the World Commission
declares that
... physical sustainability cannot be secured unless development policies pay attention to such
considerations as changes in access to resources and in the distribution of costs and benefits. Even the
narrow notion or physical sustainability implies a concern for social equity between generations, a
concern that must logically be extended to equity within each generation. (emphasis added)1
Thus, according to the Report, "sustainable development" requires, inter alia, (1) "that [the] poor get
their fair share of the resources required to sustain [economic] growth"; and (2) "that those who are
more affluent adopt lifestyles within the planet's ecological means.... Painful choices have to be
made...." The Report is right to conclude, therefore, that "sustainable development" implies nothing less
than the "progressive transformation of economy and society"; and to emphasize that "in the final
analysis, sustainable development must rest on political will."2
Development implies management for sustainable use
Barnabe, 97 professor of marine ecology at the University of Montpellier (Gilbert, Ecology and
Management of Coastal Waters: The Aquatic Environment, p. 167-168)

It is thus necessary to change strategy, which is what we propose in the following chapters. Our
proposals are based on the work on developing the rearing of sea bream and sea bass in our laboratory
(Barnabe and Rene, 1972, 1973; Barnabe, 1974, 1976, 1990a), fisheries studies (Barnabe, 1973. 1976),
eco-ethological studies offish in the littoral zone (Barnabe and Chauvet, 1992; Chauvet et a!., 1991), and
also on the coordination of studies examining aquaculture and aquatic resources (Barnabe, 1990c,
1991). In order to expose what is happening elsewhere in the area of exploitation of aquatic resources,
we have chosen the term "development", as it also implies "management" and comes under the
perspective of "sustainable development" as it has been called since the Rio Conference in 1992.
Ocean development includes protection and establishing legal regimes
Visbeck et al, 13 GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research (Martin, Establishing a Sustainable
Development Goal for Oceans and Coasts to Face the Challenges of our Future Ocean June,
http://www.ifw-members.ifw-kiel.de/publications/establishing-a-sustainable-development-goal-for-
oceans-and-coasts-to-face-the-challenges-of-our-future-ocean/KWP_1847.pdf)

3 Ocean Sustainability and Sustainable Development
The definition of an SDG for oceans and coasts (SDG Oceans and Coasts), the formulation of a set of
specific targets and the development of an underlying indicator set to measure these objectives are
essential elements of a prudent ocean management strategy. Importantly, both the sustainable
development goal and the corresponding indicator set should cover the coasts, the exclusive economic
zones (EEZs), and the high seas. Furthermore, an SDG Oceans and Coasts should reflect the ecosystem
approach and make reference to the polluter pays principle. The ecosystem approach, adopted as the
primary framework for action under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD 1992), aims at
managing the ecological system as a whole by integrating land, water, and living resources. It promotes
conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way and incorporates the precautionary principle by
urging stakeholders, especially States, to take action even under conditions of scientific uncertainty.
3.1 Sustainable Development Goal for Oceans and Coasts
The primary objectives of the proposed SDG OCEAN and COASTS should be to:
1) Ensure the basic life-sustaining and regulating functions of the oceans (oxygen production, key
processes in the climate system, and in the hydrological cycle).
a) Limit activities that alter these functions.
b) Limit CO2 emissions to reduce further ocean warming, acidification and de-oxygenation.
2) Ensure a healthy and productive marine environment to sustain all provisioning and non-provisioning
(i.e. supporting and regulating) services of oceans and coasts
a) Exploit all living resources within safe biological limits and in accordance with the ecosystem approach
and the precautionary principle.
b) Exploit all non-living resources in accordance with the ecosystem approach and the precautionary
principle.
c) Limit use and degradation of marine space in accordance with the ecosystem approach and the
precautionary principle.
d) Develop and distribute technical capacities for the sustainable use of ocean resources.
e) Provide access to marine information and data and build global capacity for the assessment of oceans
and for the management of ocean related activities.
f) Report on the status of the oceans and coasts regularly against a set of ocean and coastal indicators.
3) Build resilient coastal communities through mitigation and adaptation strategies, innovation and
sustainable development, by sharing benefits and responsibilities.
4) Engage in integrated and multi-level ocean governance.
a) Develop a framework for MSP within EEZs and in areas beyond national jurisdiction.
b) Improve and harmonize legal frameworks for oceans and coasts to take into account current and
future uses.
c) Improve and harmonize the governance of ocean and coastal regimes.
For all these objectives, specific targets need to be developed and negotiated at a national, regional and
global level. For that purpose, the proposed SDG OCEANS AND COASTS can be operationalized through
the three dimensions OCEAN SERVICES, OCEAN HEALTH AND COASTAL RESILIENCE discussed in Section
2. Progress against the targets in these dimensions should be monitored through an adequate set of
indicators to measure sustainable development for oceans and coasts.

Development includes research

Development includes research, utilization and conservation
US Code, 9 (TITLE 33. NAVIGATION AND NAVIGABLE WATERS CHAPTER 22. SEA GRANT COLLEGES AND
MARINE SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT NATIONAL SEA GRANT COLLEGE PROGRAM, 33 USCS prec 1121,
http://seagrant.noaa.gov/Portals/0/Documents/who_we_are/legislation/docs/USC%20as%20amended
%20by%202008.pdf)

"(i) For the purposes of this title--
"(1) the term 'development of marine resources' means scientific endeavors relating to the marine
environment, including, but not limited to, the fields oriented toward the development, conservation, or
economic utilization of the physical, chemical, geological, and biological resources of the marine
environment; the fields of marine commerce and marine engineering; the fields relating to exploration
or research in, the recovery of natural resources from, and the transmission of energy in, the marine
environment; the fields of oceanography and oceanology; and the fields with respect to the study of the
economic, legal, medical, or sociological problems arising out of the management, use, development,
recovery, and control of the natural resources of the marine environment;
"(2) the term 'marine environment' means the oceans; the Continental Shelf of the United States; the
Great Lakes; the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas adjacent to the coasts of the United States
to the depth of two hundred meters, or beyond that limit, to where the depths of the superjacent
waters admit of the exploitation of the natural resources of the area; the seabed and subsoil of similar
submarine areas adjacent to the coasts of islands which comprise United States territory; and the
natural resources thereof;
"(3) the term 'sea grant college' means any suitable public or private institution of higher education
supported pursuant to the purposes of this title which has major programs devoted to increasing our
Nation's utilization of the world's marine resources and which is so designated by the Secretary; and
"(4) the term 'sea grant program' means (A) any activities of education or research related to the
development of marine resources supported by the Secretary by contracts with or grants to institutions
of higher education either initiating, or developing existing, programs in fields related to the purposes of
this title, (B) any activities of education or research related to the development of marine resources
supported by the Secretary by contracts with or grants to suitable institutes, laboratories, and public or
private agencies, and (C) any programs of advisory services oriented toward imparting information in
fields related to the development of marine resources supported by the Secretary by contracts with or
grants to suitable institutes, laboratories, and public or private agencies.".








Joint development allows cooperation

Joint development is the cooperative exploitation of non-living ocean resources
Espina, 12 - Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University (Ana, RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SOUTH CHINA
SEA AND PROSPECTS FOR JOINT DEVELOPMENT 10/24,
http://www.apu.ac.jp/rcaps/uploads/fckeditor/publications/workingPapers/RCAPS_RPD-12001.pdf)

Joint development is defined as the cooperation between States with regard to the exploration for and
exploitation of certain deposits, fields or accumulations of non-living resources which either extend
across a boundary or lie in an area of overlapping claims.26 The said definition implies two
circumstances wherein joint development may be implemented. The first case is when the resources
straddle between or across the boundaries of the concerned States. In this case, the maritime boundary
is presumed to be delimited. Joint development becomes more attractive to concerned States to avoid
the possibility of being in the losing end with regards to the exploitation of resources, especially the
energy resources, whose deposit possibly extends across the delimitation line. An oil and gas field in
ones jurisdictional area, for instance, may siphon off the same resources that are under the other
States jurisdiction. 27 Thus, it is economically more beneficial for concerned States to jointly exploit the
resources as one unit and agree on the scheme for apportionment of costs and benefits for such an
undertaking. This arrangement is also called unitization.
The second scenario is when the potential resources are located in a yet undelimited area between the
claimant countries, and the concerned States, for political and economic reasons, have decided to jointly
develop the resources in the area. In this case, the decision to establish joint development may be made
within the context of maritime delimitation28 or when maritime delimitation is still shelved or
unresolved.29 Joint development takes the form of a provisional arrangement when the disputed area is
still undelimited, although concerned States could decide later on to make it a permanent arrangement.
Generally, joint development pertains more to the non-living, especially oil and gas, than the living
resources like fisheries. The precedents for joint development for fisheries are relatively few.30 It
appears that there is a generally accepted practice in the international community to limit the joint
development to the non-living resources and to exclude fish and marine mammals.31 Several factors
were cited as reasons for this. 32 First, the nature of the fisheries resources is different from the oil and
gas resources and consequently entails a diverse set of considerations. Second, there are relevant
provisions in the UNCLOS regarding the exploitation, conservation and distribution of fisheries
resources. Third, there are other considerations such as historic rights and interests and fish stocks that
may be governed by various international treaties.