Unit 1.

SHIP
STRUCTURE
1. General Structure of the Ship
The main body of the ship is called the hull. The hull consists of an inside framework and
an outside skin called shell plating. At the base of the hull is a heavy metal plate called the keel.
When the ship is at sea this part of the ship is under water. To make it easier to refer to parts of
the ship, the hull is divided into three areas or parts. They are the forwar! amiships an after
parts. The forward part is nearest the "ow. The after part is nearest the stern. Amidships is in the
centre part of the ship.
Identify the main parts of the hull in the diagram below:
In the bow, the hull is attached to the stem post. In the stern, the hull is attached to the
sternpost. The hull is divided into a number of watertight compartments. #ecks divide the hull
horizontally and "ulkheas divide it vertically. #eck "eams support the decks and stanchions
support the bulkheads.
abel the deck beams and the stanchions on the diagram below:
!argoes are stored in cargo hols. !argo holds are usually situated at the bottom of the ship.
Within the hull, decks are given a special name, i.e. "etween ecks $often called simply tween
ecks%. There may be upper tween ecks an lower tween ecks above the holds.
"ulkheads are partitions that can run either transversely #across the ship$ or longitudinally
#fore and aft$. %ometimes bulkheads are built so that they are completely watertight. This makes
it possible either to carry li&uid cargoes, or to seal off the ship if water should break in. The
bulkhead nearest the stem must be very strong. If the ship is damaged it must remain watertight.
This bulkhead is called the collision "ulkhea.
"esides the space for cargo the hull also contains the engine room! which is situated at
the after end of the ship, and a number of tanks: at the fore end of the ship is the forepeak tank,
and at the after end of the ship is the after peak tank. These tanks are used for storing fresh water
and ballast water. At the bottom of the ship is the ou"le "ottom tank! which is used for storing
fuel and water ballast.
If you look at the after part of the ship's hull, you can see small round openings in the ship's
side. These let light and air into the cabins, the crew's &uarters. The openings are called
portholes.
(ow look at the diagram below:
The diagram shows you the upper eck, which is the deck covering the top of the hull, and
the "ulwarks at the fore and after end of the hull. The bulwark is an e)tension of the hull plating,
which rises above the top of the upper deck. They act as a barrier against the force of the waves.
Along the edge of the remainder of the upper deck, especially amidships, you will find a line of
guard rails. These are made up of vertical posts called guar stanchions which are linked
together by either wires or tubes. These protect the passengers and crew from falling overboard.
*.+. As stated previously, ships are divided off into different levels called decks. The upper
deck is the deck which is level with the top of the hull. ,odern ships also have decks forward and
aft above the upper deck and these are called the forecastle eck and poop eck. Amidships
above the level of the upper deck is the superstructure. -n a cargo ship the superstructure is
usually &uite small. The superstructure consists of several decks each with a different purpose. In
the diagram below the four decks are named.
The lowest of the four decks of the superstructure is called the "rige eck. The crew's
&uarters and the galley are on this deck. The ne)t deck is the upper "rige eck or saloon eck.
.ere are cabins for the passengers and a lounge and saloon for their use. Above the saloon deck is
the "oat eck. -n this deck the officers have their accommodation and so does the captain. -n
the boat deck you can also find life"oats! which are raised and lowered into the water by davits.
The highest deck in the superstructure is called the na&igation "rige. This is the nerve centre of
the ship. The wheelhouse is here and so is the chart room and the radio room. The navigation
bridge is where the ship is steered or conned from.
ook at the diagram below and name the four decks of the superstructure labelled as A to /.
What are the decks 0 and 1 called 2
-n which deck are the following found2
(1) ifeboats
(2) Wheelhouse
(3) 3alley
(4) 4assenger's accommodation
(5) !rew's &uarters
(6) !aptain's cabin.
'. ()C*+U,*R-
.ors an phrases
.ull 5 coc6, corp de nav67 osatur6, carcas6
8eel5 chil6
"ow5 prova
%tern 5 pupa
1orward 5 partea din fata a navei, 9nainte, 9n prova
Amidships 5 la cantrul:mi;locul navei7 in a)ul navei7 la cuplul maestru
After 5 din#spre$ pupa7 la:spre pupa7 9napoi
.old 5 magazie:hambar #de nav6$
/eck 5 punte de nav6, covert6
"ulkhead 5perete etan< de nav6, perete de compartimentare #de regul6 transversal$
"etween deck #=tween deck$ 5 9ntrepunte #spa>iu$
Watertight compartment 5 compartiment etan?
!ollision bulkhead 5 perete de coliziune:de forpic7 perete de pic prova
%tem post5 etrava
%ternpost 5etambou
4orthole 5iublou
"ulwark 5 parapet, falsbord7 spargeval de punte
3uard stanchion 5 baston de balustrad6
@pper deck 5 punte superioar6
1orecastle deck 5 puntea teug6
4oop deck 5puntea dunat6
%uperstructure 5 suprastructura
1ore 5prova7 e)tremitate prova7 :: spre prova7 9n:la prova, dinspre prova
Aft 5 pupa:: la:spre:dinspre pupa, din pupa
"ridge deck 5 punte de comand6:naviga>ie
"oat deck 5 punte a b6rcilor7 punte de promenad6 #la navele de pasageri$
@pper bridge deck5 punte superioar6
!rew &uarters 5 cabinele echipa;ului
3alley 5 buc6t6rie #pe nava$
%aloon deck5 punte de clasa 9nt9ia #la navele de pasageri$
ounge 5 careu
Accommodation 5 cabine, spa>iu de locuit pentru ofi>eri
ifeboats 5 b6rci de salvare
Wheelhouse 5 camer6 a timonei
1unnel 5 co<
/.GR*00*R. The 1oun
What is a noun2
A noun is a word that names a person, place, or thing. The word noun comes from the atin word
nomen, which means name. (ouns are of different kinds: common nouns, proper nouns, abstract
nouns, compound nouns and collective nouns.
Proper nouns name a specific person, place, or thing. They are written with capital letters A Bob,
Bucharest, Britain, Monday, April, Mars, the War of the Roses, etc.
The days of the week and the months of the year are always written with capital letters #unlike in
the Bomanian language$ and also the names of nationalities and languages, no matter the position
in the sentence.
%ome proper nouns have become common nouns, therefore they are not written with capital
letters anymore. .ere there are e)amples of: ob;ects named after their place of origin #china,
holland, oxfords$ or ob;ects named after those who invented, discovered, inspired them #a
hovercraft, a mackintosh, an Oscar, a tommy-private in the army, a volt, a watt.
Common nouns name any one of a class of person, place, or thing: boy, city, do!, family, food,
water, happiness. They are divided into the following groups, according to their meaning:
Abstract nouns name actions, states, sensations, senses, relations, considered to be notions. They
refer to intangible items. 0)amples: "oy, love, friendship, !reatness, labour, rest, force, etc.
Concrete nouns name ob;ects, plants, things, phenomena and events, which we are aware of
using our senses. They refer to tangible items. 0)amples: moon, lion, tree, #ohn, rain$
Collective nouns name groups of people or things: audience, family, team, crowd, council,
association, !overnment, crew, con!ress, the public, etc.
Compound nouns are two or more nouns that function as a single unit. A compound noun can be
two individual words #time capsule$, hyphenated words #!reat-uncle$, combined words
#basketball$
Another important criterion in selecting nouns is their countability. According to this, we can
divide nouns into: countable and uncountable nouns.
Count nouns refer to things that we can count7 they have singular and plural forms and can be
preceded by the definite article a, an. 0)amples: one %a cat, two cats, flowers, children families,
days, birds, crowds, etc.
Uncountable nouns name ob;ects that cannot be counted, they do not have plural form and do
not get the definite article. In this category we have: names of sports #football, tennis, ru!by$,
material or concrete mass nouns #steam, smoke, meat, silver$, natural products #fat, marmalade,
milk, oil$, fruit, vegetables and cereals #corn, mai&e, rice, rye, celery, spinach, cabba!e$, abstract
mass nouns #admiration, applause, a!e, homework, peace, youth$.
2 (ote that nouns that are uncountable in 0nglish may be count nouns in other languages
#information, advice$, or there are nouns used only in the plural form even when we are talking
about one item #trousers, clothes, "eans$. We have to use a partitive noun with of when referring
to a single item #a pair of trousers, an item of clothes, a pair of "eans$.
Gener of nouns
3ender is the grammatical category specific to nouns and it represents the form of nouns to show
se) difference, when speaking about animates, and the absence of gender when speaking about
inanimates.
0nglish grammar has C types of gender:
Gender of personal nouns' - masculine gender: man, actor, landlord, hero, bull, brother
- feminine gender: woman, actress, landlady, heroine, cow, sister$ This type of gender can
be e)pressed in C ways:
(7) le)ically D with the help of different words: brother( sister, kin!( )ueen, man( woman,
uncle( aunt$
(8) morphologically A by adding a suffi) to the masculine form #actress, hostess, princess,
!oddess, waitress, heroine).
- by adding a suffi) to the feminine form %widow- widower, bride-bridegroom c$
common gender D one form for both masculine and feminine: artist, cook, doctor,
friend, musician, cousin, parent, person, student, teacher, writer$
Gender of animate nouns - animate nouns are classified into:
(9) names of big animals, which are generally of male gender %horse$ There can be a distinction
maleDfemale: horse %stallion-mare* deer %sta!-hind* sheep %ram-ewe, or adding suffi)es
%lion-lioness, ti!er-ti!ress$
(10) names of small animals, which are neuter, being replaced by it. In some cases there are
le)ical differences: cock-hen, !ander-!oose, do!-bitch$ There are also special gender words:
he !oat-she !oat, +om cat-she cat, male fro!-female fro!$
Gender of inanimate nouns - these nouns are neuter: Where is my umbrella, It is in my ba!( +he
truth will emer!e* it always does$
Case of nouns
!ase is the way in which a noun can be given a change of spelling #an inflection$, which indicates
that the noun has a particular function in a clause, !ase is used to denote the syntactical functions
of nouns.
The nominative case - for the nouns which are sub;ects in a sentence %M bo is waitin! for his
friend, or predicates %-e is a teacher$
The accusative case - is the case of the direct ob;ect %. ate an ice!cream an hour a!o$
If there is only one ob;ect in the sentence, this is a direct ob;ect in the accusative %/hut the
"indo", please* if there are two ob;ects, both could be direct ob;ects in the accusative #. asked
him a #uestion, or one indirect ob;ect in the dative and one direct ob;ect in the accusative #. lent
her m umbrella$
The following verbs are followed by two accusatives: ask, envy, excuse, !ive, for!ive, offer, save,
strike, etc$
The dative case - is the case of the indirect ob;ect. It is marked by the prepositions to and for
%/he !ave some sweets to the children( . bou!ht a present for m mother$
The genitive case - e)presses possession and the syntactical function of attribute. There are
several types of genitive:
(11) The 3s genitive $synthetic genitive% operates as follows: for singular nouns
%!irl$s dress, Ann$s ba!, teacher$s book, for irregular plural nouns %men$s car,
children$s toys, for plural nouns %boys$ cars, 0ickens$ life$
(12) The of genitive - is used as an e&uivalent of the Es genitive %the plays of /hakespeare$ It
is used with nouns, names of things %the title of the book, with geographical places %the city
of 1ondon, for emphasizing %the arrival of his !randfather, with names of small animals
%the tail of the mouse$
(13) The implicit genitive - no E s: audience participation, student hostel, afternoon tea #this
type of genitive is used in contemporary 0nglish, especially in ;ournalism$.
d$ The double genitive - Es genitive F of genitive with names of people %this "oke of Peter$s$
The vocative case - %ob, hurry up2 ( -ave you !ot a minute, Mr. %ro"n ,
1um"er in nouns
&ingular number is used when the noun refers to one item. Plural number is used when the noun
refers to more than one item. !ount nouns have both singular and plural forms. @ncountable
nouns and mass nouns do not normally have a plural form.
The regular plural ending of an 0nglish noun is 4s %cat-cats, ship-ships, sailor-sailors$
These are the e)ceptions to the normal pattern:
&ingular noun ending Plural noun ending
Ds, Dss, Dch, D), Dzz DesG
e)amples: focus-focuses, princess-princesses, church-churches, box-boxes, bu&&-bu&&es
Do Ds or Aes
e)amples: hero-heroes, piano-pianos, potato-potatoes
consonant F y Dies
e)amples: baby-babies, hobby-hobbies, spy-spies
vowel F y Ds
e)amples: boy-boys, key-keys, ray-rays, play-plays
Df Ds or Aves
e)amples: thief-thieves, wolf-wolves, leaf-leaves, roof-roofs, dwarf-dwarfs( dwarves
Dfe Dves
e)amples: life-lives, knife-knives
Irregular plurals
%ome nouns have two plural forms #fish-fish( fishes$. %ome of them have the same form in the
singular and plural #a sheep-ten sheep, a deer-ten deer$. A few change a vowel to form the plural
#man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, !oose-!eese, tooth-teeth, mouseDmice, louse-lice$. %ome
nouns form the plural in 5en #child-children, ox-oxen$.
!ompound nouns normally form the plural by adding 5s to the last word of the compound #a !irl
friend-two !irl friends, a bookcase-two bookcases$ A compound noun formed from a verb and an
adverb adds 5s to the last word #a take-away( two take-always$, but a compound noun formed
from a noun and an adverb makes the first word plural #a passer-by( two passers-by$ !ompound
nouns with man or woman as the first word make both words plural #a manservant-two
menservants, a woman doctor- two woman doctors$.
%ome nouns referring to clothes and tools where two e&ual parts are ;oined together %trousers,
binoculars, scissors$ are treated as being plural and are followed by a verb in the plural %My
trousers are torn( +he scissors are on the table$. To talk about one of these items we use the
e)pression a pair ofH##ohn bou!ht a pair of "eans$. To talk about more than one we talk about
however many pairs ofH#Martina bou!ht five pairs of ti!hts$.
When used as ordinary numbers, words such as dozen, thousands, million have no plural form
#nine million stars( two do&en !lasses$. When used to mean an indefinitely large number, they do
have a plural form, which can be used as a partitive #+here are thousands of people here( . saw
do&ens of children in the play!round$.
'oreign plurals
(ouns that have come into 0nglish from foreign languages can:
D keep the plural form of the language they come from #an axis-two axes, a crisis-two crises, a
thesis-two theses, datum-data$
D have plural formed according to the rules for plural in 0nglish in preference to the foreign
plurals #a memorandum-two memorandums( memoranda, a stadium-two stadiums( stadia
D have two plurals: one from the foreign language and the other formed according to the rules
for plural in 0nglish #an index-indexes( indices, a formula-formulas( formulae
The foreign plural is usually kept for scientific or specialized use.
6.(oca"ular7 Practice
I. *nswer the following 8uestions.
a%. What is the large part of a ship below the main deck consisting of an inside framework 2
b$. What is the main structural part that goes along the bottom of a ship2 c$. .ow is the hull
divided2 d$. Where is the cargo stowed2
e$. What are the spaces contained between decks within the hull called2
f$. What are the vertical partitions called2
g$. .ow do you call the windows of the ship2
h$. .ow do you call the deck which is level with the top of the hull2
i$. What is there amidships above the level of the upper deck2
II. Complete the following statements with one or two wors.
a. In the bow, the hull is attached to the HH
b. In the stern, the hull is attached to theH.
c. The role of the H His to seal off the ship if water should break in.
d. At the fore end of the ship is theH H..
e. At the after end of the ship is the H H.
f. At the bottom of the ship is the H H. tank.
g. TheH. is an e)tension of the hull plating , which rises above the top of the upper deck.
h. H H., which protect the passengers and crew from falling overboard, are linked together by
either wires or tubes.
III. 9ill in the "lanks. Use the wors "elow.
Poop! forecastle! ecks! hols! upper! a"o&e! superstructure! cargo! fore! aft
-n the cargo ship, the main body of the ship, the hull, is divided intoHwhich containH.
The deck at the top of the hull is called theHdeck. Above the upper deck are theHdeck and the
Hdecks. The poop deck isHand the forecastle isHAmidshipsHthe level of the upper deck is
theH.-n a cargo ship the superstructure is usually &uite small. The superstructure consists of
severalHeach with a different purpose.
I(. *re these statements TRUE $T% or 9*,SE $9%: Circle the right answer.
a. The upperdeck houses the crew's &uarters. T:1
b. The galley is where the food is prepared. T:1
c. The upper bridge deck contains passengers' cabins. T:1
d. The crew's &uarters are in the holds. T:1
e. The upper bridge deck is sometimes called the saloon deck. T:1
f. The galley is in the upper bridge deck. T:1
;. Grammar Practice< The 1oun
E=ercise 1. Use a collecti&e noun for the following<
(14) father, mother, sons and daughters7
(15) the eleven players in a game of football7
(16) a multitude of persons7
(17) the group of sailors working on a ship or boat7
(18) scores of sheep together.
E=ercise '. Use a compoun noun to illustrate<
(19) a desk for writing at7
(20) an engine driven by steam7
(21) a wall made of stone7
(22) a man who makes a wall by laying bricks one on top of the other7
(23) a machine for washing clothes7
(24) a bo) for holding matches7
(25) a room in which you sleep7
(26) a room in which you wash7
(27) a pen containing ink in it7
*I.a railway carriage in which people can take their meals.
E=ercise /. Gi&e the plural of the following nouns .Use them in sentences.
a$ bus, town, woman, bo), fly, key, bee, 0nglishman. tooth, wish, goose, city, potato, book, child,
leaf, life, foot, apple, toy, ball, wolf, safe, o).
b$ brush, thief, !hinese, 3erman, donkey, shelf, fish, cliff, %wiss, inch, sheep, louse, bamboo,
handkerchief, a)e, proof, phenomenon, dynamo, means, piano.
c$ echo, loaf, niece, half, chief, volcano, Japanese, deer,
mouse, knife, birth, daughter, buffalo, atlas.
E=ercise 6. Gi&e the plural of the following nouns> e=plain the ifferences "etween the two
forms an use them in sentences< fruit! fish! amage! air! compass! pain! color.
E=ercise ;. 9ill in the gaps with the most suita"le noun<
0oel< a . . . of cards7 a pack of cards:
*. a ... of boots7 +. a Hof sheep7 C. a Hof cattle7 K. a Hof hounds7 L. a Hof birds7 M. a Hof
mos&uitoes7 N. aH of fish7 O. aH of trousers7 P. aHof swine7 *I. a Hof robbers7 **. aH of
stockings7 *+. a H of whales7 *C. a H of footballers7 *K. aH of wolves7 *L. anH at a
concert7 *M. a H of flowers7 *N. a H of lies7
E=ercise ?. Gi&e the feminine corresponents of the following masculine nouns:
a$ man, father, brother, milkman, 0nglishman, sonDinDlaw,. sportsman, nephew, boy, ,r.,
husband, uncle, chairman.
(28) widower, wizard, waiter, bachelor, lord, king, bridegroom, hero, dog, bull, horse, gander,
ram, peacock ,drone.
(29) duke, prince, actor, god, host, waiter, manager, tzar, sultan, poet, nephew, vi)en.
E=ercise @. 9orm nouns "7 aing the appropriate noun4forming suffi=es to the following
aAecti&es<
%@11IQ * + C
4ness short e)istential mean
4ism cruel foolish childish
4th sane social an)ious
4om gay short long
4$i%t7Biet7 free wide strong
E=ercise C. Gi&e the corresponing nouns for the following &er"s an aAecti&es<
o To bleed, to bath, to sing, to believe, to breethe, to feed, to lose, to live, to prove, to choose7
o "road, deep, long, strong, wide, new.
E=ercise D. Use the sa(on genitive $3s% in the following sentences<
*. .e knows nothing about the climate of this country. +. /o you know the name of the typist of
the manager2 C. The new car of the friend of his cousin is a /acia *CII. K. Jane doesn't know the
timetable of her daughter. 3$ %he does not doubt the good intentions of the parents of her husband.
M. Rou can easily notice die first signs of spring. N. The dresses of the shopDgirls are the best
advertisement. O. They all welcomed the protection of the police. P. These are the best plays of
I.O. %haw. *I. .e has been studying the folklore of %cotland for several years. **. The parents of
all the children are present at the meeting. *+. %he won't say a word about the purpose of her life.
*C. The industry of Bomania is in full swing. *K. The high note of the nightingale can be easily
heard.
E=ercise 1E. Translate into Romanian:
(30) We've run out of orange ;uice7 you'd better go to the grocer's and buy some.
(31) ,y husband's new suit is not ready yet7 it is still at the tailor's.
(32) When you go to @8 don't miss the chance to go to ,adame Tussaud's.
(33) They usually buy fresh fruits at the greengrocer's every ,onday morning.
(34) .ave you ever seen %t. James's2
(35) They decided to go to the lawyer's tomorrow at noon.
(36) -n your way home you might stop at the tobacconist's and buy some cigarettes for me.
(37) I have been an employee at 1ord's for twenty years.
(38) I'll go to the hairdresser's later.
l-."efore my coming back home, I dropped into the baker's where I bought a loaf of soft
bread and these delicious rolls.
E=ercise 11. Translate into English pa7ing attention to the geniti&e case<
(39) %tr6zile acestui ora< sunt foarte largi.
(40) !6s6toria copiilor prietenilor mei a avut loc acum dou6 s6pt6mSni.
(41) Acesta este noul profesor de matematic6 al fiului meu.
(42) Tnainte de a 9ncepe orele, am f6cut o plimbare de dou6zeci de minute.
(43) 4ersonalul acestei companii este format din treizeci de oameni.
(44) In intervalul de o lun6 care urmeaz6, termin6m toate e)amenele.
(45) a vSrsta lui, o c6l6torie de zece ore cu trenul trebuie s6 fie foarte obositoare.
(46) (u trebuie s6 uit6m niciodat6 de drepturile celor s6raci.
(47) I a<teptare de cinci minute nu mai conteaz6.
*I. Uiarul de ieri a publicat multe <tiri interesante.
E=ercise 1'. 9orm eri&ati&e nouns from the following F
G Verbs:
*. to decide +.to approve C. to discuss K. to refer 3$ to discover M. to teach N.
to weigh O.to grow P. to pay *I. to perform **.to limit *+. to betray.
G Ad;ectives:
*.national +.wise C. likely K. free 3$ great M. weak N. kind O. happy P. true *I. deep **.high
*+.warm
G (ouns:
*.dictator +. friend C. scholar K. leader 3$ child M. piano N. music O. mathematics P.science *I.
host **. widow *+. waiter.
E=ercise 1/. Rewrite in the plural<
*.This is a bo). +. That's a lorry. C. Where's the knife2 K. Is it your watch2 L. This is a new
house.M. That's an old chimney. N. That isn't my dress. O. That's a shoe. P. Who's this man2
*I..e's a farmer and this is his wife. **. That's a row of people. *+. Is it a new bridge2 *C.There
is a match in the bo). *K. There's no child in their family.*L. Is there a dictionary on his desk2 *M.
Is there a desk in that room2 *N. The face of that woman is attractive. *O.The house isn't large but
it's comfortable. *P. Who's that person2 +I. Which book is yours2
E=ercise 16 Put into the singular<
*. "alls are round. +. .ouses have roofs. C. These are phonemes. K. 1o)es are animals.J$
Boses are beautiful flowers. M. Watches are small clocks. N. /ogs have tails. O. Those boys are
good friends. P. These are simple sentences. *I. These aren't bo)es. **. The children are at
school. *+. These are my notebooks. *C. ,y friends want to study 3erman. *K. .is brothers work
hard all day. *L. .ousewives have to work very hard. *M. !hildren receive a lot of pleasure from
this game. *N. They live in small houses. *O. The postmen bring letters three times a day. *P. The
boys wake up at si). +I. There are some pictures on the walls.
E=ercise 1;. 0atch * an + in orer to o"tain compoun nouns. Use them in sentences<
arm sitter
bottle pages
fast heating
Rellow chair
lawn directory
telephone mower
chewing conditioner
central bag
air opener
tea food
alarm gum
post clock
baby stop
heart tale
burglar attack
fairy office
credit lenses
bus card
bank alarm
contact account
E=ercise 1? Unerline the nouns in the te=ts an put the plural ones in the singular<
(48) Thieves stole the cameras and videos from two shops in %tapleton Boad yesterday. They
also took several bo)es of video cassettes and hundreds of audio cassettes.
(49) Two police officers were in;ured in a fight last night. -ne policeman lost four teeth.
Three other people were also in;ured. The police were called to the !entral car park where there
was a fight involving about two dozen young men and women. /ozens of cars and two buses
were damaged.
0)ample: pl. thieves 5 sg. thief
E=ercise 1@. Complete the sentences with the plural form of the wors in "rackets:
,y hotel's a bit primitive. I've seen #* mouse$ WWWWWW in my roomX And there are #+ fly$ WWWWWWW
everywhere during the day and #C mos&uito$ WWWWW at night. "ut the #K beach$ WWWWW
are
beautiful.
There are a lot of old #L church$ WWWWWWW on the island and I've taken lots of #M photo$ WWWWWWWW of
them.
0very day I buy two small #N loaf$ WWWWWWW of bread and some #O fruit$ WWWWWW , usually #P peach$
WWWWWW , #*I orange$ WWWWWW and #** tomato$ WWWWWW . but the #*+ shelf$ WWWWWW in the shops are
almost empty, so yesterday I went fishing and caught two #*C fish$ WWWWWW for my lunch.
There aren't any #*K bus$ WWWWWW so I walk everywhere. ,y #*L foot$ WWWWWW really hurt. I want to
go into the mountains. They say there are #*M wolf$ WWWWWW there.
The #*N person$ WWWWWW are very friendly. %ometimes #*O family$ WWWWWW come out to say hello
when I walk past. The #*P man$ WWWWW have two or three #+I wife$ WWWWW and dozens of #+*
child$ WWWWW . I don't think their #++ life$ WWWW have changed for #+C century$ WWWWW .
It's
certainly one of the most unspoilt #+K country$ WWWWWW I've ever been to.
E=ercise 1C..hich are the 1; counta"le nouns in this news report:
.iX Rou're listening to 3WB Badio. What a terrible morningX There have been several accidents
on the roads. A number of people were hurt in an accident on the , C+ motorway when two cars
crashed near Junction K. And there are a few problems for rail travellers. ,any trains between
cities in the west and ondon are running twenty to thirty minutes late.
E=ercise 1D. .hat are the eight uncounta"le nouns in the news report of the e=plosion at
+rislington:
An e)plosion has destroyed a chemical factory in "rislington. Thanks to the courage of the
firefighters no one was hurt. The air around the factory is still thick with smoke, and for their own
safety, residents have been told not to drink the water. Besidents are worried about their
children's health and the damage to the environment caused by the e)plosion.
1oun H &er" agreement
E=ercise 'E. Choose the right form of the &er"s in "rackets<
*. .is family #is: are$ in "ucharest now.
(50) The news #was: were$ a great surprise for all of us.
(51) 4eople #rush: rushes$ home when the day's work is over.
(52) -ur football team #plays: play$ this evening.
(53) Rour group #is: are$ made up of thirty students.
(54) The audience #is:are$ listening to the piano player.
(55) The cattle #is:are$ entering the ranch yard.
(56) The committee #agrees:agree$ with all the changes.
(57) The furniture in my daughter's room #is:are$ new and modern.
(58) The crew of the ship #was:were$ gathered on the upper deck.
(59) The parliament #is:are$ voting a new law.
(60) The luggage #was:were placed$ on the luggage rack.
(61) Where #is:are$ my glasses2
(62) ,athematics#is:are$ his favourite sub;ect at school.
(63) ,y cousin's trousers #is:are$ very e)pensive.
(64) 4roceedings of the conference #is:are$ published within a week.
(65) The particulars of the witness #is:are$ taken down by a young policeman.
(66) There #is:are$ enough money in the drawer.
(67) ,easles #is:are$ a very dangerous catching
disease. +I.The customs #is:are$ not far from here.
E=ercise '1. Choose the correct form of the &er"<
*.!lothes #isn't: aren't$ cheap nowadays.
+.4eople #doesn't: don't$ buy clothes that are too e)pensive.
C.MI pounds #is: are$ a lot of money for a pair of ;eans. K.The
government #is: are$ trying to keep prices low.
E=ercise ''. Choose the correct &er" forms<
.is clothes #* are: is$ WWWWWW very old. .is trousers #+ has got: have got$ WWWWWW holes in them and
his glasses #C are: is$ WWWWWW broken. All his belongings #K is: are$ WWWWWW in a bag on his back. The
police often #L stops: stop$ WWWWWW him and #M asks: ask$ WWWWWWW him &uestions. 4eople #N avoid:
avoids$ WWWWWW him in the streets. .is earnings #O are: is$ WWWWWWW very small. .e gets KI pounds a
week from social security. 1or him KI pounds #P is: are$ WWWWWW a lot of money. YI'm
not
interested in possessions, he says, Ymathematics #*I are: is$ WWWWW my passion.
?. SE,94TEST
I. 9ill in the "lanks with the appropriate term$s%
(68) The main body of the ship is calledH.
(69) The hull consists of an insideHHH.
(70) The forward part is nearest theHH..
(71) The after part is nearest theHHH...
(72) In the bow, the hull is attached to theH.
(73) In the stern, the hull is attached to theH
(74) The hull is divided into a number
ofH. O.H.divide the hull horizontally. P.
Hdivide the hull vertically.
*IHsupport the bulkheads. *Ip
II. *nswer the following 8uestions<
(75) Where are cargoes stored2
(76) What are the special names given to the decks within the hull2
(77) What is the purpose of the collision bulkhead2
(78) What is the name of the tank at the fore end of the ship2
(79) What is the name of the tank at the after end of the ship2
(80) What is the purpose of the double bottom tank2
(81) .ow do you call the deck covering the top of the hull2
(82) What is a bulwark2
(83) .ow
do you call the decks which are forward and aft above the upper deck2 *I.What are guard
stanchions2 *Ip
III. *re these statements TRUE$T% or 9*,SE$9%. Select the correct answer.
(84) The
lowest of the four decks of the superstructure is called the upper bridge deck. T:1
(85) Above
the saloon deck is the boat deck. T:1
(86) The
highest deck in the superstructure is called the navigation deck. T:1
(87) The
bridge deck is where the ship is steered or conned from. T:1
(88) The
galley is the ship's kitchen. T:1
(89) The
crew's &uarters and the galley are on the boat deck. T:1
Mp
I(. Each pair of wors contains one counta"le noun an one uncounta"le noun. #raw up
two columns an put the nouns into the appropriate column.
1. accommodation:flat7 +. /esk:furniture7 C. "ag:luggage7 K. Work:;ob7 L. Travel:trip7 M.
Trouble:information7 N. 1act:information7 O. !hance:luck7 P. Advice:suggestion7 *I.
8nowledge:capability7 **. (ews:headline7 *+. /ollar:money7 *C. .our:time7 *K.
%cenery:landscape.
(. 0ost of these sentences ha&e a mistake in them. Correct them! or if there is no mistake!
write RIGHT.
(90) I believe it's very difficult to find a cheap accommodation in
ondon. HHto fin cheap accommoationHHH.
(91) We're looking for a place to rentHHHRIGHT
(92) We're late because they're reDsurfacing the motorway and the traffics are terrible.
(93) .e was asked to leave the college because of a bad behaviour at the end of term party.
(94) I'm going to phone my brother to wish him good luck for his driving test.
(95) I think it's a pity Bebecca had her hairs cut short because she looked much more
attractive before.
(96) As an old friend, may I give you an advice2
(97) It's not a bad room but the furnitures take up too much space.
(98) If we don't have upDtoDdate information, how can we make sensible decisions2
(99) 1ortunately, the checkDup was less unpleasant e)perience than I had e)pected.
(100) All the luggages are here in the corridor.
(101) 4eter doesn't like milk in his tea.
@. Self4Test4*nswer Ie7
I.
*. the hull
+. framework
C. the bow
K. the stern
L. stempost
M. sternpost
@. watertight compartments
O. decks
P. bulkheads
*I. stanchions
II.
*. in the holds
+. between decks or tween decks
C. to seal off the ship if water should break in
K. forepeak tank
L. afterpeak tank
M. to store fuel and water ballast
N. upper deck
O. an e)tension of the hull plating, which rises above the top of the upper deck
P. forecastle deck and poop deck
*I. vertical posts which are linked together by either wires or tubes
III.
*.17 +.T7 C.T7 K.17 L.T7 M.1
!ountable and uncountable nouns
1lat accommodation
/esk furniture
"ag luggage
Job work
Trip travel
4roblem trouble
1act information
%uggestion advice
/ollar money
andscape scenery
!hance luck
!apability knowledge
.eadline news
V.
(102) ..the traffic is terribleH
(103) H.because of bad behaviourH
(104) RIGHT
(105) Bebecca had her hair cut short
(106) I give you some advice:Ha piece of
advice2
(107) the furniture takes up too much space
(108) RIGHT
(109) was a less unpleasant e)perience
(110) the luggage
(111) RIGHT
Unit. ' SHIPJS
#I0E1SI)1S
,E1GTH
A ship's length is measured in different ways for ship's officers, for architects and designers, and
for registry. Terms used for technical or registry purposes include registered length, tonnage
length, floodable length, and length by A"% rules. We mention these terms for familiarization
only. The more commonly used length measurementsDlen!th overall, len!th between
perpendiculars, and len!th on load waterline are discussed as follows.
1.1.,ength )&erall $,)*%
A ship's ength -verall is measured in feet and inches from the e)treme forward end of
the bow to the e)treme aft end of the stern. Watercraft operators must be familiar with this and
similar dimensions to safely manoeuvre the ship. The dimension is commonly found in lists of
ship's data for each vessel.
1.1.'.,ength +etween Perpeniculars $,+P%
A ship's ength "etween 4erpendiculars is measured in feet and inches from the forward
surface of the stem, or main bow perpendicular member, to the after surface of the sternpost, or
main stern perpendicular member. -n some types of vessels this is, for all practical purposes, a
waterline measurement.
1.1/. ,ength on ,oa .aterline $,.,%
A ship's ength on oad Waterline is an important dimension because length at the
waterline is a key factor in the comple) problem of speed, resistance, and friction. -n vessels
with a counter stern, the W and "4 can be the same or about the same. -n a ship with a
cruiser stern, the W is greater than the "4.
1.'. .I#TH
A ship's width or, more properly a ship's breadth is e)pressed in a number of ways and, like
length, for a number of reasons.
1.'.1. 0a=imumBE=treme +reath
A ship's ma)imum:e)treme breadth is measured in feet and inches from the most outboard
point on one side to the most outboard point on the other at the widest point on the ship.
1.'.'. +eam
The beam of a ship is the width of the ship #over the plating$ taken at any position along the
length. When giving a brief summary of ship's measurements there is a tendency to use the term
beam for ma)imum:e)treme breadth.
1./. #EPTH
The depth of a vessel involves several important vertical dimensions. They involve terms
like freeboard, draft, draft marks, and load lines$ The vessel's depth is measured vertically from
the lowest point of the hull, ordinarily from the bottom of the keel, to the side of any deck that
you may choose as a reference point.
1./.1. 9ree"oar
When a ship floats, a large part of it is below the waterline. The waterline is the line at
which a ship floats in the water, depending on its load. The vertical distance from the waterline to
the edge of the lowest outside deck is the freeboard$
1./.'. #raftB#raught
The vertical distance form the waterline to the lowest part of the ship's bottom is the
draft$ The draft is also the least depth of water in which a ship will float. The draft of a ship will
vary according to the weight with which it is loaded. A fullyDloaded ship will have a deeper draft
than when unloaded. An unloaded ship will have a shallow draft. There may be a difference
between the ship's draft aft and her draft forward according to the weight of the load carried.
arge vessels are usually vessels of deep draft or hampered vessels. They have to comply with
maritime international regulations relating to the ma)imum draft permitted in various navigable
areas.
1././. #raft marks an loa lines
A vessel that was overloaded might become unstable and sink. To stop that from happening
there are very strict laws governing the loading of ships. -n the side of every vessel there is
painted a line #like the one in the drawing$ which shows the safe level at which the ship floats in
water of different densities. The vessel must never be loaded so that this line goes below the level
of the water. This safety line carries the name of the man who advocated itD %amuel 4limsoll. It is
called the 4limsoll ine. A set of marks are painted on the bows, the stern and amidships. These
marks show the vertical height of the hull from the underside of the keel to ;ust the load line.
These marks are called draft marks.
1./.6.Trim an ,ist
The relation of the length of the draft and the bow and stern is called the trim$ The ship in
the figure below is horizontal, so we say it's in trim. %ometimes either the bow or stern is lower
in the water than it should be. Then we say the ship is out of trim$ When this happens we say that
the ship is trimmed by the head or trimmed by the stern:down by the head or down by the stern.
If the ship is out of balance from left to right, she is said to have a list. The ship may have
a list to port:starboard ofH.degrees. In order to upright the ship you have to transfer fuel: ballast
water: fresh water:oil from one tank to another to correct the list. If cargo is not properly lashed, it
may shift and cause a list of the ship to port or starboard. In this case you have to move the cargo
to correct the list.
%tudy the diagram below showing some important ship dimensions:
1.6. EKPRESSI1G GE1ER*, #I0E1SI)1S
1.6.1. Stu7 the ta"le "elow
1oun *Aecti&e
length long
with wie
"reath "roa
epth eep
thickness thick
height high
1.6.'. We can describe the length, breadth, depth and height of an ob;ect by using four different
patterns:
(112) The beam is three metres in length.
(113) The beam has a length of three metres.
(114) The length of the beam is three metres.
(115) The beam is three metres long.
In order to describe the radius, diameter or the circumference of an ob;ect you will have to
use only the patterns *,+ and C.
1.6./. We can describe the dimensions of a ship using the following patterns:
(116) The ship's overall length #-A$ is *KM metres.
(117) The overall length #-A$ of the ship is *KM metres.
(118) The ship has an overall length #-A$ of *KM metres.
()C*+U,*R-
.ors an phrases
ength 5 lungime
-A#length overall$ 5 lungime ma)im6
"4#length between perpendiculars$ 5 lungime a navei 9ntre perpendiculare
W# length on load waterline$ 5 lungime a navei la linia de plutire de 9nc6rcare
Width 5 latime
"readth 5 latime a navei
"eam 5 latime ma)im6 #a navei$7 traversul navei
/epth 5 ad9ncime#a apei$79nalZ>ime a bordului7 pesca;
1reeboard 5 bordul liber
/raught:draft 5 pesca; /raught :draft forward 5pesca;
prova /raught:draft aft 5 pesca; pupa /raught:draft marks
5 scara de pesca;:9nc6rcare oad lines 5 marca de
9ncarcare, marca de bord liber 4limsoll line:mark 5 semn
4limsoll, marca de bord liber Trim 5 asiet6, diferenta de
pesca;7 9nclinare longitudinal6 Trimmed by the
bov[ead:stem 5 #nav6$ aprovat6 Trimmed by the stern 5
#nav6$ apupat6
ist 5 canarisire, 9nclinare transversal6 permanent6:static6, unghi de canarisire:a se 9nclina, a se
canarisi
To have:take a list 5 a #se$ canarisi
!ounter stern 5 pup6 cu bolt6
!ruiser stern 5 pup6 de crucisator
/.GR*00*R< The article an other eterminers
#ETER0I1ERS
/efinite article D the man
Indefinite article D a tree, an apple
Uero article D men, trees, apples
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES - this newspaper,
D that magazine
D theseBthose ships
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES - my/your/his/her/its
our/their uniform
INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES - what/which/ whose
book do you want2
I1#E9I1ITE *#LECTI(ES 4 each student, e&er7
day, some books,
an7 officer, no rules,
either side,
neither sailor
PRE#ETER0I1ERS preceed the determiners:
(119) all the books, "oth my children, "oth of these features, half these cadets
(120) multiplicative numerals: twice the amount, three times the sum
(121) fractions: one4thir the time, three 8uarters the total
P)ST#ETER0I1ERS
(122) ordinal numerals: the first three important events
(123) the other name, the ne=t duty station, the last shipment
THE *RTIC,E is the part of speech which induvidualize ob;ects and phenomena in a linguistic
conte)t7 it does not have any fle)ionary forms7 it works as a determiner.
The efinite article< THE
4unctions: it is used to e)press a uni8ue reference
a$ eictic function: with nouns whose preference is immediately understood by
the speakers within a conte)tD in a room: the door, the window: !lose the
window, will you27 in a forest: The ground is covered with dry leaves7 in a city:
!an you tell me how to get to the harbour2
(124) anaphoric function: with nouns which were previously
mentioned: I bought a book yesterday7 the book is interesting.
(125) cataphoric function: when the definite determination is after the noun,
e)pressed by a relative clause: The man who is commaning the ship is the master of
that ship.
(126) generic function: the noun is used in a general way, as representing a whole
class: The horse is a useful animal.
The definite article used with: proper nouns4 the @8, the @%A, the @niversity of
"ucharest7 plural nounsD the "rowns, the Alps, the !arpathians7 !eo!raphical
names: the /anube, the -lt, the %uez !anal, the %ahara7 names of institutions: the
ido #.otel$, the (ational Theatre, the "ritish ,useum7 newspapers: the Times,
the 3uardian7 names of ships: the Transylvania.
The i!e"iite artic#e$ A% AN
4unctions: a$ epiphoric function: to introduce a word which was not mentioned
previously: There is a young officer waiting for you.
b$ numerical function: the indefinite article has the meaning of one
%he bought a dress, two blouses, and an umbrella.
*Bone hundred people are on this ship.
c$ generic function: to represent an entire class of ob;ects or beings
*n officer is a gentleman.
The Mero article< %he drinks \tea every day7 N!lothes do not make the name> In
these situation the absence of the article#\$ is e&ual to the presence of it.
4unctions: *$ generic function: I like coffee: literature:long walks.
+$ for the uni8ue reference of proper nouns and some common nouns in different
conte)ts: 5eter and Mary will go to school in autumn$ 4roper nouns used with the
zero article:
(127) names of people: 4eter, /r. %mith, ord (elson, father, uncle
(128) time divisons: ,onday, January, !hristmas
(129) geographical names: Asia, 0ngland, 4aris
(130) proper nouns followed by common nouns: "ran !astle, -)ford
%treet Other determiners' The emonstrati&e aAecti&e< thisBthatBtheseBthose
It determines a noun, saying how far or close is from the speaker.
4unctions: a$ eictic function #space or time orientation in a conte)t$
This is my desk.: What are those people doing2
(131) anaphoric function:I saw an 0nglish teacher in his new car.
This car is really something.
(132) cataphoric function: These little children are very pretty.
(133) emotional function: #to highlight the
determined noun$ This Tom "rown is always playing the
piano at night.
The possessi&e aAecti&e 5replaces the possessor and determines the name of the possessed
ob;ect: 4eter's stamp collection is valuable. His stamp collection is valuable.
4ossessives are used to specify the ownership of an item or, if the noun refers to something
animate, to specify a relationship: ,r. %mith was m7 teacher when I was a student in the
Academy.
+he possessive phrase acts ;ust like a possessive word but is a noun or noun phrase ending in 3s or
sJ. A possessive phrase acts as a possessive determiner but may itself include one of the other
determiners: Sall7Js new ;ob7 a goo a7Js work7 the resientsJ dining room7 the &isitorsJ
room.
\the body parts are always preceded by the possessive ad;ective #m7 hand, his leg, her arm$ and
clothes items also#his coat, her gloves, m7 uniform$.
6. (oca"ular7 Practice
I. *nswer the following 8uestions.
(134) .ow is a ship's measurement e)pressed2
(135) What does -A stand for2
(136) What does "4 stand for2
(137) What does W stand for2
(138) What is the ship's ma)imum breadth2
(139) What is meant by the beam of a ship2
(140) .ow do you measure a vessel's depth2
(141) What is the freeboard2
(142) What is the draft of a vessel2
(143) What does in trim mean2
II. Complete the following statements with the appropriate term$s%.
(144) The painted line which shows the safe level at which the ship floats in water of different
densities is called theH..ine.
(145) The Hof a ship is the width of the ship #over the plating$ taken at any position along the
length.
(146) When either the bow or stern is lower in the water than it should be, we say the ship isH
(147) If the ship is out of balance from left to right, she is said to have aH
(148) AHis the line at which a ship floats in the water.
III. #escri"e the imensions of these o"Aects in as man7 wa7s as possi"le<
(149) !-(TAI(0B: height +.KKm, length *+.+m, width +.KKm
(150) TA(8 : depth Cm
(151) I10"@-R :inner circumference ++Pmm, outer circumference CO*mm
(152) "0A, :thickness *Imm
(153) 4I%T-( BI(3: circumference +LIImm
I(. Translate the following sentences into English.
*. Am pesca; ma)im Mm, bord liber +m <i 9n6l>imea *+m.
(154) 4esca;ul prova este de +L picioare, pesca;ul pupa este de +N picioare, bordul liber P
picioare <i 9n6l>imea CO picioare.
(155) (ava mea este aprovat6.
(156) (ava ]-siris] este st9n;enit6 de pesca;.
(157) Am o 9nclinare de *I grade spre babord.
(158) !are este lungimea ma)im62
(159) !are este pesca;ul ma)im actual2
(160) 4esca;ul ma)im permis este de +Im
(161) ungimea ma)im6 a navei este de *KMm
(162) Tancul are o adincime de Cm.
;. Grammar Practice
E=ercise 1. Put the following sentences into singular<
(163) (ouns are words.
(164) !ities are big towns.
(165) .orses are animals.
(166) Boses are beautiful flowers.
(167) Tables are pieces of furniture.
E=ercise '. 9ill the "lanks with the re8ueste articles an translate the te=t<
1.++16 T-,,R A(/ ... .-B%0
+ommy' 1ather, . . . teacher does not know what horse is.
4ather' Why do you think so, Tommy2
+ommy' Rou know, I drew ... horse yesterday and showed it to ... teacher and he asked me
what it was.
E=ercise /. 9ill in the "lanks with the appropriate article<
(168) Would you like ... cup of ... tea and ... cake2
(169) It is better to tell . . . truth than tell . . . lies.
(170) Where is ... hat I bought yesterday2
(171) %mith, ... man I told you about, is ... very man.
(172) I like to eat . . . bread and ... butter in . . . morning.
(173) ittle Tommy goes to ... school only in H morning.
(174) .e went to . . . bed with . . . bad cold.
(175) .e crossed ... lake in ... record time.
(176) .e collects . . . butterflies, . . . stamps, and H matchbo)es.
*I. In ... autumn of ... +IIC we went on ... e)cursion to . . . /anube /elta.
E=ercise 6. 9ill the gaps with the appropriate articles<
*.Take... little tea7 it will do you ... lot of good.
+.-ut ofHsight, out... mind.
C.l like H lot of. . . sugar in my tea.
K.... supper is... last meal of... day. L. ...
bad drivers are punished by H law.
M.Take ... chair and make yourself at H home7 he will be back in ... minute.
N.This is . . . answer to ... problem ... teacher gave us. O.There won't be another
train for at least H hour. P.We had ... dinner together at ... good restaurant H
yesterday. *I.. /anube, ... Bhine and ... Thames are three important 0uropean
rivers . E=ercise ;. Put the articles a, an, the into the gaps<
*. .e came to see me ... last week and broughtH 0nglish handbook with him.
+. H good dictionary is . . . great help to . . . students.
(177) ... last night I met Tommy7 he said he would come here today if . . . weather were
fine.
(178) !ome to see me on ... %aturday at ... latest.
(179) .e works hard by H day and sleeps soundly at night.
(180) ... help came at ... last and ... swimmer was rescued.
(181) .e works every ... day from . . . early morning till late at . . . night.
(182) .e went into ... inn and asked for ... bread and H butter.
(183) "y ... way, he said, where is ... shop you told me about2
*I. What is H matter2 .ave you had ... accident2
E=ercise ?. Put the articles into their correct places<
-ur sun is enormous body with diameter about *IO times that of earth. It would take train,
moving at MI miles hour7 over five years to travel round its circumference. "ut those little
pinpoints of light we call stars are also suns, and some of them are very much larger and
brighter than one which warms our earth. -ne of them has diameter three hundred times greater
than that of our sun. -f thousands of millions of stars, which can be seen through powerful
telescope, only si) thousand or so are visible to naked eye, and their distance from earth is so
tremendous that their combined light is only about hundredth of that shed by full moon. %+he
7hildren8s 9ew .llustrated 6ncyclopedia
E=ercise @. 9ill in the "lanks with the right articles<
When ... sea was not too rough we were often out in H little rubber boat ... taking photographs.
I shall not forget ... first time ... sea was so calm that two men felt like H putting ... balloonDlike
little thing into H water and ... going for ... row. They had hardly got clear of H raft when they
dropped ... little oars and sat ... roaring with ... laughter. And as ... waves lifted them away and
they disappeared and reappeared among H seas, they laughed so loud ... every time they caught
H glimpse of us that their voices rang out over ... desolate 4acific. We looked round us with ...
mi)ed feelings, and saw ... nothing comic but our own ... bearded faces7 but as ... two in ... boat
should be accustomed to those by now7 we began to have ... suspicion that they had suddenly
gone mad. %unstroke, perhaps ... two fellows could hardly get H back on ... board ... :on-+iki for
sheer laughter, and gasping, with tears in their eyes, begged us ;ust to go and see for ourselves.
Two of us ;umped down into ... dancing rubber boat, and were caught by ... sea which lifted
us clear. We sat down at ... once and roared with ... laughter. We had never before had ... outside
view of ... ourselves inH open sea. ... raft looked e)actly like H old (orwegian hayDloft lying
helpless, drifting about in ... open sea, H hayDloft full of ... sunburnt bearded ruffians. If
anyone had come paddling after us at ... sea in ... bath we should have felt ... same spontaneous
urge to ... laughter.
%+hor -eyerdahl
E=ercise C. 9ill in the spaces with the efinite article where&er necessar7<
(184) %he is not ... ,rs. %mith I am looking for.
(185) ,y parents live on ... upper floor of an old house7 when ... wind blows, all ...
windows rattle.
(186) ... !arpathians are not so high as ... Alps.
(187) ... /anube is Bomania's longest river.
(188) ... clock in ... dining room is ; ust striking
(189) ... room .elen rushes into as soon as she arrives home is ... kitchen.
(190) %pring is ... first season of ... year.
(191) YI'd like to see ,r. %mith, please. Y/o you mean ... ,r. %mith who works in
our department or ... ,r. %mith ... sales manager2
(192) ... "ritish ibrary is one of ... largest libraries all over ... world.
(193) What is... 1rench for ... Yboy 2
(194) ... ,ike you met at my place yesterday was not ... ,ike I was talking about a
week before.
*+. I have never feared ... death but ... death of my father was ... greatest loss of my life.
*C. Ask them to come downstairs when ... breakfast is ready.
*K. ... 0atons have also been invited to ... diner at ... Bitz.
(195) %he goes to school in ... morning and plays tennis in ... afternoon.
(196) %he has always said that ...0nglish language is difficult.
(197) -n ... %undays I like to stay in ... bed till ... noon and spend ... time reading ...
%unday papers and magazines.
(198) @p to a point, !reang6 is ,ark Twain of ... Bomanian literature.
(199) I have always appreciated ... sublime of ...landscapes in ... Alps.
(200) If you leave ... home at ; you can reach ... school in ... time.
+*. ,y mother comes to ... school sometimes to speak to ... headmaster.
E=ercise D. Put the inefinite article a or an in the "lanks where&er necessar7<
*.We usually have ... lunch at * o'clock, which, as ... rule, consists of three courses: ...salad,
... dish and ... sweet.
+.3o to the grocer's and buy ... dozen oranges and ... pound of coffee beans.
C.The %miths I am talking about live in ... wonderful house and drive ... new 1ord.
K.... old man suffering from ... cold should be given hot tea three times ... day.
L.What ... name to give to ... catX
M.There was once ... lonely old woman who lived in ... hut in the
outskirts of ... large town. N. What ... hot day for (ovemberX It's such ... pity
we can't go for ... hike or take ... long walk in the wood.
O.JackX ... ,r. Thomson wants to see you at onceX P.-ur friends
gave us ... wonderful supper at the ambassador. *I.%he needs ...
moment's peace after such ... bad piece of news.
**.The youngster was driving with si)ty miles ... hour when all of ... sudden ... deer crossed
the motorway. .e stopped ... few moments later and fled in ... panic without taking ... back
look.
*+..e was puzzled that he should be in his office at ... time when the 3eneral ,anager was
so busy.
*C./uring the installation of ... newly selected government there may appear many ...
surprise.
*K.,r. %ydney did not appear to be ... man who was making ... ;oke.
*L..e was not ... addicted smoker but, now and then, late at ... night, he was longing for ...
cigarette.
E=ercise 1E. 9ill in the spaces with the efinite! inefinite or Mero article where&er
necessar7<
*.3ood ... morning ..., uncle, said ... boy with ... large smile on his face.
(201) 1rom ... photos of ... friends and ... relatives, ,r. Abbot selected ... picture of ... (ick
4rice, ... man who had come to visit them, sometime in ... early ELI.
(202) %he put ... book back on ... piano and went to look out of ... window.
K. .is voice was low and carefully modulated ^ ... voice of ... man selfDconscious about ...
impression he made. Y.ave you ever been to ... Argentine2 he asked with ... undertone of ...
regret in his voice. .
(203) ,ost ... critics admit that ... writer we are talking about is ... new %haw of ... 0nglish
literature.
(204) et me offer you ... cup of ... coffee, 4rofessor.
(205) .e speaks ... 1rench and ... 0nglish &uite fluently but he has never been to ... 1rance or ...
@nited 8ingdom.
(206) ... sky was starry, ... moon was shining brightly and ... night was so warm and lovely that
all ... guests decided, all of ... sudden, to take ... bath in ... cool waves of ... Atlantic Icean.
(207) That was not ... sort of ... remark e)pected of ... right sort of ... chap
who studied at ... @!A.
(208) (ick was reminded of ... ;oke he had heard at his club at ... lunch.
(209) .e had ... terrible feeling that ... operation was going to be ... Waterloo of his career.
(210) Rou may go either to ... (ational Theatre to see ... play or to ... !apitol !inema to see ...
film.
(211) ... 4rime ,inister picked up ... telephone and changed his day's appointments to make ...
time to see ... deputy secretary in ... !abinet -ffice. *K. ... few days later we went to ... .enry's
dinner at ... Bitz where we met ... old ,r. %now who claimed to be ... uncle of my wife.
*L. %uch ... power and ... freedom of ...decision had only five times before been given to ...
American president.
E=ercise 11. Here are some e=pressions with the noun hand, precee "7 the efinite!
inefinite or Mero article<
a. to bite the hand that feeds one7 to give somebody the glad hand7 the hidden hand7 by the left
hand7 to have:get the upper hand7 the skip's hand7 a picture by the same hand7 on the right hand7
on the one hand7 on the other hand7 at the best hand7 to be on the growing hand.
b. to have a free hand) to have an open hand) not to lift a hand) "ith a heav hand) a
hand for) an old hand at) a good hand at*in) a poor*bad hand at) to have a hand li+e a
foot) a cool hand) to have a hand in something) to ta+e a hand at a game) to ma+e a
,good* fine*fair) hand.
c. hand in hand7 the matter in hand7 to take in hand7 light in hand7 at hand7 by hand7 to bind hand
and foot7 supplies on hand7 to have a free hand7 to have an open hand7 to shake hands7 clean
hands7 off hand7 hand and glove7 hand over7 from hand to mouth7 out of hand7 at first hand7
second hand7 from good hands.
A. !hoose some of them and make sentences of your own.
%. 'ind some more ne" set e(pressions and build up sentences of our o"n.
E=ercise 1'. Put the efinite or the inefinite article into the "lank spaces where necessar7.
Translate the Aokes.
(212) #*. ...$ landlord was sitting with his shephard on #+. ...$ hill commanding #C. ...$ fine view
of #K. ...$ valley. %eeing %3$ ...$ flock of #M. ...$ sheep at #N. ...$ rest in #O. ...$ shadiest nook, he
observed to his companion, YJohn, if I were #P. ... $ sheep, I would prefer to lie in#*I. ...$ sun.
YAh, my lord, retorted #**. ...$ shepherd, Ywere you #*+. ...$ sheep, you would have more
sense.
(213) YIf #*. ...$ earth&uake engulfed 0ngland, #+. ...$ 0nglish would manage to meet among
#C. ...$ ruins and organize #K. ...$ dinner ;ust to celebrate %L. ...$ painful event. That's what #M. ... $
people of #N. ... $ other nationalities are apt to say about #O. ...$ 0nglish. %hould #P. ...$ 0nglish be
consulted on #*I. ...$ sub;ect they would say #**. ...$ same thing about #*+. ...$ 1rench and their
love of #*C. ...$ good dinners.
!$ #*. ...$ outside temperature being ten degrees below #+. ...$ zero, it was unusually cold in #C. ...$
school room.
YWhat is #K. ...$ atin for cold2 asked %3$ ...$ schoolDmaster addressing one of his boys, who
seemed to be suffering from cold more than #M. ...$ others. Y-h, sir, answered #N. ...$ lad, his
hands thrust in his trousers' pockets, YI can't tell you for #O. ...$ moment, although I have it at my
fingers' ends.
/$/r. !risp was invited to #*. ...$ party in #+. ...$ country place. #C. ...$ dinner being late and#K. ...$
company not &uite to his taste, #L. ...$ doctor strolled out into #M. ...$ garden and then to #N. ...$
nearby churchyard. When #O. ...$ dinner was served at last and #P. ...$ doctor had not yet returned,
one of #*I. ...$ guests wondered where he could have gone. #**. ...$ master of #*+. ...$ house,
annoyed by /r. !risp's #*C. ...$ absence, e)plained that #*K $ churchyard being not far from there,
#*L. ...$ doctor had gone to visit his former patients.
0$#*. ...$ 0nglishman, driving in #+. ...$ hackneyDcoach through 1rance, was annoyed at #C. ...$
slowness of #K. ...$ pace. .e tried to make #L. ...$ coachman drive faster but all in vain. #M. ...$ man
couldn't understand either his 0nglish or his broken 1rench. Then it occured to #N. ...$
0nglishman, both his 0nglish and his 1rench being 3reek to #O. ...$ coachman, to use #P. ...$ highD
sounding words that might frighten #*I. ...$ fellow. %o he roared into his ear. YWestmorland,
!umberland, (orthumberland, /urhamX which had #**. ...$ desired effect, #*+. ...$ coachman
taking these words for some terrible threat.
1$ In *ONI ,ark Twain was walking along #*. ...$ streets of "oston when he noticed in #+. ...$
shop window #C. ...$ machine he had never seen before. .e entered #K. ...$ shop,asked #L. ...$ shopD
assistant how #M. ...$ ,,monster functioned and bought it for *+L dollars. .e brought home #N. ...$
machine he had nicknamed Y#O. ...$ monster and started practising on it at once. #P. ...$ machine
was #*I. ...$ typewriter and ,ark Twain typed #l*. ...$ whole book on it. When he brought his
Ymanuscript to #*+. ...$ editor, #*C. ...$ latter was delighted. .e made ,ark Twain promise him to
bring everything he would write later on typed, on this wonderful machine. #*K. ...$ +om /awyer
was #*L. ...$ first book ,ark Twain had typewritten.
3$ Rou certainly know that #*. ...$ waterproof coat is often called #+. ...$ mackintosh. "ut perhaps
you don't know that #C. ...$ word is #K. ...$ surname.
In %3$ ...$ year *O+C in #M. ...$ %cotland there lived #N. ...$ man whose #O. ...$name was
!harles ,ackintosh. #P. ...$ climate of his country being rainy, he would often get drenched to
#*I. ...$ skin and heartily disliked it. -ne day, having some rubber at his disposal, he decided to
rubberize his coat. (ow he could walk outdoors in any weather, his rubberized coat protecting
him from #**. ...$ rain. ,ost of his friends and #*+. ...$ friends of his friends admired #*C. ...$
waterproof coat and wanted to have their own coats rubberized likewise. %oon #*K. ...$ tradesmen
took up his invention. #*L. ...$ Waterproof coats became all #*M. ...$ fashion and #*N. ...$ staple
product of #*O. ...$ town, #*P. ...$ name of #+o. ...$ inventor, though not #+*. ...$ inventor himself,
getting #++. ...$ worldwide popularity.
E=ercise 1/. 9ill in the gaps with the where necessar7.
I hate * WWW (ovemberX It doesn't get light till + WWW O o'clock in C WWW morning. Then it's dark
again as early as K WWW K o'clock in L WWW afternoon. After M WWW !hristmas, N WWW days start to
get a bit longer, but O WWW weather starts to get colder. -n P WWW 1riday *I WWW last week, ** WWW
temperature was minus *I !. *+ WWW ne)t week *C WWW weather forecast is *K WWW same.
E=ercise 16. Put a or an "efore these wors< 1 Ao"! ' union! / unusual name 6 enormous ice
cream ; holia7! ? honest man.
E=ercise 1;. Put in aB an where necessar7:
(214) %he works in restaurant in street near the station.
(215) 1or lunch she only has apple and glass of milk.
(216) Any's friend works in pub. %he's barmaid. %he works three evenings week. %he earns _
K.LI hour.
E=ercise 1?. 0atch the two parts of the sentences.
a. I normally go to the dentist once *. a dozen
b. These roses cost `+I +. a litre
c. The car was doing *LI kilometers C. a year
d. amb is selling at _ N.LI K. a week
e. The %unday ,ail is published once L. a metre
f. 0lectric cable costs LI cents M. a kilo
g. .ow much is the oil2 a _ +.LI N. a day
h. The mail is delivered twice O. an hour
E=ercise 1@. Complete the sentences with aB an or the.
(217) --- ta(i the phoned for arrived late at their house.
(218) WWW ta)iDdriver didn=t say he was sorry.
(219) WWW traffic ;am was caused by WWW accident onWWW motorway. WWW car had collided
with
lorry.
E=ercise 1C. Put in the where necessar7<
(220) We had WWW breakfast at WWW home in ondon before we left.
(221) WWW bus station was on COth %treet.
(222) We went to WWW hotel by WWW ta)i.
(223) We=re flying home WWW ne)t Thursday.
E=ercise 1D. Complete the sentences! using the where necessar7.
(224) -ur hotel manager went to WWW school in 0ngland, then went to WWW university in the
%tates.
(225) The (ew Rork police arrested a man for the shooting. .e was a cleaner at WWW university.
(226) .e/ll appear in --- court ne(t "ee+. .e/ll definitel go to --- prison.
E=ercise 'E. There are se&en e=amples of the in this te=t. How o 7ou know which thing or
person the writer is referring to! in each case:
a. because it is only one in the immediate situation7
b. because it is only one anywhere7
c. because it has been referred to before, in the te)t7
d. because the writer is specifying which one, by adding e)tra information.
(eil Armstrong was the first person to set foot on the surface of the moon. The words that he said
are famous: =That=s one small step for a man, one giant leap for the mankind.= .e and his coDpilot
"uzz Aldrin then planted a flag and collected rocks. The flag is probably still there. The rocks
have helped the scientists understand the history of the solar system.
E=ercise '1 Complete the sentences with a or an! the or no article.
(227) =.ow much are the leeks2= =They=re OI pence a pound.=
(228) I went to WWW wonderful concert by WWW ondon %ymphony -rchestra.
(229) WWW local school is soon to be closed.
(230) I usually go to WWW work by WWW train.
(231) Is --- meat in --- oven0
(232) Is this WWW first time you=ve been to WWW Isle of ,an2
(233) .e=s WWW art teacher and she=s WWW electrician.
(234) A lot of people give WWW money to WWW charity at this time of the year.
(235) What WWW beautiful face that child=s gotX
(236) WWW "ritish usually have WWW butter on their bread.
(237) WWW life is very difficult for WWW unemployed these days.
(238) WWW eader of WWW -pposition is in danger of losing her seat at WWW ne)t election.
(239) I like to have WWW cup of WWW tea when I wake up in WWW morning.
(240) I saw WWW fo) this morning. I think it must have been WWW same one that I saw last week.
(241) !an I have WWW apple2
(242) .ave you ever seen WWW Acropolis in WWW Athens2
(243) WWW police have had a lot of support from WWW general public over this issue.
(244) WWW shirts on WWW washingDline should be nearly dry now.
(245) WWW people don=t like him because of his selfish life.
+I. I bought my sister WWW book and WWW bottle of WWW perfume for her birthday but I don=t think
she liked WWW perfume.
?. SE,94TEST
I. 0atch the terms in column * with their efinitions in column +.
* +
1. ,)* a%The relation of the length of the raft
an the "ow an stern
'. Trim "%The &ertical istance from the waterline to
the lowest part of the shipJs "ottom
/. ,+P c% It is measure from the e=treme forwar
en of the "ow to the e=treme en of the
stern
6. +eam %It is measure from the forwar surface of
the stem to the after surface of the sternpost.
;. #raft e%The ship is out of "alance from left to
right.
?. ,ist f%The with of the ship $o&er the plating%
taken at an7 position along the length.
1'p
II. 9ill in the "lanks with the appropriate term$s%.
*. A ship's DDD DDD DDDis an important dimension because length at the waterline is a key factor
in the comple) problem of speed, resistance, and friction.
(246) TheDDDis the line at which a ship floats in the water, depending on its load.
(247) A set of marks are painted on the bows, the stern and amidships. These marks are
calledDDD DDDD
(248) arge vessels are usually vessels of deep draft orDDD DDDD
Cp
III. 3ive Bomanian e&uivalents to the following %tandard ,arine !ommunication 4hrases
(249) What is your draft forward2
(250) What is your present ma)imum draft2
(251) I have a list to starboard of *I degrees.
(252) What is your freeboard2
(253) The vessel is on even keel.
(254) ,a)imum permitted draft is +Im.
(255) The vessel is trimmed by the head.
(256) What is your -A2
(257) What is your "42
(258) /o you have a list2 1Ep
I(. Complete the ta"le "elow to show which 8uantifiers can "e use with the counta"le
noun 3&esselsJ an the uncounta"le noun 3mone7J.
Ouantifier Counta"le noun Uncounta"le noun
several
no
a lot of
few
much
a little
many
a large amount
some
most
1Ep.
@. Self4Test4*nswer4ke7
I.
*c7 +a7 Cd7 Kf7 Lb7Me
II.
(259) length on load waterline
(260) waterline
(261) draft marks
(262) hampered vessels
III.
(263) !are este pesca;ul prova2
(264) !are este pesca;ul ma)im actual2
(265) Am o 9nclinare spre babord
(266) !are este bordul liber2
(267) (ava este pe chil6 dreapt6
(268) 4esca;ul ma)im permis:admis
(269) (ava este aprovat6
(270) !are este lungimea ma)im62
(271) !are este lungimea 9ntre perpendiculare2
(272) 0<ti canarisit:bandat2
I(.
Ouantifier Counta"le noun Uncounta"le noun
several vessels
no vessels money
a lot of vessels money
few vessels
much money
a little money
many vessels
a large amount of money
some vessels money
most vessels money
Unit /.
#IRECTI)1S
TER0S RE,*TI1G T) P)SITI)1 )1 +)*R# SHIP
1. -ne way in which the language of the sea and the language used on land are different is
in the terminology of directions. When a sailor gets on a ship he !oes aboard$ .e doesn't go to
the back of the ship, he goes aft$ If he wants to walk toward the bow of the ship, he goes
forward $If he doesn't find what he wants, he checks fore and aft, which means from the bow to the
stern. If that doesn't help, he looks abaft which means further to the rear, or astern %behind the
stern$. .e never watches the sea from the right side of the ship, he watches from the starboard$
The left side is always called the port side. If he sees something directly off either side of the ship,
it's located abeam$ An ob;ect or area which lies across the ship from the starboard to the port side
is said to be athwartships$ Anything in the centre of the ship is located amidships$ A sailor looking
to either side of the ship from amidships is facing outboard$ %omebody watching him from either
side has to face inboard$ %omething over him from any part of the ship is above$ If it's very high,
such as on a mast, it's aloft $If it's under him, it's below$ %omething away from the wind is lee$ If
it's in a lee direction, it's leeward$.f it moves in a lee direction, it goes leeway$ If it's near the ship,
it's close aboard$
'. ()C*+U,*R-
Words and phrases
Aft 5 9n spate, spre pupa
1orward 5 9n fata, spre prova
1ore and aft 5 deDa lungul
Abaft 5 la pupa, aproape de pupa7 9napoia, spre:c6tre:9nspre pupa
Astern 5 9napoi, 9n spate, la:9n pupa7 mers 9napoi7 cu mers:mar< 9napoi
%tarboard side 5 tribord
4ort side 5 babord
Abeam 5 la travers, de la travers
Athwartships 5 transversal:travers pe nava7 la traversul navei
Amidships 5 la centrul:mi;locul navei7 in a)ul navei7 la cuplul maestru7 pozitie zero a cirmei
-utboard 5 peste bord, in e)teriorul navei
Inboard 5 interior, in interiorul navei
Above 5 deasupra7 in amonte
Aloft 5 9n gabie, 9n arborad6, sus pe verga
"elow 5 ;os, sub
ee 5 bord de sub v9nt, zona de calm# 9n bordul de sub v9nt al navei$ 7 sub v9nt
eeward 5 bord de sub v9nt7 a veni sub v9nt#despre nava$7sub v9nt, la adapost de v9nt
!lose aboard 5 foarte aproape, la mic6 distanta #de nav6$
'.1.ook at the diagram below and identify the following directions:
# forward, aft, abaft, astern, on the port side, on the starboard side, abeam, athwartships
,amidships$
e.g. a is forward
i
a f
b g
c h
d e
+.+.(o
w study
this
diagram
of a
traditio
nal
general
cargo
ship
and
read the
descript
ion
below :
A
traditio
nal
general
cargo
ship has
her
engine
room
and
bridge
superstr
ucture
amidshi
ps. %he
may
have
three
holds
forward
of the
bridge
and two
holds
aft of
the
bridge.
1orwar
d of
(o.*
hold is
the
forecast
le and
right
forward
is the
;ackstaf
f.
/errick
s are
support
ed by
masts
and
samson
posts.
They
are
stowed
fore
and aft
when
the ship
is at
sea.
There
are two
lifeboat
s, one
on the
port
side
amidshi
ps
another
on the
starboar
d side
amidshi
ps,
abaft
the
funnel.
The
poop is
situated
aft and
there is
an
ensign
right
aft.
+.C.%tu
dy the
diagram
below
and
read the
descript
ion of a
modern
general
cargo:
A
moder
n
general
cargo
ship has
her
engine
room
and
bridge
superstr
ucture
aft. %he
may
have
four
holds
forward
of the
bridge
and one
hold aft
of the
bridge.
1orwar
d of
(o.*
hold is
the
forecast
le and
right
forward
is the
;ackstaf
f.
/errick
s are
support
ed by
masts
and
%amson
posts.
They
are
stowed
fore
and aft
when
the ship
is at
sea.
There
are two
lifeboat
s, one
on the
port
side aft,
another
on the
starboar
d side
aft,
abaft
the
funnel.
The
poop
and the
bridge
superstr
ucture
are
combin
ed.
There is
an
ensign
staff
right
aft.
'

As you have noticed, there is a tanker at the centre of the diagram and a host of ships
around her. The position of these ships in relation to the tanker can be e)pressed in the following
way:
(273) %hip A is #dead$ ahead.:%hip A is ahead of the tanker.
(274) %hip " is on the starboard bow.
(275) %hip ! is before the starboard beam.
(276) %hip / is abeam:%hip / is on the starboard beam.
(277) %hip 0 is abaft the starboard beam.
(278) %hip 1 is on the starboard &uarter.
g$ %hip 3 is #dead astern$:%hip 3 is astern of the tanker.
h$ %hip . is on the port &uarter.
i$ %hip I is abaft the port beam.
;$ %hip J is abeam.:%hip J is on the port beam
k$ %hip 8 is before the port beam.
l$ %hip is on the port bow.
+.L.Answer to task +.*.
* is forward7 " is aft7 c is abaft7 is astern7 e is on the port side7 f is on the starboard side7 g
is abeam7 h is athwartships7 I is amidships
/. GR*00*R. The *Aecti&e
Ad"ectives are words that modify and describe nouns and pronouns. They are the color
commentators of language, the words that give your writing and speech flavour.They answer the
&uestions: 1hat +ind0, .o" much0, 1hich one0, .o" man0 What kind2HHH.red nose:gold
ring .ow much2HHHmore sugar:little effort Which one2HHHsecond wife:those units .ow
many2HHHseveral students:si) cadets There are L kinds of ad;ectives:
(279) common aAecti&esDdescribe nouns and pronouns #strong man, green plant$
(280) proper aAecti&es are formed from proper nouns # ,e)ican food$
(281) compoun aAecti&esDare formed by more than one word #farDoff country,
teenage person$
(282) inefinite aAecti&esDdescribe general &uantities7most of them were pronouns
in their first lives #another, both, each, either, all, more$
The comparison of aAecti&es
There are three degrees of comparison:
(283) The positi&e egreeDshows the presence of a &uality, wihout making any
comparison: .e is tall:%he is "eautiful.
(284) The comparati&e egreeDcompares two ob;ects showing the presence of &uality in
three ways:
E8ualit7D .e is as kin as Jane.
Superiorit7D .e is kiner than Jane.
Inferiorit7D .e is less kin than Jane.
C$ The superlati&e egree D shows that a member of a group possesses the
compared &uality in its highest e)tent through a direct comparisonDthe
relati&e superlati&e: .e is the cle&erest of all.
or without a direct comparisonDthe a"solute superlati&e: %he is &er7 cle&er.
D When we compare two notions we use the comparative preceded by the article the, instead
of the superlative: %he is the 7ounger and the more "eautiful of the two sisters.
D !omparative an superlativeD wa7s of formation<
The s7nthetic comparison4 ad;ectives formed by one syllable form the comparative and
superlative by adding D#e$r or D#e$st: smallD smallerD the smallest /pellin!' double consonnants
before short vowels #bigDbiggerDthe biggest$7 ad;ectives ending in Dy #dryDdrierDthe driest*
ad;ectives ending in De, Dee lose the final De #niceDnicer, freeDfreer$ The twoDsyllable ad;ectives obey
the same synthetic rules: happyDhappier, ableDabler The anal7tical comparisonD the ad;ectives
formed by two or more syllables form their comparative and superlative using moreBthe most
#carefulDmore carefulDthe most careful$ The comparison of e8ualit7D the ad;ective in the positive
degree preceded by as and followed by as' ,y cabin is as large as his.
The comparison of inferiorit7D the ad;ective in the positive degree preceded by notso:as and
folloewed by as(less$$. $than' ,y assignement is not as eas7 as yours. The a"solute relati&eD is
e)pressed by the help of: very, too, hi!hly, extremely' It is e=tremel7 ifficult to reach the top.
The irregular comparison< good-better- the best* illDworseD the worst*
muchBman7D more- the most* little4 less- the least* late4 later- the latest(the latter(the last* ol4
older(elder- the oldest(the eldest* near4 nearer- the nearest(the next*
far4 farther(further the farthest(the furthest.
S7ntactical functions:
G AttributD Tom has a new uniform.
G 4redicate nominativeD This uniform is new.
The place of aAecti&es in the sentence:
D the attributes preceed the noun they determine #a high mountain$
\e)ceptions: Ambassador 0)traordinary, %ecretary 3eneral, !ourt ,artial, poet laureate
D indefinite pronouns ending in Dbody:one:thing are followed by the ad;ective: %he bought
something nice: .e said nothing interesting.
D when a noun is determined by two ad;ectives in the comparative, one short and one long, the short
one preceed the long one: %he was taller and more "eautiful.
D when more ad;ectives determine a noun, these ad;ectives follow one after the other in the
following order:
Se8uence of aAecti&es
*rticle 1 SiMe ' Shape / *ge 6 Colours ; Participle ? 1ationalit7 @ 0aterial C 1oun D
A large old tree
A free&in! English day
A black leather ;acket
A blue
knitted
hat
6
.

(
o
c
a
"
u
l
a
r
7

P
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
I
.
*
n
s
w
e
r

t
h
e

f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g

8
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
.
(285) What
does go aboard
mean2
(286) What is
aft2
(287) What
does forward
mean on a ship2
(288) What is
fore and aft2
(289) What is
abaft2
(290) What is
astern2
(291) What is
starboard2
(292) What is
port2
(293) Where is
an
ob;ect
that's
abeam.
(294) W
hat
does
athwart
ships
mean2
(295) W
hat is
amidsh
ips2
(296) W
hat
does
lookin
g
outboa
rd
mean2
(297) W
hat
does
lookin
g
inboar
d
mean2
(298) W
hat is
aloft2
(299) W
hat
does
above
mean
in a
naval
conte)t
2
(300) W
hat
does
below
mean
in a
naval
conte)t
2
(301)
What
is lee2
(302)
What
is
leewar
d2
(303)
What
is
leeway
2
(304)
What
is close
aboard
2
II.
Compl
ete the
followi
ng
senten
ces
with
the
appro
priate
term$s
%.
(305)
An
ob;ect
located
amidsh
ips off
either
side of
a ship is said to
beDDD
(306) %omethi
ng high above
the main
structure of a
ship isDDD
(307) %omethi
ng away from
the wind isDDD
(308) An
ob;ect in a lee
direction isDDD
(309) An
ob;ect moving in
a lee direction
goesDDD
(310) If it's
near the ship,
it's DDD DDD
(311) When a
sailor faces the
bow of the ship,
he facesDDD
(312) If you
are standing at
the center of a
ship, you're
standingDDD
(313) The
starboard side of
a ship is theDDD
(314) If you go
along the ship
from stem to
stern, you go
DDDandDDDthe
ship.
III. 9ill in
the "lank
spaces using
the wors
pro&ie "elow.
Amidship
s7 abaft7 fore and
aft7 portside7
forward
of7 aft
of7
right
forward
7
starboa
rdside7
right
aft
A

t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l

g
e
n
e
r
a
l

c
a
r
g
o

s
h
i
p

h
a
s

h
e
r

e
n
g
i
n
e

r
o
o
m

a
n
d

b
r
i
d
g
e

s
u
p
e
r
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
D
D
D
.
%
he may
have
three
holds DDD
DDDthe
bridge
and two
holds DDD
DDDthe
bridge.
1orward
of (o.*
hold is
the
forecastl
e and DDD
DDDDis the
;ackstaff.
/erricks
are
supporte
d by
masts
and
samson
posts.
They are
stowed
DDD and A
when the ship is at sea. There are two lifeboats, one on the DDDamidships another
on the DDDamidships,DDDthe funnel. The poop is situated aft and there is an ensignDDD
IV. Translate the following te)t into Bomanian paying attention to the terms relating to directions and
position in a ship
A modern general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructure aft. %he may
have four holds forward of the bridge and one hold aft of the bridge. 1orward of (o.* hold is the
forecastle and right forward is the ;ackstaff. /erricks are supported by masts and %amson posts.
They are stowed fore and aft when the ship is at sea. There are two lifeboats, one on the port side
aft, another on the starboard side aft, abaft the funnel. The poop and the bridge superstructure are
combined. There is an ensign staff right aft.
;. Grammar Practice
I. There are twelve ad;ectives in this story. @nderline them.
I went for a long walk in the countryside yesterday. It was a hot day, and soon I was tired and
thirsty. There was a small house by the side of the road, and I decided to ask for a glass of cold
water. I rang the bell and an old lady opened the big, wooden door. %he looked kind and she
offered me a glass of fresh ;uice. It tasted greatX
II. Choose from the following aAecti&es to fill in the sentences "elow< hungr, ne", terrible,
e(pensive, sad, "onderful, Italian, fresh, difficult.
(315) 3old rings are normally expensive$
(316)...................................This food smells X I love fish and chips.
(317)......................It was a e)am. I'm sure I haven't passed.
(318)...................................I've ;ust bought a sports car.
(319)...............................................................I met my wife in Bome, but she isn't
(320)........................e looks I don't think he likes his ;ob.
(321).........................Are you 2 %hall I buy some sandwiches2
(322)..............................................This orange ;uice tastes Is it 2
III. ook at these sentences. If you think the ad;ectives are in the wrong order, change the order.
If you think the order is correct, put a tick #b$.
(323) %he lost a gol! small ring at the disco yesterday night.
(324) I have an ol! Italian painting in my living room.
(325) I'm looking for my cotton! green shirt and my "rown! leather shoes.
(326) 3eorge has a Spanish! moern villa near the sea. .e goes there every summer.
(327) I live in an ol! white house near the river. I've got a "lack! large dogX
(328) I had an interesting talk with a Polish! 7oung student last week.
(329) We are having lunch in a "ig! Lapanese! new restaurant in the centre of town.
(330) I left my books in a re! plastic bag on the bus. I was so stupidX
IV. Write the comparative form of these ad;ectives: cold, big, careful, e)pensive, good, fat,
famous, new, modern, young, cheap, delicious, rich, long, hungry, nice, happy, difficult, old,
beautiful, friendly, hot, bad, small, sad.
V. 4ut the words in brackets # $ in the right order to make sentences.
(331) #the world A Antarctica A coldest A is A place A the A in$
(332) #city A the A ,anchester A in 0ngland A is A friendliest$
(333) #in (ew Rork A e)pensive A restaurant A The ,anhattan A the A is A most$
(334) #is A river A the world A the A The (ile A longest A in$
(335) #town A most A in %pain A 3ranada A beautiful A is A the$
(336) #painting A The ,ona isa A the A famous A in A is A most A the world$
(337) #the A 0urope A mountain A in A highest A ,ont "lanc A is$
(I. Use the wors in "rackets $ % to write sentences. Use the H superlati&e! an the Present
Perfect H ever.
(338) #It's:cold:place:I:visit$ A .t8s the coldest place .8ve ever visited$
(339) #It's:big:shop:I:see$
(340) #.e's:rich:man:I:meet$
(341) #It's:difficult:e)am:I:do$
(342) #It's:sad:film:I:see$
(343) #%he's:happy:person:I:meet$
(344) #It's:modern: flat:I:see$
(345) #It's:hot:country:I:visit$
(346) #It's:small:dog:I:see$.
(II. Complete the sentences using the comparati&e form of the aAecti&es in "rackets an
than.
(347) I think that golf is more interestin! than #interesting$ tennis.
(348)......................................This &uestion is #easy$ the last one.
(349).............................................................I'm a good player, but 0ric is #good$ me.
(350)...........................................................The group's first record was #successful$
their second record.
(351)..............................................................We both played well, but he was #lucky$ me.
(352)...............................Rour car is #powerful$ mine.
(353).....................................This computer is #useful$ that one.
VIII. !omplete the sentences using the superlative form of the ad;ective in brackets.
(354) Anna is the youn!est #young$ person in her class.
(355)...................................We stayed in #bad$ hotel in the whole city.
(356)......................................4eople say that it is #funny$ film of the year.
(357)............................What is #tall$ building in the world2
(358).......................................................er teachers say that she is #good$ student in the
school.
(359)..........................This is #e)pensive$ camera in the shop.
(360).........................................................,any people say that Venice is #beautiful$ city
in the world.
IK. Complete each sentence so that it means the same as the one a"o&e it. Use as H
aAecti&eBa&er" H as.
(361) %weden is bigger than
"ritain. "ritain isn't as bi! as
/weden$
(362) The other students learn more &uickly than me.
I don't learn .................................. the other students.
C. Rou're very angry and I'm angry also.
I'm ...................................... you.
K. The seats at the front are more e)pensive than the seats at the back.
The seats at the back aren't ............................... the seats at the front.
L. !entral 4ark in (ew Rork is bigger than .yde 4ark in ondon.
.yde 4ark in ondon isn't ....................... !entral 4ark in (ew Rork.
M. .er last film was very good and her new film is also very good.
.er new film is ..................... her last film.
N. The other students work harder than him.
.e doesn't work ...................... the other students.
K. Loin each pair of sentences in "rackets $ %! using as much ...... as, or as man ....
as.
(363) #I've got LI books. Jack's got about
*II.$ I haven't got as many books as Jack.
(364)...................................#Rou've done a lot of work. I've
done a lot of work also.$ I've done you.
(365)...............................................#Alan earns a lot
of money. %heila only earns a little.$ %heila doesn't
earn ................................................ Alan.
(366)........................................#3eorge has been to five countries.
I've also been to five countries.$ I've been to 3eorge.
(367).......................................#Rou've had
five ;obs. I've only had two.$ I haven't had
............................................... you.
(368).................................#Tom has a lot of luggage.
Jane has a lot of luggage too.$ ane has Tom.
(369)...........................................#,ary answered most of the
&uestions. I only answered about half.$ I didn't answer ,ary.
(370).............................#Buth spent
`LI.I also spent `LI.$ I spent
Buth.
QI. !hoose the correct ad;ective in brackets # $ to put in the gaps.
(371) It was a terrible play and I was bored #bored:boring$ from start to finish.
(372)........................I'm very #e)cited:e)citing$ because I'm going to (ew Rork
tomorrow.
(373).....................Are you #surprised:surprising$ or were you e)pecting this
news2
(374).....................................I'm reading a very #interested:interesting$ book
at the moment.
(375).............................I've had a very #tired:tiring$ day at work today and I
want to go to bed.
(376)......................................,ost people were #surprised:surprising$ that he
won the championship.
(377).....................I'm #bored:boring$. et's go out for a cup of coffee
somewhere.
(378).........................Visit our #e)cited:e)citing$ new shopX
(379)................................................................is speech was very long and very
#bored:boring$.
KII. Complete the sentences using too or enough an the wors in "rackets $ %.
(380) I can't eat this soup because it's too hot #hot$.
(381) We couldn't buy the tickets because we didn't have enou!h money #money$.
(382) We didn't buy the car because it wasn't bi! enou!h #big$.
(383).............................................................I couldn't see her because it was
#dark$.
(384)................................................................................I can't decide what to do
because I haven't got ............................................................. #information$.
(385).......................................................................Rou can't change the situation
now. It's ....................................................................... #late$.
(386).................................ave you had #food$, or would you like some more2
(387)...........................................................................e did badly in the e)am
because he was ................................................................ #nervous$.
(388)......................................................%low downX Rou're driving #fast$.
(389).................................................................................e shouldn't play in the
team because he isn't ............................................................. #good$.
(390)...............................I haven't got #clothes$. I must buy some more.
*+. Bobert didn't go to work because he didn't feel ................ #well$.
(391).............................................................................I couldn't lift the suitcase
because I wasn't ................................................................. #strong$.
(392)................................................................................We didn't go swimming
because the water was ............................................................ #cold$.
*L. ,ary couldn't post all the letters because she didn't have ............. #stamps$.
?. SE,94TEST
I. /ecide if the following statements are TB@0#T$ or 1A%0#1$.!ircle the correct answer.
*. When a sailor gets on a ship he goes aboard$ T:1
+. 1ore and aft means from side to side$ T:1
C. Athwartships means alon! the ship. T:1
K. The right side of the ship is called starboard side$ T:1
L. Anything in the centre of the ship is located amidships$ T:1
M. A sailor looking to either side of the ship from amidships is facing
.nboard$ T:1
N. If something is very high, such as on a mast, it's aloft$ T:1
O. %omething away from the wind is leeway$ T:1
P. If something moves in a lee direction, it goes close aboard$ T:1
*I. The lifeboat is abaft the funnel. T:1
*Ip
II. 3ive 3eneral 0nglish e&uivalents to the following terms used at sea.
E&am'#e$ a"t ( at the a"ter e! o" the shi'
Abaft7 forward of7 amidships7 athwartships7 fore and aft7 port side7
%tarboard side7 fore7 right forward7 right aft.
*Ip
III. 1ill in the blanks with the appropriate term#s$.
In a modern tanker, the hull is divided up into a number of watertight
compartments by decks and steel bulkheads. At theDDDandDDDends of the hull are the
DDDpeak tanks and the DDDpeak tanks. The engine room is situated at the DDDend of the ship
to leave more room for cargo. "etween the engine room and the cargo space is the coffer
dam. The cargo space is divided up into a number of tanks. DDD the main deck is the
superstructure. At the DDD end is the forecastle. At the DDD end the bridge superstructure and
the poop are combined.
Op
I(. Put the aAecti&es in "rackets in the correct position
(393) a beautiful table #wooden:round$HHHa beautiful round wooden table
(394) an unusual ring #gold$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(395) a new pullover #nice$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.
(396) an old house #beautiful$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.
(397) black gloves #leather$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(398) an American film #old$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(399) a long face #thin$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH..
(400) a sunny day #lovely$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.
(401) big clouds #black$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.
(402) A wide avenue #long$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(403) A little village #old: lovely$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH..
(404) An old painting #interesting:1rench$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
<=$ An enormous umbrella #red:yellow$HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.
*+p
(. Complete the sentences. Use a superlati&e $4est or the mostP% or a comparati&e $Der
or mostH$
(405) We stayed at the cheapest hotel in the town. #cheap$.
(406) -ur hotel was cheaper than all the others in the town. #cheap$
(407) The @nited %tates is very large but canada isHHHH.#large$
(408) What'sHHHHH..river in the world2 #long$
(409) .e was a bit depressed yesterday but he looksHH.today.#happy$
(410) It was an awful day. It wasHH.day in my life.#bad$
(411) What isH..sport in your country 2 #popular$
(412) 0verest isHH.mountain in the world.It is H.than any other mountain.#high$
(413) We had a great holiday. It was one of theH.holidays we've ever had. #en;oyable$
(414) I prefer this car to the other one. It'sHHHH.#comfortable$
(415) What's HHH.way of getting from here to the station2 #&uick$
(416) ,r and ,rs "rown have got three daughtersHH..is *K years old. #old$
*Ip
7. Self-test Answer-key
(417) *.T7 +.17 C.17 K.T7 L.T7 M.17 N.T7 O.17 P.17 *I.T.
(418) abaft5behind
forward of5before:in front of
amidships5in the middle:center
athwartships5across
fore and aft5along
port side5left side
starboard5right side
fore5at:towards the front of the ship
right forward5the e)treme front end of the ship
right aft5the e)treme back end of the ship
III. at the fore and after ends
fore peak tanks and the after peak tanks
at the after end
above
at the fore end
at the after end
IV +.an unusual gold ring
C.a nice new pullover
K.a beautiful old house
L.black leather gloves
M.an old American film
N.a long thin face
O.a lovely sunny day
P.big black clouds
*I.a long wide avenue
**.a lovely little old village
*+.an interesting old painting
*C.an enormous red and yellow umbrella
V. C.larger
K.the longest
L.happier
M.the worst
N.the most popular
O.the highestH.higher
P.most en;oyable
*I.more comfortable
**.the &uickest
*+.the oldest or the eldest
Unit 6.
PR)PU,SI)1! STEERI1G
*1# THE +RI#GE
1. %hips are pushed through the water by screws %propellers$ This process is known as
propulsion, which means to be driven forward. A ship with one propeller is known as a sin!le-
screw ship. -ne with two propellers is known as a twin-screw ship. %ome have four propellers
and are known as four-screw ships. The screws are connected to the main propulsion en!ine by a
shaft$ The main propulsion engine, often called the main en!ine, provides a ship with power to
move. A shaft is a long cylinder that transmits power by rotation. The power for a ship's engine is
usually from a turbine engine. This is a type of motor with blades that rotate inside and are moved
by a steam, electric, diesel, dieselDelectric, or nuclear source.
(419) A ship is steered by its rudder and screws. A rudder is a flat, vertical structure at the stern
of the ship that moves from side to side causing the ship to change direction. -ne or more screws
can work separately or together with the rudder during a turn. If the rudder moves right, the ship
turns right. If the rudder moves left, the ship turns left. Budders are turned in the water by
steerin! en!ines, and the combination of e&uipment used to turn and power them is the steerin!
!ear$ The steering engines, located in the rear of the ship are controlled by the wheel$ The wheel is
found on the bridge and is turned by the helmsman$ This is the customary name for the sailor who
has the ;ob of steering.
(420) The bridge, mentioned in the unit on ship structure, is the main point and nerve center of
any ship. All orders and commands come from there, while the ship is underway$ The master and
the officer of the deck have their main places of duty on the bridge, which is also called the conn$
The officer of the deck is the officer on the bridge who is in charge of the ship for a special period
of duty. This is also where the helm is found. .elm is another word for the wheel used to steer the
ship. -ne of the main tasks performed on the bridge is navi!ation$ This is finding the position,
course %direction$, and distance travelled. "ecause of this, the e&uipment on the bridge includes
the binnacle, which holds the magnetic compass giving the magnetic direction. There is also a
!yro-repeater, connected to the !yrocompass below the main deck, to give readings on true
direction. The gyrocompass operates by means of !yroscopes, which are wheels free to spin, free
to separately rotate about one or both of two a)es. There is also a radar repeater which gives
readings from the ship's radar system to locate ob;ects outside of the ship. !ommunications
e&uipment on the bridge includes an en!ine order tele!raph for transmitting engine orders to the
engineers. There are also telephones, and intercommunication sets commonly called s)uawk
boxes$ These are used for communication to various parts of the ship. There is also a fathometer,
which measures the depth of the water. Around the enclosed bridge there is usually an open
platform from which lookouts%observers and the officer of the deck may determine the position
of other ships and ob;ects of interest.
'. )n4"oar communication phrases
'.1. Stanar wheel orers
All wheel orders given should be repeated by the helmsman and the officer of the watch
should ensure that they are carried out correctly and immediately. All wheel orders should be held
until countermanded. The helmsman should report immediately if the vessel does not answer the
wheel.
)R#ER 0E*1I1G
(421) ,idships Budder to be held in the fore and aft position 5 mi; loc
c9rma
(422) 4ort five L cof port rudder to be held
5 babord cinci
(423) 4ort ten *Ic of port rudder to be held 5 babord zece
(424) 4ort fifteen *L Q of port rudder to be held 5 babord cincisprezece
(425) 4ort twenty +Ic of port rudder to be held 5 babord dou6zeci
(426) 4ort twentyDfive +Lc of port rudder to be held 5 babord dou6zeci <i
cinci
(427) .ardDaDport Budder to be held fully over to port5 banda st9nga
(428) %tarboard five L Q of starboard rudder to be held 5 tribord cinci
(429) %tarboard ten *Ic of starboard rudder to be held 5 tribord zece
*I.%tarboard fifteen *L Q of starboard rudder to be held 5 tribord cincisprezece
**.%tarboard twenty +Ic of starboard rudder to be held 5 tribord dou6zeci
*+.%tarboard twentyDfive+Lcof starboard rudder to be held 5 tribord dou6zeci <i cinci
*C..ardDaDstarboard Budder to be held fully over to starboard5 banda dreapta
*K.0ase to five Beduce amount of rudder to Lcand hold 5 redu la cinci
*L.0ase to ten Beduce amount of rudder to *Icand hold 5 redu la zece
*M.0ase to fifteen Beduce amount of rudder to *Lcand hold 5 redu la cincisprezece
*N.0ase to twenty Beduce amount of rudder to +Icand hold 5 redu la dou6zeci
*O.%teady Beduce swing as rapidly as possible. 5drept a<a
*P.%teady as she goes %teer a steady course on the compass
heading indicated at the time of the order5>ineDo drept a<a +I.8eep
the buoy:mark:beacon...on port side 5 >ine geamandura:semnul:baliza..9n babord +*.8eep
the buoy:mark:beacon on starboard side 5 >ine geamandura:semnul:baliza 9n tribord
++.Beport if she does not answer the wheel 5raporteaz6 dac6 nu r6spunde la c9rm6
When the officer of the watch re&uires a course to be steered by compass, the direction in
which he wants the wheel turned should be stated followed by each numeral being said
separately, including zero, for e)ample:
)R#ER C)URSE T) +E STEERE#
]4ort, steer one eight two]#"abord,guverneaz6 unu opt doi$ *O+c
]%tarboard, steer zero eight two]#Tribord, guverneaz6 zero opt doi$IO+c
]4ort, steer three zero five]#"abord, guverneaz6 trei zero cinci$ CILc
-n receipt of an order to steer, for e)ample, *O+c, the helmsman should repeat it and
bring the vessel round steadily to the course ordered. When the vessel is steady on the course
ordered the helmsman is to call out:
]%teady on one eight two]#%tabil pe unu opt doi$ The person giving the order should
acknowledge the helmsman's reply. If it is desired to steer on a selected mark the helmsman
should be ordered to:
]%teer on..buoy..:mark:.. .beacon].#3uverneaza pe.. .geamandura:... semnul:..baliza$
'.'. Stanar engine orers
Any engine order given should be repeated by the person operating the bridge telegraph and
the officer of the watch should ensure the order is carried out correctly and immediately.
)R#ER
(430) 1ull ahead 5 Toat6 #viteza$ 9nainte
(431) .alf ahead 5 Jum6tate #vitez6$ 9nainte
(432) %low ahead 5 Incet 9nainte
(433) /ead slow ahead 51oarte 9ncet 9nainte
(434) %top engine#s$ 5 %top ma<ina
(435) /ead slow astern 5 1oarte 9ncet 9napoi
(436) %low astern 5 9ncet 9napoi
(437) .alf astern 5 ;um6te#viteza$ 9napoi
(438) 1ull astern 5 Toat6 #viteza$ 9napoi
(439) 0mergency full ahead 5 Toat6 viteza 9nainte#de urgenta$
(440) 0mergency full astern 5 Toata viteza 9napoi #de urgenta$
(441) %tandDby engine 5 ,a<ina pe atentiune
(442) 1inished with engines 5 iber la ma<in6=
In vessels fitted with twin propellers, the word Yboth' should be added to all orders affecting both
shafts, e.g. Y1ull ahead both , and Y%low astern both , e)cept that the words Y%top all
engines
should be used, when appropriate. When re&uired to manoeuvre twin propellers independently,
this should be indicated, i.e. ]1ull ahead starboard], ].alf astern port], etc.
Where bow thrusters are used, the following orders are used:
*K."ow thrust full #half$ to port 5 4ropulsor prova, toat6:;um6tate #viteza$babord
*L."ow thrust full # half$ to starboard54ropulsor prova, toat6:;um6tate#viteza$tribord
*M.%tern thrust full # half$ to port 54ropulsor pupa, toat6:;um6tate#viteza$babord
*N.%tern thrust full #half$ to starboard54ropulsor pupa, toat6:;um6tate#viteza$tribord
*O. "ow #stern$ thrust stop 5 propulsor prova:pupa, stop.
/. GR*00*R.The *&er"
Adverbs are words that modify a word, a phrase or a whole sentence. %ome adverbs have their
own form which is not related to other words: alwa7s, soon, &er7 etc. ,any adverbs are formed
from ad;ectives by adding 4l7 e.g. 8uick D 8uickl7 etc. There are some spelling rules for adverbs
formed with Dl7:
7 is changed into i: eas7 D easily7
le after consonant is changed into l7: probable D probabl77
all7 must be added after Dic: automatic D automaticall7.
%ome adverbs have the same form as ad;ectives: fast, long, earl7 etc. I
had an earl7 ni!ht$ #ad;ective$ I went to bed earl7. #adverb$
%ometimes the adverb can appear with or without 4l7, and the most common adverbs of this type
are: cheap:cheapl7, lou:loul7, 8uick:8uickl7, slow:slowl7, irect:irectl7, tight:tightl7,
fair:fairl7. .owever the form without 4l7 is more informal$ /o you have to talk so louBloul72
There are some pairs of adverbs with different meanings: har 4 harl7, near 4 nearl7, late
4latel7, high 4 highl7, eep 4 eepl7, free 4 freel7, most 4 mostl7.
Rou've worked har. I've got harl7 any money #almost no$.
I wake up late. I haven't heard from him latel7 #recently$.
There is a bank near. We've nearl7 finished #almost$.
%ubmarines can go very eep. .e was eepl7 offended #serious$.
If you win, you can travel free. Animals can't move freel7 on board #uncontrolled$.
The plane flew high. The theory is highl7 controversial #very$.
This leg hurts the m ost. We m ostl7 stay in the engine room #usually$.
%ome time adverbs are related to nouns and they can be both ad;ectives and adverbs: a7 Dail7,
hour D hourl7, week D weekl7, 7ear D 7earl7: It's a monthl7 magazine #ad;ective$. It comes out
monthl7 #adverb$. There are several types of adverbs: adverbs of time, adverbs of fre)uency,
adverbs of place, adverbs of manner, adverbs of de!ree, linkin! adverbs, sentence adverbs,
ne!ative adverbs$
/.1. *&er"s of manner
Adverbs of manner give more information about the way in which an event or action takes
place. They modify verbs and most of them are formed from ad;ectives. They are usually placed
after the verb or after the ob;ect.
.e speaks 0nglish fluentl7.
.e smelled the fuel suspiciousl7. .ere is a list of the most common adverbs
describing the way in which something is done.
abruptly economically peacefully steadily
accurately effectively peculiarly steeply
awkwardly efficiently perfectly stiffly
badly evenly plainly strangely
beautifully e)plicitly pleasantly subtly
brightly faintly politely superbly
brilliantly faithfully poorly swiftly
briskly fiercely professionally systematically
carefully finely properly tenderly
carelessly firmly &uietly thickly
casually fluently rapidly thinly
cheaply formally readily thoroughly
clearly frankly richly thoughtfully
closely freely rigidly tightly
clumsily gently roughly truthfully
comfortably gracefully ruthlessly uncomfortably
consistently hastily securely urgently
conveniently heavily sensibly vaguely
correctly honestly sharply vigorously
dangerously hurriedly silently violently
delicately intently simply vividly
differently meticulously smoothly voluntarily
discreetly neatly softly warmly
distinctly nicely solidly widely
dramatically oddly specifically willingly
easily patiently splendidly wonderfully
/.'. *&er"s of egree
Adverbs of degree are used when we want to give more information about the e)tent of an
action or the degree to which an action is performed. They can modify an ad;ective, an adverb or
a verb. They are usually placed before the word they modify:
I had almost for!otten about maintenance.
A change of one word can raicall7 alter the meaning of the statement.
I'm so tired.
I saw him 8uite recently.
Enough follows the ad;ective or adverb:
.e didn't work )uickly enough.
%ome common adverbs of degree are:
D full degree: completel7, totall7, a"solutel7, entirel7, 8uite7
D large degree: &er7, e)tremely, reall7, awfull7, terri"l77
D medium degree: rather, fairl7, 8uite, prett7, somewhat7
D small degree: a little, a "it, slightl77
D negative: harl7, scarcel77
D others: so, as, too, more, most, less, least.
We use so and such for emphasis. So is used with ad;ectives and adverbs. Such a is used with
ad;ective F singular noun. SuchBso man7Bso few are used with plural nouns. SuchBso muchBso
little are used with uncountable nouns:
The meeting finished so 8uickl7.
It was such a 8uick meeting.
Rou have so man7 friendly colleagues.
It was such good a&ice.
/./. *&er"s of place
Adverbs of place give information about place, position, destination and direction. They can
be placed after the verb e.g. .e lives a"roa> after an ob;ect e.g. I looked for it e&er7where7 at
the beginning of the sentence e.g. Here it comes. .ere is a list of words that are used as adverbs
to indicate position.
abroad downstream inland out of doors underwater
ahead downtown midway overhead upstairs
aloft downwind nearby overseas upstream
ashore eastward ne)t door southward uptown
away halfway northward there upwind
close to here offshore underfoot westward
downstairs indoors outdoors underground
%ome adverbs indicate destination or direction in relation to a particular position of the person
or thing you are talking about: ahea, along, "ack, "ackwar, forwar, left, on, right,
siewa7s etc. -ther adverbs can indicate movement:
D in different directions: "ack an forth, "ackwars an forwars, from sie to sie, in
an out, roun an roun, to an fro, up an own7
D away from someone or something: asie, awa7, off, out, outwar7
D across or past something: across, "7, o&er, o&erhea, past, roun, through.
/.6. *&er"s of time
Adverbs of time give information about the duration or the moment an action takes place. The
most common adverbs of time are: afterwars, "efore, e&entuall7, immeiatel7, latel7, now,
recentl7, since, soon, then, toa7, tomorrow, 7et. They can be placed either in end position or
initial position.
The office is closed for two weeks.
-estera7 the main generator failed.
Still is placed after the verb "e but before other verbs:
.e is still in the engine room.
.e still doesn8t understand. ,ost adverbs of time are used with certain verb tenses and
they are going to be mentioned when discussing about tenses.
/.;. *&er"s of fre8uenc7
Adverbs of fre&uency indicate appro)imately how many times something happens. Their
position in the sentence is different according to the adverb and the meaning, however they can
be placed in mid position, at the beginning or at the end.
%he ne&er goes abroad.
1ormall7 I tip ta)iDdrivers.
I go on long trips sometimes.
.ere is a list of adverbs and adverbial e)pressions:
again and again ever never regularly
a lot fre&uently normally repeatedly
all the time from time to time occasionally seldom
always hardly ever often sometimes
constantly infre&uently once sporadically
continually intermittently periodically twice
continuously much rarely usually
Adverbs like: harl7 e&er, rarel7, scarcel7 e&er can be placed at the beginning of a sentence, but
inversion of the following main verb then becomes necessary: Harl7 e&er did they mana!e to
meet unobserved.
/.?. Sentence a&er"s
%entence adverbs #truth or comment adverbs$ modify the whole sentence:clause and normally
e)press the speaker's opinion. %ome sentence adverbs e)press degrees of certainty: actuall7,
apparentl7, certainl7, clearl7, efinitel7, e&ientl7, o"&iousl7, perhaps, possi"l7,
presuma"l7, pro"a"l7, surel7, unou"tel7. They can be placed after "e, before simple tenses
of the other verbs, after the first au)iliary in a compound verb, at the beginning or at the end of a
sentence.
.e is o"&iousl7 intelligent.
They certainl7 work hard.
Surel7 you could pay ` +,III2
-ther sentence adverbs are: amittel7, fortunatel7, frankl7, honestl7, luckil7, naturall7,
officiall7, unfortunatel7, unluckil7 etc. They are usually placed in initial position though the
end position is also possible. They are normally separated from the rest of the sentence by a
comma. ,any of them can also be adverbs of manner: Honestl7, he didn't get the money.
/.@. ,inking a&er"s
A linking adverb relates to the previous clause or sentence. ,ost often it goes in front position
but it can go in mid or end position. The linking adverbs are: also, as a result, as well,
conse8uentl7, furthermore, howe&er, instea, in aition, likewise, ne&ertheless, on
the other han, otherwise, therefore, too:
.e was forced to work to support himself. Howe&er, he still found time to review for his
e)ams.
)* Voca+u#ary Practice
I. *nswer the following 8uestions relating to propulsion an steering.
(443) %hips are pushed through the water by propellers. What's another word for propellers2
(444) What is the action of being driven forward called2
(445) What is a ship with one propeller called2
(446) What is a ship with two propellers called2
(447) What is a ship with four propellers called2
(448) Which engine drives the ship2
(449) What is a turbine engine2
(450) .ow are main engines powered2
(451) What is the flat, vertical structure at the stern that causes a ship to turn2
(452) What is the source of power to turn rudders2
(453) What are the motors and control e&uipment used to turn and power the rudder called2
(454) What controls the steering engines2
(455) Who turns the wheel2
II. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate term$s%
(456) Another word for propellers isHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.
(457) The process of being driven forward is calledHHHHHHHH..
(458) A ship with one propeller is aHHHH.. HHHHHHH.ship.
(459) A ship with two propellers is a HHH.. HHHHHHH.ship.
(460) A ship with four propellers is aHHHH HHHHHHH.ship.
(461) The screws are connected to theHH HH. H..by aHHHHH
(462) An engine with blades that rotate inside is called aHHHengine.
(463) ,odern ships are powered by H,H,H,HHHHHHHHHH
(464) A ship is steered by itsHHHHHHHHH..and screws.
(465) The power for a rudder is provided by itsHHHH. HHHHH
(466) The combination of e&uipment used to turn and power a ship is called itsH. H..
(467) The steering engines are controlled by theH. which is turned by a sailor known as
theHHH..
III. *nswer the following 8uestions relating to the +rige.
(468) What do we say about a ship when it's free to move in the water2
(469) What is another word for the bridge of a ship2
(470) What is another word for the wheel used to steer a ship2
(471) What is the science of finding the position, course, and distance travelled by a ship
called2
(472) What is the course of a ship2
(473) What is a binnacle2
(474) What is a gyrocompass2
(475) What is a gyroDrepeater2
(476) What is the wheel within a gyrocompass called2
(477) What is an engine order telegraph2
(478) What is another word for intercommunication sets2
(479) What is a fathometer2
(480) What is a radar repeater2
(481) What is a platform2
(482) What is a lookout2
I(. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate term$s%
(483) The course of a ship is itsHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH..
(484) The magnetic compass is housed in theHHHHHHHHHHH.
(485) A gyrocompass is used to determineHHHHHHHHHHHH..
(486) 3yrocompasses containHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH..
(487) The gyrocompass reading is seen on the bridge on theHHHHH..
(488) Intercommunication sets are commonly calledHHHHHHHH..
(489) The radar reading is seen on the bridge on theHHHHHHHHH
(490) A fathometre measures theHHof the water.
(491) A raised floor around the bridge used for observation is aHHHH..
(492) A seaman who observes the sea from the bridge is called theHHH.
(. Gi&e Romanian e8ui&alents to the following stanar wheel orers.
,idships7 port twenty7 hardDaDport7 starboard ten7 ease to five7 steady7
%teady as she goes7 keep the buoy:mark:beaconHon port side
(I. Gi&e English e8ui&alents to the following stanar engine orers.
Toat6 viteza 9nainte7 9ncet 9nainte7 foarte 9ncet 9napoi7 ;um6tate 9napoi7
Toata inapoi7 toata viteza inapoi #de urgenta$7 liber la masina7 propulsor prova ;um6tate
babord
;. Grammar Practice
I. Rewrite these sentences using an a&er" instea of an aAecti&e.
(493) 4eter is a bad tennis player. 5eter plays tennis badly$
(494) .e's a dangerous driver. -e drives
(495) %he's a fast swimmer.. /he swims
(496) ,artin is a good cook. .
(497) I'm a slow writer.........
(498) %he's a wonderful dancer
(499) %heila is a hard worker..
(500) They aren't &uick learners. .
11. Complete the sentences. Put in the a&er" form of the aAecti&e in "rackets $ %.
*. %he read the message )uickly #&uick$.
(501).........................................Bead the instructions #careful$.
(502)........................................e looked at her #angry$, but he didn't say anything.
(503)..................................................%he passed all her e)ams #easy$.
(504).........................Iran as #fast$ as I could.
(505)......................................................e thinks that he did the test #bad$ and that he'll fail.
(506)...............................................I've been studying very #hard$ recently.
(507)....................................%he was working #busy$ when I arrived.
(508)......................................%he sang the song #beautiful$
(509)...................................e was playing #happy$ when I came into the room.
(510)...........................................e was concentrating #hard$ on his work.
(511)..................................................ave I filled this form in #correct$2
(512)............................................................I wasn't in a hurry, so I walked #slow$ through
the park.
(513)....................................I closed the door #&uiet$ when left.
III. Complete the ialogues "7 putting a suita"le a&er" into the gaps. Use an aAecti&e
from the following ones< slo", fast, hard, good $='%! eas, bad.
(514) A: Were the &uestions
difficult2 ": (o, I answered
them easily$
(515).....................................................A: /oes she speak 0nglish 2
": (o, she only knows a few words of 0nglish.
C. A: .urry upX I'm waitingX
": Just a minute. I'm coming as ..................... as I can.
K. A: /id you lose at tennis again2
": Res, I played ...................... and I lost.
L. A: .ave you been working ................ today2
": (o, I've done nothing all dayX
M. A: .ave you finished that book yet2
": (o, I always read very .................. It takes me a long time to finish a book.
N. A: Is he a bad student2
": (o, he does all his work very .....................
I(. Put in the comparati&e a&er" form of the aAecti&e in "rackets.
(516) Rou must do your work more carefully #careful$ in future.
(517)......................................................e has run the *II metres #fast$ than any other
athlete in the world this year.
(518)...................................................0veryone else did the test #good$ than me.
K Rou can travel ..................... #cheap$ at certain times of the year.
(519)........................e plays #confident$ than he did in the past.
(520)............................................................................I'm sorry I've made so many mistakes.
I'll try ................................................................................ #hard$ in future.
(521)............................................Rou will be able to sit #comfortable$ in this chair.
2. Complete these sentences using reall or #uite.
(522) The film was really good. I en;oyed it a lot.
(523)...................It's cold outside, but not very cold.
(524).............................................................It isn't a wonderful book, but it's good.
(525).................................The tickets were e)pensive A they cost much more than I
e)pected.
(526).....................................The programme is popular in my country7 millions of
people watch it.
(527)................e's good at his ;ob, but sometimes makes bad mistakes.
(528).............................The meal was nice, but it wasn't very good.
(529)............It's dangerous to drive fast in such terrible weather conditions.
(530)..........................................................................I'm not a very good tennis
player, but I am ............................................................... good.
(531).........................They're all intelligent students, and they will all pass
their e)ams easily.
(532)..........................................................The company that I work for is
big, but it's not enormous.
(I. Put the wors in "rackets $ % in the right place in these sentences
*. I work late at the office.
#often$ . often work late at the office$
(533)....................................Rou must lock the
front door when you leave. #always$
(534)...................................%
teve and Jill play golf. #twice
a month$ ............................
(535)..................................I
eat a sandwich for lunch.
#usually$ ...........................
(536)...............................I go to ;azz
concerts at the weekend.
#sometimes$ ..................
(537)...................................,y teacher
gives me a lot of homework. #every day$
...........................................
(538)...................................W
e see our ,e)ican friends.
#hardly ever$ .....................
(539)...................................They go to
,orocco for their holidays. #often$
(540)..................................."ill
and ,arie go to the theatre. #four
times a year$ ......................
*I. They are at home in the evening.
#rarely$ ...............................
(II. Complete the sentences "7 choosing an ening from the following ones<
D the road carefully,
D their homework well,
D the piano badly,
D his car fast,
D her breakfast slowly,
D Arabic perfectly,
D an hour late
(541)........................................e drives
(542).......................................%he plays
(543).......................................,aria ate
(544).......................................They speak
(545).......................................Rou must always cross
(546).......................................They all did
(547).......................................The plane arrived
0iscellaneous
I. In these ialogues unerline the aAecti&es an circle the a&er"s
*. A: I think he's a good worker. What do you think2
": I'm not sure. .e works carefully, but he makes some bad mistakes.
(548) A: .e's a wonderful skier. .e skis &uickly and
beautifully. ": In my opinion, he skis dangerously. .e's a
stupid skier.
(549) A: .e's a rich and powerful man. .e lives e)pensively.
": Res, but he spends money carefully. .e buys valuable ob;ects.
(550) A: 4aul, Jane, /iana and ,ark live in a big, old house in %cotland. They live happily
together. ": I know they are happy, but the house is e)pensive and so they live cheaply
(551) A: This bread tastes awful. /id you cook it correctly2
": If you think it's horrible, why are you eating it so hungrily2
M. A: %he's very young, but she sings and dances beautifully.
": %he's a wonderful singer, but she dances badly in my opinion.
II. Put in the aAecti&e or a&er" in "rackets $ %.
(552) The train was very slow #slow:slowly$ and I arrived late.
(553).............................................................................................The ;ourney took a long
time because the train went very ......................................................... #slow:slowly$.
(554).....................................,rs. 3reen went #&uick:&uickly$ back to her office.
K. I'm afraid I can't give you an ............... #immediate:immediately$ answer7 I need to
think
about it first.
(555)...............................................................................The work that the builders did for us
was very ............................................................................... #bad:badly$.
(556)....................................................................The builders did the work for us very
#bad:badly$
(557)............................................%he organized the party #good:well$, and everybody
en;oyed it.
(558)...................................................................0verybody said that the party was very
#good:well$.
(559)...........................%he wrote a #polite:politely$ letter asking the company to give her
the money back.
*I. %he wrote the company and asked them .............. #polite:politely$ to give her the money back.
?. SE,94TEST
I. 9ill in the "lanks with appropriate term$s%.
(560) %hips are pushed through the water byHH..
(561) A ship with one propeller is known as aHH.
(562) The screws are connected to the main propulsion engine by a HH.
(563) The power for a ship's engine is usually from a H.engine.
(564) A ship is steered by itsHH..and screws.
(565) Budders are turned in the water byH. H..
(566) The combination of e&uipment used to turn and power the steering engines is
theH H.
(567) The steering engines, located in the rear of the ship are controlled by theH.
(568) The wheel is found on the bridge and is turned by the HH.
(569) Another word for propeller isHHH
*Ip
II. Gi&e Romanian e8ui&alents to the English maritime terms<
!onn7 course7 binnacle7 fathometer7 gyrocompass7 lookout7 underway7 gyroDrepeater7 --/7
engine order telegraph
*Ip
III. *nswer the following 8uestions an statements with complete sentences.
(570) What does the term Ythe ship is underway mean2
(571) What is a helm2
(572) What is navigation2
(573) What is the conn of the ship2
(574) What is the course of a ship2
Lp
I(. Complete the following sentences with appropriate terms.
(575) The magnetic compass is housed in theHHHHHHH
(576) A gyrocompass is used to determineHHHHHHH.
(577) 3yrocompasses containHHHHHHHHHHHHH..
(578) Another word for the ship's direction isHHHHHH
(579) A fathometer measures theH..of the water.
Lp
(. Put in the right wor.
(580) The driver of the car wasH..in;ured#serious:seriouslyd
(581) The driver of the car had H.in;uries #serious:seriously$
(582) I think you behaved veryH#selfish:selfishly$
(583) Bose isH.upset about losing her ;ob #terrible:terribly$
(584) There was a Hchange in the weather #sudden:suddenly$
(585) 0verybody at the party wasH.dressed #colourful:colourfully$
(586) inda likes wearingHclothes #colourful:colourfully$
(587) .e says he didn't do well at school because he wasH.taught #bad:badly$
(588) %he fell and hurt herself &uiteH.#bad:badly$
(589) .e looked at meHwhen I interrupted him #angry:angrily$
*Ip
(I.Complete each sentence using a wor from the list.
Careful$l7%> complete$l7%> continuous$l7%> financial$l7%>fluent$l7%
Happ7Bhappil7> ner&ous$l7%> perfect$l7%> 8uick$l7%> special$l7%
(590) -ur holiday was too short. The time passed veryHH.
(591) Tom doesn't take risks when he's driving. .e's alwaysHHH.
(592) %ue worksH..%he never seems to stop.
(593) Alice and %tan are veryH.. married.
(594) ,onica's 0nglish is veryHHalthough she makes a lot of mistakes.
(595) I cooked this mealH.for you, so I hope you like it.
(596) 0verything was very &uiet. There wasH.silence.
(597) I tried on the shoes and they fitted meH.
(598) /o you usually feelH..before e)amination.
(599) I'd like to buy a car but it'sHHimpossible at the moment.
*Ip
,* Se#"-test-Aswer--ey
I.
(600) screws#propellers$
(601) singleDscrew ship
(602) shaft
(603) turbine
(604) shaft
(605) steering engines
(606) steering gear
(607) wheel
(608) helmsman
(609) screw
II.
4unte de comand67 drum7 habitaclu7 sond6 ultrason7 girocompas7 om de veghe:observator7 in
mar<7 repetitor girocompas7 ofi>er de cart7 telegraf de ma<in6.
III.
(610) 1ree to move in water
(611) A helm is a wheel used for steering the ship
(612) The science of finding the position, course and distance travelled by a ship
(613) The conn of a ship is the bridge from where the ship is control.
(614) A course of a ship is its direction.
I(.
(615) binnacle
(616) true direction
(617) gyroscope
(618) ship's course
(619) depth
(.
(620) seriously
(621) serious
(622) selfishly
(623) terribly
(624) sudden
(625) colourfully
(626) colourful
(627) badly
(628) badly
(629) angrily
(I.
(630) &uickly
(631) careful
(632) continuously
(633) happily
(634) fluent
(635) specially
(636) complete
(637) perfectly
(638) nervous
(639) financially
Unit ;.
1*(*, EOUIP0E1T< GR)U1# T*CI,E
1.>round tackle is the term used to include all e&uipment used for moorin! and
anchorin! ships. ,ooring means to tie or make fast a boat or ship to the land or a moorin! buoy$
Anchoring means to keep a ship in place at sea by a heavy metal ob;ect on the end of a
rope. 3round tackle includes the anchors, chains, shackles, and stoppers necessary for these
operations.
This is a motor that turns a shaft on which is mounted a wildcat or chain !rab, which is
the wheel that takes up the chain. This e&uipment is located in the windlass room$ "elow the
windlass room is the chain locker where the chain is kept. The chain travels below through a
hawsepipe
An anchor is hoisted #raised$ and lowered by a windlass$
When a ship is anchored, the chain is held with one to three stoppers consisting of a pelican hook
and a turnbuckle in a short length of chain. The stopper helps the chain to hold. A pelican hook is
a hinged hook held in place by a ring. The turnbuckle can be set to make the stopper tight or
loose.
Among the deck fittin!s #tools and machinery found on the deck$ are capstans and
winches$ The capstan is a powered item of e&uipment used for handling moorin! lines #ropes and
chains$ and for other functions re&uiring strong power. Winches are pulling machines, mainly
used to handle car!o which consists of supplies and materials being transported.
1.1.()C*+U,*R-
.ors an phrases
3round tackle 5 instalatie de ancorare ,ooring 5
ancorare, legare=la cheu, acostare To make fast 5 a
volta, a lega o nava la cheu, a amara ,ooring buoy 5
geamandur6 de legare !hain 5 lan> de ancor6, a lega
cu lan>
%hackle 5 cheie de lan> #unitate de lungime pentru lan>ul de ancor6$7 cheie de 9mpreunare:tachela;
%topper 5 stopa7 a bloca, a z6vor9 Windlass 5 vinci de ancor6 Wildcat 5 barbotin !hain grab 5
barbotin
!hain locker 5 pu> al lan>ului de ancor67 magazie de lan>uri
Windlass room 5 compartment al vinciului de ancor6
.awsepipe 5 man<on al n6rii de ancor6 4elican hook 5
c9rlig cu cioc de papagal Turnbuckle 5 9ntinz6tor metalic:cu
filet /eck fittings 5 instala>ii:mecanisme de punte Winch5
vinci !apstan 5 cabestan
,ooring lines 5 par9me de acostare:legare, legatur6
!argo 5 marf6
'. #ECI 9ITTI1GS
0eck fittin!s include a number of devices that lines or wires can be belayed #attached or
secured$ to. /eck fittings are attached to ships' decks and bulkheads, or to piers #landing places$,
depending on their functions.
1igure * shows a cleat$ !leats are found throughout ships on decks and bulkheads, and on
piers. -n modern ships, they are made of metal, usually steel. Wires and lines used for many
purposes are belayed to them.
1igure *. A 7leat 1igure +. A Bitts
1igure + shows a pair of bitts$ These are cylindrical fittings made of iron or steel. 0ach pair is
mounted on a footin! #base$. The footing is attached to the deck by bolts, or by weldin! %united
metals by heat$. The shipboard #on the ship$ ends of mooring lines are attached to the bitts.
1igures C, K,and L show a series of chocks$ !hocks are heavy fittings with smooth
surfaces through which mooring lines are led. ,ooring lines are run from bitts on deck through
chocks to the pier. There are three types. 1igure C shows an open chock, which is open at the top.
1igure K is of a closed chock $It is closed by metal at the top. 1igure L is a roller chock. Boller
chocks contain round cylinders to reduce friction.
1igure K A 7losed chock
1igure L - Roller chock
1igure M is of a bollard$ This is a strong fitting which is found on piers. The mooring
lines from the ship are attached to it.
1igure N shows a padeye$ 4adeyes are metal fittings welded to decks and bulkheads. They
are used for attachments which will re&uire great strength such as towin! %ship pulling$
operations. They are also used with chain stoppers, and cargo blocks and tackles.
A seaman needs to be able to recognize and know the functions of all of these fittings.
,uch of his work will involve them.
0,I,
1igure M. A Bollard 1igure N. A
5adeye
'.1.
()C*+U,*R-
deck fittings 5
instala>ii:mecanis
me de punte
to belay 5 a lua
volta #la tachet sau
cavil6$7 a amara
pier 5 mol, dig
spargeval
cleat 5 tachet,
pan6
bitt 5 bint6, baba
de lemn7 bint6 de
lan>
footing 5 suport
welding 5 sudur6
shipboard 5 la
bordul navei
chock 5 ureche de
ghidare7 nar6 de
parSm67 cavalet de
barc67 <prai> # de
fi)are a
9nc6rc6turii$7tac7
pan67col>ar scurt
de stringher
open chock 5
ureche de ghidare
deschis6
closed chock 5
ureche de ghidare
9nchis6
roller chock 5
ureche de ghidare
cu turnichet:
<omar #la barc6$
bollard 5 baba de
cheu, bolard
padeye 5 plac6 cu
ochi
towing 5
remorcare
block 5 macara
# scripete $
tackle 5 greement7
palanc7tachela;
/. GR*00*R.
Present Simple
an Continuous
In this
section we are
going to talk about
tenses usually
referred to as
?present? in
grammars and
reference books,
the present simple
and the present
continuous$ These
tenses are
discussed in their
relation to present
time. Another
form of present
tense is the
present emphatic
and is important to
make the
distinction
between this and
the normal form of
the present simple.
Present
simple- full form' I
walk7 ne!ative
form' I do not
walk7 )uestion
form' /o you walk
to school2: /on't
you walk to
school27 ta!
)uestion' Rou
walk to school,
don't you2: Rou
don't walk to
school, do you2
0eaning an
function4 this
tense is a timeless
tense for actions
which are always,
repeatedly, or
generally true, or
actions
encapsulated in a
single instant
#with no reference
to past or future$.
This tense is used
to denote truths'
D .abitual
truth: .e
smokes forty
cigarettes a day.
D 0ternal
truth: Jesus
li&es: The
8oran sa7s...
D Becurrent
truth: The sun
rises in the east.
D 4ermanent
human truth: I
like sweets.
D 3eneral
truth: 0nglish
people rink a
lot of tea.
D ,athematic
al and scientific
truth: Two and
two make
four. :Water
"oils at *II!.
It is used for
giving
instructions,
directions,
demonstrations'
#often with the
impersonal you$:
#Rou$ "eat the
eggs and then
#you$ a the flour
.:#Rou$ turn to the
left and walk
straight ahead. It is
used as a
narrative device
for dramatic effect
in certain
situations:
D In
commentaries:
.e passes the
ball to !lark,
aims and scores.
D In headlines
and captions:
4utin meets 3.
"ush
In describin! feelin!s and senses #sudden ones$: I feel sick #suddenly$: I hear bells.
With a future time marker the tense gives a timetable future usually for schedules:
,y bus lea&es at C.II p.m.
It is used after when to form a time clause: When I get home , I'll make tea.
.abitual present tense with adverbs of fre)uency #always, sometimes, often, never, usually$: They
never smoke when they are aboard ship.: .e always sings when he takes a shower.
Present continuous4 full form' I'm looking7 ne!ative form' I am not looking7 &uestion form: Are
you looking2:Aren't you looking27 ta! )uestion' Rou are looking, aren't you2: Aren't you
looking, are you2: I'm looking, aren't I2
&tative and dnamic verbs- some verbs rarely take the present continuous form at all: these are
verbs that describe a state of affairs beyond the person's immediate active control #If someone is
a man, has a car, knows 1rench, hears music, or like applesDthere is little he can do to change this
at the moment$. These verbs are often called stative verbs, as distinct from dynamic ones, where
the person is actively doing something. 0ven verbs which are usually stative, can take the present
continuous, but they mean something different. The most common stative verbs are the following:
D +o be- rarely occurs in the present continuous form e)cept with ad;ectives of behaviour:
Rou are "eing silly #suggests a temporary and deliberate action$
D +o have- IJm ha&ing a bath:a drink #it implies present en;oyment or e)perience$
D @erbs describin! involuntary sensations %smell, hear, see- are usually in the present simple,
but they also take the present continuous for particular effect:
I'm seeing him to the station #change of meaning$7 I'm smelling roses #pretence$.
0eaning an function<
(640) Temporary actionD which began before the time of speaking, is continuous across
it, and is not yet complete: I'm walking at this moment.
(641) Temporary habitD not necessarily engaged in at the moment of speech, but
temporarily contracted for: I'm watering his plants while he is away.
(642) Begrettable habit#always$: I'm always losing my keys #the speaker is constantly
in a state of having lost the keys$.
(643) 1uture actionD for plans and arrangements: I'm picking her up at M.II, we're
lea&ing tomorrow.
Present emphaticD used to e)press contradiction, surprise or insistence and rely on stress and
intonation for their function. It is created as the ordinary tense, with the addition of stress on the
au)iliaries.
0eaning an function
(644) To e)press reassurement of reaffirmation that action occurs: I o turn off the
lights.: He oes li&e here.
(645) To e)press contradiction: Rou o "reak the speed limit.: I o like icecream.
(646) To e)press enthusiasm, strong feeling: I o hope I can come.: I o lo&e !hopin.:
I o want to see that film.
(647) To e)press enthusiastic reinforcement: I o like your hat.
(648) To e)press invitation: #o you pla7 chess2: I o want to see that film.
6. (oca"ular7 Practice
I. *nswer the following 8uestions.
(649) What is ground tackle2
(650) What is mooring2
C What is anchoring2
(651) What does make fast mean2
(652) What is a mooring buoy2
(653) What does hoist mean2
(654) What is a windlass2
(655) What is a chain grab2
(656) What is a windlass room2
(657) What is a wildcat2
(658) What is a chain locker2
(659) What is a hawsepipe2
(660) What are deck fittings2
(661) What is a capstan2
(662) What are mooring lines2
(663) What are winches2
II.!omplete the following sentences by filling in the blank spaces with the appropriate term#s$:
(664) The e&uipment known as WWWWWWW WWWWWW is used for mooring and anchoring ships.
(665) Tying a ship to the land or a buoy is known as WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
(666) 8eeping a ship in place at sea with a weight and chain is WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
(667) Another word for tying is to WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
(668) A heavy weight at the end of a chain to keep a ship in place is called an WWWWWWW
(669) A series of metal rings ;oined together form a WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
(670) A @Dshaped metal ring for connecting tackle is a WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
(671) A short length of rope or chain used for holding a line or chain is a WWWWWWWWWW D
(672) To raise or lift is to WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
(673) A motor that pulls in an anchor is a WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
(674) A wheel on the windlass that takes the anchor chain up is the WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
(675) Another word for wildcat is WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
(676) The compartment in which the windlass is located is the WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
(677) The anchor chain is kept in the WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
(678) The part of a stopper consisting of a hinged hook held in place by a ring is called
a WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
(679) The opening through which the anchor chain moves is the WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
(680) The metal device used to make a stopper tight or loose is the WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
(681) Tools and machinery found on the deck are known as WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
(682) The powered e&uipment used to handle mooring lines is the WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
(683) Bopes and chains used to moor a ship are called WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
(684) 4ulling machines used to handle cargo are WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
III. *nswer the following 8uestions<
(685) What are deck fittings2
(686) What does belay mean2
(687) What does shipboard mean2
(688) What is welding2
(689) What is towing2
(690) What devices do deck fittings include2
(691) .ow would you say that the sailor attached a line to a cleat2
(692) What would you call the end of mooring line that is on a ship2
IV. Identify the following ob;ects.
* is
aRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
+ is anRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
C is aRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
# is aRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
E is aRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
9 is aRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
G is aRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
;. Grammar Practice
E=ercise I. Complete the sentences. Use amB isB are H one of these &er"s "uiling
coming cooking pla7ing staning stu7ing swimming
(693) istenX 4at is playin! the piano.
(694)....................They a new hotel downtown
C ookX %omebody................... in the river.
K.]Rou...................on my foot]. ]-h ISm sorry].
L..urry upX The bus..................
M.]Where are you %am2] ]In the kitchen .1................ dinner.]
N.%on the phone T .ello. !an I speak to Ann please2] U %he..............for an e)am right now. !an
she call you back later2]
E=ercise II. .hatJs happening right now: .rite true sentences.
*. #I: wash: my hair$. .8m not washin! my hair$
+. #it : snow$
C. #I : sit : on a chair$
K. #I : eat$
L. #it : rain $
M. #I : do :this e)ercise$.
N. #I : listen : to the radio$
O. #the sun : shine$
P. #I :wear : shoes $
*I.#I : read : a newspaper$
E=ercise III. .rite positi&e or negati&e short answers $-es! I am B 1o! it isnJt! etc.%
(695) Are you watching TV2 9o, .8m not$
(696) Are you wearing shoes2
(697) Are you wearing a hat2
(698) Is it raining2
(699) Are you eating something2
(700) Are you feeling all right2
(701) Is the sun shining2
(702) Is your teacher watching you2
E=ercise I(. .rite the he B she B it form of these &er"<
*. read H..reads
(703) repairHH.
(704) watchHHH.
(705) listenHHH..
(706) loveHHH.
(707) haveHHH.
(708) pushHHH.
(709) doHHH.
(710) thinkHHH.
(711) kissHH..
(712) buyHHH.
(713) goH..
E=ercise (. Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of these &er"s.
"oil close cost cost rink go ha&e ha&e like meet open speak teach
wash
(714) %he's very smart. %he speaks four languages.
(715) %teve HHHH. four cups of coffee a day .
(716) We usuallyHHHH. /inner at N o' clock.
(717) I HHHH..movies. I often HHHHH. to the movies with friends.
(718) Water HHHHH at *II degrees !elsius.
(719) In my home town the banks HHHHH. at P:II in the morning.
(720) The !ity ,useum HHHHH. at L o E clock on %aturdays.
(721) 1ood is e)pensive. It HHHHH.. a lot of money.
(722) %hoes are e)pensive. They HHHHH. a lot of money.
(723) %ue is a teacher. %he HHHH math to young children.
(724) Rour ;ob is very interesting. Rou HHHH a lot of people.
(725) 4eter HHHH. his hair every day.
(726) An insect HHH. si) legs.
E=ercise (I. .rite the opposite. $positi&e or negati&e%.
(727) I understand. . don8t understand$
(728) %he doesn't drive. /he drives$
(729) They know. They HHH..
(730) .e loves her. HHH..
(731) They speak 0nglish. HHHH.
(732) I don't want it. HHHHH.
(733) %he doesn't want them. HHH..
(734) .e lives in Taiwan. HHHHHH
E=ercise (II. Complete the sentences. *ll of them are negati&e. Use onJtB oesnJt H one of
these &er"s.
cost ri&e go ha&e know pla7 see sell smoke wash wear
*. .ave a cigarette . Y (o, thanks. I don8t smoke$
(735) They HHHH newspapers in that store.
(736) %he has a car, but HHHH.. very often.
(737) I like plays, but I HHH..to the theatre very often.
L.,y car is usually dirty because I HHHH.. it very often.
(738) It's a cheap hotel. It HHHH.. much to stay there.
(739) .e likes soccer, but he HHHH very often.
(740) I HHHHH.. much about politics.
(741) %he's married, but she HHHHH.. a ring.
(742) .e lives ne)t door, but weHHHH.. him very often.
(743) Y!an you lend me five dollars2 Y%orry, I HHHH..any money.
E=ercise (III. -ou are asking some"o7 8uestions. .rite 8uestions with #oB #oesP.:
0)ample: I work hard . .ow about you2 0o you work hard,
(744) I play tennis ..ow about you2 HH. you HHHHH..2
(745) I play tennis. .ow about Ann2 HH.. Ann HHHH. 2
(746) I know the answer. .ow about you2 HHHHHH.. the answer2
(747) I like hot weather. .ow about you2 HHHHHHHHH.2
(748) ,y father drinks coffee. .ow about your father 2 HHHHHH2
(749) I e)ercise every morning. .ow about you2 HHHHHHH..2
(750) I speak 0nglish. .ow about your friends2 HHHHH..2
O. I want to be famous. .ow about you2 HHHHH..2
E=ercise IK. These 8uestions "egin with .hereB .hatBHow PP:
(751) I wash my hair every day. # how often:you 2$ -ow often do you wash your hair,
(752) I live in ,e)ico !ity. #where :you2$ Where HHHHHHH.2
(753) I watch TV every day. #how often:you2$ .ow HHHH..2
(754) I have lunch at home.#where: you 2$ HHHHHHHH.2
(755) I get up at N:CI.#what time: you2$ HHHHHHH.2
(756) I go the movies a lot. #how often: you2$ HHHHH2
(757) I go to work by bus. #how:you2$ HHHHH..2
(758) I always have eggs for breakfast. #what: you2$ HHHHHHHH.2
E=ercise K. Put the &er" in the present continuous ,I am oing) or simple present ,I o%
(759) 0)cuse me, do you speak AA$$ #you: speak$ 0nglish2
(760) Tom #is takin! AA #take$ a shower at the moment.
(761) They don8t watch A$ #not: watch$ television very often.
(762) istenX %omebody HHHHH.. #sing$.
(763) %he's tired. %he HHHHH.. #want$ to go home now.
(764) .ow often HHHH. #you: read$ the newspaper.
(765) Y0)cuse me, but you HHH. #sit$ in my place. -h, I'm sorry.
(766) I'm sorry, I HHH.. #not: understand$. 4lease speak more slowly.
(767) YWhere are you /an2 Y I'm in the living room. I HHH. #read$.
(768) What time HHHH. #she: finish$ work every day2
(769) Rou can turn off the radio. IHHHH.. #not :listen$ to it.
(770) .eHHHHHH # not: usually: drive$ to work.. .e usually HHHH #walk$.
E=ercise KI. Complete the sentences with the Present Simple $I o% or the Present
Continuous $I am oing%
*. I leave #leave$ home at N o' clock every morning.
+. %he usually HHHHHH.. #work$ in the sales /epartment in ondon, but at the
moment she #do$ a training course in "ristol. C..e HHHHH. #try$ very hard in every game
that he #play$.
(771) 0)cuse me. I think you HHHH #sit$ in my seat.
(772) HHH. #you: listen $ to the radio very often2
(773) /on't talk to me now. I HH. #write$ an important letter.
(774) Why HHHH.. #they: drive$ on the left in "ritain2
(775) It HHHHH #not: get$ dark at this tome of year until about *I o' clock.
P. It usually HHHH.. #rain$ here a lot, but it HHHHH. #not: rain$ now.
*I. A: What are you doing2
": HHHH. #bake$ a cake. WhyHHHH..#you: smile$ 2HHH.#I:do$ something
wrong2
?. SE,94TEST
I. 9ill in the "lanks with appropriate term$s%
(776) H. H.. is the term used to include all e&uipment used forH.andH.ships.
(777) ,ooring means to tie orH H a ship to the land orHH HHHHHH..
(778) H.means to keep a ship in place at sea by a heavy metal ob;ect on the end of a
rope.
(779) 3round tackle includes theH,H.,H.., andH.necessary for these operations.
(780) An anchor isH. and lowered by aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(781) "elow the windlass room is theHH HHwhere the anchor chain is kept.
(782) The chain travels below through aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.
(783) When a ship is anchored, the chain is held with one or three stoppers consisting of
aH. H..and a HH in a short length of chain.
(784) H H.include a number of devices that lines or wires can beHH..to.
(785) There are three types of chocks: open chock,HHchocks and Hchocks.
+Ip
11. *nswer the following 8uestions.
(786) Where can you find cleats2
(787) What are bitts2
(788) What do we attach to the bitts2
(789) What are chocks2
(790) What is a bollard2
(791) What are padeyes2
(792) What are padeyes used for2
(793) What is welding2
(794) What is footing2
(795) Why do roller chocks contain round cylinders2 *Ip
III. 4ut in amBisBareBoBonJtBoesBoesnJt.
(796) 0)cuse me,HHyou speak 0nglish2
(797) Y.ave some coffee, Y(o, thank you, IHHdrink coffee.
(798) WhyHH..you laughing at me2
(799) YWhat HHshe do2 Y%he's a dentist.
(800) IH..want to go out. ItH..raining.
(801) YWhereH..you come from2 Y1rom !anada
(802) .ow muchH..it cost to send a letter to !anada.
(803) I can't talk to you right now. IH..working.
(804) "ob is a good tennis player, but heH.play very often. *Ip
I(. Put the &er" in the present continuous ,I am oing% or simple present ,I o%
(805) 0)cuse me, do you speakHHHHHH.#you :speak$ 0nglish2
(806) TomHis takin!HHHHHHH#take$ a shower at the moment.
(807) TheyHdon8t watchHHHHHHHHHH#not: watch$ television very often.
(808) istenX %omebodyHHHHHHH.#sing$.
(809) %he's tired. %heHHHHHHHH.#want$ to go home now.
(810) .ow oftenHHHHHHHHH..#you:read$ the newspaper2
(811) Y0)cuse me, but youHHHHH.#sit$ in my place. Y-h, I'm sorry
(812) I'm sorry, IHHHHHHHH..#not:understand$.4lease speak more slowly.
(813) YWhere are you, /an2 YI'm in the living room. IHHHHH.#read$
(814) What timeHHHHHH.#she:finish$ work every day2
(815) Rou can turn off the radio. IHHHH..#not:listen$ to it.
(816) .eHHHH#not:usually:drive$ to work. .e usuallyHHHH#walk$ *Ip
@. Self4test 4 *nswer Ie7 I.
(817) 3round tackle7 mooring7 anchoring
(818) make fast7 mooring buoy
(819) anchoring
(820) anchors7 chains7 shackles, and stoppers
(821) hoisted7 windlass
(822) chain locker
(823) hawsepipe
(824) pelican hook7 turnbuckle
(825) deck fittings7 belayed
*I. closed7 roller
II.
(826) Throughout ships on decks and bulkheads and on piers.
(827) They are cylindrical fittings made of iron or steel.
(828) The shipboard ends of mooring lines are attached to the bitts.
(829) !hocks are heavy fittings with smooth surfaces through which mooring lines are led.
(830) This is a strong fitting which is found on piers.
(831) 4adeyes are metal fittings welded to decks and bulkheads.
(832) 4adeyes are used for attachments which will re&uire great strength such as towing
operations.
(833) Joining metals by heat.
(834) "ase.
*I. Boller chocks contain round cylinders to reduce friction.
III.
(835) do
(836) don't
(837) are
(838) does
(839) don't7 It's
(840) are
(841) does
(842) am
(843) doesn't
I(.
(844) is singing
(845) wants
(846) do you read
(847) are sitting
(848) don't understand
(849) am reading
(850) does she finish
(851) don't listen
(852) doesn't usually drive. .e usually
walks
Unit ?.
1*(*, EOUIP0E1T< SIG1*, ,IGHTS! 9,*GS! *1# +E,,S
1. ,ost of the e&uipment for signalling short distances is located on or near the si!nal
brid!e on the superstructure of the ship. ines called halyards e)tend from the yardarm. -n them
are found si!nal fla!s$ These are flags representing letters of the alphabet, numbers, or complete
meanings. If they are not s&uare they are called pennants$ They are read from top to bottom. They
are bent on #attached$ to the halyards and hoisted to the yard$
-n or near the signal bridge are si!nal searchli!hts$ These are handDoperated blinking
lights which send code messages.
-n the outboard end of the yard are two small lights called yardarm blinkers used for
sending messages over short distances. These are operated by a special switch called a key similar
to a telegraph key.
Another signalling device is the ship8s bell$ This is mainly used to notify personnel on the
ship of the time. @sing the bell is an old navy custom. Time is, to this day, e)pressed in Ybells
on a ship. Traditionally time at sea is divided into KDhour periods called watches. There are si)
watches.
,idnight AIKII
IKIIDIOII
IOIIDnoon
,iddle Watch
,orning Watch
1orenoon Watch
(oonD*MII
*MIID+III +IIID
midnight
Afternoon watch
0vening Watch
1irst Watch
The evening Watch can be divided into two short watches.
*MIID*OII 1irst dog watch *OIID+III %econd /og Watch
0ach watch is in the charge of an officer. The traditional pattern is as follows:
*+DK KDO OD*+
a.m. ,iddle Watch ,orning Watch 1orenoon Watch
p.m. Afternoon Watch 0vening Watch 1irst Watch
/eck %econd -fficer !hief -fficer Third -fficer
0ngine Third 0ngineer %econd 0ngineer 1ourth 0ngineer
Traditionally the passage of time at sea is marked by bells. "ells are struck throughout
each watch as follows:
After e hour * bell After + hours K bells After Ce hours N bells
After * hour + bells After +e hours L bells After K hours O bells
After *e hours C.bells After C hours M bells /uring the
%econd /og Watch the bells strike * + C O. * bell is struck *L
minutes before each watch is due to change.
1.'. 1or safety during peacetime, all ships that go to sea are re&uired by international law to
have runnin! li!hts$ These consist of a white masthead li!ht usually on the upper part of the
bridge superstructure or on an area forward of the foremast. Abaft and above the masthead light is
a white ran!e li!ht located either on the foremast or mainmast$ To either side side li!hts are
found. There is a green one on the starboard side, and a red one on the port side.
-ften a searchli!ht used to view nearby ob;ects is found in the signal bridge area. It
should not be confused with signalling e&uipment. It's important for the seaman to become
familiar with all of these items.
'. ()C*+U,*R-
.ors an phrases
%ignal bridge 5 punte de semnalizare
.alyard 5 fung6, saul6 de pavilion
Rardarm 5 cap6t de verg6
%ignal flags 5 pavilion de semnalizare
4ennant 5 flamur6
To bend on 5 a fi)a, a ata<a
Rard 5 verg6
%ignal searchlight 5lumin6 de semnalizare
Rardarm blinker 5 lumin6 de cap6t de verg6
Bunning lights 5 lumini de mar<:naviga>ie
,asthead light 5 lumin6 de catarg #la navele cu propulsie mecanic6$
1oremast 5 catarg prova, arborele trinchet
Bange light 5 lumin6 de aliniament, lumin6 de catarg pupa
%idelights 5 lumini distinctive din borduri #ro<ie sau verde$
%earchlight 5 proiector cu fa<cicul diri;at
,ainmast 5 arbore mare, catarg principal
/.GR*00*R. Past tense simple an continuous
Past tense simple- full form' I walked #regular$: ne!ative form' I did not walk7 I ran #irregular$7
)uestion form' /id you walk:run27 ta! )uestion' Rou walked: ran, didn't you2:Rou didn't
walk:ran, did you2 0eaning an function:
(853) 1or an action in the past with time marker, it may be used for historical or
narrative truth: I saw him yesterday.: /inosaurs li&e on the earth.: I roe a bicycle once$
(854) 4olite conversation markers, with verbs of thinking, wishing introducing a
re&uest or suggestion:
I wonere if you might give me a lift.
c$ As a time marker in when or while clauses:
D 4ast time for background actions taking place repeatedly: .e whistle when he
worked.
D 4ast time for background actions taking place continuously: .e whistle while he
worked.
D Indeterminate time, with modals in the past form: I thought he might like one when he
came.
d$ As a hypothetical future marker, especially in if clauses#type + conditionals$:
Rou would be glad if I sol it.
Past tense continuous4full form' I was walking: Rou were walking7 ne!ative' I wasn't
walking:Rou weren't walking7 )uestion form' Were you walking27 ta! )uestion' Rou were
walking, weren't you2: Rou weren't walking, were you2
0eaning an function4 the past continuous tense usually places an action in relation to a point or
period of time in the past:
(855) The point in past time is specifically mentioned7 the past continuous action
crosses it: I was ha&ing a bath at *I o'clock.
(856) The point in time is replaced by an action in the past, which interrupted the
continuous action:
I was ha&ing a shower when the phone rang.
(857) A period in the past is specified7 the past continuous
action fills it: They were watching TV from O.II to midnight.
(858) The period in the past is defined by another action also in the past
continuous: I was "uttering the bread while my mother was slicing the
tomatoes.
(859) An action in the past continuous creates a time period within which other
actions in the past simple take place:
.e stole the money when:while she was getting on the bus.: The sun was
setting as the old man walked up the hill.
f$ As a polite conversation marker with verbs of hoping and wishing:
I was woneringBthinking if you could give me a lift.
6. (oca"ular7 Practice
I. *nswer the following 8uestions.
(860) Where is most of the e&uipment for signalling short distances located2
(861) What are the lines e)tending from the yardarm called2
(862) What are the s&uare flags called which are used to send messages2
(863) What are the flags that are not s&uare2
(864) What's another word for attach,
(865) What are the signal lights located on the signal bridge called2
(866) What are the signal lights located on the end of the yard called
(867) What are the switches used to operate yardarm blinkers2
(868) What is the signalling device used to sound out the time2
(869) What is the general term for safety lights found around the signal bridge2
(870) What is the running light called which is usually found on the upper part of the
bridge superstructure2
(871) What running light is found above and abaft the masthead light2
(872) What are the red and green lights found on the starboard and port sides called2
(873) What is a searchlight2
II. Ientif7 all num"ere e8uipment on the signal "rige an e=plain the functions of
the items 7ou list. .rite 7our answers in the lettere spaces<
a.WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
b.WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
c.WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
d.WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
e.WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
f.WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
g.WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
III. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate term$s%
*. ,ost of the e&uipment for signalling short distances is located on theWWW WWW
+. ines called WWWWWW e)tend from the yardarm.
(874)_________________________________%ignal flags representWWWW,WWWW,or
(875)______________________________-n or near the signal bridge are
(876)________________________________________________-n the outboard end of
the yard are two small lights called WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWW
M. WWWW WWWWWWW is mainly used to notify personnel on the ship of the time.
(877)_________________________________________________________All ships
that go to sea are re&uired by international law to haveWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
(878) Bunning lights consist of a whiteWWWW WWWW usually on the upper part of the bridge
superstructure or on an area forward of the foremast.
P. Abaft and above the masthead light is a white WWWW WWWW located either on the foremast or
mainmast.
*I. There is a green light on the starboard side, and a red one on the port side. They are
called WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
;. Grammar Practice
E=ercise I Put in "as* "ere or "asn$t* "eren$t
(879) We weren't happy with the hotel. -ur room was very small and it wasnJt
very clean.
(880) 3eorgeH.at work last week because heH.ill. .e's better now.
(881) ResterdayHHa public holiday so the shopsH.closed.
(882) YH.%ue and "ill at the party2 Y%ueH.there but "illHHH..
(883) YWhere are my keys2 YI don't know. TheyHon the table but they're not
there now.
(884) RouH.at home last night. WhereHyou2
E=ercise II. Put the wors in the correct orer to form 8uestions.
*. late: you: this morning: were: why2
.h7 were 7ou late this morning:
+. difficult: your: e)am: was2
C.last week: Ann and !hris: were: where2
K.our new camera: how much: was2
L.angry: you: yesterday: why: were2
M. nice: the weather: last week: was2
E=ercise III. .rite the past simple of these wors.
(885) getHHgot
(886) see
(887) play
(888) pay
(889) visit
(890) buy
N. go
O. think
P. copy
*I. know
**. put
*+. speak
E=ercise I(. Rea a"out ,isaJs Aourne7 to 0ari. Put the &er"s in the correct form.
ast Tuesday isa #*$ #fly$ flew from ondon to ,adrid. %he #+$ #get$H.up at si) o'clock in
the morning and #C$ #have$ a cup of coffee. At M.CI she #K$ #leave$ home and #L$ #drive$ to the
airport. When she #M$ #arrive$, she #N$ #park$ the car and then #O$ #go$ to the airport caff
where she #P$ #have$ breakfast. Then she #*I$ #go$ through passport control and #**$ #wait$
for her flight. The plane #*+$ #depart$ on time and #*C$ #arrive$ in ,adrid 1inally she #*K$
#take$ a ta)i from the airport to her hotel in the centre of ,adrid.
E=ercise (. Put the &er" in the correct form4positi&e! negati&e or 8uestion.
(891) We went to the cinema but the film wasn't very good. We inJt enAo7 it. #en;oy$
(892) TimH..some new clothes yesterdayDtwo shirts, a ;acket and a pullover. #buy$
(893) YH..yesterday2 Y(o, it was a nice day. #rain$
(894) The party wasn't very good, so weHHHlong. #stay$
(895) It was very warm in the room,, so IHH..a window. #open$
(896) Y/id you go to the bank this morning2 Y(o, IH.time. #have$
(897) YI cut my hand this morning. Y.owH..that2 #do$
E=ercise (I. .here were these people at / oJclock 7estera7 afternoonB *n what were
the7 oing: Use the cues "elow an write two sentences.
(898) Ann: home: watch TVHHHHHH..*nn was at home. She was watching T(
(899) !arol and Jack: the cinema: watch a film.
(900) Tom: his car: drive.
(901) !atherine: the station: wait for a train.
(902) ,r. and ,rs. .all: the park: walking.
E=ercise (II. Put the &er" into the past continuous or past simple
(903) A: What were 7ou oing #you: do$ when the phone rang $ring$2
": I was watching #watch$ television.
(904) A: Was Jane busy when you went to see her2
": Res, sheHHH.#study$
(905) A: What timeH.#the post: arrive$ this morning2
": ItHH.#come$ while IHH#have$ breakfast.
(906) A: Was ,argaret at work today2
": (o, sheHH#not: go$ to work. %he was ill
(907) A: .ow fastH..#you: drive$ when the policeHH.#stop$ you2
": I don't know e)actly but IHH..#not: drive$ very fast.
(908) A: HH.#your team:win$ the football match yesterday2
": (o, the weather was very bad, so weH..#not play$
(909) A: .owH..#you: break $ the window:
": WeH..#play$ football. IH..#kick$ the ball and itH..#hit$ the window.
(910) A: HHH#you: see$Jenny last night2 ":
Res, sheH#wear$ a very nice ;acket.
(911) A: WhatH..#you: do$ at + o'clock this morning2
": I was asleep.
*I. A.IHlose my key last night.
" .ow #you:get$ into your room
E=ercise (III. Choose the correct form of the &er"s
Thomas 0dison #*% starte: was starting work on the railway when he was twelve, selling
newspapers and snacks. There were long periods with nothing for him to do so he #+$ build:
was building himself a little laboratory in the luggage van where he could carry out
e)periments when he #C$ didn't: wasn't selling things to passengers. Another way that he #K$
occupied: was occupying himself was by reading. .e ;oined a library and #L$ read was
reading every single book in it. -ne day, when he #M$ waited: was waiting at a station he #N$
noticed: was noticing a small boy who #O$ played: was playing by the track, unaware that a
train #P$ approached: was approaching. 0dison #*I$ ran: was running out and #**I grabbed:
was grabbing the child ;ust in time. The child's father was so grateful that he #*+$ offered:
was offering to teach 0dison to be a telegraph operator. 0dison accepted the offer and soon he
#*C$ had: was having regular lessons. After a year, he was good enough to get a ;ob in the
telegraph office. .e continued to read and e)periment, whenever he #*K$ had: was having
time. At twentyDone he #*L$ left: was leaving the telegraph office to devote all his time to
being an inventor. .e #*M$ went: was going on to invent the electric light bulb, the
phonograph and the movie camera.
E=ercise IK. Complete the escription of the life of a musician! using the &er"s gi&en.
Use either the past simple or the past continuous.
!olin "oyle was born in *PNC near /ublin, Ireland. In *POC he became seriously ill. While he
#*$ was reco&ering #recover$ his uncle #+$ ga&e #give$ him an old violin. .e en;oyed playing
and practised at school every day after lessons. -ne day in *PON, John eaf, the manager of
several successful musicians, #C$,,,,,,,,,#have$ a meeting with the headmaster when he
#K$HH#hear$ !olin practising. .e immediately #L$H..#contact$ !olin's teacher and
#M$H..#invite$ !olin to appear in one of the concerts he #N$HH#organize$ that year. !olin,
however, #O$H..#refuse$ eaf's invitation, because ;ust then he#P$H.#prepare$ for some
important school e)ams. !olin #*I$HH.#pass$ his e)ams and #**$H.#go$ to college to study
engineering. At college he #*+$H..#meet$ 8im -',alley, who #*C$H.#study$ chemistry. 8im
was also a keen amateur musician. "eing students, they rarely #*KIH..#haveI much money
and they usually #*L$H..#work$ as waiters at weekends. -ne evening in April *PP+, while
!olin and 8im #*M$H.#serve$ customers, the manager #*N$H#announce$ that there would be
no live music in the restaurant that night as regular band could not come. !olin and 8im
#*OIH.#persuade$ him to let them play to the customers. 0veryone #*P$HH#beI amazed to
hear how good they #+I$HH#be$.%i) months later they #+*$H..#decideI to leave college
because they #++$H.#earn$ so much money as musicians. Their success has continued ever
since.
E=ercise K. Choose the correct form of the &er"s.
A/A,: .ello, ,ike. What #*$ are 7ou oing: do you do in this part of ondon2
,I80: Well, actually, #+$ I'm looking: I look at flats around here.
A/A,: 1lats2 #C$ Are you wanting: /o you want to move2
,I80: Res, in fact, believe it or not, ,andy and I #K$ are getting: get married.
A/A,: That's greatX !ongratulations. When #L$ were you deciding: did you decide2
,I80: -nly last week. It was while we #M$ were staying: stayed with her family in %cotland.
(ow #N$ we try: we're trying to find a suitable flat.
A/A,: It'll be great to have you as neighbours. I hope you manage to buy one soon.
,I807 -h we #O$ aren't looking: don't look for one to buy. We #P$ aren't having: don't have
enough money yet. #*I$ We're wanting: We want to find somewhere to rent.
A/A,: Res, of course. That's what we #**$ did: were doing at first. Actually, in the end, my
brother #*+$ was lending: lent us some money. That's how we #*C$ were managing: managed to
buy ours.
,I80: Beally2 4erhaps I'll talk to my family before #*K$ we choose: we're choosing a flat.
A/A,: That's not a bad idea. ,y family #*L$ gave: were giving us &uite a lot of helpful advice.
(ow, what about a coffee2 There's a good place ;ust round the corner.
,I80: -h, yes, I #*M$ looked: was looking for somewhere to sit down when I bumped into you.
et's go.
.* SE/0-TEST
I. 9ill in the "lanks with appropriate term$s%
(912) ,ost of the e&uipment for signalling short distances is located on or near theH.
(913) ines calledH..e)tend from the yardarm.
(914) H H.represent letters of the alphabet, numbers, or complete meanings.
(915) 1lags and pennants areH.. H.to the halyards and hoisted to the yard.
(916) -n or near the signal bridge are signalHHHHHHHHHHHHH.
(917) -n the outboard end of the yard are two small lights called yardarmH.
(918) All ships that go to sea are re&uired by international law to have H. H.
(919) A white H.light is usually placed on the upper part of the bridge superstructure or on an
area forward of the foremast.
(920) Above and abaft the masthead light is a whiteH. H.located either on the foremast
or mainmast.
(921) To either side of the ship H. H.are found.
*Ip
11. Gi&e Romanian e8ui&alents to the following maritime terms.
%ignal flags7 pennants7 signal searchlights7 halyards7 signal bridge7
yardarm blinkers7 running light7 masthead light7 range lights7 side lights *Ip
III. Gi&e complete answers to the following 8uestions.
(922) Where is located most of the e&uipment for signalling short distances2
(923) Where can you find signal flags2
(924) .ow are signal searchlights operated2
(925) .ow do you call the two small lights on the outboard end of the yard2
(926) What device do you use to tell the time at sea2
(927) What lights must be e)hibited according to the international laws2
(928) Where is the range light located2
(929) Is the searchlight a signalling e&uipment2
(930) What colour is the masthead light2
(931) What
colour is the starboard side light2 What about the port side light2 *Ip
I(. Put the &er"s into the correct form! past simple or past continuous.
(932) Jane was waiting #wait$ for me when I arri&e #arrive$.
(933) ] What... #you:do$ this time yesterday2] ]I was asleep.]
(934) ]... .#you:go$ out last night2] ](o, I was too tired.]
(935) ] Was !arol at the party last night2] ] Res, she ... #wear$ a really nice dress.]
(936) .ow fast... #you:drive$ when the accident... #happen$2
(937) John... #take$ a photograph of me while I... #not:look$.
(938) We were in a very difficult position. We... #not:know$ what to do.
O.* haven't seen Alan for ages. When I last... #see$ him, he... #try$ to find a ;ob in ondon. l-p
(. Use the wors gi&en to make sentences. #o not change the orer of the wors. Use onl7
the simple past or past continuous.
(939) !athy:phone:the post office:when the parcel:arrive
(940) !athy phoned the post office when the parcel arrived.
(941) +. when /on:arrive:we:have:coffee
(942) When /on arrived we were having coffee.
(943) C. while he:walk:in the mountains:.enry:see:a bear
(944) K .the students:play:a game:when the professor:arrive
(945) 1eli):phone:the fire brigade:when the cooker:catch:fire
(946) when the starter:fire:his pistol:the race:begin
(947) I:walk:home:when it:start:to rain
(948) when:,argaret:open:the door:the phone:ring
(949) !ora:read:a letter:when Jimmy:phone:her
(950) Andy:come:out of the restaurant:when he:see:Jenny
(951) !harlie:cross the street:when he :see ,ary
(952) %he:lea
ve:the house:when the phone:start:to ring. *Ip
@. Self4test *nswer4ke7
I.
(953) signal bridge
(954) halyards
(955) signal flags
(956) bent on
(957) signal searchlights
(958) blinkers
(959) running lights
(960) masthead
(961) range
(962) side lights
II.
4avilion de semnalizare7 flamur67 proiector de semnalizare7 fung6, saul6 de pavilion
punte de semnalizare7 eclips6 de catarg, lumin6 cu lic6riri7 lumin6 de mar<7 lumin6 de
catarg7lumin6 de aliniament, de catarg pupa7 lumini distinctive din borduri.
III.
*. ,ost of the e&uipment for signalling is situated:located on the signal bridge.
(963) %ignal flags are bent on halyards
(964) %ignal searchlights are handDoperated.
(965) The two small lights on the outboard end of the yard are called yardarm blinkers.
(966) To tell the time at sea we use the ship's bell.
(967) Bunning lights must be e)hibited according to international laws.
(968) Bange lights are placed:located either on the foremast or mainmast.
(969) A searchlight is not a signalling light. It is used to view: locate nearby ob;ects at night.
(970) The masthead light is white.
(971) The starboard side light is green and the portside light is red.
I(.
+.Were you doing7 C. /id you go7 K.Was wearing7 L. Were you drivingHhappened7 M.
TookHwasn't looking7 N. /idn't know7 O. %awHwas trying
(.
(972) While he was walking in the mountains, .enry saw a bear.
(973) The students were playing a game when the professor arrived.
(974) 1eli) phoned the fire brigade when the cooker caught fire
(975) When the starter fired his pistol, the race began.
(976) I was walking home when it started to rain.
(977) When ,argaret opened the door, the phone was ringing.
(978) !ora was reading a letter when Jimmy phoned her. *I
Andy came out of the restaurant when he saw Jenny. **. !harlie
was crossing the street when he saw ,ary. *+.%he was leaving the
house when the telephone started to ring.
Unit.@ SE*0*1SHIP.
#I99ERE1T T-PES )9 R)PE
1. Rea the following te=t an tr7 to guess the meaning of the new wors from the conte=t.
A large number of different types of rope are used on board ship, and it is important for
every sailor to know their characteristics so that the right rope can be used for the right ;ob. Bopes
can be divided into three basic types: natural fibre rope, which is made from the fibres of different
plants7 synthetic fibre rope, which is made from materials such as nylon7 and wire rope, which is
made from strands of steel wire.
1irst let us look at the different types of natural fibre rope. A wellDknown rope of this type
is Manila$ ,anila rope is made from the fibres of a plant which grows in the 4hilippine Islands of
the 4acific. It is strong and fle)ible, but rather e)pensive. It is used for a number of ;obs
connected with cargoDhandling and mooring. "ecause manila rope is e)pensive, sisal rope is often
used in its place. %isal comes from a plant which grows in the @%A and Bussia. It is less strong
and less fle)ible than manila rope, but it is cheaper. It is used for moorings and lashings. Another
type of rope is hemp rope $.emp comes from a plant which grows in Bussia, 0urope and (orth
America as well as in !hina and India. It is strong and fle)ible and does not shrink or swell after
contact with water. "ecause of this it is used on sailing boats. 7oir ropes are made from coconut
fibres. They are very buoyant and very elastic, but they rot very easily when they are wet. They are
sometimes used for mooring and towing lines. The cotton plant grown in the southern part of
(orth America. 7otton rope is both strong and fle)ible, but it is very e)pensive and therefore not
used on merchant ships. "ecause it looks nice, it is often used on yachts and pleasure boats.
(atural fibre ropes have now largely been replaced by synthetic fibre ropes. %ynthetic
ropes have many advantages. They are strong and elastic and they are resistant to the action of
water. (ylon rope is the strongest and the most elastic of all the synthetic fibre ropes. It is used
for mooring and handling cargo. Terylene rope has the highest melting point. It melts at a
temperature of +MIc !. It is also strong and elastic. It is mainly used on yachts. Another type of
synthetic fibre ropes is polypropylene rope. It has the lowest melting point of all synthetic fibre
ropes and is used for log lines and halyards.
Wire rope is made of steel. It is usually galvanized to stop it from rusting. It is very
strong and elastic, but not as fle)ible as other types of rope. arge wire ropes are very heavy.
Wire rope has many uses on board ship, particularly for standing rigging, mooring lines and
cargoDhandling.
1.'.0ooring Ropes
A ship is made fast to the &uayside by mooring line. The standard mooring lines are
shown below. They consist of a headline, a breastline and a backspring forward, a stern line, a
breastline, and a backspring aft. Any of these lines may be doubled. 0ach line has a large eye
spliced in the end. The eye is placed over a bollard on the &uayside. If there is another line
already on the bollard, the eye of the second line should be taken up through the eye of the first
line before placing it over the bollard. This makes it possible for either line to be let go first.
.s+i ir1
"cOA23t1m
14
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6
i
i
7
T
8
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ropes 5 par9me
lines 5par9me
cargoDhandling 5manipularea m6rfii
mooring 5acostare, amarare, legare
lashing 5amarare #a marfii$
hemp rope 5parhna din c9nep6
to shrinkDshrankDshrunk 5a intra la apa
5 a se umfla
5 par9me din nuc6 de cocos
5 plutitor, flotabil, care plute<te
5 a putrezi
5 par9me de remorca;
5 nave comerciale
5 punct de topire
5 9n special
5 saul6 de loch#cu grada>ii speciale$
5 fung6, saul6 de pavilion
5 a rugini
5 par9me metalice
5 manevre fi)e
5 parhnaprova
5 travers6
5 spring prova
5 par9m6 pupa
5 spring pupa
5 matisat #despre par9me$
5 baba
5 cheu
/.GR*00*R< Present perfect simple an continuous
Present perfect simple 5 is formed with the au)iliary verb have in the corresponding form for
the sub;ect of the sentence, followed by the participle of the main verb.
full form: . have "al+ed* drun+*run( . haven$t "al+ed7 &uestion form: .ave you "al+ed,(
.aven$t you "al+ed27 tag &uestion: Bou have "al+ed, haven8t you, Bou haven$t "al+ed, have
you,
0eaning an function4 shows the present situation in relation to past action, how the past is
relevant to now.
a$ 1or uncompleted action where both action and results remain:unfinished past: with a time
marker showing past reference:
1ondon has stood beside the +hames for hundreds of years( My mother has
al"as played tennis$
to swell
coir ropes
buoyant
to rot
towing lines
merchant ships
melting point
mainly
log lines
halyards
to rust
wire ropes
standing rigging
headline
breastline
backspring forward
stern line
backspring aft
spliced
bollard
&uayside
(979) 1or an action which took place in an identified period of time which is not yet
over: .8ve read a book this mornin!$( . read a book this mornin!$
(980) 1or an action which took place in the past, but whose results are still
present #present perfect of result$: .8ve spilt the milk %it is still on the floor$
(981) 1or an action#single or repeated$ which took place in the past, but still
relates to the present: .8ve studied 4rench$%and remember it$.
(982) With the time markers "ust, yet, already, still, this can also indicate the attitude
of the speaker:
. have "ust "ashed the floor. #so it's still wet$
-e has "ust left. #so you are too late to speak to him$
.ave you painted my fence yet,%&uestions$
. haven$t painted the fence yet$#negatives$
-e has already eaten it$%there is none left
.asn$ t the train gone already2 #that is surprising$
-e still hasn$t left$%negatives$
.ave you still got that hat2 #Amer. 0nglish prefers the present simple with still$
.ave you ever lived in 1ondon2 #present perfect of e)perience$
. have never lived in 5aris$%remembered e)perience$
f$ 1uture usesD when clauses: .8ll come when . have "ritten this letter$ #I'll write this letter
first and when that is complete, I'll come$
Present perfect continuous A is formed with the au)iliary verb have in the
corresponding form for the sub;ect of the sentence, followed by the participle been of the
au)iliary verb be, followed by the Cin! form of the main verb.
full form< . have been eating* -e has been eating> &uestion form< .ave you been
eating0* .aven$t you been eating0) tag &uestions< Bou have been eating, haven8t you0* Bou
haven$t been eating, have you,
0eaning an function4 this tense focuses on continuous or repeated activity engaged in before
the present, but relevant to it and on the continuous duration of that action. The action is seen as
temporary and may or may not have completed at the time of speaking.
a$ used as an e)planation for the present situation or the appearance of the speakerDcaused
by the recent and ongoing nature of the activity, which may or may not be completed:
. won8t shake hands, .8ve been ba+ing. #my hands are covered in flour$7
. have been repairing the car all mornin!. #I'm e)hausted$
b$ to account for a period of time now finishingDthe tense indicates that the
action filled the time:
. didn8t iron your shirt, .8ve been coo+ing all mornin!$ #e)cuse for failure$
c$ it is used to draw attention to the repeated or continuous nature of an action or
habit resulting in present e)pertise or knowledge:
. have been learning 4rench for <D years (. have been living here since<E;D$
d$ it is used for new, temporary habits, which have become constant or
continuous:
-e has been seeing a lot of her lately.
e$ it is often used in talking about health to describe new and developing
symptoms:
. have been getting*having headaches. f$ with verbs of wishing:hopingDthe
tense is a polite device, suggesting that the wish or thought was constantly in the
speaker's mind: . have been loo+ing forward to meetin! you.
g$ with mean:intend, the tense shows a recognition that the speaker has failed in
his duty:
. have been meaning to visit you$
Important - it is important to remember that non!continuous verbs cannot be used in any
continuous tenses$ +o express the idea of present perfect continuous with these exception
verbs, you must use present perfect$
6xamples3 +om has been having his car for two years$ 4ot correct
/am has had his car for two years$ Correct
N !omparison between the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous:
The present perfect simple: -e has painted the room$ #we are interested in the
result of the action, not in the action itself$
The present perfect continuous: -e has been painting the room$%we are interested in the action, it
does not matter whether something has been finished or not$. We use the simple to ask or say how
much, how many or how many times' -ow many pa!es of that book have you read,* Mary has
"ritten <D letters today$( +hey have plaed tennis three times this week$
We use the continuous to ask or say how lon! #for an activity still happening$: -ow
lon! have you been reading that book,( Mary has been "riting letters all day$( +hey have been
plaing tennis since two o8clock G We can use for and since with both present perfect simple and
continuous: -e has tal+ed about her for years( -e8s been tal+ing about her for years$(.$ve plaed
volleyball since P o'clock: I've been plaing volleyball since P o'clock.M.N.
6. (oca"ular7 Practice
1. Rea carefull7 the te=t on ifferent t7pes of rope in 7our course "ook an then
fill in the ta"le "elow with appropriate information.
+asic t7pes 1ames Characteristics Uses
1. $a%
$"%
$c%
$%
$e%
'. $a%
$"
$c%
/. $a%
II. Gi&e Romanian e8ui&alents to the following maritime terms. Then use these
terms in sentences of 7our own.
0ake fast> 8ua7sie> mooring lines> healine> sternline> "reastline> "ackspring forwar>
"ackspring aft> "ollar> to let go
answer. III. /ecide if the following statements are TB@0#T$ or 1A%0#1$.!ircle the correct
(983) ,anila rope is strong and fle)ible, but rather
e)pensive.
(984) %isal rope is less fle)ible and less strong than manila
rope.
(985) .emp rope is used for s and lashings.
K. !oir ropes do not shrink or swell after contact with water.
(986) !otton rope is used on yachts and pleasure boats.
(987) (ylon rope is the most elastic of all synthetic fibre
ropes.
(988) Terylene rope has the lowest melting point.
(989) 4olypropylene rope is used for log lines and
halyards.
(990) Wire rope is made of steel.
*I.Wire ropes rot easily when they are wet.
IV. Answer the following &uestions.
T:
1
T:
1
T:
1
T:
1
T:
1
T:
1
T:
1
T:
1
T:
1
T:
1
(991) 1h is it important for ever sailor to +no" the characteristics of different tpes
of rope0
(992) What are the characteristics and uses of manila rope2
(993) Why is sisal rope often used in place of manila rope 2
(994) Why is hemp rope mainly used on sailing boats2
(995) What is the disadvantage of coir ropes2
(996) Why is cotton rope mainly used on pleasure boats2
(997) Why have natural fibre ropes been replaced by synthetic ropes2
(998) What is special about the terylene and polypropylene ropes2
(999) Why are wire ropes galvanised2
(1000) What are the uses of wire ropes2
;. Grammar Practice
*. -ou are writing a letter to a frien. In the letter 7ou gi&e news a"out 7ourself an other people.
Use the wors to make sentences. Use the present perfect.
/ear !hris,
ots of things have happened since I last wrote to you.
*.I: buy: a new carH.I've bought a new car.
(1001) my father : start: a new ;obHHHH.
(1002) I : give up: smokingHHHHH
(1003) !harles and %arah: go : to "razilHHH..
(1004) %uzanne: have: a babyHHHHH.
II. Complete the sentences. Use alrea7H present perfect simple
(1005) What time is 4aul arriving2
(1006) /o %ue and "ill want to see the film2
(1007) /on't forget to phone Tom.
(1008) When is ,artin going away2
(1009) /o you want to read the newspaper2
(1010) When does inda start her new ;ob2
-e8s already arrived$ (o,
theyHHHHHH..
IHHHHHHHHH..
.eHHHHHHHHH.
IHHHHHHHHHH %he
HHHHHHHH..
III. -ou are asking Helen 8uestions "eginning Ha&e 7ou e&erPP: .rite 8uestions.
*.#ondon2$H.Ha&e 7ou e&er "een to ,onon,
(1011) #play: golf2$ ..Ha&e 7ou e&er pla7e golf:
(1012) #Australia2$.. .aveHHHHHH K.#lose :your
passport2$
(1013) # fly: in a helicopter2$HHHHHHHH..
(1014) #eat: !hinese food2$HHHHHHH..
(1015) #(ew Rork2$HHHHHHHHHH.
(1016) #drive : a bus2$HHHHHHH..
(1017) #break: your leg2$
HHHHHHHHH.
(o, never. Res, many times. (o, never. Res, once (o, never. Res, a
few times. Res, twice. (o, never. Res, once.
I(. .rite sentences a"out Helen. $,ook at her answers in e=ercise III %
(1018) #(ew Rork$ HH..Helen has "een to 1ew -ork twice.
(1019) #Australia$H.elenHHHHHHHHHHHH
(1020) #!hinese food$HHHHHHHHHHH
(1021) #drive :a bus$HHHHHHHHHH.
(ow write about yourself. .ow often have you done these things2
(1022) #(ew Rork$ IHHHHH.
(1023) #play :tennis$HHHHHHH
(1024) #fly: in a helicopter$HHHHH..
(1025) #be : late for work or school$HHHHH..
(. Complete the sentences.
(1026) Jill is in hospital. %heHhas "eenP in hospital since ,onday.
(1027) I know %arah. I Pha&e knownPher for a long time.
(1028) inda and 1rank are married. TheyHHHHHmarried since *POP.
(1029) "rian is ill. .eHHHHHH.ill for the last few days.
(1030) We live in %cott Boad. WeHHHHthere for ten years.
(1031) !atherine works in a bank. %heHHHHH.in a bank for ten years.
(1032) Alan has a headache. .e HHHHH..a headache since he got up this morning.
(1033) I'm learning 0nglish. IHHHH.0nglish for si) months.
(I. .hich is right:
(1034) ,ark is B has "een in !anada since April. has
"een is right
(1035) Jane is a good friend of mine. I know B ha&e known her very well.
(1036) Jane is a good friend of mine. I know B ha&e known her for a long time.
(1037) Y%orry, I'm late. .ow long are 7ouB ha&e 7ou "een waiting2
(1038) ,artin works B has worke in a hotel now. .e likes his ;ob very much.
(1039) Tom is B has "een in %pain at the moment. .e is B has "een there for the last three days.
(II. Rea the situations an write sentences with Aust! alrea7! or 7et.
*.After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. %he says YWould you like something to eat2
Rou say: (o, thank you. ..IJ&e Aust ha lunchP.#have lunch$
(1040) Joe goes out. 1ive minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says !an I speak to
Joe2 Rou say: I'm afraid HHHHHHHHH.#go out$
(1041) Rou are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your
plate away. Rou say :Wait a minuteXHHHHHH#not :finish$
(1042) Rou are going to a restaurant this evening. Rou phone to reserve a table. ater your friend
says Y%hall I phone to reserve a table 2 Rou say: (o,HHHHH..it.#do$.
L.Rou know that a friend of yours is looking for a ;ob. 4erhaps she has been successful. Ask her:
Rou say:HHHHH.2 #find$
M. Ann went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. %omebody asks YIs Ann still at the
bank2 Rou say: (o, HHHH..#come back$.
(III. Put in "een or gone .
(1043) Jim is on holiday. .e's gone to Italy.
(1044) .ello. I've ;ust HHH..to the shops. I've bought lots of things.
(1045) Alice isn't here at the moment. %he's HHHHto the shop to get a newspaper.
(1046) Tom hasHHHH..out. .e'll be back in about an hour.
(1047) YAre you going to the bank2 Y(o, I've already HHH..to the bank.
IK. Complete these sentences using toa7B this 7earB this term etc
(1048) I saw Tom yesterday but HHH. I ha&enJt seen him toa7$
(1049) I read a newspaper yesterday but IHHHHHHHHHHtoday.
(1050) ast year the company made a profit but this yearHHHHHH. .
(1051) Tracy worked hard at school last term butHHHHHHH.. .
(1052) It snowed a lot last winter but HHHHHHHHHH .
(1053) -ur football team won a lot of games last season but weHHHHH.
K. Rea the situations an write sentences as shown in the e=amples.
*.Jack is driving a car but he's very nervous and not sure what to do .
Rou ask: : A$Ha&e 7ou ri&en a car "efore: .e says <P.. 1o! this
is the first time IJ&e ri&en a car.
+.en is playing tennis. .e's not very good and he doesn't know the rules.
Rou ask: .aveHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. .e
says: (o, this is the first HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. C.%ue
is riding a horse. %he doesn't look very confident and comfortable. Rou
ask:HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH %he
says:HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.
K.,aria is in ondon. %he has ;ust arrived and it's very new for her. Rou
ask:HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH %he says:
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
KI .-ou are asking some"o7 8uestions a"out things he or she has one. 0ake 8uestions for
the wors in "rackets.
*.#ever: ride :horse$.. -ave you ever ridden a horse,
+. #ever: be : !alifornia$HHH.
C.#ever : run : marathon $HHH
K.# ever : speak : famous person2$HHHHHHH
L.# always : live : in this town 2$HHHHHHHHHH..
M. # most beautiful place : ever : visit 2$ WhatHHHHHH..
KII. .rite a sentence with the present perfect continuous an for to escri"e each
situation. Use these &er"s< camp! pla7! rea! swim! talk! tra&el! work.
*.The video began two hours ago, and it hasn't finished yet. ItJs "een pla7ing for two hours.
+. James went into the water ten minutes ago. .e doesn't want to come out
yetHHHHHHHHHH..
C. Alice rang 4eter half an hour ago, and they're still on the phoneHHHHH
K.Bobert picked up a book an hour ago. .e hasn't put it down yetHHHHHHHHHHH.
L.0d and Jennifer started their ;ourney around the world three months ago. They've gone about
halfway nowHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.
M.%ue got to the office early this morning. Ten hours later she's still thereHHHHHHH N.
The /obsons left on holiday four weeks ago and they're not back yet. They took their
tentHHH.
KIII. * a sentence with the present perfect continuous . Use the wors in "rackets.
*.,r /avis has a backache. #dig : the garden$H..HeJs "een igging in the garen.
+. Joe has no money left. #shop $HHHHHHH.
C.The girls are tired. #work : hard $HHHHHHHH
K.The boys have got a suntan. #sunbathe $
L.0mma's shoes are dirty. # walk : in the field $HHHH..
M.Jane and (eil look annoyed. # argue $HHHHH.
N.The ground is wet. #rain $HHHHHHH
O.Tim has some washing up to do #bake : cakes $HHHH.
KI(. Rea the situations an complete the sentences.
*.The rain started two hours ago. It's still raining now. It .. has "een raining P for two hours.
+.We started waiting for the bus +I minutes ago. We're still waiting now. WeHHHHHH.for
+I minutes.
C.I started %panish classes in /ecember. I'm still learning %panish now. IHHHHH.since
/ecember.
K.Ann began looking for a ;ob si) months ago. %he's still looking nowHHHHHHH.for si)
months.
L.,ary started working in ondon on *O January. %he's still working there now. HHHH.since
*O January.
M.Rears ago you started writing to a penfriend. Rou still write to each other regularly now.
WeHHHHH.for years.
K(. Rea the situations an write two sentences using the wors in "rackets.
*.Tom started reading a book two hours ago. .e is still reading it and now he is on page LC.
# read: for two hours $.. He has "een reaing for two hours.
#read : LC pages so far $
+. inda is from Australia. %he is travelling round 0urope at the moment. %he began her tour
three months ago.
#travel : for three months $ %heHHHHH.
# visit : si) countries so far $HHHHHH.
C.Jimmy is a tennis player. .e began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This year he is
national champion again A for the fourth time.
# win : the national championship four times $HHHHHHHH..
# play : tennis since he was ten $
K.When they left college, ,ary and %ue started making films together. They still make films.
# make : ten films since they left college $. TheyHHHHHHHH.
# make : films since they left college $
K(I. Put the &er" into the more suita"le form! present perfect simple$ I ha&e one % or
continuous $ I ha&e "een oing %
*.Where have you been2 ..Ha&e 7ou "een pla7ingH..# you : play$ tennis2
+. ookX. %omebodyHHHHHHHgbreak $ that window.
C.Rou look tired. HHHHHHH# you : work $ hard 2
K.HHHHHH..# you : ever : work $ in a factory2 Y (o, never Y
L.Y Jane is away on holiday. Y -h, is she 2 Where HHHHH # she : go $ 2
M.,y brother is an actor. .eHHHHH..# appear $ in several films.
N.Y%orry I'm late. That's all right. IHHHHHHH.# not : wait $ long .
O.YIs it still raining2 Y (o, it HHHHHH.# stop $
P.IHHH.#lose $ my address book. HHHH..# you : see $ it anywhere2
*I.IHHHHHHH.#read$ the book you lent me but I HHHHHH#not : finish $ it yet.
**.I HHHH..# read $ the book you lent me , so you can have it back now.
K(II. 9or each situation! ask a 8uestion using the wors in "rackets.
*.Rou have a friend who is learning Arabic. Rou ask: #how long : learn : Arabic2$. How long
ha&e 7ou "een learning *ra"ic:
+.Rou have ;ust arrived to meet a friend. %he is waiting for you. Rou ask : # how long : wait 2$
C.Rou see somebody fishing by the river. Rou ask: # how many fish : catch 2$
K.%ome friends of yours are having a party ne)t week. Rou ask: # how many people : invite 2$
L.A friend of yours is a teacher. Rou ask: # how long : teach 2$
M.Rou meet somebody who is a writer. Rou ask : # how many books : write 2$ , # how long : write
books 2$
N.A friend of yours is saving money to go on holiday. Rou ask: # how long : save 2$
QVIII.@se the words given to complete the sentences. 4ut the verbs in the present perfect simple
or continuous.
*.John's terribly upset. H-e8s broken A # he : break $ off his engagement to ,egan. Apparently
Hshe8s been seein!A# she : see $ someone else while ..he8s been H#he : be $ in Africa.
+.!an you translate this note from %tockholm2 I understood %wedish when I was a child, but
HH# I : forget $ it all.
C.What's that dent in the side of the car2HHHH..# you : have $ an accident2
K. I'm sorry, John's not here7 HH..#he : go $ the dentistHHHH# he : have $ trouble with a
tooth.
L.This cassette recorder is broken. HHH# you: play about $ with it2
M.Rour Italian is very good # you : study $ it long2
N./o you mind if I clear the table2 HHHH# you : have $ enough to it 2
O.I'm not surprisedHHHH.# he : fail $ that e)am.
KIK. Rewrite each of the following sentences without changing the meaning! "eginning in
the wa7 shown. -ou ma7 nee to use the present perfect or the simple past.
*.We haven't been to a concert for over a year.
The last time ..we went to a concert was o&er a 7ear ago.
+.Rour birthday party was the last time I really en;oyed myself.
IHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.
C.It's nearly twenty years since my father saw his brother.
,y fatherHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.
K.James went to %cotland last 1riday and is still there.
James hasHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.
L.When did you last ride a bike2
.ow long is it HHHHHHHHHHHHH.2
M.The last time I went swimming was when we were in %pain.
I haven't HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.
N.Rou haven't tidied this room for weeks.
It's HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH..
KK. *re the unerline parts of these sentences right or wrong: Correct the ones that are
wrong.
(1054) /o you know about %ue2 %he 's given up her ;ob. BI3.T
(1055) The !hinese have invented printing. WB-(3: The Chinese in&enteHH
(1056) .ow many plays has %hakespeare written2.
(1057) .ave you read any of %hakespeare's plays2
(1058) Aristotle has been a 3reek philosopher.
(1059) -wX I've cut my finger. It's bleeding.
(1060) ,y grandparents have got married in ondon.
(1061) Where have you been born2
(1062) ,ary isn't at home. %he's gone shopping. *I.Albert 0instein has
been the scientist who has developed the theory of relativity.
?.SE,94TEST
I. Complete the following sentences with appropriate terms<
(1063) HHrope is made from the fibres of a plant which grows in the 4hilippines.
(1064) ,anila rope is used for a number of ;obs connected with cargoDhandling andH
(1065) "ecause manila rope is e)pensive, HH.rope is used in its place.
(1066) H.comes from a plant which grows in Bussia, 0urope and (orth America as well as
!hina and India.
(1067) %isal ropes are used for mooring andHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.
(1068) !oir ropes are very HHand elastic.
(1069) !oir ropes are used for mooring and H H..
(1070) Terylene rope has the highestH..point
(1071) 4olypropylene rope is used for log lines andHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH..
(1072) Wire ropes are usually galvanised to prevent them fromHHHHHHHHHHHH
*Ip
11. Translate into English.
) na&X se leagX la cheu cuaAutorul parYmelor e amarare. Ele constau intr4o
parYmX pro&a! o tra&ersX! un spring pro&a! o parYmX pupa!o tra&ersX si unspring
pupa.)ricare in aceste parYme poate sX fie u"latX. 9iecare parYmX la capXt un ochi
matisat. )chiul se trece peste o "a"a e pe cheu.
*Ip
III. Gi&e Romanian e8ui&alents to the following maritime terms.
Ropes> cargo4hanling> mooring> lashing> hemp rope>to shrink> to swell>log
lines>staning rigging> "ackspring aft
*Ip
I(. Put the &er"s into the correct form! past simple or past continuous.
(1073) Jane was waiting #wait$ for me when I arri&e #arrive$.
(1074) ]What................#you:do$ this time yesterday2] TI was asleep.]
(1075) T....................#you:go$out last night2] ](o, I was too tired.]
(1076) ]Was !arol at the party last night2] ]Res, she.........#wear$ a really nice dress.]
(1077) .ow fast.......#you:drive$ when the accident.........#happen$2
(1078) John.....#take$ a photograph of me while I......#not:look$.
(1079) We were in a very difficult position. We... .#not:know$ what to do.
(1080) I haven't seen Alan for ages. When I last............#see$ him, he..........#try$ to find a ;ob in
ondon.
*Ip
(. Put the &er" into the most suita"le form! past continuous $I was oing%! past perfect$
I ha one% or past perfect continuous $ I ha "een oing%.
*. It wasnJt raining when we went out. The sun was shining. "ut it ha "een raining! so
the ground was wet.
(1081) We were good friends. We. . . .#know$ each other for a long time.
(1082) John and I went for a walk. I had difficulty keeping up with him because he... .#walk$ so
fast.
(1083) ,ary was sitting on the ground. %he was out of breath. %he......#run$
(1084) When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table with their mouths full.
They...#eat$..........................................................................................................
(1085) When I arrived, everybody was sitting around the table and talking. Their mouths were
empty but their stomachs were full. They... #eat$...........................................
(1086) Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. .e......#look$ for his contact lens.
(1087) When I arrived, 8ate........#wait$ for me. %he was rather annoyed with me because I was
late and she ... .#wait$ for a very long time.
(1088) I was sad when I sold my car. I. . . .#have$ it for a very long time.
(1089) We were e)tremely tired at the end of the ;ourney. We.......#travel$ for more than +K hours.
*Ip
@.Self4Test *nswer Ie7
I.
(1090) manila
(1091) mooring
(1092) sisal
(1093) hemp
(1094) lashings
(1095) buoyant
(1096) towing lines
(1097) melting
(1098) halyards
(1099) rusting
II.
A ship is made fast to the &uayside by mooring lines. They consist of a headline, a
breastline and a backspring forward, a stern line, a breastline, and a backspring aft. Any
of these lines can be doubled. 0ach line has a large eye spliced in the end. The eye is
placed over a bollard on the &uayside.
III.
4arirne7 manipularea m6rfii7 acostare, amarare, legare7 amarare # a m6rfii$7 par9m6 de
c9nep67 to shrink7 to swell7 log lines7 standing rigging
I(.
(1100) Were you doing
(1101) /id you go
(1102) Was wearing
(1103) Were you drivingH.happened
(1104) TookHwasn't looking
(1105) /idn't know
(1106) %aw Hwas trying
(. Put the &er"s into the most suita"le form.
(1107) had known
(1108) was walking
(1109) had been running
(1110) were eating
(1111) had been eating
(1112) was looking
(1113) was waitingHHhad been waiting
(1114) had had
(1115) had been travelling
Unit.C
0*11I1G The Traitional
)rganiMation of a ShipJs Crew
*. Bead the following te)t and try to guess the meaning of the new words and phrases from the
conte)t.
The man in charge of a ship is the 0aster. .e is responsible for the ship, her cargo and the
safety of the crew. .e must be well &ualified and an e)perienced navigator. Although his correct
title is the 0aster, he is addressed as UCaptain . The 0aster is the person who is in absolute
charge of the vessel. .is duties and responsibilities are many, varied and e)tensive. .e is the
owner's personal representative, and bears the ultimate responsibility for the safe navigation of
his vessel and for the efficient loading, stowage and discharge of cargo. 1urthermore, he has the
power to act as lawyer, a doctor and even to bury people. The ,aster may arrest members of the
crew or passengers, if they constitute a nuisance during the voyage. In certain circumstances,
particularly if the person is dangerous to other members of the ship, the master may place the
individual under restraint. In the event of any mutiny, any act of the master is regarded as one
entirely of selfDdefence, and he has the power to call on persons on board to render assistance.
%imilarly, if the ship is imperilled in any way, the ,aster may call upon all persons on board to
give assistance. To hold the position of a ,aster, especially on a large passenger liner, is the
culmination of years of sea e)perience. The ,aster is re&uired to hold a ,aster's !ertificate,
which is obtained by e)amination, and issued by the /epartment of Transport. 1urthermore, in
common with the deck officers from which department he is promoted, he must be thoroughly
competent in navigation matters including the use of such navigational aids as the gyrocompass,
radar, direction finder, echoDsounding device, and positionDfi)ing device.
1.'. The traitional organisation of a shipJs crew.
The organization of the crew of a cargo ship is changing, but it is still customary to find
#eck! Engine! Catering and Raio #epartments in ships of a reasonable size. 0ach department
is made up of a varied number of officers, petty officers and ratings.
(1116) The Chief )fficer! or 9irst 0ate as he is often called, is the ,aster's chief officer and
head of the #eck #epartment. .e is assisted by a Secon )fficer $0ate%! a Thir )fficer
$0ate%! and sometimes a 9ourth )fficer $0ate%. %everal companies employ a 1irst -fficer as
well as a !hief -fficer. The /eck /epartment includes a +oatswain $+osun%! and a Carpenter!
both petty officers, and a number of ratings. These are made up of *"le Seaman $*+%! )rinar7
Seaman $)S% and a middle grade known as Efficient #eck Han $E#H%. There are other grades
of seamen. -n some ships 1a&igating Caets are carried for training purposes.
(1117) The Engine #epartment is the charge of the Chief Engineer! who is responsible to the
,aster both for the main propulsion machinery and for au)iliaries comprising electrical plant,
cargo winches, refrigerating machinery, steering gear, ventilating system, etc. .e is also
responsible for fuel, maintenance and repairs. .e is assisted by a Secon! Thir! 9ourth and
sometimes 9ifth Engineer. An Electrical )fficer may also be carried. The engine room petty
officers are the Storekeeper and #onke7man. -n tankers there is also a Pumpman. .e is also a
petty officer. The engine room ratings are 9iremen and Greasers. There may also be Engineer
Caets.
1.'./. The Catering #epartment is under the control of the Chief Stewar! or Catering
)fficer! who is responsible for catering and galley, for galley stores and for the ship's linen. .e
is assisted by cooks, bakers and assistant stewards. In deep sea passenger ships and those engaged
in multi Apurpose passenger tonnage in the short sea trades, this is a very large and important
department. As such it is usually in charge of the Purser. ,any passenger vessels are now
manned as floating hotels.
1.'.6. The Raio #epartment often consists of only one man: the Raio officer. -n ships where
continuous radio watches are kept there may be three radio officers: a Chief! Secon and Thir.
%tatutory provisions stipulate under %-A% *PNK that all cargo vessels of CII tons gross and
upwards must be fitted with a radio station. 1or keels laid before 1ebruary *PPL the radio station
should be either a radio telephone station # only applicable for ships of CII to *LPP gross
tonnage$, a radio telegraph station or a 3lobal ,aritime /istress and %afety %ystem #3,/%%$
for operation in specific sea areas. 1or keels laid after C* January *PPL a 3,/%% must be fitted.
The radio officer re&uirements are contained in the ,erchant %hipping #Badio Installations$
Begulations *PP+.This outlines the need for a valid certificate of competency. -verall the role of
the radio officer has changed significantly following the emergence of 3,/%%.
'. 0anning an responsi"ilities of the #eck #epartment.
The running of this department is the responsibility of the 9irst 0ate who supervises the
handling of the cargo and is responsible for the upkeeping of the ship and her e&uipment,
e)cluding the engine room and au)iliary power gear. In addition, he also acts as a semiDchief of
staff to the ,aster. .e is assisted by two, three or more mates on larger vessels. The #eck
#epartment is responsible for navigating the ship safely and economically from port to port. The
Secon )fficer is responsible to the ,aster for keeping the ship on course and for looking after
all the e&uipment used for navigation. It is also the ;ob of the /eck /epartment to see that the
cargo is stowed properly in the holds and kept in good condition during the voyage. The stowage
of cargo is the responsibility of the Chief )fficer. .e is helped by the Secon and Thir
)fficers. In addition, when the ship is not fully loaded, the 9irst 0ate must see that the holds
are cleaned and prepared for their ne)t cargo. In a tanker the cargo tanks are washed out during
ballast passages and freed of gas. At sea, much of the /eck /epartment's time is spent
maintaining the ship and her e&uipment in good condition. This means constant cleaning, painting
and repair work. This is done by ratings under the supervision of the +oatswain $+osun$. A
programme of maintenance for each day is worked out by the !hief -fficer. .e also looks after
the general dayDtoDday running of the department and deals with any problems. The Thir
)fficer is in charge of the lifeDsaving e&uipment. The different appliances must be complete and
in good working order. The +oatswain and the Carpenter are directly responsible to the Chief
)fficer. The +osun sees that his orders and those of other deck officers are carried out by the
crew. .e is a man with a lot of knowledge and practical e)perience in seamanship. The
Carpenter is usually a &ualified shipwright. .e no longer works only with wood as his name
suggests. .is most important regular ;ob is to sound the tanks and bilges in order to check the
depths of li&uid in them. .e also operates the windlass, when the anchors are being raised or
lowered. The #eck #epartment is also responsible for keeping watches. An officer is always on
watch on the bridge. .e is the ,aster's representative and answers to him for the safety of the
ship during his watch. In ships where a Chief 0ate and a 9irst 0ate are carried, the 9irst 0ate
is the watch keeping officer.
/. 9U1CTI)1
/.1. A person's function, or what he:she does, can be e)pressed in terms of his:her responsibility.
%tudy these e)amples:
(1118) The ,aster is responsible for the safety of the ship.
(1119) The safety of the ship is the responsibility of the ,aster.
(1120) The ,aster is responsible to the company for the safety of the ship.
G Read the text on the deck department a!ain and underline the patterns which are used to
express function$ +here are five examples$ 7an you find them, When you find them try to
state the kind of pattern %<,F,or = used$
/.'. The function of a thing! or what it is use for! can "e e=presse in a num"er of wa7s<
*. "y using the phrase: The function of...is to....
e.g. The function of a crane is to lift heavy ob;ects.
'. "y using the verb to useHfor4ing
e.g. A crane is used for lifting heavy ob;ects.
(1121) "y using a verb e)pressing the
function. e.g. A crane lifts heavy ob;ects.
(1122) "y using a prepositional phrase introduced by with.
e.g. We lift heavy ob;ects with a crane.
G -ow would you express the function of a thermometer by usin! the patterns above,
e$!$ +he function of a thermometer is to measure time$
9ow it8s your turn to use the other three patterns$
6. ()C*+U,*R-
!aptain:master 5 comandant de nav6 comercial6:pasager
%towage 5 stivuire #a m6rfii$
(uisance 5 comportare necuvincioas6 7 fapt6 condamnabil6
To place under restraint 5 a pune sub interdic>ie
,utiny 5 r6scoal6, r6zvr6tire
To be imperilled5 a pune in pericol
Thoroughly competent 5 foarte competent
/irection finder 5 radiogoniometru
"oatswain #bosun$5 nostrom:<ef de echipa;
!arpenter 5 maistru lemnar
%hipwright 5 lemnar constructor naval, marangoz
To sound the tanks 5 a sonda, a m6sura ad9ncimea
"ilge 5 santina
Watchkeeping 5 serviciu de cart
-rdinary seaman 5 marinar stagiar:necalificat
Able seaman 5 marinar brevetat
0fficient deck hand 5 marinar brevetat
%torekeeper 5 magazioner
/onkeyman 5 mecanic de au)iliare
3reaser 5 gresor
1ireman 5 fochist
!atering /epartment 5 compartiment buc6t6rieDdeservire
4urser 5 administrator #pasagere$ ookout 5 veghe
;. GR*00*R. The past perfect simple an continuous
The Past Perfect Simple is formed with the past form au)iliary verb to have #ha% H the
past participle of the main &er". The meaning of this tense is ]pastDinDtheDpast], the point of
reference is in the past and the event takes place before this point in the past. It is primarily used
to describe one event following another in the past7 the earlier action has the past perfect, the later
action has the simple past. The past perfect covers an area of meaning e&uivalent to both the past
and perfect, being capable of referring to both indefinite and definite time. %entences with a past
perfect often contain words like: after, before, when, as soon as to indicate succession:
e.g. +hey elected him 5resident, after his party had nominated him$
5ast perfect simple- full form: . had "al+ed(run* negative: . hadn$t "al+ed*run* &uestion' .ad
you "al+ed*run,* tag &uestion: Bou had "al+ed, hadn 8t you,( Bou hadn$t "al+, had you,
0eaning an function<
(1123) used for actions previous to and affecting a nominated time in
the past: By one o 8clock he had coo+ed lunch .#it was prepared but not
eaten$
(1124) used to e)press se&uence and relationship of past actions with a time marker:
.t was +hursday before . had read it( After she had done the washin!, she had a cup of
tea$
(1125) to show the se&uence and relationship of past actions with no time
marker in the past perfect clause: -e had got dressed before the post arrived$
(1126) to show causal relationship between past actions #because,
although$: . ran home because(since(as . had missed the train$
(1127) used as a narrative device to give background:
.t had been a !ood year for Martin... #setting for a story in the past simple$
(1128) conversation marker with verbs of thinking, hopingDa re&uest suggestion
now abandoned: . had "ondered if you could !ive me a lift$%. realize you can't$
(1129) in reported speech and after if when direct speech is in present
perfect: ?-ave you seen her,, . wondered$( . wondered if you had seen
her$
2 #ifference "etween the past tense an the past perfect tense< the past tense is usually used
for one activity in the past. If there are two activities in the past #one happened before the other$,
the past perfect is used for the oldest activity'
e$!$ . phoned him yesterday( . had phoned him yesterday before . left the office$
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense is formed from the past perfect of the au)iliary verb to be
$ha "een% H the present participle of the main &er" $4ing form$. The values of this tense are
the same as for the present perfect continuous, with the difference that the time of reference is not
the time of speech, but some point in the past, as in the case of the simple past perfect. 1or
e)ample, imagine that you meet Bam at ** am. Bam says to you:
G.8m an!ry$ . have been "aiting for two hours$H ater you tell your friends: G Ram was an!ry$
-e had been "aiting for two hours$H
5ast perfect continuous- full form: . had been eating* negative: . hadn$t been eating* &uestion:
.ad you been eating,* tag &uestion: Bou had been eating, hadn8t you,( Bou hadn$t been eating,
had you,
0eaning an function:
a$ Belative to another past time and used with a real or implied time marker. The action
took place in the time leading up to the identified moment, and was temporary or
e)pected to be temporary.
G To e)plain the action of the main verb:
-e could understand the film because he had been studing 4rench at school$
G To convey the ongoing, continuous nature of an action, which led up to the past
moment in time:
-e had been cleaning the car for over an hour before he reali&ed it was the wron!
one$
G To convey an action which was ongoing but over when interrupted by the main
verb, but whose results were still evident at that moment:
When he came . had been ba+ing$
G In reported speech , when the direct speech uses the present perfect continuous:
-e said he had been thin+ing about it$
b$ With verbs of thinking:feelingDintroduces an idea now abandonedD it suggests
that the idea was repeatedly in the mind:
. had been meaning to visit her$% I thought many times about it, but now it's too
late$
Important< .f you do not include a duration such as Gfor five minutes H, Gfor two weeksH or
Gsince 1ridayH, many 6n!lish speakers choose to use the 5ast 7ontinuous tense instead the 5ast
5erfect 7ontinuous$ +here is also a difference in meanin!$ 7ompare the examples below'
I was reaing when my roommate returned$ %the readin! will be interrupted . had been reading
for an hour when my roommate returned$ #the reading stopped ;ust before my roommate returned$
Past perfect or past perfect continuous:
! 1hen "e state ho" often something had happened "e use the past perfect tense
rather than the past perfect continuous3
-e had rung at least five times before they arrived$
- Certain verbs are not usuall used in the continuous tense ,verbs referring to
mental and emotional states, verbs of the senses, verbs of reasoning, etc.).
?. (oca"ular7 Practice
I. Rea the carefull7 the te=t on the traitional organisation of a shipJs crew in 7our
course "ook an use the information to e=pan the iagram "elow. -our iagram
shoul show how each epartment is mae up. If personnel e=ist onl7 on some ships!
put their names in "rackets $ %.
*nswer the following 8uestions.
(1130) Who is in charge of a ship2
(1131) What are the four departments that are still customary found in ships of
reasonable size2
(1132) What is the structure of each of the four departments2
(1133) What are the responsibilities of the deck department2
(1134) Who is running the deck department2
(1135) What are the responsibilities of the !hief -fficer, %econd -fficer and Third
-fficer2
(1136) Who sees that the orders are carried out by the crew2
(1137) Who sounds the tanks and bilges2
(1138) What are the grades of the deck ratings2
(1139) In ships where a !hief ,ate as well as a 1irst mate are carried, who is the
watch keeping officer2
III. ,ink the following $o not change their orer%! using whiche&er pattern is appropriate.
To o this task correctl7 7ou shoul turn to unit C! section 6 in 7our course "ook.
(1140) !hief -fficerD,asterDthe /eck /epartment.
(1141) Third -fficerDthe lifeDsaving e&uipment.
(1142) The sounding of tanks and bilgesD!arpenter.
(1143) Badio -fficerDradio communications.
(1144) !hief %tewardD,asterDthe !atering /epartment.
(1145) The preparation of foodD%hip's !ook.
(1146) !hief 0ngineerDthe efficient running of his department.
(1147) The loading and unloading of oilD4umpman.
I(. Rewrite the following sentences in the three alternati&e wa7s.
(1148) The function of a thermometer is to measure temperature.
(1149) A fire e)tinguisher is used for putting out fires.
(1150) A windlass raises and lowers the anchors.
(1151) We measure time with a chronometer.
@. Grammar Practice
I. Unerline all the /
r
forms of the &er" in the following passage.
The old man looked at the broken tree. There was sadness in his eyes. There had been a very bad
storm during the night. The wind had almost blown the tree down. "ranches lay around, the white
wood like open wounds without the blood. .e thought back to the day when he had planted
it ..... many years ago. The tree had grown taller year by year until it had reached almost as high
as the roof. .e remembered the day his son had climbed up and hidden in the branches A and
wouldn't come down. .e remembered how the war had come and taken his wife and son from
him. The house had burnt down. "ut the tree had survived. It had reminded him of all those other
things. @ntil last night. What could an old man do now2
(ow write the words you have underlined.
(1152)..................... ...............................N
(1153)..................... ...............................O
(1154)..................... ...............................P
(1155)..................... ..................................*I
(1156)..................... ..................................**
(1157)..................... ..................................*+
II. Complete these situations. 1um"er 1 is one for 7ou.
(1158) I was nervous as I sat in the car waiting for my driving instructor.
#drive$ . had never driven before$
(1159) I was terrified as we waited for the plane. #fly$
(1160)..................................,y knees were knocking as I stood up at
the wedding. #give a speech$
(1161) When I reached the top of the ski lift, I wanted to die. #ski$
L. As I changed into my tennis things, I wished I'd never agreed to be ,artin's partner. #play
tennis$
M. If only I had refused to go to the choir practiceX #sing in public$
III. Suppl7 reasona"le pre&ious cases in the past for these conse8uences! results!
effects or interest. Use the Past Perfect an tr7 to fin more than one pre&ious cause for
each sentence. EK*0P,E: %he knew how to bake a cake becauseH
(1162) her mother had tau!ht her$
(1163) she had learned at school$
(1164) she had read about it in a book$
@se as and because as links where necessary.
(1165) .e gave his horse a lump of sugarH
(1166) %he asked me to repeat my nameH
(1167) We asked her to sing the song againH
(1168) They called the boy ,osesH
(1169) 1ather tipped the waiter very wellH
(1170) The man was out of breathH
(1171) I sent my watch to the watchmaker'sH
(1172) -ur visitor was very tiredH
(1173) It was very cold outside in the gardenH
(1174) We gave the patient first aidH
(1175) We didn't meet yesterday after allH
(1176) I couldn't eat the food at lunchtimeH
(1177) 4eter didn't know the answer to the &uestionH
(1178) John looked very smart at his sister's weddingH
(1179) The tramp had a three days' beardH
(1180) The president arrived half an hour lateH
(1181) We called a doctorH
(1182) 4eter wasn't very happy when we met himH
(1183) The !olonel had great e)perience of menH
(1184) The children were late for schoolH
I(. Suppl7 the Simple Past for the effect! conse8uence! result or interest an the Past
Perfect for the pre&ious cause.
(1185) They #spend$ all their money and #not know$ where to find any more.
(1186) We #finish$ our work so we #sit$ down to talk.
(1187) The sky #be$ black for some time before the rain #begin$ to fall.
(1188) I #give$ you the work to do again because you#do$it badly.
(1189) When I #thank$ my hostess I #leave$ the house and #go$ home.
(1190) Resterday my wife #tell$ me about a beautiful hat she #see$ a few days earlier.
(1191) /r. "rown #;ust return$ so they #give$ him the message.
(1192) -ne of his patients #break$ his leg and #need$ a doctor at once.
(1193) The doctor #hope$ for a &uiet night. .e #feel$ disappointed.
(1194) After the children #go$ to bed the house #be$ very &uiet.
(1195) They always #live$ in a small village and #not understand$ the city people.
(1196) I #can't$ read because I #forget$ to fetch my glasses.
(1197) 4eter #have$ dinner in town that evening as his wife #go$ to visit her mother.
(1198) We #never be$ in Athens before so we #want$ to see the sights.
(1199) The child #lose$ his money so he #cannot buy$ sweets.
(. Suppl7 the Simple Past to show cause an immeiate effect or the Past Perfect to show
pre&ious cause. The Simple past e=presses the later conse8uence.
(1200) .e #press$ the switch and the engine #start$.
(1201) 4eter #forget$ to fill up with petrol so his car #stop$ ;ust outside the garage.
(1202) We #not eat$ much for breakfast so we #feel$ hungry at lunchtime.
(1203) John #not arrive$ by seven thirty, so ,ary #go$ to the cinema alone.
(1204) ,r. %mith #misunderstand$ the &uestion because he #not hear$ it well.
(1205) 4rofessor %mith #heat$ a metal bar and it #e)pand$.
(1206) .is firm #give$ him a better position last year because he #earn$ it.
(1207) As we #miss$ the e)press from ondon we #travel$ on a slow train.
(1208) -ur host #introduce$ me to ,rs. "rown whom I #not meet$ before.
(1209) 4eter #sunbathe$ too long and #get$ blisters on his back.
(1210) ,ary #not be$ abroad before so everything #seem$ strange to her.
(1211) .. .he #refuse$ to see me because I #not write$ for an appointment2
(1212) %he #not go$ out in the rain because she #not have$ an umbrella.
(1213) ... he #become$ angry when you #accuse$ him for stealing2
(1214) As we #not have$ notice of the general's arrival, naturally we #not e)pect$ him.
(1215) %omething heavy #strike$ me on the head and #knock$ me out.
(1216) ... she #find out$ for herself or ... someone #tell$ her2
(1217) We #wake up$ late because the alarm clock #not ring$.
(1218) The policeman #put$ up his hand and the traffic #stop$.
(1219) %usan's dinner #go$ cold so Alan #warm$ it up for her.
VI. Transate into 0nglish using one of the following tenses: 4ast %imple7 4ast !ontinuous7 4ast
4erfect %imple and 4ast 4erfect !ontinuous
(1220) VSntul se mai domolise iar luna str6lucea deasupra m6rii lini<tite.
(1221) Telefonul sun6, 9n timp ce domni<oara ,arple se 9mbr6ca.
(1222) - auzi cum ofteaz6 9n timp ce el citea.
(1223) @ltima dat6 *Dam v6zut acum zece ani.
(1224) !a elev era un b6iat timid <i sSrguincios.
(1225) /eschise sertarul, scoase un plic vechi <i se a<ez6 9n fotoliu, e)aminSnduDl atent.
(1226) Tn zilele acelea venea s6 m6 vad6 9n mod regulat <i de fiecare dat6 9mi aducea un
mic dar.
(1227) ,ereu m6 suna noaptea tSrziu.
(1228) !Snd predam la <coala aceea, m6 lua 9n fiecare dimineata cu ma<ina.
(1229) !e sDa 9ntSmplt dup6 ce a plecat2
(1230) /e trei ani locuia 9n satul acela mic de lSng6 granita.
(1231) II a<teptam de o or6, cSnd telefonul sun6 <i o voce=ciudat6 9mi spuse c6 Bichard a
avut un accident.
(1232) 4rimise florile cu o or6 9n urm6, dar era 9nc6 foarte emo>ionat6.
(1233) !e f6cuse oare 9n tot acest timp2
(1234) /espre ce vorbeau cSnd iDai 9ntSlnit
C. SE,94TEST
I. 9ill in the "lanks with appropriate term$s%.
(1235) The man in charge of a ship is the.................
(1236) The master is the.........personal .representative.
(1237) The master bears the ultimate responsibility for the safe navigation of his vessel, efficient
loading,...... and discharge of the cargo.
(1238) The master has the power to act as a......, a doctor, and even to bury people.
(1239) If a person is dangerous to other members of the ship, the master may place the
individual under.....
(1240) If the ship is ...........in any way, the ,aster may call upon all persons on board to give
assistance.
(1241) The master is re&uired to hold a...........which is obtained by e)amination.
(1242) The ,aster must be... .competent in navigation matters including navigating techni&ues
and instruments.
(1243) The traditional organisation of a ship's crew consists of four departments:...........,0ngine,
!atering, and Badio.
*I. 0ach department is made up of a varied number of officers,.........and ratings.
*Ip
II. Select the officers! pett7 officers an ratings "elow an place them uner the
appropriate heaing in a hierarchical manner<
!hief -fficer7 !hief %teward7 1ifth 0ngineer7 the 4urser7 %econd -fficer7 !hief 0ngineer7
0lectrical -fficer7 "oatswain7 1ireman7 %econd 0ngineer7 Third -fficer7 !arpenter7 %torekeeper7
Third 0ngineer7 Able %eaman7 /onkeyman7 !hief Badio -fficer7 4umpman7 3reaser7 0fficient
/eck .and7 1ourth 0ngineer7 -rdinary %eaman7 %econd %teward7 %econd Badio -fficer
#eck
#epartment
Engine
#epartment
Catering
#epartment
Raio
#epartment
!hief -fficer !hief 0ngineer !hief %teward !hief Badio -fficer
1Ep
III. .rite the responsi"ilities of the officers! pett7 officers an ratings "elonging to the eck
epartment. Use the three patterns for e=pressing function.
1Ep
=* Se#"-Test-Aswer >ey
I.
(1244) ,aster
(1245) -wner's
(1246) %towage
(1247) lawyer
(1248) restraint
(1249) imperilled
(1250) ,aster's !ertificate
(1251) Thoroughly
(1252) /eck
(1253) 4etty officers
II.
#eck
#epartment
Engine #epartment Catering
#epartment
Raio #epartment
Chief )fficer Chief Engineer Chief Stewar Chief Raio )fficer
Secon officer Secon Engineer Secon raio
)fficer
Thir )fficer Thir Engineer Thir Raio )fficer
9ourth Engineer
Electrical )fficer
+oatswain Storekeeper Secon Stewar
Carpenter #onke7man The purser
Pumpman
*+$a"le seaman% 9iremen
E#H$efficient eck
han%
Greasers
)S$orinar7
seaman%
III.
(1254) The !hief -fficer is responsible to the ,aster for the /eck /epartment.
(1255) The Third -fficer is responsible for the lifeDsaving appliances
(1256) The "oatswain is directly responsible to the !hief -fficer. .e sees that his orders
and those of other deck officers are carried out by the crew.
(1257) The sounding of tanks and bilges is the responsibility of the !arpenter
(1258) /eck ratings are responsible for deck operations.
arise arose arisen a se ridica
awake awoke awoken a #se$ trezi
be was:were been a fi
bear bore borne a purta
beat beat beaten a bate
become became become a deveni
begin began begun a 9ncepe
bend bent bent a #se$ 9ndoi
bet bet bet a paria
bid bid bid a ruga, a adresa #o invita>ie$
bade bidden a porunci
bind bound bound a lega
bite bit bitten a mu?ca
bleed bled bled a sSngera
bless blest blest a binecuvSnta
blow blew blown a sufla7 a bate
break broke broken a #se$ sparge7 a #se$ defecta
breed bred bred a create, a educa
bring brought brought a aduce
broadcast broadcast broadcast a emite #radio, TV$
build built built a construi
burn burnt burnt a arde
burst burst burst a izbucni7 a n6v6li7 a cr6pa
buy bought bought a cump6ra
cast cast cast a arunca
catch caught caught a prinde
choose chose chosen a alege
cling clung clung a se agata
come came come a veni
cost cost cost a costa
creep crept crept a se tan7 a se furi<a
cut cut cut a t6ia
deal dealt dealt a trata7 a se ocupa de
dig dug dug a s6pa
dive dove #Am.$ dived a #se$ scufunda, a plon;a
do did done a face
draw drew drawn a trage, a desena
dream dreamt dreamt a visa
drink drank drunk a bea
drive drove driven a conduce, a <ofa
dwell dwelt dwelt a locui
eat ate eaten a mSnca
fall fell fallen a c6dea
feed fed fed a hr6ni, a alimenta
feel felt felt a #se$ sim>i
fight fought fought a #se$ lupta
find found found a g6si
flee fled fled a fugi
fling flung flung a arunca7 a lansa
fly flew flown a zbura
forbid forbade forbidden a interzice
forecast forecast forecast a prevedea
foresee foresaw foreseen a prezice
forget forgot forgotten a uita
forgive forgave forgiven a ierta
freeze froze frozen a 9nghe>a
get got got #gotten Am.$ a primi7 a ob>ine7 a
give gave given a da
go went gone a merge
grind ground ground a m6cina, a <lefui
grow grew grown a create, a cultiva
hang hung hung a atSrna
have had had a avea
hear heard heard a auzi
hide hid hidden a #se$ ascunde
hit hit hit a lovi
hold held held a >ine
hurt hurt hurt a lovi7 a r6ni7 a
keep kept kept a >ine7 a p6stra
kneel knelt knelt a 9ngenunchea
knit knit knit a tricota
know knew known a <ti, a cunoa<te
lay laid laid a pune, a a?eza
lead led led a conduce
lean leant leant a #se$ apleca, a #se$
leap leapt leapt a s6ri
learn learnt learnt a 9nvata
leave left left a pleca, a l6sa
lend lent lent a da cu 9mprumut
let let let a l6sa, a permite
lie lay lain a sta 9ntins7 a se
light lit lit a aprinde
lose lost lost a pierde
make made made a face
mean meant meant a 9nsemna
meet met met a #se$ 9ntSlni
mislead misled misled a induce 9n eroare
mistake mistook mistaken a confunda
mow mowed mown a cosi
overcome overcame overcome a depasi
pay paid paid a pl6ti
put put put a pune
read read read a citi
rend rent rent a rupe, a sfasia
rid rid rid a se descotorosi
ride rode ridden a c6l6ri7 a merge cu...
ring rang rung a suna
rise rose risen a r6s6ri, a se
run ran run a fugi
saw sawed sawn a t6ia cu fer6str6ul
say said said a spune
see saw seen a vedea
seek sought sought a c6uta
sell sold sold a vinde
send sent sent a trimite
set set set a potrivi7 a monta7 a fi)a
sew sewed sown a coase
shake shook shaken a scutura7 a tremura
shear sheared shorn a tunde oi
shed shed shed a v6rsa #lacrimi, sSnge$
shine shone shone a str6luci
shoe shod shod a potcovi
shoot shot shot a trage, a 9mpu<ca7 a filma
show showed shown a ar6ta
shrink shrank shrunk a intra la ap6, a se strSnge
shut shut shut a 9nchide
sing sang sung a cSnta
sink sank sunk a #se$ scufunda
sit sat sat a sta ;os
slay slew slain a ucide
sleep slept slept a dormi
slide slid slid a aluneca
sling slung slung a arunca
slit slit slit a despica
smell smelt smelt a mirosi
sow sowed sown a sem6na
speak spoke spoken a vorbi
speed sped sped a accelera
spell spelt spelt a ortografia
spend spent spent a cheltui, a petrece timp
spill spilt spilt a v6rsa
spin span:spun spun a se 9nvSrti 9n ;urul a)ei
spit spat spat a scuipa
spit spit #Am.$
split split split a despica
spoil spoilt spoilt a strica, a r6sfata
spread spread spread a #se$ r6spSndi
spring sprang sprung a izvor97 a #r6$s6ri
stand stood stood a sta 9n picioare
steal stole stolen a fura
stick stuck stuck a #se$ lipi7 a 9nfige
sting stung stung a 9n>epa
stink stank:stunk stunk a mirosi urSt
stride strode stridden a merge cu pa?i mari
strike struck struck a lovi
string strung strung a 9n?ira
strive strove striven a se str6dui7 a n6zui
swear swore sworn a ;ura7 a 9n;ura
sweep swept swept a m6tura
swell swelled swollen a se umfla
swim swam swum a 9nota
swing swung swung a #se$ leg6na
take took taken a lua
teach taught taught a 9nvata #pe cineva$
tear tore torn a rupe, a sfasia
tell told told a spune #cuiva$, a povesti
think thought thought a #se$ gSndi7 a crede
throw threw thrown a arunca
thrust thrust thrust a 9nfige
tread trod trodden:trod a c6lca, a pasi
undergo underwent undergone a suferi #schimb6ri$
understand understood understood a 9n>elege
undertake undertook undertaken a 9ntreprinde
wake woke woken a #se$ trezi
wear wore worn a purta
weave wove woven a >ese
wed wed wed a se cununa
weep wept wept a plSnge
wet wet wet a #se$ uda
win won won a castiga
wind wound wound a r6suci7 a <erpui
withdraw withdrew withdrawn a #se$ retrage
wring wrung wrung a stoarce7 a r6suci
write wrote written a scrie
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