MP Lab Manual

DrNNCE IT/IVSEM MP&MCLABLM
1

CS2259-MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER
LABORATORY
L LA AB BO OR RA AT TO OR RY Y M MA AN NU UA AL L
F FO OR R I IV V S SE EM ME ES ST TE ER R B B. .T TE EC CH H / / I IT T
A AC CA AD DE EM MI IC C Y YE EA AR R: : 2 20 01 12 2 - - 2 20 01 13 3
( (F FO OR R P PR RI IV VA AT TE E C CI IR RC CU UL LA AT TI IO ON N O ON NL LY Y) )
A AN NN NA A U UN NI IV VE ER RS SI IT TY Y, , C CH HE EN NN NA AI I. .
NAME :
REG.NO :
BATCH :
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

DR.NAVALAR NEDUNCHEZHIAYN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
THOLUDUR-606303, CUDDALORE DIST.
2
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR LABORATORY CLASSES

DOS
o Without Prior permission do not enter into the Laboratory.
o While entering into the LAB students should wear their ID cards.
o The Students should come with proper uniform.
o Students should sign in the LOGIN REGISTER before entering into the laboratory.
o Students should come with observation and record note book to the laboratory.
o Students should maintain silence inside the laboratory.
o After completing the laboratory exercise, make sure to shutdown the system properly.

DONTS
o Students bringing the bags inside the laboratory..
o Students wearing slippers/shoes insides the laboratory.
o Students using the computers in an improper way.
o Students scribbling on the desk and mishandling the chairs.
o Students using mobile phones inside the laboratory.
o Students making noise inside the laboratory.

3
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
Microprocessor 8085,8086,8051 Kit
UNIVERSITY PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
ALLOTMENT OF MARKS
INTERNAL ASSESMENT : 20 MARKS
PRACTICAL ASSESMENT : 80 MARKS
TOTAL : 100 MARKS
INTERNAL ASSESMENT (20 MARKS)
Staff should maintain the assessment and the head of the department should monitor it.
SPLIT UP OF INTERNAL MARKS
OBSERVATION : 3 MARKS
RECORD NOTE : 7 MARKS
MODEL EXAM : 5 MARKS
ATTENDANCE : 5 MARKS
TOTAL : 20 MARKS
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION
The Exam will be conducted for 100 marks. Then the marks will be converted to 80 marks.
ALLOCATION OF MARKS
AIM AND RESULT : 10 MARKS
ALGORITHM & FLOWCHART : 20 MARKS
PROGRAM : 30 MARKS
EXECUTION : 30 MARKS
VIVA VOCE : 10 MARKS
TOTAL : 100 MARKS

4
ANNAUNIVERSITY,CHENNAI
CS2259-MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER LAB
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Programming with 8085
2. Programming with 8086-experiments including BIOS/DOS calls:
Keyboard control, Display, File Manipulation.
3. Interfacing 8085/8086 with 8255,8253
4. Interfacing 8085/8086 with 8279,8251
5. 8051 Microcontroller based experiments for Control Applications
6. Mini- Project

5
CONTENTS
Ex. No Name of the Experiment
P
a
g
e

N
o
.

1. Programs for 8-bit arithmetic operations using 8085 5
2. Programs for 16-bit arithmetic operations using 8085. 13
3.
Programs for sorting and searching operations using
8085.
20
4.
Programs for sorting and searching operations using
8086.
26
5.
Programs for string manipulation operations using
8086.
31
6. Interfacing ADC and DAC. 40
7.
Parallel communication between two microprocessor
kits using Mode 1 and Mode2 of 8255.
46
8. Interfacing and programming 8279 54
9.
Programming using arithmetic, logical and bit
manipulation instructions of 8051 microcontroller.
57
10.
Serial communication between two microprocessor
kits using 8251
63
11. Interfacing and programming 8253 65
12.
Interfacing and programming of stepper motor and DC
motor speed control
72
Beyond the Syllabus
13 Arithmetic programs to find square and cube 58
14 Program to find LCM of a given number 59


6
Experiment Number: 1 (a)
Title of the experiment : 8 BIT ADDITION USING 8085
Date of the experiment :
OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT
To perform addition operation for two 8-bit numbers using 8085.
FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE
a) Facilities required to do the experiment:
Sl.No. Facilities Required Quantity
1 8085 Microprocessor Kit 1
2 DC Power Supply 5V 1
b) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Sl.No. Details of the step
1 Load the first data from the memory to accumulator and move into B Register.
2 Load the second data from memory to accumulator.
3 Clear C register. Add the content of B register to accumulator.
4 Check for carry, if carry 1 go to step 1 else if carry 0 go to step 7.
5 Store the sum to memory. Move the carry to accumulator and store in memory.
6 Terminate the program.

c) Program:
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS COMMENTS
4100 3A 00 42 LDA 4200H Get first data in A
4103 47 MOV B,A Move A to B
4104 3A 01 42 LDA 4201H Get second data in A
4107 0E 00 MVI C00H Clear C register to account for carry
4109 80 ADD B Get Sum in A reg
410A D2 0E 41 J NC AHEAD If CY=0 go to AHEAD
410D 0C INR C If CY=1 increment C reg
410E 32 02 42 AHEAD STA 4202H Store the sum in memory
4111 79 MOV A,C Move C to A
4112 32 03 42 STA 4203H Store the carry in memory
4115 76 HLT Terminate the program
d) Output:
INPUT OUTPUT
ADDRESS DATA ADDRESS DATA
4200 E2 4202 27
4201 E5 4203 01
e) Result:
Thus the program for 8-bit addition was implemented and verified successfully.
7
Experiment Number: 1 (b)
Title of the experiment : 8 BIT SUBTRACTION USING 8085

To perform subtraction operation for two 8-bit numbers using 8085.


1 Load the subtrahend(data to be subtracted) from the memory to accumulator
and move into B Register.
2 Load the minuend from memory to accumulator.
3 Clear C register to account for sign of the result.
4 Subtract the content of B register from the content of accumulator.
5 Check for carry, if carry 1 go to step 6 else if carry 0 go to step 7.
6 Increment C register, complement the accumulator and add 01H.
7 Store the difference to memory.
8 Move the content of C register to accumulator and store in memory
9 Terminate the program

c) Program:
4100 3A 01 42 LDA 4201H Get the subtrahend in B reg
4103 47 MOV B,A Move A to B
4104 3A 00 42 LDA 4200H Get the minuend in A reg
4107 0E 00 MVI C00H Clear C register to account for sign
4109 90 SUB B Get Difference in A reg
410A D2 11 41 J NC AHEAD If CY=0 go to AHEAD
410E 2F CMA Get 2s complement of difference
410F C6 01 ADI 10H Result in A reg
4111 32 02 42 AHEAD STA 4202H Store the sum in memory
4114 79 MOV A,C Move C to A
4115 32 03 42 STA 4203H Store the sign bit in memory
8
d) Output:

INPUT OUTPUT
4200 5E 4202 2A
4201 3A 4203 00

e) Result:

Thus the program for 8-bit Subtraction was implemented and verified
successfully.

9
Experiment Number: 1 (c)
Title of the experiment : 8 BIT MULTIPLICATION USING 8085
To perform multiplication operation for two 8-bit numbers using 8085.


1 Load the address of the first data in HL pair.
2 Clear C register for overflow.
3 Clear the accumulator.
4 Move the first data to B register.
5 Increment the pointer.
6 Move the second data to D register.
7 Add the content of D register to accumulator.
8 Check for carry, If carry=1 go to step 9 else carry=0 go to step 10.
9 Increment the C register.
10 Decrement the B register.
11 Check whether count has reached zero. If ZF=0, repeat steps7 through 11 or of
ZF=1 go to next step.

c) Program:
4100 21 00 42 LXI 4200H Set pointer for data
4103 0E 00 MVI C00H Clear C to account for
overflow
4105 AF XRA A Clear accumulator
4106 46 MOV B,M Get first data in B reg
4107 23 INX H
4108 56 MOV D,M Get second data in D reg
4109 82 REPT ADD D Add D reg to accumulator
410A D2 0E 41 J NC AHEAD
10
410E 05 AHEAD DCR B
410F C2 09 41 J NC REPT Repeat addition until ZF=1
4112 23 INX H
4113 77 MOV M,A Store lower byte of product
in memory
4114 23 INX H
4115 71 MOV M,C Store higher byte of product
in memory
d) Output:

INPUT OUTPUT
4200 07 4202 86
4201 4A 4203 39

e) Result:

Thus the program for 8-bit Multiplication was implemented and verified
successfully.

11
Experiment Number: 1 (d)
Title of the experiment : 8 BIT DIVISION USING 8085
To perform division operation for two 8-bit numbers using 8085.


1 Load the divisor in accumulator and move it to B reg.
2 Load the dividend in accumulator.
3 Clear C-Register to account for quotient.
4 Check whether divisor is less than dividend. If divisor is less than dividend, go
to step 8 otherwise go to next step.
5 Subtract the content of B reg from accumulator.
6 Increment the content of C reg, go to step 4.
7 Store the content of accumulator in memory.
8 Move the content of C reg to accumulator and store in memory.

c) Program:
4100 3A 01 42 LDA 4201H
4103 47 MOV B,A Get the divisor in B reg
4104 3A 00 42 LDA 4200H Get the dividend in A reg
4107 0E 00 MVI C00H Clear C reg for Quotient
4109 B8 AGAIN CMP B
410A DA 12 41 J C STORE If divisor is less than dividend go to STORE
410D 90 SUB B Subtract divisor from dividend
410E 0C INR C Increment quotient by 1 for each subtraction
410F C3 09 41 J MP AGAIN
4112 32 03 42 STORE STA 4203H Store the remainder in memory
4115 79 MOV A,C
4116 32 02 42 STA 4202H Store the quotient in memory
4119 76 HLT
12
d) Output:
INPUT OUTPUT
4200 C9 4202 14
4201 0A 4203 01
e) Result:

Thus the program for 8-bit Division was implemented and verified successfully.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:
1. What is the timing diagram?
The graphical representation of the instruction execution steps with respect to time is
called timing diagram.
2. What are the interrupts signals in 8085?
The interrupt signals in 8085 are TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5,RST 5.5, INTR
3. What is an assembler?
An assembler is a program that translates the mnemonics into their machine code.
Additional instructions can be inserted anywhere in the program and the assembler will
reassign all the new memory locations and jump locations.
4. Give the purpose of HLDA.
HLDA Hold Acknowledge is used to indicate that the microprocessor will release
control over its system buses.
5. What is instruction cycle?
It is the time required to complete the execution of an instruction. The 8085 instruction
cycle has one to six machine cycles.
6. What is interrupt?
It is the process by which the external devices use microprocessor for servicing by
suspending the routine process served previously. It is classified into Hardware and
software interrupts.
7. What is microprocessor?
It is a multipurpose, programmable, clock driven, register based electronic device that
reads the binary instruction from a storage device called memory, accepts binary data as
input, process the data according to the instruction and provides the result.

13
To perform addition operation for two 16-bit numbers using 8085.


1 Load the first data in HL register pair.
2 Move the first data to DE reg pair.
3 Load the second data in HL reg pair.
4 Clear A reg for carry.
5 Add the content of DE pair to HL pair.
6 Check for carry. If CARRY=1, go to step 7 or if CARRY=0, go to step 8.
7 Increment A reg to account for carry.
8 Store the sum and carry in memory.

c) Program:
4100 2A 00 42 LHLD 4200H Get first data in HL pair
4103 EB XCHG Save first data in DE pair
4104 2A 02 42 LHLD 4202H Get second data in HL pair
4107 AE XRA A Clear A reg for carry
4108 19 DAD D Get the sum in HLpair
4109 D2 0D 41 J NC AHEAD If CY=0, goto AHEAD
410C 3C INR A If CY=1, increament A reg
410D 22 04 42 AHEAD SHLD 4202H Store the sum in memory
4110 32 06 42 STA 4206H Store the carry in memory
4113 76 HLT Terminate the program.

14
d) Output:

INPUT OUTPUT
4200 54 4204 E6
4201 C2 4205 4C
4202 92 4206 01
4203 8A 4207 -

e) Result:

Thus the program for 16-bit Addition was implemented and verified successfully.

15
To performSubtraction operation for two 16-bit numbers using 8085.


1 Load the low byte of subtrahend in accumulator from memory and move it to
the B reg.
2 Load the low byte of minuend in accumulator from memory.
3 Subtract the content of B reg from the content of Accumulator.
4 Store the low byte of result in memory.
5 Load the high byte of subtrahend in accumulator from memory and move it to B
reg.
6 Load the high byte of minuend in accumulator from memory.
7 Subtract the content of B reg and the carry from the content of Accumulator.
8 Store the high byte of result in memory.

c) Program:
4100 3A 02 42 LDA 4202H
4103 47 MOV B,A Get low byte of subtrahend in B reg
4104 3A 00 42 LDA 4200H Get low byte of minuend in A reg
4107 90 SUB B Get difference of low bytes in A reg
4108 32 04 42 STA 4204H Store the result in memory
410B 3A 03 42 LDA 4203H
410E 47 MOV B,A Get high byte of subtrahend in B reg
410F 3A 01 42 LDA 4201H Get high byte of minuend in A reg
4112 98 SBB B Get difference of high bytes in A reg
4113 32 05 42 STA 4205H Store the result in memory

16
d) Output:

INPUT OUTPUT
4200 Ab 4204 7F
4201 B2 4205 20
4202 2c - -
4203 92 - -

e) Result:

Thus the program for 16-bit Subtraction was implemented and verified
successfully.
1. What is the use of instruction queue in 8086?
The queue operates on the principle FIFO. So the execution unit gets the instruction for
execution in the order they are fetched. Hence instruction queue is required.
2. What is the addressing mode of the following instruction?
MOV AX,55H(BX)(SI) Base indexed memory addressing mode.

3. How clock signal is generated in 8086?
The crystal oscillator in 8284 generates a square wave signal at the same frequency as the
crystal.
4. What is the maximum internal clock frequency of 8086?
The maximum internal clock frequency of 8086 is 5MHZ
5. What is the size of physical memory of 8086 microprocessor?
Size of physical memory =2
20
=1MB
6. What is the size of virtual memory of 8086 microprocessor?
Size of virtual memory =2
16
=64 kB

17
To perform multiplication operation for two 16-bit numbers using 8085.


1 Load the first data in HL register pair and move to SP.
2 Load the second data in HL register pair and move to DE.
3 Clear HL pair.
4 Clear BC pair for overflow.
5 Add the content of SP pair to HL pair.
6 Check for carry. If CARRY=1, go to step 7 or if CARRY=0, go to step 8.
7 Increment BC pair .
8 Decrement the count.
9 Check whether count has reached zero.
10 To check for zero of the count, move the content of E reg to A reg and logically
or with D reg.
11 Check the zero flag if ZF=0 repeat step 5 through 11 or if ZF=1 goto next step.
12 Store the content of HL in memory.
13 Move the content of C to L and B to H and store HL in memory.

c) Program:
4100 2A 00 42 LHLD 4200H Get first data in HL pair
4103 F9 SPHL Save first data in SP pair
4104 2A 02 42 LHLD 4202H Get second data in HL pair
4107 EB XCHG Save Second data in DE pair
4108 21 00 00 LXIH 0000H Clear HLpair(initial sum=0)
410B 01 00 00 LXIB 0000H Clear BC pair to account overflow
410E 39 NEXT DAD SP Add the content of SP to sum(HL)
18
410F 02 13 41 J NC AHEAD
4112 03 INX B If CY=1,increment BC pair.
4113 1B AHEAD DCX D
4114 7B MOV A,E Check for zero in DE pair this is done
logically.
4115 B2 ORA D OR D and E
4116 C2 0E 41 J NZ NEXT Repeat addition until count is zero
4119 22 04 42 SHLD 4204H Store lower 16 bit of product in memory
411C 69 MOV L,C
411D 60 MOV H,B
411E 22 06 42 SHLD 4206H Store upper 16 bit of product in memory

d) Output:

INPUT OUTPUT
4200 24 4204 48
4201 5A 4205 4B
4202 C2 4206 44
4203 47 4207 19

e) Result:

Thus the program for 16-bit Multiplication was implemented and verified
successfully.
1. What is pipelining?
The feature of fetching the next instruction while the current instruction is executing is
called pipelining.
2. How many Data lines and address lines are available in 8086?
Address lines =20 or 20 bit address bus
Data lines =16 or 16 bit data bus

19
Title of the experiment : ASCENDING ORDER USING 8085
To write an assembly language program to sort an array of data in ascending order.


1 Load the count value from memory to A register and save it in B register.
2 Decrement B register. Set HL pair as data array address pointer.
3 Set C register as counter for N-1 comparison.
4 Load the data of the array in accumulator using the data address pointer.
5 Increment the HL pair. Compare the data pointed by HL with accumulator.
6 If carry flag is set then goto step 10 else goto next step
7 Exchange the content of memory pointed by HL and accumulator.
8 Decrement C reg. If zero flag is reset goto step 6 else goto next step.
9 Decrement B reg. If zero flag is reset goto step 3 else goto next step.

c) Program:
4100 3A 00 42 LDA 4200H load the count value in A reg
4103 47 MOV B,A Set count for N-1 repetition
4104 05 DCR B
4105 21 00 42 LOOP2 LXIH 4200H Set pointer for array
4108 4E MOV C,M Set count for N-1 comparison
4109 0D DCR C
410A 23 INX H Increment pointer
410B 7E LOOP1 MOV A,M Get one data of array in A
410C 23 INX H
410D BE CMP M Compare next data with A reg
410E DA 16 41 J C AHEAD If content of A is less than memory then
goto AHEAD
4111 56 MOV D,M If the content A is greater than the content
20
of memory, then exchange content of
memory pointed by HL and previous
location
4112 77 MOV M,A
4113 2B DCX H
4114 72 MOV M,D
4115 23 INX H
4116 0D AHEAD DCR C
4117 C2 0B 41 J NZ LOOP1 Repeat comparison until count is zero
411A 05 DCR B
411B C2 05 41 J NZ LOOP2 Repeat N-1 comparison until B count is
zero.
411E 76 HLT Terminate the program.

d) Output:
INPUT OUTPUT
4200 07 4200 07
4201 AB 4201 34
4202 92 4202 4F
4203 84 4203 69
4204 4F 4204 84
4205 69 4205 92
4206 F2 4206 AB
4207 34 4207 F2

e) Result:
Thus the program for ascending order was implemented and verified successfully.
1. What is sorting?
Arranging the items either from smallest to largest or from largest to smallest is called sorting.
2. What is a bus?
Bus is a group of conducting lines that carries data, address and control signals.
3. Why data bus is bi-directional?
The microprocessor has to fetch (read) the data from memory or input device for processing and
after processing, it has to store (write) the data to memory or output device. Hence the data bus is
bi- Directional.

21
Title of the experiment : Descending Order using 8085
To write an assembly language program to sort an array of data in descending order.

1 Load the count value from memory to A register and save it in B register.
2 Decrement B register. Set HL pair as data array address pointer.
3 Set C register as counter for N-1 comparison.
4 Load the data of the array in accumulator using the data address pointer.
5 Increment the HL pair. Compare the data pointed by HL with accumulator.
6 If carry flag is reset then goto step 10 else goto next step
7 Exchange the content of memory pointed by HL and accumulator.
8 Decrement C reg. If zero flag is reset goto step 6 else goto next step.
9 Decrement B reg. If zero flag is reset goto step 3 else goto next step.

c) Program:
4100 3A 00 42 LDA 4200H load the count value in A reg
4103 47 MOV B,A Set count for N-1 repetition
4104 05 DCR B
4105 21 00 42 LOOP2 LXIH 4200H Set pointer for array
4108 4E MOV C,M Set count for N-1 comparison
4109 0D DCR C
410A 23 INX H Increment pointer
410B 7E LOOP1 MOV A,M Get one data of array in A
410C 23 INX H
410D BE CMP M Compare next data with A reg
410E D2 16 41 J C AHEAD If content of A is greater than memory then
goto AHEAD
4111 56 MOV D,M If the content A is less than the content of
memory, then exchange content of memory
pointed by HL and previous location
22
4112 77 MOV M,A
4113 2B DCX H
4114 72 MOV M,A
4115 23 INX H
4116 0D AHEAD DCR C
4117 C2 0B 41 J NZ LOOP1 Repeat comparison until count is zero
411A 05 DCR B
411B C2 05 41 J NZ LOOP2 Repeat N-1 comparison until B count is zero.
411E 76 HLT Terminate the program.

d) Output:
INPUT OUTPUT
4200 07 4200 07
4201 C4 4201 F4
4202 84 4202 E2
4203 9A 4203 C4
4204 7B 4204 B2
4205 E2 4205 9A
4206 F4 4206 84
4207 B2 4207 78
e) Result:
Thus the program for descending order was implemented and verified successfully.
1. What is opcode fetch cycle?
The opcode fetch cycle is a machine cycle executed to fetch the opcode of an instruction stored in
memory. Every instruction starts with opcode fetch machine cycle.

2. What is asynchronous data transfer scheme?
In asynchronous data transfer scheme, first the processor sends a request to the device for
read/write operation. Then the processor keeps on polling the status of the device. Once the
device is ready, the processor execute a data transfer instruction to complete the process.

3. What is the need for timing diagram?
The timing diagram provides information regarding the status of various signals, when a machine
cycle is executed. The knowledge of timing diagram is essential for system designer to select
matched peripheral devices like memories, latches, ports, etc., to form a microprocessor system.

23
Title of the experiment : Searching - Largest Data
To search the largest data in an array using 8085 microprocessor.


1 Load the address first element of array in HL reg pair.
2 Move the count of B reg.
4 Get the first data in A reg.
7 Compare the counter of memory address by HL pair carry=0, goto step 10 else
to step 9 with that of A move the content of HL to A reg.
9 If ZF=0, goto step 6 or if ZF=1 goto next step.
10 Goto large data.

c) Program:
4100 21 00 42 LXIH 4200H Set Pointer for array
4103 46 MOV B,M Set count for no of element in array
4104 23 INX H
4105 7E MOV A,M Set first element of array as large data
4106 05 DCR B Decrement the count
4107 23 LOOP INX H
4108 BE CMP M Compare an element of array with current
largest data
4109 02 00 41 J NC AHEAD If CY=0, goto AHEAD
410C 7E MOV A,M If CY=1, then content of memory is larger
than accumulator. Hence If CY=1, make
24
memory content as current largest by
moving it to A reg
410D 05 AHEAD DCR B
410E C2 07 41 J NZ LOOP Repeat comparison until count is zero
4111 32 00 42 STA 4300H Store the large data in memory

d) Output:
INPUT OUTPUT
4200 07
4300 FC
4201 62
4202 7D
4203 FC
4204 24
4205 C2
4206 0F
4207 92

e) Result:

Thus the program to find the largest data in an array is constructed and verified
successfully.
1. What is assembly language?
The language in which the mnemonics (short -hand form of instructions) are used to write a
program is called assembly language. The manufacturers of microprocessor give the nemonics.
2. What does the instruction LXIH,4200 mean?
The data present in the address location 4200 is loaded into the H register.
3. How many machine cycles constitute one instruction cycle in 8085?
Each instruction of the 8085 processor consists of one to five machine cycles.
4. What is the drawback in machine language and assembly language programs?
The machine language and assembly language programs are machine dependent. The programs
developed using these languages for a particular machine cannot be directly run on another machine .

25
Title of the experiment : SEARCHING - SMALLEST DATA
To search the smallest data in an array using 8085 microprocessor.


1 Load the address first element of array in HL reg pair.
2 Move the count of B reg.
4 Get the first data in A reg.
7 Compare the content of HL pair with A reg, If CY=1, goto step 10 elseto step 9
8 Move the content of memory address by HL to A reg.
10 If ZF=0, goto step 6 or if ZF=1 goto next step.
11 Store the smallest data in memory.

c) Program:

4100 21 00 42 LXIH 4200H Set Pointer for array
4103 46 MOV B,M Set count for no of element in array
4104 23 INX H
4105 7E MOV A,M Set first element of array as smallest data
4106 05 DCR B Decrement the count
4107 23 LOOP INX H
4108 BE CMP M Compare an element of array with current
smallest data
4109 DA 0D 41 J C AHEAD If CY=1, goto AHEAD
26
410C 7E MOV A,M If CY=0, then content of memory is smaller
than accumulator. Hence If CY=0, make
memory content as current smallest by
moving it to A reg
410D 05 AHEAD DCR B
410E C2 07 41 J NZ LOOP Repeat comparison until count is zero
4111 32 00 42 STA 4300H Store the small data in memory

d) Output:
INPUT OUTPUT
4200 07
4300 1C
4201 42
4202 3A
4203 1C
4204 24
4205 B4
4206 25
4207 4F

e) Result:

Thus the program to find the smallest data in an array is constructed and verified
successfully.
1. What is searching?
Locating the particular data from the collection or sequence of data is called searching.
2. What does the instruction MOV A,M represent?
The data present in the content of the memory location are moved to the accumulator.
3. Why address bus is unidirectional?
The address is an identification number used by the microprocessor to identify or access a
memory location or I / O device. It is an output signal from the processor. Hence the address bus
is unidirectional.

27
Title of the experiment:CONVERSION OF 2-DIGIT BCD TO BINARY
NUMBER
To write an assembly language program to convert a 2-digit BCD(8-bit) data to Binary
data.


1 Get the BCD data in A reg and save in E reg.
2 Mark the lowest nibble (units) of the BCD data in A reg.
3 Rotate the upper nibble to lower nibble position and save in B reg.
4 Clear the accumulator.
5 Move 0AH to C reg.
6 Decrement C reg. If ZF=0,gato step 6 else ZF=1, goto next step.
7 Save the product in B reg.
8 Get the BCD data in A reg from E reg and mark the upper nibble.
9 Add the content of A reg to product (B reg).
10 Store the binary value(A reg).

c) Program:
4100 3A 00 42 LDA 4200H Get the data in D reg and save in E reg
4103 5F MOV E,A
4104 E6 F0 ANI F0H Mark the lower nibble
4106 07 RLC Rotate the upper nibble to lower nibble and
save in B reg
4107 07 RLC
4108 07 RLC
4109 07 RLC
410A 47 MOV B,A
410B AF XRA A Clear accumulator
410C 0E 0A REP MVIC 0AH Get the product terms digit multiplied
28
410E 80 ADD B
410F 00 DCR C
4110 C2 0E 41 J NZ REP
4113 47 MOV B,A Save the product in B reg
4114 7B MOV B,E Get the BCD data in A reg
4115 E6 0F ANI 0FH Mask the upper nibble
4117 80 ADD B Get the sum of contents digit and the
product in B reg
4118 32 01 42 STA 4250H Save the Binary value in memory
411B 76 HLT Terminate the program

d) Output:
INPUT OUTPUT
4200 45 4250 2D

e) Result:

Thus the program for BCD to Binary Conversion using 8085 was executed and
verified successfully.

1. What is the abbreviation of ASCII.
ASCII American Code For Information Interchange.
2. What is Software?
The Software is a set of instructions or commands needed for performing a specific task
by a programmable device or a computing machine.

29
Title of the experiment : CONVERSION OF 8-BIT BINARY NUMBER TO BCD
To write an assembly language program to convert a 8-bit Binary number to BCD.


1 Clear D and E reg to account for hundreds and tens.
2 Load the binary data in A reg.
3 Compare A reg with 64
th
if carry flag is set goto step 7 else goto next step.
4 Subtract 64
th
from A reg.
5 Increment E reg(hundreds) goto step 3
6 Compare the A reg with 0AH if carry flag is set goto step 1 else goto next step.
7 Subtract 0AH from A reg.
8 Increment D reg(tens) goto step 7.
9 Combine the terms to form 8 bit result.
10 Save the tens and hundred in memory.

c) Program:
4100 1E 00 MVI E,00H Clear E reg for hundreds
4102 53 MOV D,E Clear D reg for tens
4103 3A 00 42 LDA 4200H Get the binary data in A reg
4106 FE 64 HUND CPI 64H Compare whether data is less than
100(or)64H
4108 DA 11 41 J C TEN If the content of A is less than 100(or)64H
go to ten
410B 06 64 SUI 64H Subtract all the hundreds from the data and
for each subtraction increment E reg

410D 1C INR E
410E C3 06 41 J MP HUND Compare whether the content of A is less
than 0AH or 10
30
4111 FE 0A TEN CPI 0AH
4113 DA 1C 41 J C UNIT If CY=1, go to UNIT
4116 D6 0A SUI 0AH Subtract all tens from the data and for each
subtraction increment D reg
4119 C3 11 41 J MP TEN
411C 4F UNIT MOV C,A Save the units in C reg
411D 7A MOV A,D Get tens in A reg
411E 07 RLC Rotate tens digit to upper nibble position
411F 07 RLC
4120 07 RLC
4121 07 RLC
4122 81 ADD C Combine tens and unit digit
4123 32 50 42 STA 4250H Save tens and units in memory
4126 7B MOV A,E
4127 32 51 42 STA 4251H Save hundreds in memory
412A 76 HLT Terminate the program.

d) Output:
INPUT OUTPUT
4200 B9
4250 85
4251 01

e) Result:

Thus the program for Binary to BCD Conversion using 8085 was executed and
verified successfully.
1. What is Hardware?
The Hardware refers to the components or devices used to form computing machine in
which the software can be run and tested. Without software the Hardware is an idle machine.
2. What does the instruction STA 4502 refer?
The value of the accumulator is stored in memory location 4202.

31
Title of the experiment:CONVERSION OF 8-BIT BINARY NUMBER TO ASCII CODE
Date of the experiment:
To write an assembly language program to convert a 8-bit Binary number to ASCII Code.


1 Load the given data in A reg and move to B reg.
2 Mark the upper nibble of binary (Hexa) data in A reg.
3 Call subroutine code to get ASCII code of the lower nibble and store in
memory.
4 Move B reg to A reg and mark the lower nibble.
5 Rotate the upper nibble position.
6 Call subroutine code to get the ASCII code of upper nibble and store in
memory.
For Subroutine:
1 Compare the content of A reg with 0AH.
2 If CY=1 goto step 4, If CY=0 goto next step.
3 Add 07H to A reg.
4 Add 30H to A reg.
5 Return to main program.

c) Program:
4100 3A 00 42 LDA 4200H Get binary data in A
4103 47 MOV B,A Save the binary data in B reg
4104 E6 0F ANI 0FH Mask the upper nibble
4106 CD 1A 41 CALL CODE Call subroutine to get ASCII code
4109 32 01 42 STA 4201H Lower nibble in A and store in memory
410C 78 MOV A,B Get data in A reg
410D E6 F0 ANI F0H Mark the lower nibble
410F 07 RLC rotate upper nibble to lower nibble position
4110 07 RLC
32
4111 07 RLC
4112 07 RLC
4113 CD 1A 41 CALL CODE Call subroutine to get ASCII code
4116 32 02 42 STA 4202H Upper nibble in A store in memory
4119 76 HLT

411A FF 0A CODE CPI 0AH If the content of A is less than 0AH then
add 30H to A else add 37H to A reg
411C 0A 21 41 J C SKIP
411F C6 07 ADI 07H
4121 C6 30 SKIP ADI 30H
4123 C9 RET Return to main program.

d) Output:
INPUT OUTPUT
4200 E4
4201 34
4202 45

e) Result:

Thus the program for ASCII code to Binary value Conversion using 8085 was
executed and verified successfully.
1. What is the function of microprocessor in a system?
The microprocessor is the master in the system, which controls all the activity of the
system. It issues address and control signals and fetches the instruction and data from memory.
Then it executes the instruction to take appropriate action.
2. Define opcode and operand.
Opcode (Operation code) is the part of an instruction / directive that identifies a specific
peration.

33
Title of the experiment : CONVERSION OF ASCII CODE TO BINARY VALUE
To write an assembly language program to convert an array of ASCII Code to
corresponding binary(hexa) value.


1 Set HL pair as pointer for ASCII array.
2 Set D reg as counter for number of data in the array.
3 Set BC pair as pointer for binary(hexa) array.
4 Increment HL pair and move a data of ASCII array A reg.
5 Call subroutine BIN to find the binary (hexa) value.
6 The binary(hexa) value in A reg is stored in memory.
7 Increment BC pair.
8 Decrement D reg if ZF=0 then goto step 4, If ZF=1 then stop.
For Subroutine:
1 Subtract 30H from A reg.
2 Compare the content of A reg with 0AH.
3 If CY=1 goto step 4, If CY=0 goto next step.
4 Subtract 07H from A reg.
5 Return to main program.

c) Program:
4100 21 00 42 LXI H,4200H Set pointer for ASCII array
4103 56 MOV D,M Set cont for number of data
4104 01 00 43 LXI B,4300H Set pointer for binary array
4107 23 LOOP INX H
4108 7E MOV A,M Get an ASCII data in A reg
4109 C6 13 41 CALL BIN Call subroutine to get binary

410C 02 STAX B Value in A and store in memory
34
410D 03 INX B Increment the binary array pointer
410E 15 DCR D
410F C2 07 41 J NZ LOOP Repeat conversion until count is zero

4113 06 30 BIN SUI 30H Subtract 30H from the data
4115 FF 0A CPI 0AH
4117 08 RC If Y=1 return to main program
4118 06 07 SUI 07H If data is greater than H then subtract 07H
411A C9 RET Return to main program.

d) Output:

ASCII Array
INPUT
Binary (Hexa) Array
OUTPUT
4200 07 4300 01
4201 31 4301 0B
4202 42 4302 05
4203 35 4303 0F
4204 46 4304 0C
4205 43 4305 09
4206 39 4306 08
4207 38 - -

e) Result:

Thus the program for Binary to ASCII code Conversion using 8085 was executed
and verified successfully.
1. What are the register pairs in 8085?
The register pair in 8085 microprocessor are BC, DE and HL register pair.

35
To write an assembly language program to add two 16-bit numbers using 8086 and store
the result in memory.

1 Data are brought to 16 bit register.
2 The contents of the register are added and store the carry and sum.
3 Data are added in accumulator. Add data from 1100 to 1102
4 Result will be stored in address data 1200. Terminate the program.

c) Program:
1000 A1 MOV AX[1100] Initialize AX reg
1001 00
1002 11
1003 03 ADD AX[1102] Add the content of AX reg
1004 06
1005 02
1006 11
1007 A3 MOV [1200],AX Store the result in 1200 to accumulator
1008 0
1009 12
100A F4 HLT Terminate the program.
d) Output:
ASCII Array INPUT Binary (Hexa) Array OUTPUT
1100 1234
1200 68AC
1102 5678
e) Result:
Thus the program for 16-bit addition using 8086 was executed and verified successfully.

36
To write an assembly language program to subtract two 16-bit numbers using 8086 and
store the result in memory.

1 Data are brought to 16 bit register. Initialize the address register.
2 Data are added in accumulator. Subtract data from 1100 & 1102
3 Result will be stored in address 1200.
c) Program:
1000 A1 MOV AX[1100] Initialize AX reg
1001 00 Move the data to the A reg
1002 11
1003 2B SUB AX[1102] Subtract the data
1004 06
1005 02
1006 11
1007 A3 MOV [1200],AX Store the result in 1200 to accumulator
1008 00
1009 12
100A F4 HLT Terminate the program.
d) Output:
ASCII Array INPUT Binary (Hexa) Array OUTPUT
1100 99
1200 62
1101 99
1102 36
1201 FD
1103 9C
e) Result:
Thus the program for 16-bit subtraction using 8086 was executed and verified successfully.
37
To write an assembly language program to multiply two 16-bit numbers using 8086 and
store the result in memory.

1 Data are brought to 16 bit register.
2 Initialize the address register.
3 The value of AX reg is moved since it is the highest order.
4 Multiply the value of address data.
5 Result will be stored in address 1200.

c) Program:
1000 A1 MOV AX[1100] Move the data to accumulator.
1001 00
1002 11 MUL [1102] Use multiply instruction multiply the data
1003 F7
1004 26
1005 02 MOV [1200],DX Move the content of DX to location.
1006 11
1007 87
1008 16
1009 00
100A 12 MOV[1202],AX
100B A3
100C 02
100D 12
100E F4 HLT Terminate the program.

38

d) Output:
ASCII Array
INPUT
Binary (Hexa) Array
OUTPUT
1100 24 1200 48
1101 5A 1201 4B
1102 C2 1202 A4
1103 47 1203 19

e) Result:

Thus the program for 16-bit multiplication using 8086 was executed and verified
successfully.
1. What is the data and address size in 8086?
The 8086 can operate on either 8-bit or 16-bit data. The 8086 uses 20 bit address to access
memory and 16-bit address to access 1/0 devices.

2. What are the function of M/IO in 8086.
The signal M/IO is used to differentiate memory address and 1/0 address When the processor is
accessing memory locations MI 10 is asserted high and when it is accessing 1/0 mapped devices
it is asserted low.

3. What are the interrupts of 8086?
The interrupts of 8085 are INTR and NMI. The INTR is general maskable interrupt and NMI is
non-maskable interrupt.

4. List the segment registers of 8086.
The segment registers of 8086 are Code segment, Data segment, Stack segment and Extra
segment registers.

5. Define T-State.
T-State is defined as one subdivision of the operation performed in one clock period. These
subdivisions are internal states synchronized with the system clock, and each T-State is precisely
equal to one clock period.

39
To write an assembly language program to add two 8-bit numbers using 8051.

1 C reg is to be cleared for carry.
2 Get the data immediately.
3 Add the two data.
4 Store the result in the memory pointer.

c) Program:
4100 74 05 MOV A,#Data1 Move data1 to A reg.
4102 24 04 ADD A,#Data2 Add data2 and A reg content
4104 90 45 00 MOV DPTR,#4500 Move the data in address to data pointer
4107 F0 MOVX @ DPTR,A Move A reg to data pointer
4108 80 FE HERE SJ MP HERE J ump on HERE

d) Output:
ASCII Array
INPUT
Binary (Hexa) Array
OUTPUT
4101 05
4500 09
4104 04

e) Result:
Thus the program for 8-bit addition using 8051 was executed and verified
successfully.

40
To write an assembly language program to subtract two 8-bit numbers using 8051.

1 C reg is to be cleared for carry.
2 Get the data immediately.
3 Subtract the two data.
4 Store the result in the memory pointer.

c) Program:
4100 74 05 MOV A,#Data1 Move data1 to A reg.
4102 94 03 SUBB A,#Data2 Subtract data2 and A reg content
4104 90 45 00 MOV DPTR,#4500 Move the data in address to data pointer
4107 F0 MOVX @ DPTR,A Move A reg to data pointer
4108 80 FE HERE SJ MP HERE J ump on HERE

d) Output:
ASCII Array
INPUT
Binary (Hexa) Array
OUTPUT
4101 05
4500 02
4104 03

e) Result:
Thus the program for 8-bit subtraction using 8051 was executed and verified
successfully.

41
To write an assembly language program to multiplication two 8-bit numbers using 8051.


1 Get the data in A reg. Get the value to be multiplied in D reg.
2 Multiply the data. The high and low nibble of result is atored in A & B reg.

c) Program:
4100 74 0A MOV A,#0A Data is moved to A reg
4102 75 F0 88 MOV B,#88 Data is moved to B erg
4105 A4 MUL A,B Multiply data in A,B
4106 90 45 00 MOV DPTR,#4000 Initialize memory pointer
4109 F0 MOVX @DPTR,A Move A reg content to immediate
DPTR
410A A3 INC DPTR Increment DPTR
410B E5 F0 MOV A,B Move B reg contents to A reg
410D F0 MOVX @DPTR,A Move A reg content to memory pointer
410E 80 FE HERE SJ MP HERE Loop is terminated

d) Output:
ASCII ARRAY - INPUT BINARY (HEXA) ARRAY - OUTPUT
4101 0A 4500 50(LSB)
4104 88 4501 05(MSB)
e) Result:
Thus the program for 8-bit multiplication using 8051 was executed and verified
successfully.

42

Title of the experiment : 8 BIT DIVISION USING 8086
To write an assembly language program to division two 8-bit numbers using 8051.


1 Get the data in A reg.
2 Get the value to be divided in B reg.
3 Divide the data.
4 The Quotient is in A reg and remainder is in B reg.

c) Program:
4100 74 08 MOV A,#08 Data is moved to A reg
4102 75 MOV B,#04 Data is moved to B erg
4105 84 DIV A,B Divide data in A&B
4106 90 45 00 MOV DPTR,#4000 Initialize memory pointer
4109 F0 MOVX @DPTR,A Move A reg content to immediate
DPTR
410A A3 INC DPTR Increment DPTR
410B E5 F0 MOV A,B Move B reg contents to A reg
410D F0 MOVX @DPTR,A Move A reg content to memory pointer
410E 80 FE HERE SJ MP HERE Loop is terminated

43

d) Output:
ASCII Array
INPUT
Binary (Hexa) Array
OUTPUT
4101 08 4500 02
4104 04 4501 00

e) Result:

Thus the program for 8-bit division using 8051 was executed and verified
successfully.
1. What is mean by microcontroller?
A device which contains the microprocessor with integrated peripherals like memory, serial ports,
parallel ports, timer/counter, interrupt controller, data acquisition interfaces like ADC,DAC is
called microcontroller.
2. .Explain the operating mode0 of 8051 serial ports?
In this mode serial enters &exits through RXD, TXD outputs
the shift clock.8 bits are transmitted/received:8 data bits(LSB first).The baudrate is fixed at 1/12
the oscillator frequency.
3. Explain the interrupts of 8051 microcontroller?
The interrupts are:
Vector address External interrupt 0 : IE0 : 0003H Timer interrupt 0 : TF0 : 000BH
External interrupt 1 : IE1 : 0013H Timer Interrupt 1 : TF1 : 001BH
Serial Interrupt Receive interrupt : RI : 0023H Transmit interrupt: TI : 0023H
4. Write a program to find the 2s complement using 8051?
MOV A,R0
CPL A
INC A
5. List the addressing modes of 8051?
Direct addressing Register addressing Register indirect addressing.
Implicit addressing Immediate addressing Index addressing Bit addressing
6. Write about CALL statement in 8051?
There are two subroutine CALL instructions. They are
*LCALL(Long CALL) *ACALL(Absolute CALL)
Each increments the PC to the 1st byte of the instruction & pushes them in to the stack.

44

Experiment Number: 8
Title of the experiment : KEYBOARD AND DISPLAY INTERFACING USING 8279
To write an assembly language program to display the rolling message HELP US in the
display.
2 8279 Interface 1


1 Start the program execution.
2 Initialize the pointer for array.
3 Initialize the counter for P register.
4 Set mode and clear display and increment display counter.
5 The input data given is displayed.
6 The data is moved to the memory.

c) Program:
4100 21 2C 41 START LXI H,Pointer Set pointer 412CH
4103 16 0F MVI D,0FH Initialize counter
4105 3E 10 MVI A,10H
4107 D3 C2 OUT CNT Set mode and display
4109 3E CC MVI A,CCH Clear display
410B D3 C2 OUT CNT
410D 3E 90 MVI A,90H Write display
410E D3 C2 OUT CNT
4111 7E LOOP MOV A,M
4112 D3 C0 OUT DAT
4114 CD 1F 41 CALL DELAY
4117 23 INX H Increment the pointer
4118 15 DCR D Decrement the counter
4119 C2 11 41 J NZ LOOP J ump if non zero
45
411C C3 00 41 J MP START Display the next character
411F 06 A0 DELAY MVI B,0A0H
4121 0E FF LOOP1 MVI C,0FFH
4123 0D LOOP2 DCR C
4124 C2 23 41 J NZ LOOP2
4127 05 DCR B
4128 C2 21 41 J NZ LOOP1
412B C9 RET
412C FF FF FF FF
4130 FF FF FF FF
4134 98 68 11 18
4138 1C 29 FF FF

d) Output:
HELP US
e) Result:
Thus the program for 8279 keyboard interfacing was executed and verified successfully.
1. How a keyboard matrix is formed in keyboard interface using 8279?
The return lines, RLo to RL7 of 8279 are used to form the columns of keyboard matrix. In
decoded scan the scan lines SLo to SL3 of 8279 are used to form the rows of keyboard matrix. In
encoded scan mode, the output lines of external decoder are used as rows of keyboard matrix.
2. What is scanning in keyboard and what is scan time?
The process of sending a zero to each row of a keyboard matrix and reading the columns for key
actuation is called scanning. The scan time is the time taken by the processor to scan all the rows
one by one starting from first row and coming back to the first row again.
3. What are the tasks involved in keyboard interface?
The task involved in keyboard interfacing are sensing a key actuation, Debouncing the key and
Generating key codes (Decoding the key).These task are performed software if the keyboard is
interfaced through ports and they are performed by hardware if the keyboard is interfaced through
8279.
4. What is a programmable peripheral device ?
If the functions performed by a peripheral device can be altered or changed by a program
instruction then the peripheral device is called programmable device. Usually the programmable
devices will have control registers. The device can be programmed by sending control word in the
prescribed format to the control register.
5. What is synchronous data transfer scheme?
For synchronous data transfer scheme, the processor does not check the readiness of the device
after a command have been issued for read/write operation. fu this scheme the processor will
request the device to get ready and then read/W1.ite to the device immediately after the request.
In some synchronous schemes a small delay is allowed after the request.
6. What is opcode fetch cycle?
The opcode fetch cycle is a machine cycle executed to fetch the opcode of an instruction stored in
memory. Every instruction starts with opcode fetch machine cycle.
The language in which the mnemonics (short -hand form of instructions) are used to write a
program is called assembly language. The manufacturers of microprocessor give the nemonics.

46
Experiment Number: 9(a)
Title of the experiment : 8255 INTERFACING USING MODE 0
To initialize port A as the input port A and port B as input in mode 0 to input the data at
port A as set by input switches and the output of some data to glow the LED automatically.
2 8255 Interface 1

1 Start the program execution. Initialize the data A as input.
2 Input the data at port A. Output the data at port B.
c) Program:
4100 3E 90 MVI A,90 Initialize port A as I/P and Port B as
output port.
4102 D3 C6 OUT C6
4104 DB C0 IN CO Read port A
4106 D3 C2 OUT C2 Output the data at port B

d) Output:
INPUT OUTPUT
Port A Port B
11101001 11101001
e) Result:
Thus the interfacing 8255 using Mode 0 was executed and verified successfully.
1. What is conversion time?
The time required for conversion of analog signal into its digital equivalent is
called conversion time.

47
Experiment Number: 9(b)
To initialize port A as the input port C and output port B in mode 1 to input the data at
port A as sort by SPDT switches and output data in process.
2 8255 Interface 1

1 Start the program execution. Initialize the data A as input.
2 Input the data at port A. Output the data at processor.

c) Program:
4200 3E 90 MVI A,90 Initialize port A as I/P.
4202 D3 C6 OUT C6
4204 DB C0 IN CO Read port A
4206 32 00 45 OUT C2 Output the data at 4500

d) Output:
INPUT OUTPUT
Port A DISPLAY
01010101 55
e) Result:
1. What is the necessacity of the programmable interval timer?
It is necessary to generate accurate time delats in a micro computer system.
Counters and be programmed in 6 different modes for varions applicaions.
2. What is resolution?
The ratio of the change in output voltage resulting from a change of one LSB at
the digital input is called resolution.
48
Experiment Number: 9(c)
To initialize the processor as input and port as output port and output the data at port C.
2 8255 Interface 1

1 Start the program execution.
2 Initialize the input through processor.
3 Input the data and processor.
4 Output the data at port C.

c) Program:
4300 3E 90 MVI A,90 Initialize port A as output.
4302 D3 C6 OUT C6 Out the value of C6.
4304 3E 06 MVI A,01 Set the output C0 bits as port.
4306 D3 C4 OUT C4 Output the value of C4.

d) Output:
4105 A B
Port C 1010 1011

e) Result:
1. What are the internal devices of 8255 ?
The internal devices of 8255 are port-A, port-B and port-C. The ports can be programmed for
either input or output function in different operating modes.
2. Name the modes available in 8255 A control word format.
a. BSR mode b.I/O mode mode 0 , mode 1, mode 2
49
Title of the experiment : ADC INTERFACING
To initialize the analog to digital conversion process by means of software and to execute
the program which converts the analog input at channel and displays the output through the LED.


1 Move immediately the value of accumulator output.
2 Move immediately as another value of accumulator.
3 EX-OR the value for 3 times.
4 Initialize A reg as 00.
5 Get the output at 00.

c) Program:
4100 3E 10 START MVI A,10 Select channel 0 and make ALE low.
4102 D3 C8 OUT 0C8H
4104 3E 18 MVI A,18 Make ALE high.
4106 D3 C8 OUT 0C8H
4108 CE 01 MVI A,01 Soc signal high
410A D3 D0 OUT 0D0H
410C AF XRA A Delay
410D AF XRA A
410E AF XRA A
410F 3E 00 MVI A,00 Soc signal low
4111 D3 D0 OUT 000H

50
d) Output:
Analog Voltage Digital Voltage Digital Data
0V 0000 0000 00
1.3V 0010 1001 29
1.66V 0001 1110 1A
2.17V 0111 1010 7F
2.68V 0010 1001 29
3.45V 0111 1101 7B
4.09V 1100 0111 C7
4.66V 1111 1111 FF

e) Result:

Thus the ADC interfacing program was executed and verified successfully.
1. Name any two types of ADC.
a. Dual slope ADC
b. Flash type ADC
2. Which is the fastest ADC and why?
Flash type ADC is the fastest of all ADCs. Flash ADC has parallel comparator and the
conversion speed is accomplished by providing 2
n
-1. Comparators and simultaneously
comparing the input signal with unique reference levels spaced one LSB apart.
3. What is ADC?
ADC Analog to digital converter.
4. Write about the jump statement?
There are three forms of jump. They are LJ MP(Long jump)-address 16 AJ MP(Absolute J ump)-
address 11 SJ MP(Short J ump)-relative address

5. Define machine cycle.
Machine cycle is defined as the time required to complete one operation of accessing memory,
I/O, or acknowledging an external request. This cycle may consist of three to six T-states.

51
Title of the experiment : a) DAC INTERFACING SQUARE WAVE GENERATION
To generate the square wave at the DAC output.

1 Load the initial value (00) to Accumulator and move it to DAC.
2 Call the delay program.
3 Load the final value (FF) to accumulator and move it to DAC.
4 Call the delay program.
5 Repeat the steps 2 and 4

c) Program:
4100 3E 00 START MVI A,00 Move 00 to A reg.
4102 D3 C8 OUT 0C8H
4104 CD 11 41 CALL DELAY To call the delay signal
4107 3E 77 MVI ,0FF Move the 0FF to A reg
4109 D3 C8 OUT 0C84
410B CD 11 41 CALL DELAY To call the delay signal
410E C3 00 41 J MP START To jump to START signal
4111 06 05 DELAY MVI B,05 Move 05 to B reg
4113 0E FF LI MVI C,0FF Move 0FF to C reg
4115 0D L2 DCR C Decrement C reg
4116 C2 15 41 J NZ L2 J ump loop2
4119 05 DCR B Decrement B reg
411A C2 13 41 J NZ L1 J ump loop1
411D C9 RET Return

52
d) Output:

Amplitude Time
10V 60ms

e) Result:

Thus the program for square wave generation was executed and verified
successfully.

1. What are the commonly used DAC?
a. R/2R ladder DAC
b. Weighted resister DAC
c. Inverted R/2R ladder DAC

2. Define accuracy.
A comparison of actual output voltage with expected output is called accuracy.

3. Define monotonicity.
A converter is said to have good monotonicity if it does not miss any step backward when
stepped through its entire range by a counter.

Time
Amp
53
Title of the experiment : DAC INTERFACING SAWTOOTH WAVE GENERATION
To generate the sawtooth wave at the output of DAC1.
2 Move the accumulator content of DAC.
3 Increment the accumulator content by 1. Repeat the steps 2 and 3
c) Program:
4100 3E 00 START MVI A,00 Move 00 to A reg.
4102 D3 C0 L1 OUT 0C0H
4104 3C INR A
4105 C2 02 41 J NZ L1 J ump to L1
4108 C3 00 41 J MP START J ump to START

d) Output:

Amplitude Time
10V 60ms
e) Result:
Thus the program for sawtooth wave generation was executed and verified successfully.

Time
Amp
54
Experiment Number: 11(c)
Title of the experiment : DAC INTERFACING TRIANGULAR WAVE GENERATION
To generate the triangular wave at the output of DAC2.

3 Increment the accumulator content by 1.
4 If accumulator content is Zero, proceed to next step else goto step 3.
5 Load the value (FF) to accumulator.
7 Decrement the accumulator content by 1.
8 If Accumulator content is zero goto to step 2 else goto step 7

c) Program:
4100 2E 00 START MVI L,00 Move 00 to L reg.
4102 7D L1 MOV A,L Move L reg to A reg
4103 D3 C8 OUT C8H
4105 2C INR L
4106 C2 02 41 J NZ L1 If ZF=0, gato LOOP1
4109 2F FF MVI L,0FFH Move 0FFH to L reg
410B 7D L2 MOV A,L Move L reg to A reg
410C D3 C8 OUT C8H
410E 2D DCR L Decrement the L reg pair
410F C2 0B 41 J NZ L2 If ZF=0, gato step 2
4112 C3 00 41 J MP START J ump to START

d) Output:
Amp
55

Amplitude Time
10V 60ms

Analog Voltage in
Volts(V)
Digital Output
Decimal
MSB LSB
0 0000 0000 0
0.02 0010 0010 3A
1.08 0011 1011 59
1.67 0011 1011 59
2.51 0011 0001 113
2.56 0111 1001 113
3.21 0111 0001 118
3.60 1100 1011 203
4.15 1100 0011 227
4.67 1111 1111 255
e) Result:
Thus the program for triangular wave generation was executed and verified successfully.
1. What is the difference between CPU bus and system bus?
The CPU bus has multiplexed lines but the system bus has separate lines for each signal. (The
multiplexed CPU lines are demultiplexed by the CPU interface circuit to form system bus).
2. How clock signal is generated in 8086? What is the maximum internal clock frequency of
8086?
The 8086 does not have on-chip clock generation circuit. Hence the clock generator chip, 8284 is
connected to the CLK pin of8086. The clock signal supplied by 8284 is divided by three for
internal use. The maximum internal clock frequency of8086 is 5MHz.

Time
56
Title of the experiment : STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING WITH 8051
To write an assembly language program to rotate the motor in forward and reverse
direction using 8051.
2 8279 interfacing Kit 1


1 Start the program.
2 The port and 8279 are initiated. Set the count for 4-stepping sequence.
3 Call subroutine wait for 1ms. Decrement the counter.
4 Count zero is checked then set the count for 4-stepping sequence else goto
initializing ports.

c) Program:
4100 7C 33 START MOV V4,#33H Initialize count
4102 90 41 44 L2 MOV DPTR Initialize pointer
4105 #FORWARD Excitation
4106 12 41 1C LCALL L1 Long jump to loop1
4108 DC 78 DJ NZ R4,L2 Decrement R4
410A 12 41 3B LCALL DELAY
410D 7C 33 MOV DPTR Initialize count
410F 90 41 48 L3 #REVERSE
LCALL L1 Long call loop1
4112 12 41 1C MOV R4,#33H Move 33H to R4
4115 DC 78 DJ NZ R4,L3 Decrement R4
4117 12 41 3B LCALL DELAY Wait for subroutine
411A 80 E4 SJ MP START Short jump to start
411C 78 04 L1 MOV R0,#04 Move 04 to reg R0
411E E0 LOOP PUSH DPH
411F CD 83 PUSH DCH
4121 C0 82 MOV DPTR,#FF Move FF data to DPTR
57
4123 90 FF C0 MOV DPTR,#FF
4126 7A 04 MOV R2,#04 Move 04 to reg R2
4128 79 05 L7 MOV R1,#05
412A 7B FF L6 MOV R3,#FF Move FF to reg R3
412C DB FE L4 DJ NZ R3,L4 Decrement R3 goto L4
412E D9 FA DJ NZ R1,L6 Decrement R1 goto L6
4130 DA 16 DJ NZ R2,L7 Decrement R2 goto L7
4132 F0 MOVX@DPTR,A Move A to DPTR
4133 00 82 POP DLH Decrement DLH
4135 D0 83 POP DPH
4137 D8 E4 INC DPTR Increment pointer
4138 22 DJ NZ R0,LOOP
413A 22 RET
413B 7D 01 MOV R5,#01 Move 01 to reg R5
413D 7A 05 DELAY MOV R2,#05 Move 05 to reg R2
413F DA FF L9 DJ NZ R2,L8 Decrement R2
4141 DD FA L8 DJ NZ R5,L9 Decrement R5
4143 22 RET
4144 D9 05 06 0A Forward D9 05 06 0A
4145 0A 06 05 09 Reverse 0A 06 05 09

d) Output:
Clockwise direction Anti-Clockwise Direction
Address Data Address Data
4144 09 4148 0A
4145 05 4149 06
4146 06 414A 05
4147 0A 414B 09
e) Result:
Thus the program to rotate stepper motor was executed and verified successfully.
1. Write the flags of 8086.
The 8086 has nine flags and they are
1. Carry Flag (CF) 2. Overflow Flag (OF) 3. Parity Flag (PF) 4. Trace Flag (TF)
5. Auxiliary carry Flag (AF) 6. Interrupt Flag (IF) 7. Zero Flag (ZF) 8. Direction Flag
(DF) 9. Sign Flag (SF)
2. Write the special functions carried by the general purpose registers of 8086.
The special functions carried by the registers of 8086 are the following. Register Special
function 1. AX 16-bit Accumulator 2. AL 8-bit Accumulator 3. BX Base Register
4. CX Count Register 5. DX .Data Register

58
Title of the experiment : INTERFACING 8051 WITH DC MOTOR
To write an assembly language program to control the speed of DC motor using 8051.

1 Start the program. Store the 8-bit data into the accumulator.
2 Initialize the counter. Move the content of accumulator to the data pointer.

c) Program:
ADDRESS OPCODE MNEMONICS COMMENTS
4500 74 FF MOV A, #FF Move FF into accumulator
4502 90 FF C0 MOV DPTR,#FF10H Load the value FF 10H into the data pointer
4505 F0 MOVX @DPTR,A Move the data content to the accumulator
4506 80 FF SIMPL Instruction is executed.

d) Output:
A Reg Speed Accumalator
FF High 5V
7F Medium 3V
55 Low 2V

e) Result:
Thus the program to control the speed of DC motor was executed and verified
successfully.
1. What are the functional units available in 8086 architecture?
The bus interface unit and execution unit are the two functional units available in 8086
architecture.
The language in which the mnemonics (short -hand form of instructions) are used to write
a program is called assembly language. The manufacturers of microprocessor give the
mnemonics.

59
Title of the experiment : Program to find square and cube of a number
To write an assembly language program to find square and cube of a number using 8086.


c) Program:
4500 MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
MOV AX,X
MOV BX,X
MUL BX
MOV SQUARE,AX
MUL BX
MOV CUBE,AX
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
Load the Data to AX.
Move the Data AX to DS.
Move the X number Data to AX.
Move the X number Data to BX.
Perform the multiplication by BX.
Store value in SQUARE.
Perform the multiplication by BX.
Store value in CUBE.

d) Output:
Input Output
Square 4h 10h
Cube 4h 40h

e) Result:
Thus the program to find square and cube of a given number using 8086
sucessfully.
1. What are the functional units available in 8086 architecture?
The bus interface unit and execution unit are the two functional units available in 8086
architecture.
60
Title of the experiment : Program to find LCM of a given number
To write an assembly language program to find LCM of a given number using 8086.


c) Program:
4500 START: MOV
AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
MOV DX,0H
MOV AX,NUM
MOV BX,NUM+2
UP: PUSH AX
PUSH DX
DIV BX
CMP DX,0
J E EXIT
POP DX
POP AX
ADD AX,NUM
J NC DOWN
INC DX
DOWN: J MP UP
EXIT: POP LCM+2
POP LCM
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
Load the Data to AX.
Move the Data AX to DS.
Initialize the DX.
Move the first number to AX.
Move the second number to BX.
Store the quotient/first number in AX.
Store the remainder value in DX.
Divide the first number by second number.
Compare the remainder.
If remainder is zero, go to EXIT label.
If remainder is non-zero,
Retrieve the remainder.
Retrieve the quotient.
Add first number with AX.
If no carry jump to DOWN label.
Increment DX.
J ump to Up label.
If remainder is zero, store the value at
LCM+2.

61
d) Output:
Input Output
0A, 04 02

e) Result:
Thus the program to find LCM of a given number using 8086 sucessfully.

The language in which the mnemonics (short -hand form of instructions) are used to write
a program is called assembly language. The manufacturers of microprocessor give the
mnemonics.

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DrNNCE IT/IVSEM MP&MCLABLM

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

DrNNCE IT/IVSEM MP&MCLABLM

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