GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

OFFICE OF THE DEPUTY EXECUTIVE ENGINEER

(PR) Vig & QC SUB-DIVISION, NALGONDA.
Ci!"#$ N%. AEE&RCC C"#'()*&VQC N#g&+,-.. D$)(/0 --.-+.+,-..
Sub:- CD Works-Constructon of RCC Ppe Cuverts n Rura Roads Certan
gudenes communcated for proper executon of ths Mnor CD Works on
Rura Roads -- Reg.
* * *
It s observed durng the nspecton of the varous roads by the OC Wng
n the dstrct that the many of the Fed Engneers are constructng the Ppe
Cuverts at ther whms and fances not based on coda provsons and warrants
of the ste requrement. The foowng common defects are observed n
constructon of mnor CD Works n rura roads.
1) Improper seecton of type of CD Works between Pped Cuvert, RCC Sab
Cuvert, Road Dam, Box cuvert.
2) Insumcent cushon over pped cuvert.
3) Length of Body was & Parapets.
4) Wrong agnment wth respect to ow channe n case skewed crossngs.
And Lne of body was gushng nto embankment.
5) Inadequate U/S & D/S protecton measures n case of hgh veocty ows
and CD s ocated n |unge areas.
6) Lne & Pumb for body was not foowed.
7) CC Bed under ppes, Bodywa depth under ppes etc., defectve.
8) Parapets not matchng n ength & eve. Outer dstance does not stck on
to 7.5m standard road wdth.
9) Pantng, Numberng etc not foowed.
In vew of the above, the gudenes for Constructon of RCC Ppe Cuverts
n rura roads as stpuated n IRC codes & other materas are re terated for
gudance of ed engneers for adopton and better constructon practces. The
pped cuverts are taken up now as ths type of cuvert s most mportant and
ma|or tem n a estmates than the other CD structures.
The sef-drawn typca RCC Pped cuvert and IRC Codes coverng CD
Works are here wth communcated to a ed engneers for gudance, adopton
& further dscussons.

(-) R(1((2!( M$2"$#*00
() IRC-Sp-20-2004-Rura Roads Manua
() IRC-Sp-13-2004-Desgn of Sma Brdges & Cuverts
() IS-458-2003- Speccatons for Precast Concrete Ppes
(v) IS-783-2005- Code of Practce for Layng of Concrete Ppes.
(+) P($34#( 00
Renforcement Concrete Cement Ppes are popuary known as
Hume Ppes or Spun Ppes. These are used for cuverts, sewer nes etc.,
(.) C"#'()* 00
A sma brdge structure of ess than 6 meter span between faces of
abutment s caed a cuvert. A Cuvert s a cross dranage structure & the
functon s to convey storm runoh and or other dscharges from one sde of the
roadway to the other sde expedtousy and ehectvey.
..-. T56(* %1 C"#'()
The foowng types of cuverts are generay provded across the country:
(a) RCC Ppe Cuvert
(b) RCC Sab Cuvert
(c) RCC Box Types Cuvert
(d) Arch Cuvert
(e) Cut Stone Sab Cuvert
The rst two types of cuverts are most popuar across ths state. RCC
Sab cuverts sha be adopted where the foundng strata s rocky or of better
bearng capacty. In case where adequate cushon s not avaabe for ocatng
ppe cuvert RCC sab cuvert shoud be adopted. (IRC SP13-2004). Ppe cuvert
may prove to be economca where foundaton of cuvert s key to be deeper
or n predomnanty back cotton so area; and where foundatons are requred to
be taken to more than 2.5 m beow the bed eve. For catchment areas upto 20
hectares ppe cuverts w be economca n comparson to sab cuverts on a
types of roads. For catchment area more than 60 hectares, RCC sab cuvert
ohers an economca and convenent proposa. Aternatvey box cuverts, snge
or mutpe ce span be used.
(7) C%2*)"!)i%2 %1 Pi6(/ C"#'() D(*ig2 $*6(!)*0
7.- G(2($#0
The requred formaton wdth for rura roads |Other Dstrct Road (ODR)
and Vage Road (VR)| s 7.5m. The desgn fe for a cuvert types s 100 years.
7.+ C%/(*
The ppes sha be conform to IS:458-1989 (Speccaton for concrete
ppes) and sha be ad as per reevant IS:783-1985 (ayng of concrete ppes).
7.. H5/$"#i! & Fi(#/ D$)$
The foowng data needs to be coected for the desgn of a cuvert
after detaed survey and from ed vst:
() Catchment area of the stream n hectares.
() Traverse the stream 100M ether sde of cuvert to ascertan the actua
ow detas ke veocty, wdth & depth of ow n the cear bankng
reaches.
() Any meanderng of the stream or skew requrement sha be
ascertaned.
(v) Average Bed Leve (BL), Hgh ood eve (HFL) & Road top eve (RTL).
(v) Other detas /c sos data, net and outet eroson ssues and possbe
sedment / debrs ssues, any cuvert skew requrements
The road top eve at cuvert shoud be xed n advance.

7.7 L%!$)i%2 %1 C"#'()*
A cuvert shoud be ocated to t the natura channe i2 #i2( $2/
g$/( as far as s practca and agned to gve the stream a drect
entrance and a drect ext.
The cuverts shoud ne up the natura skew n a channe as far as
possbe, as a cuvert on a dherent skew coud cause progressve
bank eroson & protecton of banks become costy. If possbe, a cuvert
shoud have the same agnment as ts channe.
7.8. S(#(!)i%2 %1 T56( %1 Pi6(, Di$ & N%.%1 %9*
The number of ppes, ength and ppe da shoud be seected based
on the study of catchment area, stream wdth & depth of water, stream
agnment, net & outet condtons. Snce the catchment area vares
wdey, t s suggested to estmate dscharge of a natura stream by drect
measurement. If t s not possbe to measure, some of the emprca
formuae (ke, Dcken's and Ings ) sted n IRC:SP:13 may be referred to
x the dscharge.
The sampe desgn on ow proe s as foows..
) Approxmate catchment area of the stream-"M" Acres
) Usng Dckens formua, Max. Dscharge O = C(M) ( Where C=11-
14 , where annua ran fa s 60-120 Cms).
) Assume Veocty of Fow based on sope condtons= V m/sec
v) Arrve Ventage area A=O/V sqm.
v) Assume da. of ppes and No. of rows based on ste condton and
check for ventage provded.
7.8.- Di$3()( %1 6i6( 0
The cost of sab cuvert s ess f the hard strata for foundaton s wthn 2m
from the bed eve, otherwse, ppe cuvert s chosen. The man advantage n ppe
cuverts s the speed of constructon and good quaty of factory produced ppes.
Athough use of 450 mm, 600 mm dameter ppes n CD works was more
popuar n ow to moderate ranfa regons, from nspecton and mantenance
pont of vew, a mnmum of 900 mm (nterna) dameter s recommended.
However, takng nto consderaton the ow embankment heghts, ppes of
esser da, vz, 600 mm or 750 mm may aso be used substantatng wth
reasons.
RCC ppes of 300 and 450 mm da, used for rrgaton/ agrcuture are to be
consdered as mere bured conduts and not as cuverts.
7.8.+ C#$** %1 Pi6(*00
RCC NP3 Cass non pressure ppes are generay used for cuvert constructons.
Prevousy RCC NP2 ppes on rura roads are extensvey used but due ess she
thckness there are damaged eary due to the Cass A oadng wth mpact generated
by modern vehcuar movements. The ppes for cuverts sha to IS:458-1989 The
she thckness s as foows.
NP. Pi6(* Di$. S:(## ):i!;2(**
300MM 40mm
600MM 85mm
900MM 100mm
1000MM 115mm
1200MM 125mm
7.8.. S(#(!)i2g ):( Di$3()( %1 Pi6(*
(As per IRC-SP 20-2002)
Catchment Area (Hectares) Dameter of Ppe (mm)
Up to 10 1000 snge row
10 to 20 1200 snge row
20 to 50 1000 or 1200 (2 to 3 rows)
7.< E$):9%; E=!$'$)i%20
The wdth of the ppe trench sha be sumcent to permt satsfactory
|ontng of the ppe, but t sha not be ess than the externa dameter of
the ppe pus 8 nches on each sde. The depth beow ppes sha be
executed at east (0.2Da. + Thckness of concrete beddng), beow the bed eve
of the watercourse. For headwas the depth of excavaton sha be taken upto
hard sos.
7.> B(//i2g 4(#%9 Pi6(*00
The structura desgn of ppe cuvert requres cacuatons of probabe
maxmum oad on the ppe, nherent strength of ppe and seecton of beddng for
the ppe. It s desrabe to use Type A, .e., !%2!()( !$/#( 4(//i2g for ppes of
000 mm dameter and above and those wth s hgher than 4 m. The wdth of
the crade s not ess than the externa dameter of the
ppe pus 200 mm. The mnmum compressve strength of concrete shoud be
15MPa(M15). The Type B beddng s adopted for heght of between 0.60 m and
4.0 m. It conssts of a contnuous ayer of compacted sand or moorum, wth
mnmum thckness of 75 mm beow the ppe. In case where foundaton
condtons are unusua, ow avaabe cushon, the ppes sha be encased wth
150mm thck cement concrete 1:5:10 or compacted sand or grave a-
around n.
7.? L%9(i2g $2/ L$5i2g %1 Pi6(*0
7.?.- G(2($#
The ayng and assemby of ppes sha conform to IS: 783.
The trench sha be checked for proper eve, grade and agnment before
owerng the ppes.
7.?.+ L%9(i2g %1 Pi6(*0
The ppes sha be owered cautousy to prevent dsturbance of the bed
and sdes of the trench & mpact on ppe & coar. The heavy ppes sha be
owered by means of proper chan puey bocks.
7.?.. L$5i2g %1 Pi6(*0
Layng of ppes sha proceed n up-grade of sopes & to be conrmed
for requred nvert eves at ether ends. Ppes sha be ad true to ne and grade
as speced.
A ppes & coars must be new and perfecty sound, free from cracks,
cyndrcay straght and of standard nomna dameter and ength wth even
texture.
The body of the ppe for ts entre ength sha rest on an even bed n the
trench and paces sha be excavated to receve the Coar for the purpose of
assemby.
7.?.7 A**(34#5 %1 RCC Pi6(*
The cuvert s to be agned wth the exstng watercourse channe. The
bottom of the cuvert shoud be embedded at east 0.2D (Dened as 20% or 1/5
of the dameter of the cuvert) beow the bed of the watercourse at the
upstream and downstream end of the structure.
7.?.8 @%i2)* 1% Pi6(* ( IS0>?.--A?8)00
The ends of concrete ppes used for road cuverts maybe sutabe for
ush (NP3 and NP4) or coar |onts (NP2) . For ppes of dameter up to 700 mm,
externa ush |ont and for dameters above 700 mm, nterna ush |ont s
recommended.
7.?.8.- T56(* - The |onts may be many of two types, a) Rgd |onts, and b)
Fexbe |onts.
Rigi/ @%i2)* - In ths the water sea s ehected by cement mortar or smar
matera whch w not aow any movement between the two ppes.
$).S%!;() $2/ S6ig%) @%i2) - The annuar space between socket and spgot s
ed wth cement mortar (1 : 2).
4).C%##$ @%i2) - Coars of 15 to 20 cm wde cover the |ont between two ppes.
A sghty damp mxtures of cement and sand s rammed wth caukng too.
!).F#"*: @%i2)- . Interna ush |ont - . Externa ush |ont.

F#(=i4#( @%i2)* - The water sea s ehected because of contact pressure
between the seang rubber rngs and the ppe surface. Rubber Rng |onts
provde concrete ppes wth a hgh degree of exbty to accommodate ground
settement or agnment ad|ustments whe mantanng a watertght |ont
capabe of wthstandng the common eves of hydrauc head occurrng n a
storm water ppene.
T:(*( $( 3$i2#5 )9% types.
a). Ro on |ont,
b). Conned Gasket |ont.
7.?.< @%i2)i2g %1 6i6(*0
The ppes sha be |oned ether by ush |ont or the coar |ont.
In case of ush |ont the ends of ppes are specay shaped to form a sef-
centerng |ont wth |ontng space 13 mm wde. The |ontng space sha be ed
wth cement mortar (cement : sand I :2) mxed sumcenty dry to reman n
poston when forced wth a trowe or rammer. Care sha be taken to a vods
and excess mortar sha be removed & gunny bags sha be covered on each
|ont after competon.
The coar sha be of RCC 150 mm to 200 mm wde havng strength as
that of ppes. Caukng space sha be between 13 to 20 mm accordng to the
dameter of the ppe. A few skens of spun yarn soaked n neat cement wash
sha be nserted n the groove at the end of the ppe and the two ad|onng
ppes butted aganst each other. The coar sha than be sded over the |ont
coverng equay both the ppes. Spun yarn soaked n neat cement wash sha be
passed round the ppes and nserted n the |ont by means of caukng toos from
both ends of the coar. Caukng matera sha be a wet mx of cement and sand
n the rato of 1:2 rammed wth caukng rons.
7.?.> C"i2g %1 @%i2)*
The cement mortar |onts sha be cured at east for seven days.
7 .A G(%3()i! S)$2/$/* 1% C"#'()*
7.A.- O'($## 9i/): %1 CD 9%;*0

The overa wdth of cuvert shoud be equa to the formaton wdth of the
road. In rura roads, the road way wdth s 7.5m n pan and rong terran
measured from outer to outer of parapet was. The carrage way wdth of a CD
structure s generay the overa wdth mnus the parapets or kerbs wth or
wthout rangs whch shoud normay aow passage of two trans of IRC Cass A
Loadng.
7.A.+ D(*ig2 L%$/i2g
Cuverts and brdges of 6m, 6.4m and 7.5m overa wdths on rura roads
are normay desgned for two anes of IRC Cass A oadng wth mpact.
7.A.. Mi2i3"3 *6$2 0
From the consderaton of mantenance of cuverts, t s preferabe that
the cear waterway of ppe cuvert s 1000 mm (900 mm nterna 4). Cuverts of
sma span or dameter get choked due to st. It s not possbe to enter the ppe
and carry out nspecton and repars. Irrgaton ppes do not come under the
purvew of ppe cuverts.
7.A.7 H($/9$##0
The Headwas are rased up to top of the crust eve of the road. The
ength of headwa s (B"$# )% 1%" )i3(* ):( /i$3()( %1 6i6( for retanng
the sope of earthen bank wthn 1(Vertca) to 1.5(Horzonta). Longer head was
are provded for wder streams as per ste requrements. Sutaby desgned RCC
face wa (150mm thck
) can aso be used for snge row ppe cuverts.
R%"g: !$#!"#$)i%2 %1 #(2g): %1 B%/5 9$##*.
Length of the body wa L =2H+(nD+(n-1)D/2)+0.60
Where H=Ht. of the Body wa from the Bed Leve, N=No.of vents, D= Da.
Of Ppes n Mtrs.
It sha be ensured that the nvert of the ppe s paced 150mm beow the
average bed eve.
7.A.8. P$$6() 9$## $2/ $i#i2g :
For cuverts, where parapet was are provded they sha be of pan
concrete M15 grade or store masonry wth sze 0.30x0.30M or 0.30x0.45M or
0.45x 0.45M over Head was. The standard road wdth of 7.50M sha be
mantaned measured from outer to outer of parapet was at a ponts. In case
of sma ppe cuverts wth ow bankng heght, no parapet was are needed and
guard stones woud be adequate. Guard stones provded sha be of sze
200x200x600 mm. (IRC SP-13-2004).
If consdered necessary ether ppe rang or guard stones of
200x200mm secton pro|ectng 300mm above kerb and spaced at
1200mm c/c may be xed. At the end of parapets and returns,
400x400x600mm RCC bocks are provded at four comers at the md of
returns. Numberng of cuverts and drecton of ow can be marked on
these pars.
7.A.< Li2(, G$/( & P#"340C
Lne and grade shoud be checked as the ppe are nstaed on the beddng
and further the head was sha be checked aganst Lne & Pumb, any uneven
surface notced sha be mmedatey rected on the day of remova of
shutterngs.
7.A.> G$/( %1 C%2!()(0
As per IRC: 21, the M15 s the mnmum grade for pan concrete and M20
for desgn mx. Where the quantum of concrete work s sma ke CD works of
rura roads, t s suggested to use nomna mx based on voumetrc proporton of
cements and aggregate wth a water cement rato upto 0.45. The mnmum
quantty of cement sha be 310kg/m
3.
The nomna mx adapted n sma works
and ther correspondng strength for dherent works usng 43 grade cement s
gven n Tabe for gudance (IRC-SP-20-2002). The Super pastczers coud be
used to mprove workabty. It s advsabe to use pastcsers and reduce w/c
rato to 0.4 to acheve hgher strength of concrete.
TABLE 00 GRADES %1 CONCRETE
G$/( N%3i2$# Mi= U*$g(
M10 1:4:8 Lean concrete as eveng course
M15 1:3:6 Bed Concrete, PCC Per/Abutments
1:2.5:5 Abutment, Wng/Return Was, Foundaton for
RCC works
M20 1:2:4 RCC Per, Abutment Caps, Raft foundatons, Drt was
M25 1:1.5:3 RCC Superstructure
Note: Mx proportons are by weght
The Power drven mxers and vbrators must be used for concrete works of
CD Works to acheve requred compacton & strength.
7.A.? N"34( %1 !"#'()* 6( ;i#%3()( (IRC-S6-+,-+,,+)00
It s recommended to provde about 2-3 cuverts per km ength of road
dependng on the topography. Cuverts are provded at the rate of one per 500
m ength of road to avod water oggng.
7.A.A H(ig:) %1 C"#'()0
The mnmum heght of the formaton eve of the road from the bed eve
requred n case of ppe cuvert s 1.75m ( for 900mm ppe) ( IRC Sp-20-2002)
7.A.-, C"*:i%2 %'( Pi6(* :
The cushon between the top of the ppe and the road top eve sha not be
ess than 600 mm. (IRC SP13-2004) and preferaby 1.0M (IRC_SP-20-2002).
7.A.-- C#($ Di*)$2!( 4()9((2 Pi6(* :
The Cear Dstance between Ppes may be adopted as 500mm for ppes
da. ess than 1000mm and 600mm for the ppes above 1200mm. (IRC_SP-20-
2002).
7.-,. N"34(i2g %1 C"#'()*0
7.-,.-. The number of cuvert s ndcated n each km. For nstance number 21/8
represent the 8th CD structure n kometre 21.
The nformaton regardng (1) the number of spans (2) cear span ength n
m, and (3) the type of deckng or cuverts, s ndcated beow:
Number of spans, cear span n m, type of cuvert/sma brdges are gven,
e.g. - = + = S , means 1 span of 2 m wth RCC sod sab. For varous types of
cuverts and sma brdges use the symbo as RCC Sod sab S, Ppe cuvert P,
Arch A, Box Type B, Stone Sab ST.
The number of the structure sha be nscrbed near the top of the eft hand sde
parapet wa as seen by tramc n the end eevaton when approachng the
structure from each drecton.
7.-,.+. The methodoogy for nscrbng numbers on parapets, RCC posts has
been gven, n IRC:7 'Recommended Practce for Numberng of Brdges and
Cuverts. The sze of etter sha not be ess than 100mm hgh and sha conform
to IRC:30' Standard Letters and Numeras of Dherent Heghts for Use on
Hghway Sgns'.
8.,. P%)(!)i%2 9%;*0
When the mean veocty of ow s more than 2.6m/sec protecton of
entry and ext end s desrabe. Otherwse, stone ptchng of bed woud be
adequate (IRC_SP-20). Hgh outet veoctes can cause eroson for a
sgncant dstance downstream of an outet & approprate dsspaton
measures w be requred.
8.- A6%2*
If hgh headwater depths are to be encountered, or f the approach
veocty of the channe s hgh or speca so condtons, such as auva sos w
cause scour, a short channe exbe bouder apron at U/S & D/S of cuvert s
necessary. Ths apron shoud extend at east one ppe dameter upstream from
the entrance and 1.5 tmes the dameter of ppe downstream wth the top of the
apron shoud not protrude above the norma streambed eevaton. The sze of
stone for exbe bouder apron sha be arge as possbe. In no case any
fragment sha wegh ess than 40 kg and sze not ess than 300mm. A toe wa a
aong the apron wth 600mm x 600mm sze ed wth the same stones s
desrabe. The surface on whch the stone apron s to be ad sha be eveed,
compacted and prepared for the ength and wdth. The cement concrete
groutng sha be undertaken at the dscreton of the engneer n charge as
per prevang ste condton.
8.+ R('()3(2) )% B$2;*00
Where the formaton heght of embankment s qute hgh, a quadratera
revetment on four sdes wth RR Stones not ess than 225mm thck wth 150mm
grave backng sha be provded to safe guard the embankment aganst scour.

8.. D(4i* C%2)%#
Accumuaton of debrs / |unge trash at a cuvert net can resut n the
cuvert not performng as desgned. The consequences may be damages from
nundaton of the road and upstream property. The desgner has three optons for
copng wth the debrs probem:
() Debrs Racks are ron |oy structures paced across the stream
channe to coect the debrs before t reaches the cuvert entrance.
() |unge Trap : 200mm da. 1.0 to 1.50M hgh RCC Guard posts at
0.60m c/c n Zgzag manner nstaed on U/S to prevent Tree
trunks/branches etc from enterng nto the cuvert vents.
<.,. C"#'() 3$i2)(2$2!(
Snce the waterway s usuay sma they tend to get cogged due to
accumuaton of st and debrs. In addton, the growth of vegetaton shoud be
checked est the fe of CD works woud be curtaed. Cuverts w not ast the
expected fe uness nspected and repared twce n a year.
The mantenance covers the foowng aspects:
() Chokng of Vents
() Wash out of Approaches
() Dsodgement of Cushon
v) Scour on D/S
v) Stng/Debrs on U/S
The bed of the stream shoud be sutaby protected to prevent eroson
or scour. The snkng of approaches s qute common n rura areas. Ths s
prmary due to mproper compacton of the earth . Occurrence of pothoes
due to undermnng s aso common phenomenon.
The OC Inspectons w be focused on ths aspect of proper constructons
of pped cuverts and defectve constructon w be recommended for re|ecton
and the amount can be recovered from the ed omcers n charge of the works
hence forth.

Yours fathfuy,
( Neeakanteshwar Yeda)
neeakantyeda@gma.com
Dy. Executve
Engneer,
(PR) Vg & OC Sub-Dvson,
Nagonda.
Enc:-
1) Typca 1V & 2V Ppe cuvert drawng.
2) Reevant IRC Codes.
To,
The Executve Engneer (PR) PIU Dvn Nagonda, EE PRI Dvn Nagonda & EE PRI
Mryaaguda wth a request to communcate the same a ed Engneers under
ther contro.
Copy to a DyEEs /AEEs through EEs concerned.
C/S to the Executve Engneer (PR) Vg & OC Dvn.Hyderabad for favour of
nformaton.