Sanitation Review

PRACTICES on ENVIRONMENTAL 1
Running head: PRACTICES ON ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE

Practices on Environmental Waste Sanitation in Brgy. Talipusngo: A Basis for
Enhanced Sanitation Program

A ResearchProposal Presented to
St. Dominic College of Asia, Bacoor, Cavite

October 2013

Table of Contents:
Page
Chapter 1: Introduction 2
Background of the Study 5
Statement of the Problem 5
Assumptions 6
Significance of the Study 7
Scope and Limitation of the Study 7
Definition of Terms
Hypothesis
8
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature 9
Conceptual Framework 34
Chapter 3: Methodology 36
Research Design 36
Sampling Design 36
Instrumentation 37
Data Gathering Procedure 37

Data Analysis Plan 37
References 40


Introduction
About 2.4 billion people globally live under highly unsanitary conditions and have such
poor hygiene behaviours that their exposure to risks of incidence and spread of infectious
diseases, are enormous. Water stored at home is frequently contaminated by inadequate water
management in the home. These issues are receiving increasing attention, but considering the
huge backlog within the sector there is still a need for greater mobilization of resources and
involvement of decision-makers at all levels.
(http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/envsan/en/).
Sustainability is the key word in todays development world. Right from the ill effects
of industrial development on environment to the climate change issues resulting there from, it is
clear that the world is for change as long as its long term costs do not outweigh its immediate
benefits. And this perhaps explains why Environment and Climate Change features among the 8
Millennium Development Goals of the world.
As evolving and aware organizations, we are well-aware of the importance of sanitation,
environment management and climate change management issues. Our various recent projects
have specific components to mitigate the adverse effects of global warming, climate change and
carbon emissions. (http://ipeglobal.com/envclim.php).
The effect of climate change is seen as large change in precipitation, sea level rise, and
shift climate zones towards the poles and ecosystems decline. Climate change affects two
dimensions of space and temporal on availability of water, the sanitation and hygiene will

automatically effected in multi dimensional frame such as space, time, health, wealth and dignity
etc. It needs to analysis the effects on water systems consisting of agricultural water, sea water,
surface and groundwater, for overall impact; whereas effects on water quality, pollution and
health due to climate change summarize total effect on sanitation and hygiene.
(http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/climate-change-and-its-effect-on-water-
sanitation-and-hygiene-77653/view-comments).
Poor governance and weak enforcement of existing laws and regulations results in
environmental degradation in the Philippines. While the Clean Water Act of 2004 requires the
development of sewage and seepage treatment systems, implementation requires capacity
building and technical assistance. The private sector needs to be engaged, and the capacity of
local government units (LGUs) and water districts has to be strengthened for them to develop
effective and sustainable sanitation programs. (http://philippines.usaid.gov/programs/energy-
environment/philippine-sanitation-alliance-psa-project).
The sound management of waste can have substantial co-benefits for efforts to address
climate change.
(http://www.unep.org/ietc/InformationResources/Publications/WasteandClimateChange/tabid/79
353/Default.aspx).
The researchers are fascinated about the topic due to increasing attention that our country
is facing today. The cumulative concerns that arise like floods and upsurge of sea levels due to
unpredictable weather conditions, shifting of climate zones and decline of ecosystem have
greatly affect our country. Global warming is one of the concerns of the world today, and we
cannot put aside the participation of each one of us. The Philippines, being agricultural country

is one of the affected and perhaps contributors to this global warming. Floods and other
catastrophic event are the effects of climate change, and waste sanitation is one of these factors.

Background of the Study
The study will be conducted in Barangay Talipusngo Maragondon, Cavite.
The Municipality of Maragondon which is a third class municipality in
the province ofCavite, Philippines. It is a 54 kilometers away from Manila going southwest.
According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 35,289 people. This municipality is in the
east of South China Sea. Maragondon is politically subdivided into 27 barangays. Bucal 1,Bucal
2 ,Bucal 3A,Bucal 3B,Bucal 4A, Bucal4B,CainginPob.,Garita 1A,Garita
1B,LayongMabilog,Mabato,Pantihan 1(Balayungan),Pantihan 2,Pantihan 3
(PooknaMunti),Pantihan 4 (Puloni Sara), Sta. Mercedes (Patungan),Pinagsanhan A
(Ibayo),Pinagsanhan B (Ibayo),Poblacion 1A ,Poblacion 1B ,Poblacion 2A,Poblacion 2B ,San
Miguel A (Caputatan), San Miguel B (Caputatan),Talipusngo, TulaySilangan
(Mabacao),TulayKanluran (Mabacao.
The Name Maragondon was derived from Tagalog word madagundong or maugong,
meaning much sound. Actually the sounds come from a noisy river called Kay Albaran in the
barrio of Capantayan. This area was the first town site selected, but because the river frequently
overflowed and flooded the place, the town was later relocated to its present site. The word
madagundong not being pleasant to the ear, the people had it changed to Marigundong in honor
of the towns patron saint, Nuestra Senora Maria Asuncion (Our Lady of The Assumption). Soon
after the establishment of the American regime, Lope K. Santos , an authority on Tagalog

language and member of a geographic committee created to "investigate and revise" the names
of Philippine towns and provinces, recommended the change of Marigundong to "Maragondon"
definitely more pleasing to the ear, the present name of the town. Maragondon played a
significant role in the Philippine revolution. Although the own belonged to the jurisdiction at the
Magdiwang Council, its brave sons like the three Riego de brothers (Emiliano, Vicente and
Mariano), Esteban Imfante, Crisostomo Riel, Vicente Somosa and Antero C. Reyes proved their
unflinching loyalty to the revolutionary cause by not allowing themselves to be dragged away by
Andres Bonifacio when the later, defeated and unwilling to abide by the result of the Tejeros
Convention, attempted to set up a separate government and
army.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maragondon,_Cavite).
Talipusngo is a barangay of the philippine municipality Maragondon in the province
Cavite in CALABARZON which is part of the Luzon group of islands. Talipusngo is one of the
barangays which are in the outlying area of Municipality Maragondon.
The municipality Maragondon with a population of about 33,604 and its 27 barangays
belong to the partly urban areas in the Philippines. While some of the barangays developed
modern urban structures, some others, especially those which are seated in the outlying areas,
remained rural. By the end of 2007 Talipusngo had 985 residents.
The researchers are fascinated about the topic due to increasing attention that our country
is facing today. The cumulative concerns that arise like floods and upsurge of sea levels due to
unpredictable weather conditions, shifting of climate zones and decline of ecosystem have
greatly affect our country. Global warming is one of the concerns of the world today, and we
cannot put aside the participation of each one of us. The Philippines, being agricultural country

is one of the affected and perhaps contributors to this global warming. Floods and other
catastrophic event are the effects of climate change, and waste sanitation is one of these factors.

Statement of the Problem
This study aims to describe the environmental waste sanitation practices in
Barangay Talipusngo, Maragondon Cavite. It will answer specifically the following
questions:
1. What are the environmental waste practices of Barangay Talipusngo, Maragondon
Cavite, in terms of:
1.1. water sanitation
1.2. food sanitation
1.3. refuse and garbage disposal
1.4. excreta disposal
1.5. insect, vector and rodent control
2. What is the level of knowledge of Barangay Talipusngo, in terms of:
2.1. water sanitation
2.2. food sanitation
2.3. refuse and garbage disposal
2.4. excreta disposal

2.5. insect, vector and rodent control
3. Base on the result, what enhancement program
Significance of the Study
The results of the study will benefit the following:
To the community, in such a way that it will provide them with insights about the importance of
active cooperation and participation for environmental waste sanitation development.
To the Community Leaders, for them to provide new strategies that will let the community
members actively participate in giving importance and more aware of the environmental waste
management program that the community provides.
To the Center Social Action, this will provide valuable information and basis in the creation of a
solid environmental program under waste management for the adopted community.
To SDCA Students, it will give them awareness of the actual community program, be more
environmentally aware of the present conditions of the country, especially the adopted
community.
To the future researchers, the study will serve as useful reference for future studies.


Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study aims to assess the practices and knowledge of the community in terms of
environmental waste sanitation. The research population will be the barangay Talipusngo,
community. Neither will the results and conclusions be generalized to other areas or institutions.
However, implications of this research will be significant for the improvement of the community
enhancement program of the SDCA.
Definition of Terms
The following are hereby defined to give the reader the idea how the terms are being used
in the paper:
Community - a social group of any size whose members resides in a specific
locality, share government, and often have a common cultural and historical heritage.
Environmental Waste Sanitation - activities that deal with waste before and after it is produced,
includes its minimization, transfer, storage, separation, recovery, recycling, and final disposal.
water sanitation
food sanitation
garbage disposal
excreta disposal
insect, vector and rodent control


Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

About 1,000 open and controlled dump sites exist in the country. Prominent dumps all
over the country can be found in Antipolo and Montalban in Rizal; Baguio City; Calapan,
Mindoro Oriental; Carmen, Cagayan de Oro; Mandurriao, Iloilo City; Obando, Bulacan; and San
Pedro, Laguna.
Environmentalists stress that Republic Act 9003 calls for the adoption of the best
environmental practices in ecological waste management and explicitly excludes waste
incineration as an ecological option. These polluting disposal facilities are major sources of
greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere which adds to global warming. Landfills and open
dumps, according to studies, account for 34 percent of human-related methane emissions to the
atmosphere, a global warming gas that has 23 times more heat-trapping power than carbon
dioxide. These landfills and open dumps are illegal under RA 9003.
Incinerators, on the other hand, have significantly higher levels of greenhouse gas
emissions (per kilowatt) than a coal-fired power plant when all of the carbons coming out of an
incinerator stack is measured. Such emissions are banned by the countrys Clean Air Act.
Inaction on garbage contributes to the death of at least two persons every minute due to
complications from environmental problems, which could be prevented if the country only
developed a more efficient environmental management program.

Mismanagement of waste has serious environmental consequences: ground and surface
water contamination, local flooding, air pollution, exposure to toxins, and spread of disease.
Many of the disposal sites contain infectious material, thus threatening sanitation workers and
waste-pickers.
Peoples Behavior toward Waste
Behavior is a key cultural aspect that is embedded in peoples way of life. Studying a
communitys behavior and introducing new ones requires intensive, long-term, and creative
social marketing. This can be done by studying the demographic and cultural fiber of the
community through immersions and capacity building activities.
The Resources, Environment and Economics Center for Studies, Inc.s (REECS) 2002
study on household waste management systems and the attitudes and behavior of the
communities in two barangays in Metro Manila ( Bennagen, Nepomuceno, Covar, 2002) showed
that:
1. Waste management is still perceived by many as the responsibility of government.
2. Public participation in waste management, especially in segregation at source, remains limited.
3. More extensive awareness- raising activities and training on ecological waste management are
needed, together with stricter enforcement of the Law and local ordinances must be observed.
4. There is lack of community empowerment and political will to resolve the problem.
Recognizing the importance of the environments immediate recovery and effects of
improper waste management to the Philippines, there is a need for understanding and
reformation of attitudes and concern towards the protection of environment. The impending
garbage crisis can be prevented if we only practice waste segregation at source, recycling, and

composting as what the law requires. An intensive social marketing program has to be
established on a long-term scale within a barangay the smallest unit of the local government.
Garbage problem is a major problem in Philippines due to poor disposal of waste products. The
problem can be solved by setting up public disposal to the city and other areas and educate the
people on the benefits of proper waste disposal.
A similar program has been placed in places in Canada, where citizens are encouraged to
follow a "Litter-Not" program (keeping the waste until you see a nearby garbage can). Japan has
used a similar system, in which they even have a separate disposal unit specifically for
chopsticks located conveniently on city streets.
To better educate the people, the government must really push the importance and really
emphasize the benefits of proper disposing. They should really teach the children and the youth
to really practice how to properly throw and sort-out garbage. Parents should be good role-
models for this in order for children to really understand the importance of it. Programs should
be more active in order to clean the streets, like open new jobs that specifically help clean the
streets.
When you know that garbage builds a lot in one area, where there is no place to throw the
trash other than throw it on the ground, why not place a damn garbage can/dumpster box there so
that it is available for public use, and have someone cleaning it often. I don't find a lot of these
on the streets that I have visited here, only tonnes and tonnes of street garbage littered
everywhere.
Garbage litters most of metropolitan Manila as authorities grapple with the unenviable
task of finding a dump site for the many tons of rubbish generated by the capital's 12 million
residents.

According to government records, metropolitan Manila generates an average 5,854 tons
of waste, 29,268 cubic meters, daily. About 74.14% of the trash comes from households, 9.40%
from commercial shops, 7.50% from restaurants, 7.60% from public markets, 0.80% from
institutions, 0.41% from street sweepings and 0.14% from river clean up, the records show.
Of the waste, records say only about 4% is recycled, 6% is burned or buried, 25% is illegally
dumped or finds its way into the sewers and nearby river systems and 65% is collected by
authorized garbage collectors.
''The problem is where to dump these tons of garbage,'' said VisiaAldon, a spokeswoman
for the Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA). ''We have to look for ways.''
Finding dump sites for garbage has proven to be difficult indeed for the government.
The government needs at least 30 hectares a year -- and millions of pesos -- to properly
dispose of all waste generated by metropolitan Manila residents, Aldon said.
On Dec. 31, the government was forced to halt dumping garbage in San Mateo in Rizal
Province, east of Manila, due to strong opposition by residents there.
Garbage collection was further exacerbated by an accident in Payatas, an open dump site
and home to thousands of poor residents of Quezon City.
In July, more 100 people were buried alive when a mountain of garbage caved in. The
accident prompted local authorities to temporarily close the site.
For months now, the stench and sight of mountains of garbage punctuate the metropolis
as authorities gave up looking for dump sites within the metropolis and outlying areas.
Recently, officials announced they have found a remote island-village in the central
Philippines called Semirara where garbage can be disposed of, only to be faced with more
opposition from environmentalists and residents.

Bob Alojipan, a resident of Antique Province, appealed to the government to abort its
plan to dump garbage on the island.
''This area is the last biodiversified area in the country,'' Alojipan said. He said the plan
threatens to pollute the beautiful beaches in the area, including world-renowned Boracay, which
is about 50 kilometers away from Semirara.
Boracay, an island of Aklan Province, is one of the major tourist destinations in the
country due to its pristine, fine-sand beaches. The crystal clear waters are tranquil and perfect for
swimming, sailing, fishing and sunbathing.
The Department of Environment and Natural Resources has declared Caluya town and
the Semirara island-village in Antique Province a ''marine turtle sanctuary'' since June 1982 due
to an abundance of endangered turtle species in the area.
Semirara is a 75-square-kilometer island-village about 275 kilometers south of Manila.
''Turtles (called pawikan locally) thrive in Caluya, especially on Semirara, and if you
dump garbage there the habitat and the sanctuary of these endangered turtles will be destroyed
because these turtles are highly migratory,'' said Angie Viloria, a government biologist.
Viloria said their office was not consulted at all about plans to dump garbage on the island.
''They kept us in the dark,'' she told Kyodo News.
Presidential aide Robert Aventajado, in charge of garbage disposal, confirmed barge ferrying
garbage has already left a Manila port on the way to Semirara for the more than 30-hour trip to
the island-village.
But even there, there is a problem. The barge cannot dump the garbage on the island due
to a temporary restraining order issued by a court in Antique following complaints from Antique
residents and Boracay hotel operators.

Where the modern-day ''Flying Dutchman'' will take its stinking cargo next is anyone's
guess.
Proper Garbage Disposal: make it a Habit .
Philippine on line Chronicle, Ma. Rachel RoxasYapchiongco
Garbage is a never ending cycle. Every day each household produces a significant amount of
trash. The more we consume the more garbage we incur. Garbage disposal has been a
monumental problem ever since.
The recent brunt of the habagat (southwest monsoon) has washed up tons of garbage
towards Manila Bay. All sorts of trash, mostly plastic, congregated into a massive garbage pile
at the recently repaired seawall. From afar, it looked like a colorful floating mini island but as
you got closer, its ugliness became undeniably apparent. Metro Manila authorities organized a
massive clean-up in the area. Its quite a shock to learn that the collected garbage filled more
than 200 dump trucks. The garbage nightmare doesnt end there as more garbage is expected to
be collected in other flood stricken areas in the country.
This is our collective liability. All of us in one way or another contributed to this, Metropolitan
Manila Development Authority Chair Francis Tolentino said on Inquirer News.
The piles of garbage collected in the Philippines are dumped into landfills around the country.
Every landfill has its limits. When it reaches full capacity, it has to be closed down but opening
a new one presents a lot of challenges. In reality not every trash is collected. Some of them end
up being thrown into bodies of water. Never throw trash in the water, whether its a stream, river,
lake, or sea. Trash is trash no matter how small. Even something as tiny as a candy wrapper can
contribute to the worldwide problem.
Here are some guidelines to help you dispose your garbage properly.

Segregating waste and recycling. Majority of barangays in the Philippines now
implement strict segregation of garbage into biodegradable, non-biodegradable and toxic waste.
Corresponding fines are imposed on violators.
Recycling is a great way to manage waste. It helps protect the environment by reducing
pollution, saving natural resources and conserving energy. Recycling at home takes only little
time and effort but its benefits to the environment can be substantial.
The following items can be recycled:
Paper and cardboard Newspapers and cardboard are highly recyclable. You can send them
directly to newsprint recycling. You can also sell newspapers and cardboard to local
botedyaryo peddlers or nearby junkshop.
Plastic Some types of plastic can be recycled. Check with your local recycling center to find
out which types are accepted.
Glass Certain glass items can be recycled. Glass items are usually recycled based on its color:
clear, green, and brown. Put light bulbs, sheet glass, mirrors and Pyrex in a separate container
because these items may not be accepted by recycling centers.
Aluminum, steel, and copper Food cans, soda cans, and aluminum cans can be brought to
recycling centers. Paint cans and aerosol cans can be recycled but due to possible hazardous
content, it is advisable to send them to facilities that can handle them properly. Copper is
considered as one of the most recycled metals.
Electronics and appliances Pass on old electronics and appliances that can still be used. You
can donate old computers, printers, radios, televisions, electric fans, and others to public schools
or social centers.
Proper disposal of hazardous materials

Used oil, batteries, bulbs, paint cans, metals, and chemical-based products may contain
hazardous chemicals. Do not just put potentially dangerous materials in your trash can along
with other forms of garbage. Ask your local baranggay if there is nearby facility that can recycle
or dispose of them in an environmentally safe manner.
Irresponsible disposal of hazardous materials can become a big health risk especially to garbage
collectors and landfill scavengers. It can also become a health hazard to people during instances
of flooding.
Alarming Waste Problem in the Phils.
Imagine echo projects waste.blogspot.com
The Philippines is looming with garbage problems despite the passage of the Ecological
Solid Waste Management Act or the Republic Act (RA) 9003. 2007 first quarter data from the
National Solid Waste Management Commission shows that there are 677 open dumpsites, 343
controlled dumps, and 21 landfills in the country. An additional 307 dump sites are subject for
closure or rehabilitation plans but without definite schedules for enforcement. About 215
additional landfills are being proposed to be set up nationwide.
About 1,000 open and controlled dump sites exist in the country. Prominent dumps all over the
country can be found in Antipolo and Montalban in Rizal; Baguio City; Calapan, Mindoro
Oriental; Carmen, Cagayan de Oro; Mandurriao, Iloilo City; Obando, Bulacan; and San Pedro,
Laguna.
greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere which adds to global warming.

Landfills and open dumps, according to studies, account for 34 percent of human-related
methane emissions to the atmosphere, a global warming gas that has 23 times more heat-trapping
power than carbon dioxide. These landfills and open dumps are illegal under RA 9003.
Incinerators, on the other hand, have significantly higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions (per
kilowatt) than a coal-fired power plant when all of the carbon coming out of an incinerator stack
is measured. Such emissions are banned by the countrys Clean Air Act.
Mismanagement of waste has serious environmental consequences: ground and surface water
contamination, local flooding, air pollution, exposure to toxins, and spread of disease. Many of
the disposal sites contain infectious material, thus threatening sanitation workers and waste-
pickers.
Annual waste generation in the Philippines is expected to grow 40 percent by 2010.
Improvements in recycling, collection, and disposal will become even more critical as garbage
production continues to increase with population growth and economic development.
Past efforts to promote waste segregation at source have minimal impact despite the presence of
Republic Act 9003. Most of these were barangay, city, and municipal ordinances providing for
sanctions and penalties for non-compliance. Campaigns, seminars, trainings and other different
community activities were implemented with the help of various private groups or NGOs to
pursue the objective of solving the garbage problem. RA 9003 further calls for the establishment
of materials recovery facilities, or ecology centers, in every barangay or cluster of a barangay. To
date, only 1,923 ecology centers exist, serving 2,133 barangays of a total 41,975 nationwide. In

Quezon City alone, only 52 barangays have established Materials Recovery Facilities out of a
total of 142.
Garbage Problem
Garbage is a never ending cycle. Every day each household produces a significant
amount of trash. The more we consume the more garbage we incur. Garbage disposal has been a
monumental problem ever since.
The recent brunt of the habagat (southwest monsoon) has washed up tons of garbage
towards Manila Bay. All sorts of trash, mostly plastic, congregated into a massive garbage pile
at the recently repaired seawall. From afar, it looked like a colorful floating mini island but as
you got closer, its ugliness became undeniably apparent. Metro Manila authorities organized a
massive clean-up in the area. Its quite a shock to learn that the collected garbage filled more
than 200 dump trucks. The garbage nightmare doesnt end there as more garbage is expected to
be collected in other flood stricken areas in the country.
Garbage litters most of metropolitan Manila as authorities grapple with the unenviable task of
finding a dump site for the many tons of rubbish generated by the capital's 12 million residents.
According to government records, metropolitan Manila generates an average 5,854 tons
of waste, 29,268cubicmeters, and daily.
About 74.14% of the trash comes from households, 9.40% from commercial shops,
7.50% from restaurants, 7.60% from public markets, 0.80% from institutions, 0.41% from street
sweepings and 0.14% from river clean up, the records show.
Of the waste, records say only about 4% is recycled, 6% is burned or buried, 25% is
illegally dumped or finds its way into the sewers and nearby river systems and 65% is collected
by authorized garbage collectors.

''The problem is where to dump these tons of garbage,'' said VisiaAldon, a spokeswoman
for the Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA). ''We have to look for ways.''
Finding dump sites for garbage has proven to be difficult indeed for the government. The
government needs at least 30 hectares a year -- and millions of pesos -- to properly dispose of all
waste generated by metropolitan Manila residents, Aldon said.
Where does the garbage go?
The piles of garbage collected in the Philippines are dumped into landfills around the
country. Every landfill has its limits. When it reaches full capacity, it has to be closed down but
opening a new one presents a lot of challenges.
In reality not every trash is collected. Some of them end up being thrown into bodies of
water. Never throw trash in the water, whether its a stream, river, lake, or sea. Trash is trash no
matter how small. Even something as tiny as a candy wrapper can contribute to the worldwide
problem. What happened to Manila Bay can already attest to that.
Segregating waste and recycling
Majority of barangays in the Philippines now implement strict segregation of garbage
into biodegradable, non-biodegradable and toxic waste. Corresponding fines are imposed on
violators. Recycling is a great way to manage waste. It helps protect the environment by
reducing pollution, saving natural resources and conserving energy. Recycling at home takes
only little time and effort but its benefits to the environment can be substantial.
The following items can be recycled; Paper and cardboard Newspapers and cardboard are
highly recyclable. You can send them directly to newsprint recycling. You can also sell
newspapers and cardboard to local botedyaryo peddlers or nearby junkshop. Plastic Some
types of plastic can be recycled. Check with your local recycling center to find out which types

are accepted. Glass Certain glass items can be recycled. Glass items are usually recycled based
on its color: clear, green, and brown. Put light bulbs, sheet glass, mirrors and pyrex in a separate
container because these items may not be accepted by recycling centers. Aluminum, steel, and
copper Food cans, soda cans, and aluminum cans can be brought to recycling centers. Paint
cans and aerosol cans can be recycled but due to possible hazardous content, it is advisable to
send them to facilities that can handle them properly. Copper is considered as one of the most
recycled metals. Electronics and appliances Pass on old electronics and appliances that can still
be used. You can donate old computers, printers, radios, televisions, electric fans, and others to
public schools or social centers.

Composting
Many landfills in the country are fast reaching its capacity. Opening a new one to replace
another is not as easy as some may think. Putting up a new landfill entails careful studying of
the site to ensure the protection of natural resources and the general environment.
The garbage that you throw away each day ends up at a landfill. You can help the current
landfill situation by lessening your garbage. One good way of doing this is through composting.
Some of the things that you usually throw away can be useful and environmentally beneficial.
According to Recycle Works, composting is nature's process of recycling decomposed organic
materials into a rich soil known as compost. When you take time to compost organic waste, you
are helping the environment by giving back the nutrients into the soil to promote the cycle of life.

Composting can help divert waste from going to landfills and waterways. It can also help
improve the health of the soil and plants. Composting is also a great way to teach young children
about the significance of taking care of the environment.
There are 3 types of composting; Backyard composting You can make your own
compost at your backyard by utilizing garden clippings and food scraps. Worm composting
You can start your own worm bin and use the worms to recycle food scraps and other organic
material. The worms can help produce vermicomposting that you can use to grow healthier
plants. Grass cycling You can simply leave grass in a corner of your lawn to decompose on its
own.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) shares the following possible things that you
can compost this are; Animal manure. Cardboard rolls, Clean paper, Coffee grounds and filters,
Cotton rags, Dryer and vacuum cleaner lint, Eggshells, Fireplace ashes, Fruits and vegetables,
Grass clippings, Hair and fur, Hay and straw, Houseplants, Leaves, Nut shells, Sawdust,
Shredded newspaper, Tea bags, Wood chips, Wool rags, and Yard trimmings.
The Philippines is looming with garbage problems despite the passage of the Ecological
Solid Waste Management Act or the Republic Act (RA) 9003.
In the first quarter of 2007 data from the National Solid Waste Management Commission
shows that there are 677 open dumpsites, 343 controlled dumps, and 21 landfills in the country.
An additional 307 dump sites are subject for closure or rehabilitation plans but without definite
schedules for enforcement. About 215 additional landfills are being proposed to be set up
nationwide.
About 1,000 open and controlled dump sites exist in the country. Prominent dumps all
over the country can be found in Antipolo and Montalban in Rizal; Baguio City; Calapan,

Mindoro Oriental; Carmen, Cagayan de Oro; Mandurriao, Iloilo City; Obando, Bulacan; and San
Pedro, Laguna.
greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere which adds to global warming. Landfills and open
dumps, according to studies, account for 34 percent of human-related methane emissions to the
atmosphere, a global warming gas that has 23 times more heat-trapping power than carbon
dioxide. These landfills and open dumps are illegal under RA 9003.
Incinerators, on the other hand, have significantly higher levels of greenhouse gas
emissions (per kilowatt) than a coal-fired power plant when all of the carbon coming out of an
incinerator stacks is measured. Such emissions are banned by the countrys Clean Air Act.
Mismanagement of waste has serious environmental consequences: ground and surface
water contamination, local flooding, air pollution, exposure to toxins, and spread of disease.
Many of the disposal sites contain infectious material, thus threatening sanitation workers and
waste-pickers.
Annual waste generation in the Philippines is expected to grow 40 percent by 2010.
Improvements in recycling, collection, and disposal will become even more critical as garbage
production continues to increase with population growth and economic development.

Past efforts to promote waste segregation at source have minimal impact despite the
presence of Republic Act 9003. Most of these were barangay, city, and municipal ordinances
providing for sanctions and penalties for non-compliance. Campaigns, seminars, trainings and
other different community activities were implemented with the help of various private groups or
NGOs to pursue the objective of solving the garbage problem.
RA 9003 further calls for the establishment of materials recovery facilities, or ecology
centers, in every barangay or cluster of a barangay. To date, only 1,923 ecology centers exist,
serving 2,133 barangays of a total 41,975 nationwide. In Quezon City alone, only 52 barangays
have established Materials Recovery Facilities out of a total of 142.
Peoples BehaviourToward Waste
Behaviour is a key cultural aspect that is embedded in peoples way of life. Studying a
communitys behavior and introducing new ones requires intensive, long-term, and creative
social marketing. This can be done by studying the demographic and cultural fiber of the
community through immersions and capacity building activities.
The Resources, Environment and Economics Center for Studies, Inc.s (REECS) 2002
study on household waste management systems and the attitudes and behavior of the
communities in two barangays in Metro Manila ( Bennagen, Nepomuceno, Covar, 2002) showed
that:
1. Waste management is still perceived by many as the responsibility of government.
2. Public participation in waste management, especially in segregation at source, remains limited.
3. More extensive awareness- raising activities and training on ecological waste management are
needed, together with stricter enforcement of the Law and local ordinances must be observed.
4. There is lack of community empowerment and political will to resolve the problem.

Recognizing the importance of the environments immediate recovery and effects of
improper waste management to the Philippines, there is a need for understanding and
reformation of attitudes and concern towards the protection of environment. The impending
garbage crisis can be prevented if we only practice waste segregation at source, recycling, and
composting as what the law requires. An intensive social marketing program has to be
established on a long-term scale within a barangay the smallest unit of the local government.
(2008, 09).Waste Disposal. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 09, 2008, from
http://www.studymode.com/essays/Waste-Disposal-163264.html
Waste Disposal
By MNBecina, september 2008
Republic act 9003
Currently the world is suffering from different calamities, hunger, malnutrition, sickness
and other improper waste disposal. However, several are implementing the proper waste disposal
management under RA. 9003 such DENR promoting some activities that will help to save the
mother earth help not one but all of us to achieve the better life. Despite of those calamities some
are not really concern regarding this matter.
They are those who put their waste materials anywhere.
If almost are disobeying the rules and regulation of RA. 9003, there are still several
people who are really concern with this matter. Sen. JovitoSalonga, one of a kind who promotes
cleanliness. All of us wants to promote cleanliness but Salonga just not promoting but
implementing then are also come organization who is responsible for the waste materials like
MRF or Material Recovery Facilities. They make our used materials to a newly form and more
useful products. Some of the organization do make livelihood from our waste materials.

By that, they motivate us to obey the RA 9003 from our home to society by telling that we are
not just trying to 0save the mother earth, but we can also earn money from garbage. Nabubulok
or the biodegradable materials are also useful, we can make organic fertilizer from it. See, how
great the value of proper waste disposal management?
In my own opinion, its the responsibility of everyone to have a proper waste disposal.
But because of unconcern people with this matter there must be a rule to be followed.
By telling that we can earn money from our waste materials, I think some will be motivated to
follow this kind of management. Necessarily, by possessing discipline we can simply help the
environment.
Note: Please synthesize your literature proper citation please

Environment & Climate Change
Preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR) for better and enhanced Solid Waste
Management in several cities of India; Piloting and implementing community based Solid Waste
Management programmes including segregation at source; Helping states move towards better
sanitation facilities especially for the poor and vulnerable groups including women; Assisting in
developing strategy and implementation for Bio-medical waste management in hospitals of the
health sector; Water sector issues including adapting to climate change issues and ensuring
availability of potable water in the villages; Helping states / countries progress industrially with
zero net carbon balances i.e. to build an ecologically sustainable industrial environment; Energy
management including conservation, alternative sources and reduction of waste; E-governance,
M-Governance and paperless office in the public sector to reduce paper wastage; Integrating

climate change issues in the development agenda of various governments / agencies;
(http://www.ipeglobal.com/envclim.php).
Climate Change and its effect on water, sanitation and hygiene
by: Madhav Narayan Shrestha
http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/climate-change-and-its-effect-on-water-
sanitation-and-hygiene-77653/view-comments
PHILIPPINE SANITATION ALLIANCE (PSA) PROJECT
The Philippines heavy reliance on foreign sources of energy in the power and transport
sectors raises energy costs and results in an unfavorable investment climate compared to other
countries in the region. About three million households still remain without electricity. Weak
enforcement of vehicle emission standards contributes to worsening air quality in the major
urban centers of the country. Nearly half of the countrys population is without access to piped
water at the household level. Illegal and destructive fishing practices and conversion of
forestlands threaten food security and productivity of the countrys marine and forest resources,
which have biological significance worldwide.http://philippines.usaid.gov/programs/energy-
environment
Waste and Climate Change Global Trends and Strategy Framework, Nov 2010
At a global scale, the waste management sector makes a relatively minor contribution to
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, estimated at approximately 3-5% of total anthropogenic
emissions in 2005. However, the waste sector is in a unique position to move from being a

minor source of global emissions to becoming a major saver of emissions. Although minor
levels of emissions are released through waste treatment and disposal, the prevention and
recovery of wastes (i.e. as secondary materials or energy) avoids emissions in all other sectors
of the economy. A holistic approach to waste management has positive consequences for GHG
emissions from the energy, forestry, agriculture, mining, transport, and manufacturing sectors.
Every waste management practice generates GHG, both directly (i.e. emissions from the
process itself) and indirectly (i.e. through energy consumption). However, the overall climate
impact or benefit of the waste management system will depend on net GHGs, accounting for
both emissions and indirect, downstream GHG savings. The actual magnitude of these
emissions is difficult to determine because of poor data on worldwide waste generation,
composition and management and inaccuracies in emissions models. Although currently OECD
countries generate the highest levels of methane, those of developing nations are anticipated to
increase significantly as better waste management practices lead to more anaerobic,
methaneproducing conditions in landfills. (United Nations Environmental Programme Division
of Technology, Industry and Economics International Environmental Technology Centre
Osaka/Shiga;)http://www.unep.org/ietc/Portals/136/Publications/Waste%20Management/Waste
&ClimateChange.pdf
Community

Untalan, Aaron, RN. (2007). Concepts and Guidelines in COPAR. p. 1
Community is a social group of people interacting with each other, determined by
geographic boundaries, living together to attain certain and common goals sharing the same
interest.
Maglaya, Araceli S. (2004). Nursing Practice in the Community, 4th ed. p. 10-11
The community is a group of people sharing common geographic boundaries and/or
common values and interests. A community has the following characteristics: (1) it is defined by
its geographic boundaries within certain identifiable characteristics; (2) it is made up of
institutions organized into a social system with the institutions and organizations linked in
complex network having a formal informal power structure and a communication system; (3) a
common or shared interest that binds the members together exists; (4) it has an area with fluid
boundaries within which a problem can be identified and solved; and, (5) it has a population
aggregate concept.
A community is regarded as an organism with its own stages of development. Just like a
person, if subjected to different situations, a community matures through time The development
of some communities is fast while in others, it is slow. Thus, their responses to problems are
either inadequate, inappropriate or delayed.
Bastable, Susan B. (2003). Nurse as Educator. p. 55
Most learning theories [convey] that the individual must have direct experiences to learn.
According to early social learning theory, much of learning occurs by observation watching
other people and discerning what happens to them. Learning is often a social process, and other

individuals, especially significant others, provide compelling examples or role models for how
to think, feel and act.
Learning. April 2008. Retrieved January 2009 from Wikipedia site:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_theory_(education)
In psychology and education, a common definition of learning is a process that brings
together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring,
enhancing, or making changes in one's knowledge, skills, values, and world views (as cited by
Illeris,2000).
DeYoung, Sandra.,EdD, RN (2003). Teaching Strategies for Nurse Educators, P. 22, 23

Social Learning Theory (Social Cognitive Theory)
The person best known for his Social Learning Theory is Albert Bandura (1977). Social
learning theory, later renamed social cognitive theory, proposes that behavior change is affected
by environmental influences, personal factors, and attributes of the behavior itself. Each may
affect or be affected by either of the other two. There are several key components of this theory.
First, people learn as they are in constant interaction with their environment, Most learning
occurs as a result of observing other peoples behavior and its consequences (Bandura calls this
modelling). Second, attentional processes determine which modeled behaviors will be learned.
People perceive ad attend to only a certain number of modeled behaviors. Characteristics of the
individual, the modeled activities themselves, and the social interactions in which learner
engages determine which behaviors are attended to. Third, retention processes refer to the ability

to retain modeled behaviors in permanent memory. Bandura emphasizes that although
observation starts the learning process, expertise is developed through practice with external and
internal (self-regulatory) feedback.
According to Social Learning (Social Cognitive) Theory, motivation for learning will
determine which modeled behaviors are enacted. A person is motivated when he or she sees the
possibility of valued outcomes as opposed to unrewarding or punishing outcomes. Perceived
reward, therefore, is a good motivator and helps people attend to modeled behavior and enact it.
\The Social Learning Theory
There are three important theorists who worked on the social learning approaches to
personality. Albert Bandura has great contributions on the social learning perspective, while
Walker Mischel and Julian Rotter focused their work on the cognitive- social learning
perspectives. These theorists differ from one another in important respects, but they share a
number of common viewpoints on the variables in personality development and functioning, and
the centrality of cognitive processes.
In contrast to both psychoanalytic and trait approaches to personality, social learn-
learning approaches emphasize the important of environmental or situational determinants of
behavior. For social- learning theorists, behavior is the product of a continuous interaction
between personal and environmental variables. Environmental conditions shape behavior
through learning, and the persons behavior in return, shapes the environment. Bandura calls this
interaction as reciprocal determination. He further believes need not be performed and reinforced
for learning to occur. Modeling or observational learning occurs vicariously, even in infants, by
observing the behavior of others and its consequences for them. This modeling theory believes

that the symbolic representations basic to modeling are formed through four operations, namely:
1) attentional process, which determine what we can do and attend to; 2) retentional processes,
which determine how experience is encoded in memory; 3) motor reproduction processes, which
determine what behavior can be performed; and 4) motivational and reinforcement processes,
which determine the circumstances under which learning is translated into performance. This
basic modeling theory emphasizes the effects of exposure to models to suggest that modeling
may occur symbolically, and to deal with observational learning of more complex behavior.
To better understand how behavior occurs, Bandura examined other major determinants
of behavior such as the antecedents, consequences, and cognitive factors. Simply stated, behavior
is based on the past (antecedents) as we have seen, but it is also influenced by its result
(consequence) and how we are motivated (cognitive factor). It has to be emphasized that
Bandura does not view these determinants as operating independently but an interaction of the
three.
The self-system is one major structural element in Banduras approach to personality.
This system is cognitive in nature and constitutes a regulatory influence, particularly through
self-efficacy expectation or a persons ones own view of what he is capable of doing. For
example, persons with high-perceived efficacy, try more, work more, persist longer, and are less
anxious than those with low- perceived self-efficacy.
The social learning theory of Bandura as regards personality development assumes that
an individual is born with only elementary reflexes and genetically influenced behavior
potentialities. According to him, all actual behavior patterns must be learned through traditional
learning (by reinforcement) and observational learning (by modeling).

Another social learning theorist is Walker Mischel, who replaced the traditional person
variables such as traits with cognitive variables follows: 1) competencies refer to the various
skills a person possesses like intellectual abilities, social and physical skills and other special
abilities; 2) encoding strategies and personal construct refer to how experiences are retained and
categorized by the individual. An example may be an event perceived by one person as
challenging but which may be seen by another as threatening; 3) Subjective values mean what a
person considers as worth having. To illustrate further, two Math students may expect a certain
behavior to please their professor; however, this outcome is important to the other; 4) self-
regulating system and plans mean that people differ in the standards and rules they adopt for
regulating their behavior (including self-imposed rewards for success or punishment for failures)
as well as in their ability to make realistic plans for reaching a goal (as cited by Mischel, 1993).
It has to be emphasized that Mischel earlier was a strong situationlist who asserts the
probability of reward or punishment as the most important determinants of behavior in any given
situation but he later became an interactionist who recognizes the importance of both the person
and situation and their interaction. Julian Rotter is the other social learning theorist who believes
in the interaction of the person and the environment as the most important determinants of
behavior. He stresses that the environmental determinants that enter into the interaction is not all
equally important. Only those aspects that are meaningful for the individuals are to be seriously
considered as behavior determinants. He further points out that personality components of
interaction is conceptualized as a set of potentials to respond to relatively specific types of social
situation. These potentials are a function of the persons individual history and are learned
through the individuals experiences with the social environment.
Zulueta, Francisco M. (2005). Sociology: Focus on the Philippines. p. 314-321

The Filipino Character
While we have discussed the four major personality theories- psychoanalysis, social-
learning, and humanistic- Which are all foreign to us, we could not help as Filipinos to look into
the strengths and weaknesses of the Filipino character. This is a study commissioned by the
Senate Committee on Education, Arts and Culture, and the Committee on Social Justice, Welfare
and Development under the sponsorship of former Senator Leticia Ramos Shahani Chairperson,
Movement for Moral Recovery.
Weaknesses of the Filipino Character
While there are positive Filipino traits, there are also negative behavioral traits. Let us
discuss them.
Extreme personalism. Filipinos have a personalistic world view. It means that there is no
separation between an objective task and emotional involvement. Because of this, Filipinos have
difficulty dealing with all forms of impersonal activities. As such, Filipinos are uncomfortable
with bureaucracy, with rules and regulations, and with the standard operating procedure (SOP).
As a result, we have personal contact in any transactions and these are hard to turn down.
Preference in giving work or service delivery is given to family, kamag-anak, friends, compadre,
and other connections. Thus, extreme personalism leads to nepotism, lagayan, cronyism and
worst, to graft and corruption.
Extreme family centeredness. Our excessive concern for the family makes us ardently loyal that
the larger community is neglected. This lead to factionalism, patronage, and political dynasties.
Thus, there is lack of concern for the common good and this act as a barrier to national
consciousness.

Lack of Discipline. The Filipino lack of discipline comes in different forms namely: (1) we lack
patience and are unable to delay gratification or reward, resulting in the use of short-cuts, in
skirting the rules (as in palusot syndrome); (2) we are prone to commit ningas cogon, starting out
project with full enthusiasm and interest which suddenly die down leaving the project
unfinished; 3) we have a relaxed attitude toward time which manifest lack of precision, etc.
Thus negative traits often lead to wasteful work system, violation of rules, inefficiency and lack
of commitment.
Passivity and lack of initiative. Filipino are generally seen as passive and lacking in initiative.
We wait to be told what has to be done. We tend to show strong reliance on other like
government and other leaders to do things for us. We also tend to show submissiveness to thus
in authority and do not raise issues or to question decisions, thus, we are oppressed and
exploited. They tend to show no sense of urgency about any problem. Sometimes we are simply
complacent.
Colonial mentality. Filipino manifest colonial mentality in two dimensions: 1) lack of patriotism
or an active awareness, appreciation of the Philippines; and 2) actual preference for things that
are foreign.
Our Filipino culture is characterized by openness-adapting and incorporating the foreign
elements into our own image. Thus, its result is cultural vagueness weakness that makes
Filipinos very susceptible to the total acceptance of modern mans culture which is often
Western: As a consequence, there is preference for anything that that is foreign in terms of
fashion, entertainment, technology, etc.

More so, manifestation of this Filipino mentality is the alienation of the elite from their
roots and from the masses. We too have a basic feeling to national inferiority that makes us
Filipino wanting to relate as equal to Westerns.
Kanya-kanya Syndrome. This trait refers to the selfish, self-serving attitude that generates a
feeling of envy and competitiveness towards others, particularly ones peers who seems to have
gained some status or prestige. A good example of this is talangka (crab) mentality using the
power to tsismis, intrigue and distractive criticism to pull others down. This trait is also
observed in the lack of sense of service among people in the government agencies. The public is
made to feel that service from the offices and from the civil servants is an extra work that has to
be paid for. As a result, this kanya-kanya syndrome dampens cooperation, unity, and community
spirit.
Lack of self-analysis and self-reflection. We Filipinos, have the tendency to be flighty and to
manifest superficial personality. This means that in times of problems, we tend not to be serious
in looking deeper into the problem. We tend to lack analysis and reflection.
Behavior
Keltner, Norman L. et al. (2007) Psychiatric Nursing 5th Edition. p.691
Any observable, recordable, and measureable movement, response, or act of an individual--
verbal and non-verbal.
Human behavior is the collection of behaviors exhibited by human beings and influenced
by culture, attitudes, emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion
and/or genetics.

The behavior of people (and other organisms or even mechanisms) falls within a range
with some behavior being common, some unusual, some acceptable, and some outside
acceptable limits. In sociology, behavior is considered as having no meaning, being not directed
at other people and thus is the most basic human action. Behavior should not be mistaken with
social behavior, which is more advanced action, as social behavior is behavior specifically
directed at other people. The acceptability of behavior is evaluated relative to social norms and
regulated by various means of social control.
The behavior of people is studied by the academic disciplines of psychology, social work,
sociology, economics, and anthropology.
In 1970, a book was published called "The Social Contract: A Personal Inquiry into the
Evolutionary Sources of Order and Disorder" written by the anthropologist Robert Ardrey. The
book and study investigated animal behavior (Ethology) and then compared human behavior as a
similar phenomenon.
Human behavior is an important factor in human society. According to Humanism, each
human has a different behavior.
Factors affecting human behavior: Genetics; Attitude the degree to which the person
has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior in question; Social Norms the
influence of social pressure that is perceived by the individual (normative beliefs) to perform or
not perform a certain behavior; Perceived Behavioral Control the individuals belief
concerning how easy or difficult performing the behavior will be.


Practices on
environmental
waste
sanitation

Knowledge on
waste
environmental
waste sanitation

Enhanced
Sanitation Program
Research
Nieswiadomy, Rose Marie Fundamentals of Nursing Research, 5th Edition p.66
Many nurse researchers have recommended the use of both qualitative and quantitative
research methods in a single study. Ford-Gilboa, Campbell, and Berman (1995) called for nurse
researchers to combine numbers and stories. Combining both qualitative and quantitative
method increases he researchers ability to rule out rival explanations for phenomena (Hinds,
1989). Field and Morse (1985) asserted that the strongest research findings are found in studies
that use both research methods. These two authors described the sequential use of the methods,
the qualitative method might be used initially, until hypotheses emerge. When qualitative and
quantitative methods ae used simultaneously, the technique is called triangulation. Myers and
Haase (1989) indicated that the integration for quantitative and qualitative approaches is
inevitable and essential for nursing research.

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm


Chapter III
Methodology
Research design
The study will utilize a quantitative method using descriptive design. The study is
descriptive for it aims to show the condition of the respondents who actually experienced waste
sanitation program, as reflected in their demographic profile. The study is quantitative because
numerical values were dealt with in the study, treating them statistically.
Sampling Design
The researchers will use simple random sampling; it is one of the best ways to achieve
unbiased results in a study. Random sampling includes choosing subjects from a population
through unpredictable means. In its simplest form, all subjects have an equal chance of being
selected out of the population being researched.
Instrumentation
The researchers will utilize a survey questionnaire as a tool to elicit responses form the
respondents. The tool consist of ____ parts. Part 1Part 2..
Data Collection
After the researchers have identified the problem which was based on the result of the
survey conducted by the Center for Social Action last November to December 2012. The
researchers will ask permission to the VPARs office to conduct the study regarding the practices
on environmental waste management of Brgy. Talipusngo. After the approval of the VPAR, data
collection will commence on the proposed date December 2013. A house to house visit and a one
on one survey through interview will be done by the researcher to ensure the reliability of the
information that will be gathered.
Statistical Treatment data
The data that will be gathered through questionnaires will be collated, tabulated and
analyzed. The researchers will use frequency and percentage for the identified practices on

environmental waste sanitation of the respondents and weighted mean for the level of knowledge
of the community on the identified environmental waste management.

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PRACTICES on ENVIRONMENTAL 1

Running head: PRACTICES ON ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE

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