Free surface CFD prediction of components of Ship

Resistance for KCS

J. Banks*, A.B. Phillips, S.R. Turnock
*jb105@soton.ac.uk
1. Introduction
Towin tank !"p!ri#!nts ar! co##onl$ us!% to
%!t!r#in! th! r!sistanc! co#pon!nts o& n!w hull
&or#s '(TT), *00+,. As th! pr!s!nc! o& a
prop!ll!r at th! st!rn o& a ship sini&icantl$
chan!s th! &low &i!l% co#par!% to that o& a
tow!% hull, s!l& prop!ll!% r!sistanc! t!sts ar! also
con%uct!%. Th!s! proc!%ur!s ar! o&t!n -!r$
!"p!nsi-! an% th!r! is an incr!asin %ri-! to
ass!ss th! r!sistanc! co#pon!nts nu#!ricall$.
Th! co#putational cost o& &ull$ r!sol-in th!
&low aroun% a prop!ll!r !o#!tr$ an% hull
inhibits th! us! o& nu#!rical si#ulations &or
co##!rcial us!. .ow!-!r, s!-!ral roups ha-!
i#pl!#!nt!% si#pli&i!% bo%$ &orc! prop!ll!r
#o%!ls, as %!scrib!% in 'Phillips !t al, *010,,
which accurat!l$ in%uc! th! acc!l!rations
pro%uc!% b$ a prop!ll!r into th! &lui%. (t is
int!n%!% to us! a si#ilar bo%$ &orc! prop!ll!r
#o%!l to in-!stiat! its i#pact on r!sistanc! an%
th! &r!! sur&ac! aroun% th! st!rn o& a s!l&
prop!ll!% ship.
(nitiall$ it is !ss!ntial to %!-!lop an% -ali%at! a
nu#!rical #!tho% &or !-aluatin th! r!sistanc!
co#pon!nts on a tow!% hull. This r!/uir!s a &r!!
sur&ac! #o%!l that will allow th! wa-! patt!rn
an% th!r!&or! wa-! r!sistanc! to b! ass!ss!%. Th!
accurat! #o%!llin o& th! boun%ar$ la$!r rowth
is r!/uir!% to captur! th! &rictional r!sistanc! an%
th! &or# %ra. 0"t!nsi-! r!s!arch has b!!n
con%uct!% in this ar!a an% is w!ll %ocu#!nt!% in
th! proc!!%ins o& th! )12 workshop con%uct!%
in 3oth!nbur an% Tok$o '4arsson !t al, *000,
'.ino, *005,. 5n! o& th! co##onl$ us!% hull
!o#!tri!s is th! 6R(S5 contain!r ship '6)S,,
which is us!% in this stu%$.
2. Theoretical approach
To nu#!ricall$ captur! th! &r!! sur&ac! &lui%
#otions a &init! -olu#! #!tho%, usin a 7olu#!
o& 1lui% '751, approach was us!%. This #!tho%
is %!ri-!% &ro# th! sur&ac! int!ration o& th!
cons!r-ati-! &or# o& 8a-i!r Stok!s9 !/uations
o-!r a control -olu#!. 0/uations '1, an% '*, ar!
th! inco#pr!ssibl! R!$nol%s a-!ra!% 8a-i!r:
Stok!s 'RA8S, !/uations in t!nsor &or# an%
0/uation ';, is th! -olu#! &raction transport
!/uation 'P!ric an% 1!r<i!r, *00*,.
( )
' ,
' ,
= =
i j j
i i
j i j j j
i j i
j
U U U
U U P
t x x x x x
u u f
x

1 _

+ + + 1


1
, ]

'1,

0
i
i
U
x

'*,
' ,
0
j
j
cU
c
t x

+

';,
Th! -olu#! &raction c is %!&in!% as '7
air
>7
total
,
an% th! &lui% %!nsit$, ?, an% -iscosit$, @, ar!
calculat!% as
'1 ,
air water
c c +
an%
'1 ,
air water
c c +
.
0"t!rnal &orc!s appli!% to th! &lui% ar!
r!pr!s!nt!% as f
i
, which inclu%! buo$anc$ &orc!s
%u! to %i&&!r!nc!s in %!nsit$ an% #o#!ntu#
sourc!s r!pr!s!ntin th! in&lu!nc! o& th!
prop!ll!r. Th! !&&!ct o& turbul!nc! on th! &low is
r!pr!s!nt!% in 0/uation '*, b$ th! R!$nol%s
str!ss t!nsor = =
i j
u u an% is #o%!ll!% usin a
turbul!nc! #o%!l.
(n this in-!stiation both a Sh!ar Str!ss
Transport 'SST, !%%$ -iscosit$ #o%!l an% a
Bas!lin! 'BS4, R!$nol%s str!ss #o%!l 'A8SAS,
*00B, w!r! us!% to !-aluat! th! R!$nol%s str!ss
t!nsor. Th! SST #o%!l bl!n%s a -ariant o& th! k:
C #o%!l in th! inn!r boun%ar$ la$!r an% a
trans&or#!% -!rsion o& th! k:D #o%!l in th! out!r
boun%ar$ la$!r an% th! &r!! str!a# 'E!nt!r,
1BBF,. This has b!!n shown to b! b!tt!r at
r!plicatin th! &low aroun% th! st!rn o& a ship,
than si#pl!r #o%!ls such as k:D, sinl! an% <!ro
!/uation #o%!ls '4arsson !t al, *000,'.ino,
*005,. Th! BS4 R!$nol%s str!ss #o%!l inclu%!s
transport !/uations &or !ach co#pon!nt o& th!
R!$nol%s str!ss t!nsor. This allows anisotropic
turbul!nc! !&&!cts to b! #o%!ll!% h!lpin to
#o%!l co#pl!" &low &!atur!s such as s!paration
o&& cur-!% sur&ac!s 'P!ric an% 1!r<i!r, *00*,.
Th! BS4 #o%!l is bl!n% o& a R!$nol%s str!ss:C
an% D #o%!l %!p!n%in on th! &lui% r!ions
'A8SAS, *00B,.
3. Experimental data
Total r!sistanc! an% wa-! &i!l% %ata &or th!
6R(S5 )ontain!r Ship '6)S,, w!r! obtain!%
throuh towin tank t!sts '6i# !t al, *001,, an%
ar! us!% &or -ali%atin th! )12 si#ulations. Th!
!"p!ri#!nts w!r! con%uct!% in th! 6R(S5
towin tank '*00# " 1G# " H#, on a 1>;1.G
scal! #o%!l o& th! 6)S hull '&ull scal!
%i#!nsions 4I*;0#, BI**.*#, 2I1B#, with a
%rauht o& 10.+#,. A 1rou%! nu#b!r o& 0.*G was
#aintain!% pro-i%in a #o%!l scal! R!$nol%s
nu#b!r o& 1.F"10
H
. Th! #o%!l was &i"!% in
h!a-! an% pitch at th! &ull scal! static %rauht
with <!ro tri#.
. !umerical model
Table 1 - Numerical simulation properties
"ropert# Fine $esh %half hull&
Type of mesh Structured (Hexahedral)
No. of
elements
Approximately 10M
y
+
on the
hull
Approximately 1 (max !alue
1.")
#omain
$hysics
Homo%eneous &ater'Air
multiphase( SST or )S*
tur+ulence model( Automatic
,all function( )uoyancy model
-density di.erence( Standard
free surface model
'oundar# ph#sics(
/nlet
/nlet ,ith de0ned !olume
fraction( 1o, speed ".1233
m's( tur+ulence intensity 0.04
5utlet
5penin% ,ith entrainment
,ith relati!e pressure
hydrostatic pressure
)ottom'side
,all
&all ,ith free slip condition
Top
5penin% ,ith entrainment
,ith relati!e pressure 0 $a
Hull &all ,ith no slip condition
Symmetry
plane
Alon% centreline of the hull
Sol)er settin*s(
Ad!ection
scheme
Hi%h 6esolution (ANS7S(
"002)
Timescale
control
$hysical timescale function8
0.019s: + 0.029s:;step(atstep<
"0)+ 0.19s:;step(atstep<"00)
=on!er%ence
criteria
6esiduary type8 6MS( Tar%et8
0.00001
Multiphase
control
>olume fraction couplin%
"rocessin* "arameters(
=omputin%
System
/ridis ? *inux =luster
(@ni!ersity of Southampton)
6un type
$arallel ("A $artitions run on
?xB core nodes each ,ith 13
C+ 6AM)
Si#ulations ar! p!r&or#!% usin A8SAS )1J
71* 'A8SAS, *00B,. This is a co##!rcial &init!
-olu#! co%!, which us!s collocat!%
'nonsta!r!%, ri%s &or all transport !/uations,
couplin pr!ssur! an% -!locit$ usin an
int!rpolation sch!#!. Th! ph$sical para#!t!rs
an% sol-!r s!ttins us!% to %!&in! th! nu#!rical
solution ar! pro-i%!% in Tabl! 1, alon with
%!tails o& th! co#putin r!sourc!s us!% &or th!
lar!st #!sh.
+. Structured $eshin*
Techni,ue
A structur!% #!sh was built usin A8SAS ()0E
aroun% th! &ull scal! 6)S hull !o#!tr$. Th!
%o#ain wi%th an% %!pth #atch!% th! %i#!nsions
o& on! hal& o& th! 6R(S5 towin tank. Th!
l!nth was s!l!ct!% to allow on! ship l!nth in
&ront o& th! hull an% two b!hin%. This was th!n
con-!rt!% to #o%!l scal! %i#!nsions !ach ti#! a
#!sh was !n!rat!%.
A blockin structur! was %!-!lop!% that allow!%
a oo% /ualit$ sur&ac! #!sh to b! cr!at!% o-!r
th! hull 's!! 1iur! 1,. (t was &oun% that
collapsin th! blocks un%!r th! st!rn %own to a
point pro-i%!% th! b!st o-!rall #!sh structur! in
this r!ion. This approach also allow!% !"tra
#!sh %!nsit$ to b! a%%!% in this localis!% ar!a
wh!r! lar! sur&ac! cur-atur!s n!!%!% to b!
captur!%. 0l!#!nts w!r! also clust!r!% within th!
r!ion o& th! &r!! sur&ac! to allow a sharp
int!r&ac! to b! captur!%.

Figure 1 - hull surface mesh structure (top), O-grid
structure at stern from the side (left) and from the stern
(right), for the initial mesh containing 0.8 elements.
5nc! satis&i!% with th! sur&ac! #!sh structur! an
5:ri% blockin structur! was rown out &ro#
th! sur&ac! o& th! hull. This !&&!cti-!l$ !ncircl!s
th! hull with a s!t o& blocks that #aintain th!
sur&ac! #!sh structur!. Th! %!pth o& th! inn!r 5:
ri% was #atch!% to appro"i#at!l$ that o& th!
#a"i#u# !"p!ct!% boun%ar$ la$!r. This
pro-i%!s a r!at %!al o& control o-!r th! n!ar
wall #!sh %!nsit$. Anoth!r out!r 5:ri% o& th!
sa#! %!pth was plac!% about th! hull an%
#anipulat!% so as to pro-i%! a s#ooth transition
b!tw!!n th! n!ar wall ra%ial #!sh an% th! &ar
&i!l% )art!sian structur!. Anoth!r k!$ &!atur! is
th! continuation o& th! 5:ri%s about th!
prop!ll!r a"is, towar%s th! outl!t o& th! %o#ain.
Th! out!r 5:ri% was !"pan%!% to #atch th!
%ia#!t!r o& th! prop!ll!r allowin a circular
prop!ll!r #o%!l to b! !asil$ a%%!% at a lat!r %at!
's!! 1iur! 1,.
-. Free surface deformation
and mesh re.nement
Th! initial #!sh cr!at!% contain!% 0.+E
!l!#!nts, with a $
K
on th! hull o& ;0:G0. Th!
#!sh %!nsit$ was th!n incr!as!% to HE !l!#!nts
an% th! $
K
r!%uc!% to appro"i#at!l$ 1 so as to
r!sol-! riht throuh th! boun%ar$ la$!r. Th!
wa-! patt!rn captur!% b$ both th!s! #!sh!s, an%
a co#parison #a%! to th! !"p!ri#!ntal %ata, can
b! s!!n in 1iur! *. Th! incr!as!% #!sh %!nsit$
has a sini&icant i#pact on capturin th! &r!!
sur&ac! %!&or#ation clos! to th! hull. As th!
wa-! patt!rn propaat!s awa$ &ro# th! hull th!
r!solution o& th! &r!! sur&ac! r!%uc!s
sini&icantl$. 5n clos!r insp!ction o& th! #!sh, it
was &oun% that th! blockin structur! a%opt!%
towar%s th! st!rn o& th! -!ss!l actuall$ plac!% th!
ar!as o& hih #!sh %!nsit$ abo-! th! &r!! sur&ac!
awa$ &ro# th! hull. To sol-! this probl!#
a%%itional splits w!r! plac!% within th! &ar &i!l%
blocks, alonsi%! an% ast!rn o& th! hull. Th!
r!ion o& hih #!sh %!nsit$, corr!ctl$ position!%
on th! parall!l #i% bo%$, coul% th!n b! &orc!% to
th! corr!ct h!iht o-!r th! r!st o& th! %o#ain.
This was co#bin!% with incr!asin th! nu#b!r
o& !l!#!nts within this &r!! sur&ac! r!ion to
pro-i%! a hal& bo%$ #!sh o& appro"i#at!l$ 10E
!l!#!nts. Th! incr!as!% r!solution o& th! &ar
&i!l% &r!! sur&ac! can b! s!!n in 1iur! *.
Figure ! " Free surface ele#ation, $%&pp, of global 'a#e pattern for (Top (o'n) )*perimental data, +F( results for
0.8, , and 10 element meshes. +ontours range from $%&pp - -0.00. to 0.010 in steps of 0.000.. The straight lines
represent the positions of the 'a#e cuts.
)o#parisons b!tw!!n th! &r!! sur&ac! !l!-ation
&ro# !"p!ri#!ntal an% )12 %ata can also b! s!!n
in . This pro-i%!s th! wa-! h!iht s!!n alon th!
sur&ac! o&, an% at a &i"!% %istanc! awa$ &ro#, th!
hull. Th! position o& th! wa-! cuts ar! shown as
straiht lin!s in .
Figure / - +omparison bet'een e*perimental ()F() and
+F( 'a#e ele#ation on the surface of the hull (top) and
at a distance of 0%&pp-0.1. from the ship centerline
(bottom)
(t can b! s!!n that all th! )12 %ata ar!!s w!ll
with th! !"p!ri#!ntal %ata alon th! #ajorit$ o&
th! sur&ac! o& th! hull. So#! %i&&!r!nc!s ar!
obs!r-!% at th! bow an% st!rn, how!-!r it shoul%
b! not!% that th! !"p!ri#!ntal %ata was obtain!%
throuh photo anal$sis '6i# !t al, *001, an%
th!r!&or! is subj!ct to incr!as!% !rror co#par!%
to wa-! prob! %ata. Anoth!r %iscr!panc$ is
obs!r-!% as a %ip in th! &r!! sur&ac! as it starts
risin towar%s th! st!rn. This was &oun% to occur
o-!r a sliht %iscontinuit$ in th! sur&ac! #!sh
structur! which is b!li!-!% to b! th! caus!.
(nt!r!stinl$ alt!rations to th! #!sh ha% al#ost
no i#pact on th! &r!! sur&ac! on th! hull,
how!-!r %i% ha-! a sini&icant i#pact on th!
wa-! cut trac!s. (t can b! s!!n in 1iur! ; that
th! HE #!sh was su&&ici!nt to accurat!l$ captur!
th! #anitu%! an% position o& th! wa-! cr!sts
an% p!aks up until th! st!rn '">4ppI1,, how!-!r,
b!$on% this th! 10E #!sh was r!/uir!% to obtain
th! corr!ct wa-! a#plitu%!s. Bas!% on th!
co#parisons #a%! with th! !"p!ri#!ntal %ata,
%ispla$!% in 1iur!s * an% ;, it was %!ci%!% that
th! 10E #!sh structur! an% !l!#!nt %istribution
woul% b! a%opt!% as th! basis #!sh.
/. $esh sensiti)it# stud#
To !-aluat! how th! nu#b!r o& !l!#!nts within
th! #!sh a&&!ct!% th! solution th! 10E #!sh was
subj!ct!% to two * lobal !l!#!nt %istribution
r!%uctions, cr!atin FE an% 1.5E !l!#!nt
#!sh!s. Both th!s! #aintain!% a $
K
-alu! o&
appro"i#at!l$ 1 on th! sur&ac! o& th! hull an%
w!r! onl$ #o%i&i!% so as to pro-i%! s#ooth #!sh
!"pansion ratios. To !-aluat! th! i#pact this ha%
on th! &r!! sur&ac! thr!! %i&&!r!nt wa-! cuts w!r!
co#par!%, s!! 1iur! F. (t is cl!ar that th! #!sh
%!nsit$ has th! r!at!st i#pact ast!rn o& th! hull
an% clos!st to th! c!ntr! lin!. .ow!-!r, so#!
sliht %i&&!r!nc!s in wa-! a#plitu%! can b! s!!n
&urth!r &orwar%. This woul% in%icat! that to
accurat!l$ captur! th! wa-! patt!rn, an%
th!r!&or! th! wa-! r!sistanc! o& a #o%!l hull, th!
FE !l!#!nt #!sh coul% b! us!% with a%%!% #!sh
%!nsit$ ast!rn o& th! hull. This shoul% h!lp to
#ini#is! th! co#putin pow!r r!/uir!% &or th!
si#ulation.
Figure 1 - 2nfluence of mesh densit0 on free surface
ele#ation at 'a#e cuts positioned at 0%&pp - 1.. (top), /
(middle) and 1.. (bottom) from the ship centreline
0. Resistance components
and in1uence of
tur2ulence model
5nc! con&i%!nc! ha% b!!n ain!% that th! wa-!
patt!rn was accurat!l$ b!in captur!% it was
i#portant to -!ri&$ that th! hull r!sistanc! was
b!in corr!ctl$ obtain!%.
2urin th! !"p!ri#!nts con%uct!% b$ '6i# !t al,
*001, th! co!&&ici!nt o& total r!sistanc! )
T
was
calculat!% to b! ;.55H"10
:;
. To !-aluat! this &ro#
th! )12 r!sults th! total &orc! actin on th! hull
in th! ":%ir!ction was !-aluat!% an% non:
%i#!nsionalis!% usin !/uation F, wh!r! A
L
is
th! static w!tt!% sur&ac! ar!a o& th! #o%!l
'B.51*1 #
*
, an% M
0
is th! tow -!locit$ '*.1BG
#>s,.
*
0
0.5
T
T
w
R
C
A U

'F,
Th! total r!sistanc! obtain!% &ro# all thr!!
#!sh!s '1.5, F an% 10E, was sini&icantl$ hih!r
than th! !"p!ri#!ntal &in%ins. To un%!rstan% th!
caus! o& this th! in%i-i%ual co#pon!nts o&
r!sistanc! w!r! !-aluat!%. (n '6i# !t al, *001,
th! co!&&ici!nt o& &rictional r!sistanc!, )
1
, was
calculat!% usin th! (TT) corr!lation lin! '(TT),
*00+, to b! *.+;*"10
:;
. B$ subtractin this, th!
co!&&ici!nt o& r!si%uar$ r!sistanc!, or pr!ssur!
r!sistanc!, )
P
, was calculat!% to b! 0.H*5"10
:;
.
Lithin )1J:Post th! &rictional r!sistanc! actin
on a bo%$ can b! calculat!% b$ p!r&or#in an
ar!a int!ral o& th! wall sh!ar in th! ":%ir!ction.
This was !-aluat!% &or both th! h$%ro%$na#ic
an% a!ro%$na#ic &rictional r!sistanc! an%
pr!s!nt!% in co!&&ici!nt &or#. Th! a!ro an%
h$%ro%$na#ic pr!ssur! %ra was si#ilarl$
calculat!% b$ int!ratin th! ":co#pon!nt o& th!
pr!ssur! o-!r th! r!l!-ant ar!as o& th! hull
throuh usin th! -olu#! &raction. Th! &orc!
co#pon!nts obtain!% b$ th! %i&&!r!nt #!sh!s can
b! s!!n in Tabl! *
Mp until this point all th! si#ulations ha% b!!n
con%uct!% usin th! SST turbul!nc! #o%!l.
.ow!-!r th! r!sults cl!arl$ in%icat! that both th!
&rictional an% pr!ssur! r!sistanc! co#pon!nts
w!r! b!in o-!r !sti#at!%. (t is also appar!nt that
althouh incr!asin #!sh %!nsit$ s!!#s to ha-!
so#! i#pact on i#pro-in th! h$%ro%$na#ic
pr!ssur! co#pon!nt, it %o!sn9t s!!# to ha-! an$
i#pact on th! &rictional co#pon!nt o& r!sistanc!.
To !stablish i& th!s! %iscr!panci!s w!r! link!% to
th! us! o& th! SST turbul!nc! #o%!l a BS4
R!$nol%s str!ss #o%!l was co#par!%. (t was
hop!% that throuh #o%!llin th! anisotropic
turbul!nc! in th! &low a #or! accurat!
r!pr!s!ntation o& th! boun%ar$ la$!r woul% b!
obtain!%, !sp!ciall$ towar%s th! st!rn o& th! ship
wh!r! s!paration is #ost lik!l$ to occur. Th!
r!sistanc! co#pon!nts obtain!% &ro# th!s!
si#ulations ar! also pr!s!nt!% in Tabl! *.
(##!%iat!l$ it can b! s!!n that both r!sistanc!
co#pon!nts ha-! b!!n r!%uc!% co#par!% to th!
SST #o%!l. (t is also appar!nt that th! BS4
#o%!l is &ar #or! s!nsiti-! to #!sh %!nsit$ than
th! SST #o%!l, with all co#pon!nts o& r!sistanc!
-ar$in sini&icantl$. (nt!r!stinl$, as th! #!sh
%!nsit$ incr!as!% both a!ro%$na#ic an%
h$%ro%$na#ic )
1
ros! whilst th! h$%ro%$na#ic
)
P
%ropp!% sini&icantl$. (n contrast to this th!
a!ro%$na#ic )
P
incr!as!% to th! sa#! #anitu%!
as th! h$%ro%$na#ic )
P
. Th!r!&or! th! n!t r!sult
o& incr!asin #!sh %!nsit$ was to incr!as! th!
total r!sistanc! actin on th! hull whilst actuall$
r!%ucin th! h$%ro%$na#ic r!sistanc!.
Table ! - +omponents of resistance for the model hull simulations
E!sh
Turbul!nc!
#o%!l
)& )p )t
.$%ro A!ro .$%ro A!ro )o#bin!% .$%ro
1.5E SST *.BG+0:0; ;.+*F0:05 1.00G0:0; :*.HGG0:05 ;.B+50:0; ;.BH50:0;
FE SST *.BBB0:0; *.+FB0:05 B.;F+0:0F :H.BFF0:0H ;.BG*0:0; ;.B;F0:0;
10E SST ;.0100:0; ;.*150:05 +.G150:0F 5.GG*0:05 ;.BG00:0; ;.+H10:0;
1.5E BS4 *.GF+0:0; H.;1+0:05 +.*0+0:0F *.*0F0:05 ;.5GF0:0; ;.FGB0:0;
FE BS4 *.H000:0; G.GBB0:05 G.F;00:0F 1.FFH0:0F ;.55F0:0; ;.;F;0:0;
10E BS4 *.B1G0:0; B.HHB0:05 ;.+1B0:0F ;.B5H0:0F ;.HB10:0; ;.*B+0:0;
0"p!ri#!ntal '(TT), *.+;*0:0; H.*500:0F ;.55H0:0;
(& w! tr$ an% co#par! th!s! r!sults with th!
!"p!ri#!ntal %ata w! ar! pos!% with an
int!r!stin %il!##a, w! %o not know what th!
co#pon!nts o& air r!sistanc! ar! &or th! #o%!l
t!sts. Th! !"p!ri#!ntal co#pon!nts o& r!sistanc!
ar! %!t!r#in!% pur!l$ usin th! (TT) corr!lation
lin! which is an !#pirical r!lationship, us!% &or
!&&!cti-!l$ scalin #o%!l %ata. Th! r!co##!n%!%
proc!%ur!s &or towin tank r!sistanc! t!sts,
outlin!% in '(TT), *00+,, #ak! no allowanc!s
&or th! air r!sistanc! &or #o%!ls up to a 1rou%!
nu#b!r o& 0.F5. Th!r!&or! #o%!ls %o not
n!c!ssaril$ ha-! th! corr!ct &r!!boar% or bow
con&iurations, or a %!ck. This is b!caus! at low
1rou%! nu#b!rs th! a!ro%$na#ic co#pon!nt o&
r!sistanc! is consi%!r!% s#all. .ow!-!r i& w!
look at th! BS4 r!sults &ro# Tabl! * w! can s!!
that th! a!ro%$na#ic co#pon!nt o& r!sistanc!
-ari!s &ro# *.G to o-!r 10N. (t shoul% b!
r!#!#b!r!% how!-!r that th! #!sh structur! was
not &ocus!% on accurat! a!ro%$na#ic #o%!llin
so th!s! -alu!s coul% b! subj!ct to lar! !rrors.
Th! k!$ point still r!#ains, how!-!r, to &ull$
ass!s th! -ali%it$ o& th! )12 r!sistanc!
co#pon!nts #or! %!tail o& th! abo-! wat!r
#o%!l con&iuration is r!/uir!%. (t coul% b! that
sini&icant chan!s &ro# th! &ull scal! hull
!o#!tr$, alon with th! a%%ition o& a towpost
!tc coul% sini&icantl$ alt!r th! total r!sistanc!
#!asur!%. 2u! to th! us! o& th! (TT) corr!lation
lin! th!s! chan!s ar! r!pr!s!nt!% in th!
r!si%uar$>pr!ssur! r!sistanc! co#pon!nt, %!spit!
containin a!ro%$na#ic &rictional an% pr!ssur!
co#pon!nts. This #!ans that %ir!ct co#parison
o& !"p!ri#!ntal r!sults coul% b! #isl!a%in.
Anoth!r i#portant point that shoul% b!
#!ntion!% is that i& th! a!ro%$na#ic co#pon!nts
o& r!sistanc! ar! sini&icant th!n #or! &ocus
shoul% b! plac!% on accurat!l$ #o%!llin th!
a!ro%$na#ic &low &!atur!s aroun% th! hull.
(n !n!ral, it s!!#s that th! BS4 R!$nol%s str!ss
turbul!nc! #o%!l pro-i%!% a clos!r #atch to th!
!"p!ri#!ntal r!sults in%icatin that #a$b! th!
%i&&!r!nt co#pon!nts o& r!sistanc! can b!
succ!ss&ull$ #o%!ll!% usin this #!tho%olo$.
.ow!-!r #or! work is un%oubt!%l$ r!/uir!% to
in-!stiat! th! i#pact o& #!sh %!nsit$ on th!
%i&&!r!nt co#pon!nts o& r!sistanc!, !sp!ciall$
a!ro%$na#ic.
3. Conclusions
A nu#!rical #!tho%olo$ has b!!n %!-!lop!% to
accurat!l$ si#ulat! th! &low aroun% a tow!% hull.
A #!sh structur! has b!!n %!-!lop!% that
!&&ici!ntl$ captur!s th! &r!! sur&ac! wa-! patt!rn,
whilst allowin &or !as$ i#pl!#!ntation o& a
prop!ll!r #o%!l in th! &utur!. Th! nu#!rical
wa-! patt!rn !n!rat!% has b!!n -ali%at!%
aainst !"p!ri#!ntal %ata showin oo%
corr!lation.
An ass!ss#!nt o& th! a!ro an% h$%ro%$na#ic
co#pon!nts o& %ra hihliht!% th! n!!% &or
#or! %!tail!% in&or#ation about th! Oabo-!
wat!r9 !"p!ri#!ntal s!t up &ro# towin tank
!"p!ri#!nts, i& accurat! -ali%ation is to b!
achi!-!%.
Th! i#pact o& two %i&&!r!nt turbul!nc! #o%!ls on
th! co#pon!nts o& r!sistanc! has b!!n !-aluat!%,
conclu%in that th! Bas!lin! 'BS4, R!$nol%s
str!ss #o%!l pro-i%!% th! b!st co#parison to
!"p!ri#!ntal %ata. (t is th!r!&or! now !n-isa!%
that this nu#!rical #!tho%olo$ can b! us!% to
!-aluat! th! i#pact a prop!ll!r #o%!l has on th!
&r!! sur&ac! n!ar th! st!rn an% how this a&&!cts
th! r!sistanc! co#pon!nts o& a s!l& prop!ll!%
ship.
References
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