Lecture 10 Lecture 10

Waterflood Surveillance Waterflood Surveillance--11

Dosen Dosen :: Ir Ir Andry Andry halim halim, MM , MM Dosen Dosen : : Ir Ir Andry Andry halim halim, MM , MM
STT MIGAS, Balikpapan STT MIGAS, Balikpapan
2012 2012
Voidage Control Voidage Control
2
Design of Waterflood Project Design of Waterflood Project
Voidage Control Voidage Control
Voidage control involves monitoring injection and Voidage control involves monitoring injection and
withdrawal volumes to ensure the correct injection is withdrawal volumes to ensure the correct injection is
o dage Co t o o dage Co t o
added to the reservoir and at the proper locations to added to the reservoir and at the proper locations to
maximize secondary recovery maximize secondary recovery
o p p B N W s Withdrawal Reservoir + =
Where: Where: BB
oo
== Oil formation volume factor (RB/STB) Oil formation volume factor (RB/STB)
NN
pp
== Oil production at stock tank conditions Oil production at stock tank conditions
WW
pp
== Water production Water production
3
Design of Waterflood Project Design of Waterflood Project
Voidage Control Voidage Control
If free gas exists & is being produced: If free gas exists & is being produced:
Voidage Control Voidage Control
g s p p o p p )B R - (R N B N W s Withdrawal Reservoir + + =
Where: Where: BB == Gas formation volume factor Gas formation volume factor Where: Where: BB
gg
== Gas formation volume factor Gas formation volume factor
(RCF/SCF) (RCF/SCF)
RR
pp
== Surface (produced) gas oil ratio Surface (produced) gas oil ratio
pp
(SCF/STBO) (SCF/STBO)
RR
ss
== Solution gas oil ratio (SCF/STBO) Solution gas oil ratio (SCF/STBO)
4
Design of Waterflood Project Design of Waterflood Project
Voidage Control Voidage Control
Injection Withdrawal Ratio (IWR) Injection Withdrawal Ratio (IWR) -- commonly used commonly used
Voidage Control Voidage Control
Injection Withdrawal Ratio (IWR) Injection Withdrawal Ratio (IWR) commonly used commonly used
for monitoring waterfloods for monitoring waterfloods
Monthly secondary recovery reports should Monthly secondary recovery reports should always always
contain calculated IWR for each pattern contain calculated IWR for each pattern
Calculated by dividing effective injection by Calculated by dividing effective injection by
reservoir withdrawals: reservoir withdrawals: reservoir withdrawals: reservoir withdrawals:
Injection Effective
s Withdrawal Reservoir
Injection Effective
Ratio Withdrawal Effective =
5
Design of Waterflood Project Design of Waterflood Project
Voidage Control Voidage Control
When injection equals withdrawals, IWR = When injection equals withdrawals, IWR = 1 1..0 0
IWR ill IWR ill d i th t fl d lif d i th t fl d lif
Voidage Control Voidage Control
IWR will IWR will vary vary during the waterflood life during the waterflood life
-- During repressuring early in the life of waterflood, During repressuring early in the life of waterflood,
IWR will be high because reservoir pressure is IWR will be high because reservoir pressure is IWR will be high because reservoir pressure is IWR will be high because reservoir pressure is
low & withdrawals have not started increasing low & withdrawals have not started increasing
-- After fill After fill- -up is reached & waterflood is up is reached & waterflood is pp
approaching steady approaching steady- -state, IWR will decrease & state, IWR will decrease &
approach approach 1 1..0 0
-- If IWR drops to below If IWR drops to below 11..0 0, total fluid volume will , total fluid volume will
begin to decrease & corrective actions should be begin to decrease & corrective actions should be
taken taken
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Design of Waterflood Project Design of Waterflood Project
Voidage Data Sources Voidage Data Sources
2 useful plots are average reservoir pressure 2 useful plots are average reservoir pressure
versus time and average reservoir pressure versus versus time and average reservoir pressure versus
Voidage Data Sources Voidage Data Sources
cumulative oil cumulative oil
Note the pressure change in the late 1970s after a fore destroyed field Note the pressure change in the late 1970s after a fore destroyed field
7
p g y p g y
injection facilities injection facilities
The effect on reservoir repressuring was significant, but would have been The effect on reservoir repressuring was significant, but would have been
difficult to monitor without this average reservoir pressure curve difficult to monitor without this average reservoir pressure curve
Design of Waterflood Project Design of Waterflood Project
Pattern Voidage Pattern Voidage
Pattern allocation usually Pattern allocation usually
uses a pattern allocation uses a pattern allocation
Pattern Voidage Pattern Voidage
factor calculated using factor calculated using
angle between injection angle between injection
well & two adjacent well & two adjacent
offset injection wells in offset injection wells in
the pattern the pattern
For interior patterns For interior patterns For interior patterns, For interior patterns,
divide this angle by 360 divide this angle by 360
oo
to obtain factor to obtain factor
F t ti F t ti Factors are sometimes Factors are sometimes
adjusted (weighted) for adjusted (weighted) for
reservoir pay volumes reservoir pay volumes
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Voidage Calculation Voidage Calculation
Example Problem Example Problem 1 1..66--1 1
A small waterflood is producing 16,500 BOPD & A small waterflood is producing 16,500 BOPD &
12,500 BWPD. The water injection rate is 30,000 12,500 BWPD. The water injection rate is 30,000
BWIPD The producing GOR is 150 SCF/STBO while BWIPD The producing GOR is 150 SCF/STBO while BWIPD. The producing GOR is 150 SCF/STBO while BWIPD. The producing GOR is 150 SCF/STBO while
reservoir solution GOR is 50 SCF/STBO. The reservoir solution GOR is 50 SCF/STBO. The
formation volume factors for oil and gas are 1.06 formation volume factors for oil and gas are 1.06
RB/STBO & 0.006 RB/SCF, respectively. RB/STBO & 0.006 RB/SCF, respectively.
-- Calculate the net reservoir voidage (RBPD): Calculate the net reservoir voidage (RBPD):
Calculate the Injection Withdrawal Ratio: Calculate the Injection Withdrawal Ratio: Calculate the Injection Withdrawal Ratio: Calculate the Injection Withdrawal Ratio:
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Pattern Voidage Calculation Pattern Voidage Calculation
Example Problem 1.6 Example Problem 1.6- -2 2
A mature A mature 5 5--spot waterflood pattern has been under spot waterflood pattern has been under
waterflood for waterflood for 15 15 years. The center well produces years. The center well produces
127 127 BOPD and BOPD and 550 550 BWPD with negligible gas The oil BWPD with negligible gas The oil 127 127 BOPD and BOPD and 550 550 BWPD with negligible gas. The oil BWPD with negligible gas. The oil
formation volume factor is formation volume factor is 11..14 14. The . The 4 4 injection wells injection wells
have injection & allocation factors of: have injection & allocation factors of:
ll ll (B P ) (B P ) FF Well No. i Well No. i
WW
(BWIPD) (BWIPD) Factor Factor
11 610 610 00..250 250
22 700 700 00..265 265
33 552 552 00..220 220
44 621 621 00..271 271
Calculate pattern voidage & injection withdrawal ratio Calculate pattern voidage & injection withdrawal ratio
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Voidage Calculation Voidage Calculation
Example Problem 1.6 Example Problem 1.6- -1 1 pp
A small waterflood is producing 16,500 BOPD & 12,500 A small waterflood is producing 16,500 BOPD & 12,500
BWPD. The water injection rate is 30,000 BWIPD. The BWPD. The water injection rate is 30,000 BWIPD. The
producing GOR is 150 SCF/STBO while reservoir solution producing GOR is 150 SCF/STBO while reservoir solution producing GOR is 150 SCF/STBO while reservoir solution producing GOR is 150 SCF/STBO while reservoir solution
GOR is 50 SCF/STBO. The formation volume factors for GOR is 50 SCF/STBO. The formation volume factors for
oil and gas are 1.06 RB/STBO & 0.006 RB/SCF, oil and gas are 1.06 RB/STBO & 0.006 RB/SCF,
respectively. respectively.
-- Calculate the net reservoir voidage (RBPD): Calculate the net reservoir voidage (RBPD):
Voidage = Wp + NpBo + Np (Rp Voidage = Wp + NpBo + Np (Rp Rs) Bg Rs) Bg g p p p ( p g p p p ( p ) g ) g
= 12,500 + 16,500x1.06 + 16,500 (150 = 12,500 + 16,500x1.06 + 16,500 (150--50) x .006 50) x .006
= 39,890 RBPD = 39,890 RBPD
-- Calculate the Injection Withdrawal Ratio: Calculate the Injection Withdrawal Ratio:
Eff Withdrawal Ratio = Eff Injection / Res Withdrawal Eff Withdrawal Ratio = Eff Injection / Res Withdrawal
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Eff. Withdrawal Ratio = Eff. Injection / Res. Withdrawal Eff. Withdrawal Ratio = Eff. Injection / Res. Withdrawal
IWR = 30,000 / 39,890 = 0.75 IWR = 30,000 / 39,890 = 0.75
Pattern Voidage Calculation Pattern Voidage Calculation
Example Problem 1.6 Example Problem 1.6- -2 2
A mature 5 A mature 5- -spot waterflood pattern has been under spot waterflood pattern has been under
waterflood for 15 years. The center well produces 127 waterflood for 15 years. The center well produces 127
BOPD and 550 BWPD with negligible gas The oil BOPD and 550 BWPD with negligible gas The oil BOPD and 550 BWPD with negligible gas. The oil BOPD and 550 BWPD with negligible gas. The oil
formation volume factor is 1.14. The 4 injection wells formation volume factor is 1.14. The 4 injection wells
have injection & allocation factors of: have injection & allocation factors of:
ll ll (B P ) (B P ) FF Well No. i Well No. i
WW
(BWIPD) (BWIPD) Factor Factor
11 610 610 0.250 0.250
22 700 700 0.265 0.265
33 552 552 0.220 0.220
44 621 621 0.271 0.271
Calculate pattern voidage & injection withdrawal ratio Calculate pattern voidage & injection withdrawal ratio
Pattern Inj.= (610x.25)+(700x.265)+(552x.22)+(621x.271)=628 BWIPD Pattern Inj.= (610x.25)+(700x.265)+(552x.22)+(621x.271)=628 BWIPD
Withdrawals = (127x1 14) + 550 = 695 RBPD Withdrawals = (127x1 14) + 550 = 695 RBPD
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Withdrawals = (127x1.14) + 550 = 695 RBPD Withdrawals = (127x1.14) + 550 = 695 RBPD
Voidage = 628 Voidage = 628 695 = 695 = -- 67 RBPD 67 RBPD
IWR = 628 / 695 = 0.903 IWR = 628 / 695 = 0.903
Design of Waterflood Project Design of Waterflood Project
Voidage Mapping Voidage Mapping
Pattern Voidage Map Pattern Voidage Map
To view graphically the pattern voidage across a To view graphically the pattern voidage across a
field or reservoir, a colored pattern map is field or reservoir, a colored pattern map is
sometimes used sometimes used
Patterns are classified as Patterns are classified as over balanced over balanced under under Patterns are classified as Patterns are classified as over balanced over balanced, , under under
balanced balanced, , or or balanced balanced based on injection based on injection
withdrawal ratios withdrawal ratios
Under Balanced
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Balanced
Over Balanced
Design of Waterflood Project Design of Waterflood Project
Voidage Mapping Voidage Mapping
Pattern Voidage Bubble Map Pattern Voidage Bubble Map
Useful pattern voidage tool Useful pattern voidage tool
-- Creates bubbles showing positive & negative voidage by Creates bubbles showing positive & negative voidage by
patterns patterns
P iti & ti id h diff t l P iti & ti id h diff t l -- Positive & negative voidages have different colors Positive & negative voidages have different colors
-- Either diameter or area of bubble are proportional to Either diameter or area of bubble are proportional to
absolute value of voidage or IWR absolute value of voidage or IWR
Under Balanced
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Over Balanced
Design of Waterflood Project Design of Waterflood Project
Step for Using Voidage Map Step for Using Voidage Map
Set routine schedule for evaluating pattern voidage performance Set routine schedule for evaluating pattern voidage performance
Define optimum data needed & most effective graphical presentation Define optimum data needed & most effective graphical presentation
Establish baseline of pattern performance: Establish baseline of pattern performance:
Step for Using Voidage Map Step for Using Voidage Map
Establish baseline of pattern performance: Establish baseline of pattern performance:
-- What is typical for patterns in this reservoir? What is typical for patterns in this reservoir?
-- What is typical for each pattern through time? What is typical for each pattern through time?
Evaluate current pattern voidage data: Evaluate current pattern voidage data:
-- Clues from general pattern voidage trends Clues from general pattern voidage trends
-- Relative magnitude of voidage anomalies Relative magnitude of voidage anomalies
Identify anomalies Identify anomalies
Determine if voidage anomalies are significant Determine if voidage anomalies are significant
Determine conclusions about pattern voidage: Determine conclusions about pattern voidage:
-- Is calculated pattern voidage valid? Is calculated pattern voidage valid?
H it b i f ti ? H it b i f ti ? -- Has it been occurring for some time? Has it been occurring for some time?
-- Is it significant? Is it significant?
-- What are possible root causes? What are possible root causes?
Identify wells which may be contributing to pattern voidage anomaly Identify wells which may be contributing to pattern voidage anomaly
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Ch 6 - 15
Identify wells which may be contributing to pattern voidage anomaly Identify wells which may be contributing to pattern voidage anomaly
Identify options Identify options
Voidage Mapping Voidage Mapping
Example Problem 1.6 Example Problem 1.6--3 3 E amp ro m .6 E amp ro m .6
Given following Pattern Voidage Map, what Given following Pattern Voidage Map, what
l d ? l d ? can you conclude? can you conclude?
Balanced
Over Balanced
Under Balanced
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Balanced
Voidage Mapping Voidage Mapping
Example Problem 1 6 Example Problem 1 6--44 Example Problem 1.6 Example Problem 1.6--44
Given following Pattern Voidage Map, what Given following Pattern Voidage Map, what
can you conclude? can you conclude? can you conclude? can you conclude?
Balanced
Over Balanced
Under Balanced
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Balanced
Voidage Mapping Voidage Mapping
Example Problem Example Problem 11 66 55 Example Problem Example Problem 11..66--55
Given following Pattern Voidage Bubble Map, Given following Pattern Voidage Bubble Map,
what can you conclude? what can you conclude? what can you conclude? what can you conclude?
Over Balanced
Under Balanced
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Voidage Mapping Voidage Mapping
Example Problem 1 6 Example Problem 1 6 66 Example Problem 1.6 Example Problem 1.6--66
Given following Pattern Voidage Bubble Map, Given following Pattern Voidage Bubble Map,
what can you conclude? what can you conclude? what can you conclude? what can you conclude?
U d B l d
Over Balanced
Under Balanced
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