Internship Report On Fundamental of Power Solutions and Maintainance

Undergraduate Internship
INTERNSHIP REPORT
ON
FUNDAMENTAL OF POWER SOLUTIONS AND MAINTAINANCE
BY
Md. Moin-Ul-Hasan
ID: 2!-"-#-"
Submitted to the
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Science and Engineering
East West University
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
(BSc in EEE!
Summer" #$%$
&pproved By
A$ad%&i$ Ad'iso(s D%)a(*&%n* C+ai()%(son
S.M.S+a+(ia( Ras+id D(. Anis,l Ha-,%
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, East West University 1
&pproval 'etter
(o )hom it may concern
(his is to certify that *d*oin+Ul+,asan having student ID #$$-+%+.$+$%$" has
successfully completed the pro/ect )or0 that )as assigned to him as part of the
internship program I" *d*ahfu1ul ,asan 2ussel" on behalf of 3alley 4o)er
Solutions 'imited" am recommending this )or0 as the fulfillment for the requirement
of EEE 566 Industrial (raining I )ish his success
*d*ahfu1ul ,asan 2ussel
&ssistant 7eneral *anager"
3alley 4o)er Solutions 'imited
&c0no)ledgment
First of all" I )ish to convey my heartfelt than0s and gratitude to almighty &llah to
complete the Internship successfully and also those )ho rendered their cooperation in
ma0ing this report Without their assistance )e could not have completed my Internship
I )ould li0e to than0 and e8press my gratitude to *d*ahfu1ul ,asan (&ssistant
*anager" maintenance" sales and mar0eting" 3alley 4o)er Solutions 'imited! for giving
me opportunity to do Internship at 3alley 4o)er Solutions 'imited
I )ould also li0e to than0 and e8press my gratitude to *r Wahid ,annan Ullash (&sstt
7eneral *anager of 4o)er Solution division loo0ing the Data center solution and support
team of 7enerator and 9I(E9 4recision &ir 9onditioner for Data 9enter products ,e
has also %$ years e8perience in 4o)er related technical fields and doing /ob in (39' :
3alley 4o)er Solutions 'td for last %$ years ,e did technical training on ,igh End
S;9;*E9 SI9;< U4S Singapore and Bang0o0!
I )ould also li0e to than0 *d &l *obin (&ssistant *anager" 3alley 4o)er Solutions
'imited! and *r *asum Bhuyan (Senior E8ecutive" Support" 3alley 4o)er Solutions
'imited! I have )or0ed under their supervision (hey have guided me )ith a lot of effort
and time
I )ould also li0e to than0 *r Sahriar 2ashid" 2esearch 'ecturer" Department of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE! East West University for his generous
assistance
I also )ould li0e to than0 to all the respected officers and employees of 3alley 4o)er
Solutions 'imited for their continuous inspiration and support
I am also very grateful to all of my teachers and fello) friends for their encouragement
and cooperation throughout my Internship and academic life
Finally" I am forever grateful to our parents for their patience and love
E8ecutive Summary
(his report is to introduce the fundamental of po)er solutions and maintenances of
a data center (his report actually focuses on different machines" )hich are being used on
Data 9enter Solution : Service especially on uninterruptible po)er system (he
operations of these machines are illustrated here (he ma/or technical part is the input
electrical arrangement of these machines (he electrical arrangement for po)er systems
is also focused in this report We have discussed the details of uninterruptible po)er
systems )hich has also been included in this report
I )or0ed at 3alley 4o)er Solutions 'imited as intern for = )ee0s *y )or0 )as to
0no) about Data 9enter 4o)er Solution : Service I 0ne) about some equipment )idely
used in 4o)er Solutions I tried acquiring some 0no)ledge about basics on po)er
problems and solution and basics on data center from my o)n point of vie) )ith the help
of different )ebsites (hese )or0s are attached )ith this document
,ere I learned about po)er solution and service net)or0ing and net)or0
components (his report contains a detail description about some net)or0 components I
also learned about uninterruptible po)er systems (his report also contains a detailed
overvie) of the physical aspects of the data center
While )or0ing )ith 3alley 4o)er Solutions 'imited" I have got a lot of opportunities
to see and learn ho) the machines are functioning mechanically )ith electric po)er I
have tried my best to share this 0no)ledge that has been included in this report I )ould
consider my effort to be successful if it has been of use to anyone
9hronology
Date 3enue (opic Instructor
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Introduction
9ompany 4rofile
Basic on po)er problems and
solutions
Basics on Uninterruptible
4o)er Systems
Basics on Uninterruptible
4o)er Systems
Effect of po)er problems on
equipments
Evaluation parameters
9ommunications and
<et)or0s
Installation guidelines for
medium and large U4S
3i
sit @anata Ban0 'td"
*oti/heel
3isit @anata Ban0 'td"
*oti/heel
Equipments (ransfer
Interiors design
Interiors design
Installation
;bservation and
*aintenances
9oncl
usion
*d *ahfu1ul ,asan
*d *ahfu1ul ,asan
*r Wahid ,annan
*r Wahid ,annan

*r Wahid ,annan
*r
Wahid ,annan
*r Wahid ,annan
*r Wahid ,annan

*r Wahid ,annan
*d &l *obin
*r *asum Bhuyan
*r *asum Bhuyan
*d &l *obin
*d &l *obin
*d &l *obin
*r Wahid ,annan

*d *ahfu1ul ,asan
(able of 9ontents
To)i$ )a.% no
". In*(od,$*ion o/ *+% In*%(ns+i)
"-" An In*(od,$*ion *o $o&)an0.....11111111111...111111.. ""
"-"." Co&)an0 )(o/il%111111111111111111111.11..""
"-".2 His*o(0 o/ *+% $o&)an01111 1111111111111111 "2
"-".2 Lo$a*ion 11111111111 111111111111111 "2
"-".3 S%('i$%s1111.11111111111111111111.. 1.... "2
"-".! Sol,*ions 111111111111111111111... 11111"2
"-2 O45%$*i'% o/ *+% In*%(ns+i) 11111111111111111. 1. "3
"-2 S$o)% 111111111111111111111. 1111111. "3
"-3 M%*+odolo.0 11111111111111111111.. 1 111.. "3
D%*ail o/ In*%(ns+i) Wo(6
2. Basi$ on )o7%( )(o4l%&s and sol,*ions
2-" In*(od,$*ion 111111111111111111111111.11"!
2-2 T+% $,((%n* si*,a*ion111111111111111................111. "!

2-2 E//%$* o/ )o7%( )(o4l%&s on %-,i)&%n*s1111111111.1.1 1 "8
2-2." Sol,*ions *o )o7%( )(o4l%&s 1111111111111111.11. "8
2-2.2 B,il* in )(o*%$*ion1111111111111111111111.1 "8
2-2.2 So/*7a(% &%*+ods 1111111111111111.........11111"9
2-3 Fil*%(: Isola*in.: T(ans/o(&%(s: ;ol*a.% R%.,la*o(s11111111.. "#
2-3." Fil*%(s1111111111111111111111111111."#
2-3.2 Isola*in. *(ans/o(&%(s111111111111111111111.."#
2-3.2 ;ol*a.% (%.,la*o(s and n%*7o(6 $ondi*ion%(s11111111111...."<
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, East West University
2-3.3 Di(%$* $,((%n* )o7%( s,))li%s111111111111111111.... "<
2-3.! Ro*a(0 sol,*ions 111111111111111111.1..................... 2
2-! S*a*i$ Unin*%((,)*i4l% Po7%( S0s*%&s =o( UPS>s?111111111111..2

2-!." A (%'i%7 o/ +o7 *+%0 7o(6111111111111111111111.2"
2-!.2 S*a*i$ )o7%( s,))li%s a(% .%n%(all0 &ad% ,) o/ *+(%% &ain s,4-ass%&4li%s1 2"
2-!.2 Us% o/ UPS>s 111111111..1111111111111111.. ..2"

2. Basi$s on Unin*%((,)*i4l% Po7%( S0s*%&s
2-" In*(od,$*ion 111111111111111111111111..11... 2!

2-2 Classi/i$a*ion Cod%111111111111111111111111.....2!
2-2 UPS do,4l% $on'%(sion o)%(a*ion 111111111111111............... 28
2-3 UPS do,4l% $on'%(sion o)%(a*ion 7i*+ B0)assA111111......................... 29
2-! UPS lin% in*%(a$*i'% o)%(a*ion11111111111111111111. 29
2-8 UPS )assi'% S*and-B0 o)%(a*ion111111111111111..111.12<
3. E'al,a*ion )a(a&%*%(s
3-" In*(od,$*ion 111111111111111111.11111111.1.2"
3-2 UPS El%$*(i$al si@in.1111111111.1111111111.111.. 2"
3-2." A))a(%n* )o7%( =;A OR A;A?11111111111111.111112"
3-2.2 A$*i'% )o7%( =W OR AW?111111111111111..1111112"
3-2 C(%s* /a$*o(11111111111111.11111111111.11 22
3-3 O'%(load111111111111..11111111..11111.111. 22
3-! O)%(a*in. )a(a&%*%(s 111. 1111.1111111.111111.11..22
3-!." O'%(loads111111111111111111111.1111111.22
3-8 O)%(a*in. *%&)%(a*,(%111111111111..1111111.11.1..22
3-9 F,*,(% %B)ansion11111111.11111111111111111.23
3-# E//i$i%n$0111111111111111.1111111..1..111.123
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, East West University !
3-< In),* $,((%n* +a(&oni$sAAAAAAAAAAA11111111.1..123
3-<." Nois%AAAAAAAA111111111111111111............. 2!
3-" Di&%nsions and %as% o/ &ain*%nan$%AAAAA 2!
3-"" D%.(%% o/ )(o*%$*ion11111111111111111111111.. 2!
3-"2 R%lia4ili*0 )a(a&%*%(s111111111111111111.1111.. 28
3-"2." MTBF1111111..111111111111111111...11. 28
3-"2.2 MTTR11111111..11111111111111111..11 28
3-"2 Ba**%(i%s *%$+nolo.0 11111111111111.11........................... 28
3-"3 C%n%(al $onsid%(a*ions on *+% &isl%adin. $on$%)*s o/
$o&),*%( )o7%(111111111111111111111111..11.. 2#
3-"! Mod,l% /o( o//%( (%-,i(%&%n* 1111111111.1111................... 2#
!. Co&&,ni$a*ions
!-" In*(od,$*ion 111111111111111111111111111.3
!-2 Lo$al Co&&,ni$a*ion 111111111..1111111111111...3
!-2." Ill,&ina*%d Indi$a*o(s1111111111111111..1111113
!-2.2 Al)+an,&%(i$ Dis)la011111111111111111..111113
!-2 R%&o*% Co&&,ni$a*ion 111111.1111111111111..1..13"
!-2." R%&o*% R%)o(* T+o,.+ No-;ol*a.% Con*a$*s1111111111.1..1.32
!-3 UPSDUs%( Co&&,ni$a*ion11111..1111111111111....1132
!-! S%(ial Co&&,ni$a*ion111111111111111111..11..1.132
!-8 S%(ial Co&&,ni$a*ion 11111111111111111111...11.32
8. O)*ions
8-" In*(od,$*ion 11111111111111111111111111..1.32
8-2 Cal'ani$ isola*ion *(ans/o(&%( 1111111111111111.11.1..32
8-2." Addi*ional a,*o*(ans/o(&%(11111111111111111.1..1132
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, East West University "
8-2 Sol,*ions /o( in),* +a(&oni$ $,((%n* (%d,$*ion11111111.11..1..132
9. Ins*alla*ion .,id%lin%s /o( &%di,& and la(.% UPS
9-" In*(od,$*ion11111111111111111111111.111.1..33
9-2 Po7%( s0s*%&s 11111..1111111111111111111.11 33
9-2 Ci($,i* )(o*%$*ion d%'i$%sAAAAAAAAA1111111111111 33
9-2." UPS In(,s+ C,((%n*1111111111111111111.1111.. 33
9-2.2 Ea(*+ L%a6a.% C,((%n*s1111111111111111111.1...1.33
9-3 B(an$+ $i($,i* )(o*%$*ion and dis$(i&ina*ionAAAAAAAAAAAAA 3!
9-! UPS o,*),* $,((%n* li&i*in. 11111111..111111.11111.1 3!
9-8 N%,*(al $a4l% si@in.AAA1111111111111111..1.1111. 3!
9-9 Isola*ion o/ n%,*(al111111111111..11111111111113!
9-# S*and-40 .%n%(a*o(s 1111111111111111111.111.11.38
9-< Ba**%(0 ins*alla*ions1111111111111..1111.11111.1.. 38
9-" UPS (%&o*% s+,* do7n11111111111111111..111..1..138
9-"" UPS $o&&,ni$a*ion )o(*s111111111111111.1111...1139
9-"2 Non-lin%a( loads 11111111111111111..111.11111 39
#. Main*%nan$% and s%('i$%s
#-" In*(od,$*ion 111111111111111111111..11..1..11...3<
#-2 W+0 is s%('i$% %ss%n*ialE .............................................................................................3<
.
#-2 P(%-sal%s s,))o(*1111111111111..111111111..1....1..3<
#-2." Load anal0sis111111111111111.1111111111..1..3<
#-2.2 El%$*(i$al %n'i(on&%n* anal0sis 111111..11..1111.1111....1 3<
#-3 Ins*alla*ion11111111111111111111111.1111.1..!
#-! Ini*ial s*a(*-,)111..111111111111111111111111.!
#-8 Main*%nan$% $on*(a$*s1111111111111.1111111...111..!"
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, East West University #
#-9 A/*%(-sal%s s,))o(*1111..1111111111111111111..11!"
#-# T%l%&ain*%nan$%11111111111111.11111111111..1.!2
#-< C,s*o&%( *(ainin.111111111111111111111111....1.!2
#-" Da*a $%n*%( 1111111111111111111111111.11.1!2
<. Cas% S*,d0 and R%$o&&%nda*ion
<-" Cas% s*,d0 111111111111111111111.1111111...!!
<-2 R%$o&&%nda*ion 1.111111111111111111111111....!!
". Con$l,sion 1111111111111111111111111.11..!8
R%/%(%n$% 1111111111111111111111111111111.!9
'ist of Figures
Fi.,(% ": EBa&)l% o/ UPS ins*alla*ion dia.(a&11111111111..11....... 22
Fi.,(% 2: UPS do,4l% $on'%(sion o)%(a*ion 7i*+ a,*o&a*i$ s*a*i$ s7i*$+ 111.... 28
Fi.,(% 2: UPS in*%(a$*i'% o)%(a*ion 7i*+ *+% &ains: 7i*+ *(ans/%( s7i*$+ 111.1 2#
Fi.,(% 3: UPS in s*and-40 o)%(a*in. $ondi*ions11111111111111.1.2<
Fi.,(% !: EBa&)l% o/ IP 111111111111111111111111.12!
Fi.,(% 8: Di//%(%n* (%&o*% $o&&,ni$a*ion111111111111111.11.3"
Fi.,(% 9: No-lin%a( load $,((%n* and 'ol*a.%111111111111111.1.3#
Fi.,(% #: Sa&)l% o/ a Da*a C%n*%( *,(n6%0 sol,*ion1111111111111...!3
'ist of (ables
Ta4l% ": Ba**%(i%s *%$+nolo.0 1111111111111111111111.129
9hapter% Introduction
1$1 &n Introduction to company
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, East West University 1%
(his chapter is designed to provide an overvie) of the company details It describes
company profile" history of the company" location" and list of the ob/ective of the
internship
%+%% 9ompany profile
3alley 4o)er Solutions 'imited concentrated only on Information (echnology and
speciali1ed itself )ith more investment" inclusion of ne) departments to fulfill its
mission to be a leader as a System Integrator in Bangladesh &s a result the 9ompany
no) representsB >9om" <ortel <et)or0s" &(:( : 'ucent (echnologies ;f US&"
Singertel Singapore" &lcatel ;f France" Wang 'aboratories Inc of US&" Socomec sicon
of France+Italy for U4S" 9ylin0 Security 4roduct" 4+9om Wireless modems ;f US&"
,yundai Electronics in Bangladesh
&fter having their success 3alley 4o)er Solutions 'imited also concentrated on Data
9enter Solution : Service" building security" po)er protection" fire protection" precision
air conditioning ,aving adequate e8pertise" this company has the capability to serve the
local need )ith proper support : maintenance services
(o provide their valued customer one stop total I( solution in Bangladesh" this company
representsB &ll I( 4roductsB 7enerator Set" U4S" 2ectifier" Inverter" Stabili1er" ,armonic
Equali1er" Surge 4rotection" 4recision &ir 9onditioning System" *ission 9ritical
*onitoring : *anagement System" Water Detection : related &ccessories" 2emote
&lert System etc
3alley 4o)er Solutions 'imited is proud to announce that their 9ompany has in its
possession the best engineers" programmers and most dynamic sales squad in our country
concerning educational bac0ground and e8perience
%+%# ,istory of the company
3alley 4o)er Solutions 'imited has been incorporated in February #$$- as the sister
concern of (ech 3alley 9ompany 'imited )hich started itCs operation )ay bac0 in %66$
)ith a goal to serve the customer an efficient and reliable system for ma8imum
productivity as )ell as lo)est possible e8penditure of maintenance
%+%> 'ocation
3alley 4o)er Solutions 'imited
&ddressB ,ouse D=" 2oad D - (%
S(
: >
2D
Floor!
Dhanmondi 2E&" Dha0a+%#$-
4honeB (F ..$+#! .=%=??%+#" 6=?>-.6
Fa8B F ..$+#+6=?>-6$
%+%5 Services
3alley 4o)er Solutions 'imited believe that products" innovations" partnerships and
services are the 0ey factors in addressing the information technology needs to enterprise
customers today (hey ma0e sure to deliver the best of those success factors to their
clients to achieve and maintain their ob/ective for partnering )ith their clients and
business partners to build and manage their business effectively and productively" thus
assuring them profitability and gro)th
3alley 4o)er Solutions 'imited also has consulting services )here consultants are
trained to design solutions )hich )ill handle the issues facing your I( department ;nce
they complete a technology assessment of your current system and build pro/ections for
future needs" they )ill configure possible solutions to meet your I( ob/ectives
9onsulting servicesB
G Data 9enter 4lanning : 3irtuali1ation Design E&rchitecture Services
G Data 9enter 4o)er : 9ooling Systems &nalysis
G Data 9enter Feasibility Studies : 4ro/ect 9ost Budgeting
G Data 9enter &vailability : 2is0 &ssessment
G (echnology *aster Format 4lanning
G Data 9enter Site Selection
G Business 9ontinuity : Disaster 2ecovery
G Data 9enter 2elocation Evaluation : 4lanning
G 4ro/ect *anagement

%+%- Solutions
3alley 4o)er Solutions 'imited provides help )ith the physical aspect of the data center
(hey have proficiency in e8pansion and design of the data center build+out process"
creating solutions for D2 planning and e8ecution
Evolving Solutions provides I( *anagers )ith many Data 9enter Design solutions to fit
their needs (hey have the e8perience and the understanding to consult )ith businesses of
all si1es to determine the best approach for gro)ing the physical aspects of their data
center
Evolving Solutions has Data 9enter Solutions )hich can help you fulfill business
requirements your I( *anagement decision ma0ing challenges (hey offer solutions
related to Data center constraints )ith ;n Demand architectures and applications )hich
require #58? uptime" tightening your security infrastructure )ith ne) policies or ne)
technologies
3alley 4o)er Solutions 'imited can assist )ith
G Data center design
G 4o)er design
G Fire protection design and environmental ris0
G &ir conditioning System design
G 2edundancy
G 4hysical security
%+# ;b/ective of the Internship
(o present the overvie) of 3alley 4o)er Solutions 'imited
(o 0no) about some equipments )idely used in 4o)er Solutions
(o acquire some 0no)ledge about uninterruptable po)er supply
(o acquire some 0no)ledge about basic data center
(o present some electrical equipment such as Data 9enter 4o)er : 9ooling
Systems &nalysis
%+> Scope
(his report actually provides a complete overvie) of Data 9enter 4o)er Solutions
4rocess based on uninterruptable po)er system It also contains description of some
electrical equipments being used in Data 9enter
%+5 *ethodology
(his report has been )ritten on the basis of information collected from primary sources
as )ell as secondary sources (he primary information has been collected from personal
observation" discussion )ith mentor and technicians (he secondary information has been
ta0en from the companyHs )ebsite and manuals
Details of internship )or0
&t its most basic" the data center is a physical place that houses a computer net)or0Cs
most critical systems" including bac0up po)er supplies" air conditioning" and security
applications First )e have observed the physical aspect of the data center and studied the
operation and the electrical arrangement of the data center &cquiring basic 0no)ledge
about some equipment )idely used in 4o)er Solutions especially on uninterruptable po)er
supply
9hapter# Basic on po)er problems and solutions
#+% Introduction
(his chapter is designed to provide an overvie) of the basic on po)er problems and
solutions It addresses the current situation" Effect of po)er problems on equipments"
Solutions to po)er problems" and uses of U4S
#+# (he current situation
(he increasing sophistication of Information (echnology Equipment (I(! and automated
industrial systems and their increased performance levels eg the speed of data
processing" the real time interconnection of telecommunications systems" continuous and
automated operation" etc means that they are more and more vulnerable and dependent
on their electrical po)er supply
(his electrical energy is distributed in a )aveform ma0ing up a single and three phase
sinusoidal system characteri1ed by itsB
G Ifrequency"
G Iamplitude"
G Ishape ()ave distortion!"
G Isystem symmetry
Whilst at the po)er station feeder" the voltage )ave is virtually perfect" the same cannot
be said by the time it reaches the user" )here several different types of disturbances can
be observedB
G Itransients"
G IsagsEbro)nouts"
G Ifrequency variations"
G Ioutage J blac0outs
(he source of these disturbances )hich are related to po)er transmission and distribution
and to both the atmospheric (storms" frost" )ind" etc! and the industrial environment
(machine anomalies" polluting current consumers" net)or0 incidents" etc!
(herefore" in spite of constant improvements to distribution net)or0s and to the quality
of the Kelectricity productK" disturbances remain frequent and indeed it )ould not be
economically viable" or technically feasible to eliminate them completely
#+> Effect of po)er problems on equipments
,ere again" very great progress has been made by manufacturers to ma0e equipment less
sensitive to all these disturbances (better surge immunity" tolerance to bro)nouts of up to
%$ or #$L" or even to outages of bet)een - and %$ ms! &s opposed to this ho)ever" the
increasing sophistication of many computing and industrial applications" the use of high
performance plcCs and the continuous operation of industrial processes and
telecommunications ma0e the consequences of these disturbances increasingly serious
(hey can therefore cause production losses" deterioration of product quality" serious ris0s
to people and property and even to the e8istence of the company" since studies sho) that
one in t)o companies never recover from a serious I( system failure
In the I( field a recent survey carried out in UM by the <ational 9omputing 9entre
estimates the average cost of electrical po)er failures at bet)een N60 +N>$M" or in other
)ords more than caused by lightning or theft For e8ample" any file server and its
attached hard dis0 should be connected to an U4SB
G the file server directory for most net)or0 systems is held in 2&* for ease of access &
split second po)er cut can erase it completely
G the U<IO environment calls for all system files to be permanently opened in 2&* If
po)er is lost" even momentarily" the entire operating system may have to be re+installed"
together )ith application soft)are Server protection is only the first line of defenseP
)or0stations need U4S protection against po)er cuts too
'ess visible" and therefore all the more harmful" are the effects )hich can be seen in
terms of premature ageing of equipment as )ell as deterioration of its reliability and
dependability
&s I )ill see" there are several )ays in )hich )e can reduced cost maintenance contacts
to our customers equipped )ith U4S systems and protect or desensiti1e e8isting
equipment
#+>% Solutions to po)er problems
(his document )ill cover all solutions from the simplest through to the highest
performing or most versatile
#+># Built in protection
<umerous technical solutions e8ist and the userCs choice must be made as a function of
several parameters (cost" type of disturbance" characteristics of the equipment to be
protected" the electrical distribution on site" criticality of the application to be protected"
etc!
Some equipment includes in+built protection" but this is often reduced to protection
against the most frequently encountered types of transients" bro)nouts or brief outages
(using batteries or capacitors!
In addition" the solutions provided in everyday equipment are relatively ineffective and
may simply boil do)n to protection (non destruction! of the device" a KcleanK shut+do)n
or the saving of essential data (hey rarely enable the continuation of normal use of the
sensitive equipment
Indeed" to be able to continue operation in the event of a failure of the normal supply for
more than %$ to #$ ms requires the instant s)itching in of a replacement supply using the
energy stored in an inertia )heel or in a set of batteries
It should be noted that today these t)o means remain the only )ays of easily storing
energy to replace a po)er source greater than several hundreds of )atts 3alley 4o)er
Solutions 'imited )ill loo0 at their functions and characteristics in the section dealing
)ith uninterruptible po)er supply interfaces
#+>> Soft)are methods
(hese methods are of course used in digital data processing equipment (computers"
mainframes" plcHs" telecommunication and process control equipment!(heir use is
mainly limited to reducing or eliminating the consequences of a disturbance on the
equipment or the application by using means such as B
G systematic and regular bac0ing up of data to a permanent support that is insensitive to
disturbances"
G automatic equipment shut+do)n and start+up procedures"
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, East West University 1!
G auto supply monitoring by the machine to detect any disturbance )hich may be
detrimental to its operation and )arning the operator or restarting an interrupted
sequence" or even ta0ing a decision concerning the product currently being produced in a
process (re/ect or restart!
Soft)are methods are limited on machines )or0ing in real+time" net)or0ed )ith constant
interconnection and data e8change" or for continuous processes for )hich the stoppage of
the equipment during the process could be ha1ardous (eg in the chemical or
petrochemical industries!" or cause great loss of production or irreversible loss of
information
It should also be noted that these methods require additional programs and memory
resources and can still lead to a lengthy stoppage of the application outage can lead to the
shut+do)n (although it )ould be KcleanK! of a production unit or a computer for several
minutes or even more
#+5 Filter" Isolating" (ransformers" 3oltage 2egulators
When built+in solutions have not been provided by the manufacturer or prove too costly
to be included in each piece of equipment" the solution often involves adding an interface
bet)een the po)er net)or0 and the application or group of applications to be protected
(centrali1ed protection!
#+5% Filters
(he filter is the simplest solution It protects against magnetic or radio electrical
interference and atmospheric disturbances (it may be combined )ith a lightning arrester!
#+5# Isolating transformers
&n isolating transformer equipped )ith an electrostatic screen enables the reduction of
high frequency interference in common and cross+connected mode (he attenuation level
achieved )ill vary according to the quality of the transformerCs design and manufacture
,ere again" no protection is provided against other types of disturbances
,o)ever" an isolating transformer enables earth lea0age currents to be reduced in an
electrical installation by locali1ing them to the circuits supplied po)er by the secondary
(he use of certain coupling arrangements in three phase transformers also enables certain
harmonic currents to be reduced in the primary (>
rd
harmonic and multiples of >!
#+5> 3oltage regulators and net)or0 conditioners
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, East West University 1"
& voltage regulator maintains the output voltage constant in spite of variations in its input
voltage
(here e8ist mainly t)o typesB
G Ferro+resonant regulators"
G Electromechanical regulators
(he criteria to be considered )hen evaluating the performance of regulators are the
regulating range" the load variation response and the speed and fle8ibility of regulation
Whilst regulators resolve problems of voltage variations" they are often ineffective
against noise transients and frequency variations In response to this problem" the solution
involves combing an isolating transformer and a voltage regulatorB this is the so+called
net)or0 or line voltage conditioner
()o ma/or types of conditioners e8ist corresponding to the t)o different voltage
regulation technologies described aboveB
G ferro resonant conditioners and
G static tapping s)itching conditioners
Whilst they provide a good solution to ma/or voltage variations and noise transients"
conditioners are completely ineffective against outages (G %$ms! and frequency
variations )hich only systems )ith Kbac0+upK can remedy
#+55 Direct current po)er supplies
(his solution is especially used in security systems" but also in telecommunications
equipment and the supply of relays or contactors
(his supply comprises a rectifier and an energy storage unitB
G 9apacitors for bac0+up of less than % second"
G Sets of batteries for greater bac0+up times
(his system is simple and cost effective" but it requires a device )ith a permanent direct
current supply of a voltage of bet)een %# and ##$3 In the case of a centrali1ed bac0+up
solution" it )ill also require the installation of a separate direct current distribution
circuit
#+5- 2otary solutions
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, East West University 1#
(here are different variations of rotary uninterruptible po)er systems" but all of them use
motor+generator sets )ith the generator output going to the critical load
;ne version combines a motor and a generator )ith a highly simplified static inverter
(he inverter filters out mains disturbances and regulates only the frequency of its output
signal (generally in Ksquare J )aveK form! )hich supplies a regulated motor+generator
set (he motor+generator set generates reliable output voltage sine )ave ta0ing the
inverter output frequency as a reference
& second version combines a synchronous machine (regulator+generator!" an induction
coupling and a diesel engine )ith a free )heeling clutch
(his dynamic solutions are used in large installations (above >$$ or -$$ 03&! and
mainly for applications in an industrial environment
(he arguments often put for)ard in favors of these QdynamicR solutions are as follo)sB
Ghigh short+circuit current" galvanic isolation and lo) internal impedance providing good
tolerance to non+linear loads
But the main disadvantages of the rotary U4SCs are the high noise level (?$ to 6- dB&!"
bearing replacement )ith long do)ntime" important dimensions and )eight
#+- Static Uninterruptible 4o)er Systems (or U4SCs!
*ore than #- years after they first appeared" uninterruptible po)er systems (U4S! no)
represent more than 6-L of bac0+up po)er interfaces sold and over 6.L for sensitive I(
and electronics applications
I )ill briefly recap on ho) they )or0" ho) they are used and the technical possibilities
offered to users
#+-% & revie) of ho) they )or0
&cting as an interface bet)een the mains and sensitive applications"
G U4Ss supply the load )ith continuous" high quality electrical po)er regardless of the
status of the mains
G U4Ss deliver a dependable supply voltage free from all mains disturbances" )ithin
tolerances compatible )ith the requirements of sensitive electronic devices
G U4Ss can also provide this dependable voltage independently by means of a po)er
source (battery! )hich is generally sufficient to ensure the safety of individuals and the
installation
#+-# Static po)er supplies are generally made up of three main sub+
assemblies
G & rectifier+charger to transform the alternating current into direct current and charge
the battery"
G a set of batteries (generally lead+acid type! enabling energy to be stored and instantly
recovered as required over a - to >$ minutes period" or even more"
G a static converter to convert this direct voltage into an alternating voltage that is
perfectly regulated and filtered in terms of voltage andEor frequency
(hese three functions can be supplemented )ith additional featuresB
G a bypass in the case of U4S overload or fault" a mechanical maintenance by+pass
enabling the U4S to be completely isolated" as )ell as various options for signaling"
maintenance" and even telemaintenance
#+-> Use of U4SCs
;ver many years" the U4S has become an integral part of high quality po)er distribution
to the customer Each of their components has been designed by the manufacturer to
integrate perfectly )ith the site layout" )hether a #-$3& supply for a personal computer
in an office or a very complete # $$$03& installation for a ma/or tertiary sector data
centre or for the protection of a production unit
(he diagram sho)s an e8ample of a lo) voltage electrical installation protected by a
U4S We can notice the inclusion of a generating set" a feature that is often seen as
complementary to the static supply
Indeed" the instance of a very long blac0out" it )ill enable the bac0+up time provided by
the battery to be e8tended" of course )ith the battery providing continuity of supply
)hilst the generator set is starting up and %$ or more minutes of bac0+up time should it
not start up" during )hich time all the customer application shut+do)n sequences can be
performed
(hese technologies are complementary" as might be imagined" and indeed U4S systems
manufacturers often )or0 closely )ith generator set manufacturers during the design of
large+scale installations to define together the machine characteristics (po)ers" operating
sequences" etc!
Fi.. ": EBa&)l% o/ UPS ins*alla*ion dia.(a&
#+-5 4arallel connection
In medium and high po)er installations" it is possible to combine several U4S in parallelB
G to ma0e up a po)er supply greater than available in the single chain"
G to increase the reliability of the supply by providing one or several redundant chains
3ery sophisticated layouts are possible in order to increase reliability or ma0e the use and
maintenance simpler
#+-- User benefits
(his section )ill sho) some users benefits from the simplest through to the highest
performing or most versatile
#+--% Improved efficiency

(he user is al)ays interested in reducing the cost of operating his equipment ,e 0eeps a
close eye on po)er consumption" and therefore on the losses of the U4Ss )hich are
usually al)ays in operation *oreover" the losses must be paid for t)iceB 0WhCs
consumed by the U4S plus additional 0WhCs for air conditioning (his drove
manufacturers of U4Ss literally into the race against losses in )hich a fe) percent are
)on )ith every ne) advance in technology
#+--# 7ood supply of non+linear loads
For years" since the introduction of s)itch mode po)er supplies" the ma/ority of electric
loads" in particular computers" have been non+linear or Kdistortion producingK (his
means that the current )aveform is not a sine )ave and can have a high harmonic content
(order >"-"?"6" etc! Such a current is also characteri1ed by a high pea0 factor (# to >-!
and po)er factor of $=- to $.
*anufacturers quic0ly too0 all this into account in the design of todayCs U4Ss" in
particular by adopting 4W* (pulse )idth modulation! based inverters (he output
impedance of different sources as a function of harmonic frequency is revealing that the
4W* inverter is the best solutionB the output impedance is very lo) up to high
frequencies and the output voltage distortion due to highly non+linear currents is
negligible
It can therefore be said that the problem of non+linear loads has been solved in the ne)
4W* based U4Ss and that rerating is no longer necessary
#+--> Integration )ith communication and technical data management
Systems
U4S operating parameters" data and alarms are converted to digital data and stored or
displayed on the U4S screen (hey can easily be transmitted to remote site" ie a simple
remote indicator unit or a comple8 centrali1ed Building and Energy *anagement system
(BE*! (he BE* can process both energy management data (*3 distribution" '3 or
engine generator sets! and data concerning the protection of po)er distribution
installations
(he U4S is a 0ey element in high quality electric po)er installations (he user can
receive continuous information on the number of micro+brea0s" the po)er consumed" the
number of U4Ss in operation and the current dra)n per phase *icroprocessors ma0e it
possible to establish communication channels bet)een the U4S and the supplied
computer In addition to the obvious po)er lin0 bet)een the U4S and the supplied
computer system" a data lin0 is increasingly established bet)een the t)o With the
information sent by the U4S (duration of interruption" load" battery bac0up time" normal
source restoral" etc!" the computer system can initiate automatic procedures (closing
files" stopping peripheral devices" restarting!" and of course" )ithout operator assistance
9lose cooperation )as necessary bet)een manufacturers of U4Ss and computer systems
to arrive at communication soft)are compatible )ith the numerous standards in use
(he U4S is frequently located closer to the computer system than the electrical panel"
increasingly right in the office or the computer room ne8t to the system to be protected
#+--5 Improvements in reliability and maintainability
Equipment reliability has increased considerably over recent years due to better quality
and improved performance of po)er components (transistors" thyristors!" integration
(integrated circuits" microprocessors" &SI9s" etc! )hich reduces the amount of
components and more elaborate circuit designs <evertheless" brea0do)ns do occur
When a U4S brea0s do)n" an accurate fault diagnosis and quic0 repairs are of upmost
importance &gain" microprocessor+based systems offer ma/or advantages including
accurate diagnostics and identification of the faulty subassembly
(he user receives a clear description of possible remedial action directly or via the
telephone"
3ideo te8t or a special diagnostics system running on a micro+computer
(he remote diagnosis completed" fast repair is necessary 9rucial functions can
easily be removed or dra)n out and a module can be replaced )ithin minutes
9hapter> Basics on Uninterruptible 4o)er Systems configurations
>+% Introduction
& variety of U4S have been developed to meet the users requirements for continuity and
quality of po)er to different types of loads over a )ide range of po)er fe) )atts to
several mega)atts (he follo)ing classification is part of the European standard
E<3-$$6%+> )hich defines configurations of U4S by performances
>+# 9lassification 9ode
(here are three main codes defining the most diffused configurationsB
3FIB
(;utput 3oltage and Frequency Independent from mains supply! S )here the U4S output
is independent of supply (mains! voltage variations and frequency variations are
controlled )ithin IE9=%$$$+#+# or E<=%$$$+#+#T limits (his type can function as a
frequency charger
3FDB
(;utput 3oltage and Frequency Dependant from mains supply! S )here the U4S output
is dependent on supply (mains! voltage and frequency variations
3IB
(;utput 3oltage Independent from mains supply! S )here the U4S output is dependent
on supply (mains! frequency variations but supply voltage variations are conditioning by
electronicEpassive voltage regulating devices )ithin limits of normal operation
U<;(E
IE9 =%$$$+#+# (or E<=%$$$+#+#! defines normal levels of harmonics and distortion that
can be e8pected from 4ublic 'o) 3oltage supplies at the consumer terminals before
connection of a given installation
(he standard E<3-$$6%+> sho)s the main )or0ing functions of an U4S U4S basic
function is it to supply continuous po)er to a load and can be carried out )ith different
circuital architectures and relative operating modes (hese typologies features are
described for e8ample in the follo)ing sections
>+> U4S double conversion operation
In normal mode of operation" the load is continuously supplied by the converterEinverter
combination in a double conversion technique ie ac+dc+dc+ac When the ac input
supply is out of U4S preset tolerances" the U4S enters stored energy mode of operation
)here the batteryEinverter combination continues to support the load for the duration of
the stored energy time or until the ac input returns )ithin U4S design tolerances"
)hichever is the sooner
Fi.. 2: UPS do,4l% $on'%(sion o)%(a*ion 7i*+ a,*o&a*i$ s*a*i$ s7i*$+
U <;(E
(his type is often referred to as an K;n+line U4SK meaning the load is al)ays supplied by
the inverter irrespective of the condition of the ac input supply (he term K;n+'ineK also
means K;n+the+*ainsK (o prevent confusion in definition" this term should be avoided
and the above term used
>+5 U4S double conversion operation )ith Bypass
By the addition of a bypass" the continuity of load po)er can be improved by activation
of the bypass by means of a transfer s)itch in case ofB
a! U4S failure
b! 'oad current transients (inrush currents or fault clearing currents!
c! 4ea0 load
>+- U4S line interactive operation
In normal mode of operation" the load is supplied )ith conditioned po)er via a parallel
connection of the ac input and the U4S inverter (he inverter is operational to provide
output voltage conditioning andEor battery charging (he output frequency is dependent
upon the ac input frequency
When the ac input supply voltage is out of U4S preset tolerances" the inverter and
battery maintain continuity of load po)er in stored energy mode of operation and the
s)itch disconnects the ac input supply to prevent bac0 feed from the inverter
(he units run in stored energy mode for the duration of time permitted by the charge of
battery or until the ac input supply returns )ithin U4S design tolerances" )hichever is
the sooner
Fi.. 2: UPS in*%(a$*i'% o)%(a*ion 7i*+ *+% &ains: 7i*+ *(ans/%( s7i*$+
>+= U4S passive Stand+By operation
Fi.. 3: UPS in s*and-40 o)%(a*in. $ondi*ions
In normal mode of operation" the load is supplied by the ac input primary po)er via the
U4S s)itch &dditional devices may be incorporated to provide po)er conditioning" eg
ferro resonant transformer or automatic tap changing transformers (he output frequency
being dependent upon the ac input frequency
When the ac input supply voltage is out of U4S preset tolerances" the U4S enters stored
energy mode of operation" )hen the inverter is activated and the load transferred to the
inverter directly or via the U4S s)itch ()hich may be electronic or electromechanically!
(he batteryEinverter combination maintains continuity of load po)er for the duration of
the stored energy time or until the ac input supply voltage returns )ithin U4S preset
tolerances and the load is transferred bac0" )hichever is the sooner
U<;(E
(his type is often referred to as an K;ff+'ine U4SK meaning electronic conditioned
po)er is fed to the load only )hen the ac input supply is out of tolerance (he term
K;ff+'ineK also means K<ot+;n+the+*ainsK )hen in fact the load is primarily fed from
the mains in normal mode of operation (o prevent confusion in definition" this term
should be avoided and the above term used
9hapter5 Evaluation parameters
5+% Introduction
(his chapter is designed to provide an overvie) of the basic on evaluation parameters for
po)er problems and solution It addresses some formula to calculation for select the
parameters
5+# U4S Electrical si1ing
Mno)ledge of the follo)ing parameters has a 0ey role in determining the U4S si1e
5+#% &pparent po)er (3& ;2 M3&!
It is defined asB
S S U 8 I for single+phase load
S S (U'% 8 I'%! F (U'# 8 I'#! F (U'> F I'>!
(For three+phase load!
Where"
U is voltage
I is the current absorbed by the load under normal load conditions (E<-$$6%+%+O!
(his information is normally indicated on documents andEor load nameplates" though it
may be sho)n as an oversi1ed value
(he permanent &pparent 4o)er of a U4S is specified in 3& or 03& )ith the
4F (po)er factor! specified under sine+)ave condition
5+## &ctive po)er (W ;2 MW!
It is defined asB
4 S S 8 4F
Where"
4F is the po)er factor
(he 4 or the 4F value of loads are generally not indicated" therefore a correct U4S si1ing
requires measurements of the 4 absorbed by loads E8perience sho)s that typical loads of
computer equipment have a 4F bet)een $=- and $.
5+> 9rest factor
& linear load absorbs a sine+)ave current )hich sho)s an effective value
(I2*S usually measured and declared! and a pea0 value (Ip0!
(he 9rest Factor is defined asB
9F S I4M F I2*S
(he normal value for a linear is 9F S %" 5%
*ost loads applied to U4Ss are non+linear loads: they absorb distorted currents )ith 9F
value greater than %" 5% and require therefore higher pea0 currents thus resulting in an
increased distortion of the output voltage than equivalent linear loads (he value of the
9rest Factor (9F! is practically never indicated and it may be necessary to measure it
specifically Standard E<-$66%+%+O" enclosure *%-" indicates a typical non+linear load
as 9F S >" used for U4S testing (his value may be used in the absence of other data from
the purchaser
5+5 ;verload
;verloads are temporary requested from load equipment )hen e8ceeding the normal
steady state value and are caused )hen one or more userHs equipment are s)itched on
5+- ;perating parameters
In determining the si1e of a U4S" the follo)ing operating parameter conditions must be
fulfilledB
S(B
(he nominal &pparent 4o)er of a U4S must be equal to or greater than the total S of
loads
4(B
(he nominal &ctive 4o)er of a U4S must be equal to or greater than the total 4 of loads
UIW&2<I<7
DonCt rely on computer po)er" similar definitionsV
9FB
It is necessary to verify that the U4S is si1ed fir feeding non+linear loads )ith
9F equal to or greater than the 9F of loads as a )hole and that the relevant output voltage
distortion is compatible )ith the loads to be fed
5+-% ;verloads
It is necessary to quantify overload and chec0 that the U4S can sustain them" ta0ing into
account the overload capacity of the U4S If loads cause an overload greater either than
the value or the duration allo)ed by the U4S" t)o solutions are possible as follo)s B
IUse of a higher rating U4S"
&c0no)ledge that under overload conditions users are automatically fed from mains
po)er as long as requested through the change+over s)itch (if installed!
U<;(E
& problem may arise if the mains po)er supply is missing or is out of toleranceB in this
case the load may loose its supply Where possible" s)itch on the load progressively" to
avoid overload
5+= ;perating temperature
If the temperature in the room is higher than the one declared by the manufacturer" the
po)er of the U4S must be rerated according to the indication of the manufacturer
UW&2<I<7
4o)er rating is defined )hen comparing operating temperatures and different products
5+? Future e8pansion
;nce the U4S si1e has been established" it is recommended to add some e8tra po)er as
allo)ance for future e8pansion 7enerally an e8tra po)er allo)ance of not less than >$L
is regarded as adequate.
5+. Efficiency
Efficiency (*! is the ratio bet)een active output po)er and active input po)er of the
U4S
* S 4U W I4I
Energy dispersed as heat during U4S operation represents naturally an e8tra cost given
by the thermal energy dissipated
Because of heat dispersion it may be necessary" for medium+high po)er U4Ss" to use
e8tra electrical po)er for air+conditioning the environment
;n a yearly basis" the cost of lost electrical po)er for a given load is given byB
Energy 9ost S 4U 8 (%* J %! 8 ( 8 c
Where"
4U is the active output po)er (0W! supplied to loads"
* is the U4S efficiency for that loads level and therefore not necessarily the nominal
U4S efficiency"
( is the time ta0en" in hours of operation" in one year" at that load level"
9 is the unit cost of electricity per 0Wh
If air conditioning has to be ta0en into account" the result obtained may be possible
multiplied by a factor of %>
5+6 Input current harmonics
&ccording to technology" U4S may generate a distorted containing harmonics that are
multiples of the reference -$ ,1 frequency (he options paragraph may be referred to for
available procedures to reduce the input current harmonics
5+6% <oise
(he presence of a U4S in the environment must be implemented in a )ay that )ill not
alter living conditions ;ne must not forget that the average noise level" measured in
accordance to IS; >?5= standard" is equal toB
GI -# dB& in an office
GI =$ dB& in a computer room"
G I=-E?-dB& in an electrical equipment room
5+%$ Dimensions and ease of maintenance
9ompact si1e meansB
Greduced space required for installation" a factor that is important depending on cost per
square meter of the area needed"
GIeasier and cheaper conveyance and installation of the U4S &dequate engineering may
guarantee adequate maintainability even for small U4S si1e
5+%% Degree of protection
(his means the safeguards laid out in the E< =$-#6 standard KDegrees of protection
provided by enclosures (I4 9ode!K against access to ha1ardous parts and against foreign
ob/ects (first characteristic numeral and optional additional letter! and against ingress of
)ater (second characteristic numeral and optional supplementary letter!
No protection against water

Protection against direct contacts
Protection
International
Fi.. !: EBa&)l% o/ IP
5+%# 2eliability parameters
I P 20
5+%#% *(BF
*(BF (*ean (ime Before Failures! is a parameter for evaluating U4S reliability It
represents the time estimate of satisfactory U4S operation bet)een failures *(BF
depends on various conditions li0e )eather conditions to )hich the equipment is sub/ect"
altitude" reliability of components used and their rate of use" on design features and" )hen
applicable" redundant operation (systems in parallel!
5+%## *((2
*((2 (*ean (ime to 2epair! is a parameter for evaluating easy repairing of U4S and
therefore of the time it )ill be out of service for repairs *((2 represents in fact the
estimated repair average time and is largely affected by U4S design (easy replacement of
parts and modules! and by on+board diagnostic equipment (easily troubleshooting! <ote
that the *((2 factor is dependent too on availability of spares on site )hen repairs are
needed
It must be noted that *(BF and *((2 values are informative only" as the range of these
parameters may be quite large since it is sub/ect to many associate factors.
5+%> Batteries technology
Batteries are normally supplied )ith the U4S and may be installed in the same cabinetB in
this case" the supplier guarantees the U4S runtime specified for the apparent po)er of
load and the po)er factor designed for
Batteries are generally valve regulated lead+acid batteries (32'&!" usually called sealed
batteries" )ith no electrolyte top+up" very lo) gas emission and therefore suitable for
installation in offices and public places )ith no need for special precautions (hese
batteries are usually placed in the U4S cabinet or in electrical cabinetsP ho) long they
)ill last depends on conditions of use (eg ambient temperature non e8ceeding #-T9! as
)ell as on their design and quality In some case" for installations requiring high po)er
and e8tended runtime" stationary open+cell batteries may be used (hey require
installation in a suitable room and regular maintenance for electrolyte top+up <ic0el+
9admium Batteries too may be used and are suitable for use in particular severe
environmentB temperature from J>$T to =$T9" and high mechanical and electrical stress
(heir e8pected life is %- to #$ years" but their cost is - times higher than for the
equivalent 32'& batteries

Ta4l%." Ba**%(i%s *%$+nolo.0
5+%5 7eneral considerations on the misleading concepts of computer po)er
In the definition of the U4S rated po)er" the parametrical values" defined as Kcomputer
po)erK" Ks)itching po)erK" Kactual po)erK" po)er at particular temperature values"
etcA" are sometimes indicated Such arbitrary parametrical values have no relation )ith
apparent po)er and active po)erP they cannot be neither quantified nor defined and
therefore must not be used for the correct si1ing of the U4S
5+%- *odule for offer requirement
(he follo)ing module (tab>! can be adopted to require the offer for a U4S
I<4U(
GIInput voltage
>.$+5$$+5%-3
GIInput frequencyB
-$+=$ ,1
';&D
(<ameplate ratings if available!
G'oad voltageB
>.$+5$$+5%-3
GI'oad frequencyB
-$+=$ ,1
I
Brief description of the load
G IInformation technology (computers" printersA!" lighting" telecommunication
equipment" electro medical equipmentA"
GFuture e8pansion of po)er (L! XXXXXXXXXXXX
Battery
GBac0 Up (ime (min!BXXXXXXXXXX
GIBattery typeB sealed" open vent" <i9d
GI'ife (years! <' (<ormal 'ife! >+-
'' ('ong 'ife! .+%$
;ther (specify!B XXXXXX
Environment
G;perating temperature
GIU4S room
GIBattery room
9hapter- 9ommunications
-+% Introduction
(he U4S is becoming more frequently a part of a system of intercommunicating devices
Within such an environment" the U4S must become a peripheral of a system that can send
information based on user needs (his must occur efficiently and in a secure manner" and
often through microprocessor control (he communication can be divided into t)o typesB
G local communication and
G remote communication
-+# 'ocal 9ommunication
(his section )ill cover local communication )hich is performing or most versatile
-+#% Illuminated Indicators
(he simple lighting )arning on the front panel of the device supplies the immediate
ac0no)ledge of the U4S condition and are normally sufficient for small U4S ratings
-+## &lphanumeric Display
For specific information about the U4S operating condition and its electrical parameters"
it may be useful to equip the U4S )ith an alphanumeric display to ensure that the
information supplied is clear In addition" it is possible to implement special functions
related to the use and diagnostics of the U4S (his solution is suitable for the U4S )ith
higher ratings
-+> 2emote 9ommunication
Fi.. 8: Di//%(%n* (%&o*% $o&&,ni$a*ion
-+>% 2emote 2eport (hough <o+3oltage 9ontacts
If operator does not have easy access to the U4S" it can be equipped )ith a remote signal
for remote diagnostics of the main operating functions (at least Kgeneral alarmK and
Kbattery operationK! (his signal ca be transmitted to information systems fed by the U4S"
to a 9ustomerCs signal panel or to a signal synoptic panel supplied together )ith the U4S
-+5 U4SEUser 9ommunication
By using clean contacts or a serial communication line" the U4S can be interfaced )ith
the protected information user to ensure that system files are automatically shut do)n in
case of a blac0+out and to transmit information about U4S status to operators
-+- Serial 9ommunication
For a more detailed remote diagnosis of the U4S" the information can be reported on an
alphanumeric panel or directly on a 4ersonal 9omputer In these cases" the
communication occurs through a standard serial line 2S#>#" 2S5## or 2S5.-
guaranteeing a complete transmission of information through a simple t)in pair
connection (he serial interface can also be used to report on a 49 a much greater
quantity of information than )hat is available locally and )ithout any distance limits
(he installer is free to use each communication device that is compatible )ith these
standardsB telephone modem" optical fibres or )hatever else is necessary to reach fara)ay
plants
In some cases" it is more efficient to connect a U4S to a supervision system" using
e8isting information net)or0s (S<*4 J Simple <et)or0 *anagement 4rotocol!
-+= 9ommunication bet)een U4S and assistance center
U4S remote control can be e8tended and processed until it becomes a complement of the
technical assistance service It is possible to create a connection" using the normal
telephone line" bet)een the installed U4S and the assistance centre for an immediate
alarm signal and a preventive control to ensure correct management of the U4S (he
detail degree of the information on the single U4S can even include the recording of
significant parameters for particular events
9hapter= ;ptions
=+% Introduction
(his section contains general technical information of different option for customer
support and fulfill their request It is possible to improve the U4S standard version by
adding options in order to respond to specific customer requests
=+# 7alvanic isolation transformer
(he U4S can be used )ithout galvanic separation transformer" thus 0eeping unchanged
the neutral bet)een input and output ,o)ever" in case of need" an isolation transformer
can be installed
=+#% &dditional autotransformer
When the mains voltage or the voltage required by the load has a different value in
respect to the U4S standard value" an autotransformer for the voltage ad/ustment can be
added
=+> Solutions for input harmonic current reduction
I()elve pulses rectifierB the rectifier is doubled and supplied by a transformer )ith double
outputP combining the currents on the primary )inding" the cancellation of the more
dangerous harmonics is obtained"
I2ectifier )ith 4F9 (4o)er factor 9ontrol! the current is absorbed from the mains )ith
lo) harmonic content (his feature is normally available for lo) po)er range only"
I2esonance filtersB they are installed in the U4S input and through a local circulation of
the harmonics it is avoided the circulation of the harmonics in the mains"
I;ther options are available and can be agreed )ith the U4S manufacturer in order to
optimi1e the installation
9hapter? Installation guidelines for medium and large U4S
?+% Introduction
(his section contains general technical information for the guidance of qualified
personnel )hen installing U4S of the permanently connected type (he manufacturerCs
installation instructions and national )iring rules should be adhered to" )hen they
conflict )ith follo)ing information
?+# 4o)er systems
*ost U4S are designed primarily for use on single phaseEthree phase po)er systems )ith
an earthed neutral For use on other po)er systems" ie impudent neutral or for single
phase U4S for line to line operation" refer to the manufacturer or supplier for guidance on
po)er system compatibility Isolating transformer options are generally available to
enable conversion from these other po)er systems to earthed neutral operation In some
cases" you may be required to fit additional protective devices or s)itches in your supply
installation
?+> 9ircuit protection devices
When using circuit brea0ers as protective devices a delayed action type should be used to
prevent erroneous tripping due to the follo)ing
?+>% U4S Inrush 9urrent
;n s)itch+on a U4S may dra) an inrush current up to . times normal full load current
for a mains cycle (his may also occur if the U4S load is po)ered up in bypass operation
?+># Earth 'ea0age 9urrents
Due to the presence of E*9 filters" at po)er+one" the instantaneous currents flo)ing to
earth may not be balanced in all po)er lines and may cause differential type earth
lea0age detectors to operate
?+5 Branch circuit protection and discrimination
When designing branch circuit protection for either the input or output )iring of the U4S"
the guidance of the manufacturerEsupplier should be sought" if proper circuit fault co+
ordination is a requirement and details are not specified in the technical data sheets or
installation instructions
?+- U4S output current limiting
Dependent on the U4S technology" overload protection may be provided by internal
electronic current limit circuits It is a safety requirement" that )hen the output voltage
falls belo) -$L of nominal rated output voltage that the U4S shut do)n )ithin -$
seconds (E< -$$6%+%+O clause #?%d!
?+= <eutral cable si1ing
If your load consists of single phase po)er supply loads" connected to the output of a
three phase U4S bet)een phases and neutral" then it is li0ely that the neutral conductor
)ill have to carry third harmonic currents" )hich are additive" for all the loads connected
In this situation" the output neutral conductor should be increased in si1e in accordance
)ith national )iring rules or IE9 >=5+-#5+$#+$% (,D >.5! (his may also apply to the
supply neutral in some circumstances" such as in maintenance bypass operation
?+? Isolation of neutral
*any U4S types use the input supply neutral to reference the output neutral When
providing a means of supply isolation or input supply change+over circuits to the U4S"
care needs to be ta0en to ensure that the input supply neutral reference is not
disconnected )hilst the U4S is in service
(his also applies to installations )here the bypass supply is separate from the normal
input supply to the U4S and only one supply neutral is connected to the U4S for both
supplies
?+. Stand+by generators
Stand+by generators" are alternative supplies to the mains Specify to the supplier of the
generator that its load is li0ely to be electronic equipment to ensure that the generator
regulation circuits can respond to and synchroni1e )ith )aveforms having harmonic
distortion and of the non+linear type
?+6 Battery installations
&mbient temperature+'ead+acid battery design life is reduced by half for every %$
degrees rise above the design reference temperature of #$E#- degrees centigrade
Whenever practicable" install in temperature controlled environments if optimum service
life is required Batteries installed remote from the U4S itself should be provided )ith
protective devices suitably rated for operation on D9 as close to the terminals as
possible & means of isolation should also be fitted to enable maintenance of the battery
if the battery consists of more than one battery string in parallel" then each battery string
should have a means of isolation (his )ill allo) one battery string to be )or0ed on
)hilst the other string is still in service
Battery installations should comply )ith national rules if the supplier provides no other
information &ny requirements specified by the manufacturer for compliance )ith E*9
regulations must be complied )ith 9abling from e8ternal batteries to the U4S should be
si1ed to not e8ceed the ma8imum recommended volt drop requirements specified by the
manufacturerEsupplier
?+%$ U4S remote shut do)n
U4S that are permanently connected to the mains supply" have provision for the
connection of an e8ternal device to permit the remote shut+do)n of the load" and at the
same time" prevent the U4S from continuing to operate in any operational mode" if an
emergency situation" such as fire" occurs in the building
(his is a requirement of safety standard E<-$$6%+%+O and may also be a national
requirement for protection of computer room installations When using this option"
additional contacts on this same device should also cause the interruption of the mains
supply to the U4S to prevent operation of any automatic bypass circuits
&lternative methods may be applied by using e8ternal devices )hen so permitted by local
fire regulations
?+%% U4S communication ports
(erminals and plugEsoc0et connections on U4S intended to be connected directly to
e8ternal Information (echnology Equipment (I(E! are termed KSafety E8tra+'o)
3oltageK (SE'3! circuits in accordance )ith the SE'3 definition of IE96-$E
(E<=$6-$!
&n I(E SE'3 circuit is defined as a secondary circuit )hich is so designed and
protected" that under normal and single fault conditions" the voltage bet)een any t)o
parts" or any one part and earth" does not e8ceed 5#"5 3 pea0" or =$ 3D9 e8cept
transiently
(his differs from the SE'3 definition of IE9>=5 )hich has different voltage limits and
circuit requirements &ll site )iring from the U4S to the e8ternal I(E equipment must
be 0ept segregated from all other SE'3 and non+SE'3 )iring by at least #- mm to
maintain the integrity of the U4S SE'3 circuits and meet E*9 mitigation
requirements
?+%# <on+linear loads
(ypical non+linear loads usually found in the U4S industry" are those that consist of a
rectifier and storage capacitor as normally found in any po)er supply 4o)er is only
dra)n from the mains or U4S )hen the supply voltage e8ceeds the dc voltage level on
the storage capacitor
(he resultant current )aveform does not follo) the voltage )aveform but occurs for up
to >$ ms around the pea0 of the )aveform Its pea0 level can be bet)een ## and -$
times the rms value dependant on the supply source impedance and its )aveform is rich
in harmonic currents
(his type of current )aveform can only be measured accurately )ith true rms meters If
the conventional average reading meters" corrected to read the normal rms ac factors
are used" it )ill result in a lo)er recorded value than the real rms value
With this type of load" the rms current dra)n and its pea0 value is dependent upon the
supply source impedance as this limits the rate at )hich energy can be stored on the
po)er supply capacitor each half cycle (herefore it is not unusual to find that the value
of the rms load current may be different in each of the U4S mode of operation if the
output impedance differs (he U4S design normally ta0es this into account )hen the
po)er rating is defined
Equally" the voltage )aveform may sho) signs of flattening at the pea0s due to voltage
drop across the supply source impedance" if the pea0 current value e8ceeds the normal
sinusoidal square root of # pea0s to rms value When si1ing distribution cabling it may
be necessary to increase the cable si1e to allo) for the higher voltage drop caused by high
pea0 voltage to rms load current to avoid this loss of pea0 voltage and consequently a
lo)er mean D9 in the load po)er supply" unless the po)er supply has a )ide
operational voltage tolerance (his applies especially in areas )here the nominal mains
voltage is often at the lo)er tolerance level for long periods due to pea0 demands on the
supply net)or0 in your location
Fi.. 9: No-lin%a( load $,((%n* and 'ol*a.%
9hapter. *aintenance and services
.+% Introduction
When it comes to choosing a U4S one of the most critical factors is the technical support
)hich the manufacturer provides for current and future customers ,ere are some of the
services )hich should be considered )hen installing a U4SB
G pre+sales support"
G installation and initial start+up"
G maintenance contracts"
G after+sales support"
G remote supervision"
G training
.+# Why is service essentialY
In ans)er to their needs" systems no longer e8pect /ust a product (hey require a solution
(he solution is a combination of services and product (he services include pre+sales
guidance" site assessment" maintenance of the U4S and its environment and so on
.+> 4re+sales support
(here is some pre+sales support )hich helps customer for choosing U4S
.+>% 'oad analysis
Before choosing a U4S" the load to be protected must be clearly defined (he presence of
pea0 or start+up inrush currents may have a significant effect on specifications (he
service technicians" equipped )ith harmonic analy1ers and storage oscilloscopes help
customers to establish the required output and avoid costly" over+si1ed specifications
.+># Electrical environment analysis
(he service technicians help customers in the follo)ing )aysB
G(hey determine )hich protective circuit+brea0ers be placed on the various connections"
in line )ith the current rating and short circuit current at the point of installation"
G(hey assess the cross section for the connection cables" as a function of heating and the
permissible voltage drop"
G(hey meet the requirements set by international standards )ith regard to neutral systems
and the protection of persons
.+5 Installation
(he service technicians assist in revie)ing all the 0ey installation tas0s
Mey tas0s are as follo)sB
GI access possibilities"
GI equipment unloading"
GI upstream mains connection"
GI distribution s)itchboard connection"
GI battery connection"
GIair conditioningEventilation
.+- Initial start+up
In order to ensure compliance )ith standards and accepted practice the U4S manufacturer
recommend that initial start+up be carried out by its o)n after+sales service for the
medium and large si1e U4S
(he follo)ing operations are carried out by the engineersB
G validation of the measurements made during production testing"
G on load test"
G battery discharge test"
G training for site personnel"
G full /ob report
(he follo)ing 0ey points should be chec0ed )ith the customerB
G in the event of it being necessary to stop data processing for initial U4S
start+up" )hen should this be doneY In the evening" on )ee0ends" etcA"
G if loads are not available" )ho )ill provide the test loadsY
G )ho )ill be responsible for coordinating the various suppliers andEor
contractors involved
.+= *aintenance contracts
Meep this ris0 as lo) as possible
2egular battery chec0s
(he /ustification for a U4S installation is that it supplies KcleanK" uninterrupted current
(o purchase this type of installation is to recogni1e that protected application is vitally
important It is therefore essential to consider the complete cost of an eventual U4S
failure" ho)ever unli0ely
(o do this" it is necessary to ta0e account of the cost of repairing the equipment" but also
e8penses related to do)n time" during )hich the critical application is not protected" or
perhaps not even supplied at all
(he aim of the maintenance contract is to 0eep the ris0 as lo) as possible
(han0s to regular battery chec0s (for site contracts! it also implements preventive
maintenance and e8tends the )or0ing life of the battery investment (he manufacturers
have developed a )ide range of maintenance contracts" )hich are designed to suit all
types of individual requirements
9ontract vary" from an entry range contract including routine visits" but e8cluding parts
and labour" to all inclusive contracts )ith a guaranteed response time
(he range" )hich is completely adaptable" enables customers to get the most out of their
maintenance budget" in line )ith specific requirements" both in terms of response time
and preventive maintenance
.+? &fter+sales support
Z& )arranty that the manufacturer alone may supplyH
&lthough the manufacturers recommend maintenance contracts as the best )ay of
0eeping an installation in perfect )or0ing order" it also provides high quality" on+site
trouble+shooting servicesB
G requests for service received by phone"
G short response time than0s to large number of after+sales centers"
G rapid repair than0s to modern technology used in the equipment and the high
professional standards of the after+sales technicians
.+. (elemaintenance
9omprehensive and preventive insurance
2emote supervision is a service provided by some U4S manufacturers in the frame)or0
of their maintenance contracts
& direct lin0 bet)een the U4S installation and the maintenance team dra)s on a
combination of t)o manufacturerHs assetsB
G the KintelligenceK of products and their communication capabilities"
G the e8cellence of the maintenance service" carried out by high level specialists
In the event of a brea0do)n" the maintenance team is immediately alerted It ma0es a
diagnosis" informs the customer and" )ithin the frame)or0 of the maintenance contract"
ta0es action )ithout any ris0 of human error or loss of time
.+6 9ustomers training
2egardless of )hich type of U4S is installed" customer training must be carried out
(hese are several training coursesB
G Ibasic information dispensed during initial start+up" )hich comprises basic operating
instructions for the U4S and suggestions for using the user manual
G Ia training course covering U4S operation and maintenance (his course is designed for
those responsible for these tas0s
,ere is an e8ample of the contents of a typical courseB
G U4S operating principles"
G the ;n+'I<E design"
G characteristics of the various units"
G initial start+up and connections"
G overall installation diagram"
G user interface for entering commands"
G start+up procedures" on" off" by+pass and diagnosis"
G location and study of po)er subassemblies using bloc0 diagrams"
G control electronics presentation"
G using the indications and alarm messages"
G U4S environment"
G batteriesB technology" choice" maintenance and installation"
G neutral system of the installation
.+%$ Data center
& data center is a computer systemCs most important and vulnerable component WeCre
tal0ing a large amount of data here" stored in a large number of computers
& typical e8ample of a company that almost certainly has a data center is a ban0 or other
0ind of financial institution & ban0Cs data center )ill have a mainframe or other 0ind of
computer net)or0" on )hich customersC account information and other data are stored &
university )ill also have a data center" )hich includes not only personal information
about the universityCs employees and students" but also information on the universityCs
buildings" construction pro/ects" and physical and intellectual history
(hese 0inds of data centers contain information that is critical to the continued operation
of the ban0" university" or other business (herefore" that data cannot be lost Security
measures surrounding such data centers are usually very strong" as are systems of climate
control that 0eep the data centerCs computer systems from malfunctioning Data centers
)ill also almost certainly contain bac0up computers or mirror drives that protect against
massive data loss Such bac0up computers or mirror drives are routinely dependent not
only on electronic po)er but also on battery po)er" so that they can continue to function
in the case of an interruption of electronic po)er

;ther 0inds of data centers can be found in government institutionsP companies that have
multiple headquartersP and providers of electronic services such as television" mobile
phones" and the li0e & data center can also be a single computer" storing and accessing
one companyCs or one personCs critical data Smaller data centers usually have less
complicated forms of data protection <o matter the si1e" all data centers serve the same
functionB to compile and protect the data of a person or company
Fi.. #: Sa&)l% o/ a Da*a C%n*%( *,(n6%0 sol,*ion
9hapter6 9ase Study and 2ecommendation
6+% 9ase Study
(he case study sho)s ho) I got e8perience some of the follo)ing problems )hen
installing and running Data center 2efer to the follo)ing sections for common solutions
to the problemsB
i! (he installation of a raised floor system too0 long time Structural problems" such as
roc0ing panels and gaps bet)een panels" caused the thermal behavior of the building by
reducing the interaction bet)een the heat gains and the thermally massive concrete slab
(he raised floor did not serve as a separation bet)een the room and the slab 2egular
inspections for the structural integrity of a raised floor system )ere identified problems
ii! Strategic planning for data centers disaster recovery (D2! )ere a significant part of the
equation and overall decision ma0ing & place that did not immediately come to mind as
an ideal location to use as a disaster recovery
6+# 2ecommendation
(o )or0 at 3alley 4o)er Solutions 'imited as intern it is necessary to apply and contact
)ith the human resource department of 3alley 4o)er Solutions 'imited
9urrently" there are no more prerequisite certifications to complete to learn the Data
9enter Storage Support certification (he 99<& certification is simply a recommended
training no) due to fact that the information having been found to be sufficient for the
said certificate
9hapter%$ 9onclusion
In this report our main ob/ective is to appraise the practical 0no)ledge" information and
understandings that )e have acquired from e8ploring several electrical equipments and
machines" discussing )ith 0no)ledgeable engineers and technicians ,ere )e have tried
to share a simple overvie) of the 0no)ledge ho) electrical equipments protect a data
center We have also tal0ed abut electrical protections of some equipments ,ere )e have
also provided a simple overvie) of the ma0ing process of the uninterruptible po)er
systems
2eferenceB
[%\ httpBEEe)ubdeduEe)uEsho)DocumentphpYdocumentidS%$$
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