2 - 3 and 2 - 4 Ofc and Ofs

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED

Introduction of OFC.
OF Cable is a guided medium, in which
information (voice, data or video) is
transmitted through a glass or plastic fibre, in
the form of light from one end to other end.
Technology in OF cable.
Transmission sequence
Principles of operation
TIR
Propagation of light
To Achieve TIR
Value of IOR
Propagation angle
Optical parameters.
Wavelength
Frequency
Window
Attenuation
Dispersion
Bandwidth or NA
Type of OF Cable.
Single Mode Fibre
Multi Mode Fibre
Plastic Optic Fibre
Single Mode Fibre
A much smaller core Diameter
The Core dia is 8 to 10 Micrometer
Cladding Dia is 125 Micrometer
Very large bandwidth
Light can go for very long distances
Multimode
Has a large Core Diameter
Core Diameter - 50, 62.5, 100 Micro meter
Cladding dia - 125 Micro meter
Light waves are dispersed into number of
paths
Multiple path of light cause signal distortion
Suitable for shorter length like LAN
Graded Index Fibre
Multi Mode Fibre
Step Index Fibre
Advantages of OF Cable.
Unlimited bandwidth
Low Loss - 0.5db per km
Less number of Repeaters
Electro Magnetic Immunity
Small size & Light Weight - Easy to handle
Greater Safety - No Electric Hazards
Higher Security
Application of Cable.
Telecom network
CP Commn. Network
Under sea
High EMI area
Explosive env. area
High lightening area
Military applications
Parameters of Cabling
Tensile Strength ( Pull)
Crushing Resistance
Protection from Excess Bending
Abrasion Protection
Anti-Twist
Chemical protection
OFC Construction
1. Core
It is made by silica or Glass
More RI and it is 1.48
diameter 8-10 micrometer
Light is transmitted through
the core
2. Cladding
It is made by silica or glass
More RI and it is 1.46
diameter 125 micrometer
OFC Construction
OFC Sizes
6 Fibre
12 Fibre
24 Fibre
48 Fibre
96 Fibre
Note: Standard drum length is 2000M
+10% 0r 4000 m
PDH
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy.
Support large amount of data to transport .
The term PLESIOCHRONOUS is derived from Greek plesio
which means near, and chronous, time.
It means, networks works in different state but not perfectly
within network.
Transmission and reception are synchronized but timing is not
The channel clocks derived from diff master clock and range is
within limit . It called PLESIOCHRONOUS SIGNAL.
PDH signal are neither SYNCHRONOUS nor ASYNCHRONOUS.
VERSIONS OF PDH
There are two version in PDH namely
THE EUROPEAN AND
THE AMERICAN.
They are different Bit rates and same
EUROPEAN PCM = 30 CHANNELS
NORTH AMERICAN PCM = 24 CHANNELS
EUROPEAN PDH HIERARCHY
WITH BIT RATES
MUX BIT RATE PARTS PER
MILLION
CHANNELS
2 Mbps 2.048 Mbps +/- 50 ppm 30
8 Mbps 8.448 Mbps +/- 30 ppm 120
34 Mbps 34.368
Mbps
+/- 20 ppm 480
140 Mbps 139.264
Mbps
+/- 15 ppm 1920
MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE
Digital data from multiple streams are combined
called Multiplexing .
Taking one bit from each stream and followed by
other one .
Multiplexer also adds some additional bits to
enable the reliable.
The additional bit called JUSTIFICATION OR
STUFFING bits.
30 Chl Digital Hierarchy
III Order
Mux
480 Chls
IV Order
Mux
1920 Chls
Primary
Mux
30 Chls
II order
Mux
120 Chls
X 4
X 4
2.048 Mbps 8.448 Mbps 34.368 Mbps 139.264 Mbps
X 4
DIGITAL MUX CONCEPTS
BIT INTERLEAVING:
It means Alternately each channel code can be
scanned one digit at a time.
It is adopted in Higher order Multiplexing.
BYTE/WORD/BLOCK INTERLEAVING
If TS is long enough to accommodate the
group of bits, then signal called Byte
interleaving.
A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4 C1 C2 C3 C4 D1 D2 D3 D4
SLIP, JUSTIFICATION AND JITTER
SLIP This occurs when incoming bit rates does
not match with the divided MUX/DEMUX clock
rate .Same bit may be read twice or loss of bit
will occur.
JUSTIFICATION:- It is process of adding
additional bits to solve this SLIP problem.
JITTER:- Displacement of pulse from its normal
significant instant is called Jitter.
PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN HIGHER ORDER
MULTIPLEXING AND SOLUTIONS FOR THEM
MUX CLOCK SPEEDS SHOULD BE SAME AT BOTH THE
ENDS.
SOLUTION :- It solved by using PLL circuit at receive tml
to recover the clock.
SYNCHRONIZATION:-
SOLUTION- It is solved by FRAME ALIGNMENT WORD
(FAW).
TRIBUTARY BIT RATE AND MUX CLOCK (DIVIDED)
SHOULD BE THE SAME:-
SOLUTION - It is solved by adding additional Stuffing bit
or Justification bit during process.
FOTS
FIBRE OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.
It has the following sub system
DIGITAL MULTIPLEX SUB SYSTEM.
OPTICAL LINE TRANSMISSION SUB SYSTEM.
CENTRAL SUPERVISORY SUB SYSTEM
POWER SUB SYSTEM
ALARM SUB SYSTEM
LIMITATIONS
Lower capacity
Add and drop difficult
MUX/DEMUX process Complex
No Universal standard
Internetworking betn. Hierarchies complex.
DISADVANTAGES OF PDH SYSTEM
Bandwidth is limited
To access LO tributary involves whole process.
No common standard between vendors.
Only Point to Point configuration.
No provision for NMS
SYNCHRONOUS :
ONE MASTER CLOCK & ALL ELEMENTS
SYNCHRONISE WITH IT.
DIGITAL:
INFORMATION IN BINARY.
HIERARCHY:
SET OF BIT RATES IN A HIERARCHIAL ORDER.
WHAT IS S D H ?
ADVANTAGES OF SDH
1. SIMPLIFIED MULTIPLEXING/DEMULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES.
2. DIRECT ACCESS TO LOWER ORDER TRIBUTARIES.
3. ACCOMMODATES EXISTING PDH SIGNALS.
4. CAPABLE OF TRANSPORTING BROADBAND SIGNALS.
5. MULTI-VENDOR, MULTI OPERATOR ENVIRONMENT.
6. PROTECTION SWITCHING TO TRAFFIC IS OFFERED BY RINGS.
7. ENHANCED BANDWIDTH.
8. NMS FACILITY.
9. UNLIMITED BANDWIDTH
10. GROWTH OF THE EXISTING TO THE HIGHER ORDER SYSTEM IS
SIMPLE.
The Container (C)
Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH)
Synchronous to the STM-1
Bitrate adaptation is done via a positive stuffing
procedure
Adaptation of synchronous tributaries by fixed
stuffing bits
Bit by bit stuffing
The Virtual Container (VC)
Formation of the Container by adding of a POH
(Path Overhead)
Transport as a unit through the network (SDH)
A VC containing several VCs has also a pointer
area
The Tributary Unit (TU)
Is formed via adding a pointer to the VC
The Tributary Unit Group (TUG)
Combines several TUs for a new VC
The Administrative Unit (AU)
Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the
VC formed at last
The Syncronous Transport Module Level 1
(STM-1)
Formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to
AUs
Clock justification through positive-zero-negative
stuffing in the AU pointer area
byte by byte stuffing
STM1 Frames
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4
TUG-3
TU-3 VC-3
C-4
C-3
TUG-2
TU-1
VC-1 C-1
140Mbps
34Mbps
2Mbps
(REDUCED DIAGRAM FOR SDH-MULTIPLEXING)
REDUCED MUX
STRUCTURE
Containers: C-3, C-2, C-12 and C-11
Container Carries signals at
C-11 1.544 Mbit/s
C-12 2.048 Mbit/s
C-2 6.312 Mbit/s
C-3 34.368 Mbit/s and 44.736 Mbit/s
C-4 139.264 Mbit/s
SDH BIT RATES
SDH Levels Bit rates in Kbps
STM-1 155520
STM-4 622080
STM-16
STM-64
2488320
9953.28
SOH BYTE ALLOCATION
A1A2 Frame alignment
B1B2 Error monitoring
D1..D3 Data comm channel for RSOH
D4..D12 Data comm channel for MSOH
E1-E2 Order wire channel
F1 Maintenance
J0 STM Identifier
K1 K2 Automatic protection switching
S1 SYNCHRONISATION STATUS
M1 Txmn Error acknowledgement
Media dependent bytes
SDH NETWORK ELEMENTS
The different network elements are
SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXER
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL CROSS CONNECT
REGENERATOR
NMS
SYNCHRONOUS MUX
Types of synchronous multiplexers
TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER(TM)
ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(ADM)
TM
TM Accepts a no. Of tributary signals and
multiplex them to appropriate optical/electrical
aggregate signal viz STM1,STM4,STM16 etc.
Only signals that need to be accessed are
dropped or inserted
Remaining traffic continues thru the NE
without requiring special signal process.
ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(TM)
ADM
ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(TM)
AGGREGATE SIGNAL
AGGREGATE SIGNAL
SDH(E/O)
SDH(E/O)
ADM
TRIBUTARY SIGNALS
(PDH/SDH)
It works as semi permanent switch for varying
B/W.
It can pick out one or more lower order channels
for transmitting signal without trans. Chls.
Chls. can be 64Kbps up to STM1
Under software program the need of
demultiplexing
CROSS CONNECT EQUIPMENT
TYPES OF NETWORK
TOPOLOGY
STRING/BUS/LINEAR Topology
RING Topology
STAR Topology
MESH Topology
STRING/BUS/LINEAR
TOPOLOGY
TM
ADM
ADM ADM
REG
Aggregate signal
Tributary
signal
(STM1/ STM4/ STM16)
(2/ 34/ 140Mbps/ STM1(e)/ STM1(o))
TM
RING TOPOLOGY
Ring is a linear network looped back to
itself
Network elements are ADMs or
REGENERATORS
Every node on a ring has two
communication paths to each other node
via the two directions around the ring.
RING TOPOLOGY
ADM
ADM
Aggregate signal
(STM1/ STM4/ STM16)
Tributary
signal
(2/ 34/ 140Mbps/ STM1(e)/ STM1(o))
RING TOPOLOGY
Ring network is self healing type
Ring protocol can detect failure of fibre
segment or node
Then rapidly reestablish communications,
Duration is on the order of milliseconds.
It known as protection or protection
switching
RING TOPOLOGY
Rings gives greater flexibility in the
allocation of band width to the
different users.
Normally used in LAN,WAN, Core
Network,Regional Network etc.
STAR TOPOLOGY
Traffic passes thru a central node called
HUB.
The HUB is a DXC.
If HUB fails ,total traffic fails.
DWDM BASICS
SINGLE FIBRE
SDH OPTICAL SIGNALS
NEW REQUIREMENTS:
Achieving high bandwidth
Three possible solutions.
Install new fiber
Invest in new TDM
technology to achieve
higher bandwidth.
Deploy DWDM
Expensive
Very expensive
Require new type
fibre.
Economical.
DWDM
DWDM IS A TECHNOLOGY THAT USES MULTIPLE LASERS
TO TRANSMIT MANY WAVELENGTHS OF LIGHT
SIMULTANEOUSLY OVER A SINGLE OPTICAL FIBRE.
EACH SIGNAL IS MODULATED BY DIFFERENT SOURCE
DATA (TEXT, VIDEO ETC) AND TRAVELS WITHIN ITS OWN
UNIQUE COLOUR BAND WAVELENGTH.
DWDM DRAMATICALLY INCREASES THE FIBRE
INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE OPTICAL TRANSPORT NETWORK.
BIT RATE TRANSPARENCY
QUICK DEPLOYMENT
WAVELENGTH ROUTING
WAVELENGTH SWITCHING.
THE TECHNOLOGY OF COMBINING A NUMBER OF OPTICAL WAVE
LENGTHS AND THEN TRANSMITING THE SAME THROUGH SINGLE
FIBRE IS CALLED DWDM
DENSE WAVE LENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING IS A NEW
TECHNOLOGY TO ENHANCE THE CAPACITY OF TRANSMISSION
NETWORK.
IT WAS COMMERCIALISED IN 1990s.
CHANNELS MULTIPLEX DATA SIGNALS INTO A COMMON OPTICAL
FIBRE.
AT&T BUILT THE FIRST 8 CHANNEL DWDM SYSTEM IN THE WORLD.
DWDM IS AN EFFECTIVE METHOD TO INCREASE THE SYSTEM
CAPACITY.
DWDM TECHNOLOGY COULD OFFER SEVERAL VIRTUAL OPTICAL
CHANNELS IN ONE FIBRE.
COST COULD BE SAVED IN NET WORK EXPANDING.
WHAT IS DWDM ?
COMPONENTS AND OPERATION
TRANS SIDE:- LASERS WITH PRECISE AND STABLE WAVE
LENGTH.
LINK SIDE:- FIBRE THAT EXHIBITS LOW LOSS AND
TRANSMISSION PERFORMANCE IN THE RELEVANT
WAVELENGTH SPECTRA, IN ADDITION TO FLAT GAIN
AMPLIFIERS TO BOOST THE SIGNALS ON LONGER SPAN.
RECEIVE SIDE:- PHOTO DETECTORS AND OPTICAL
DEMUX USING THIN FILM FILTERS OR DIFFRACTIVE
ELEMENTS.
OPTICAL ADM.
OPTICAL CROSS CONNECT COMPONENTS.
DWDM SYSTEM Vs OTHER SYSTEMS
OTHER SYSTEMS
REGENERATORS WERE
EMPLOYED TO BOOST OR
REGENERATE THE
SIGNALS.
INDIVIDUAL SYSTEMS,
INDIVIDUAL FIBRES.
CONSUMES MORE
ENERGY.
CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT
WAS NOT POSSIBLE..
DWDM SYSTEMS
OPTICAL FIBRE
AMPLIFIERS ARE USED
COMMONLY.
ONE COMMON FIBRE IS
ENOUGH.
OPTICAL COMPONENTS
MINIMIZE ENERGY.
POSSIBLE TO ENHANCE
BANDWIDTH.
DWDM
Tx Rx
MUX
DEMUX
OFA
W
D
M
W
D
M
16
TRANSPONDERS
OPTICAL
SIGNALS.
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
ATM
IP
MAIN NETWORK ELEMENTS
1. TRANSPONDER
2. OPTICAL MULTIPLEXER
3. OPTICAL DEMULTIPLEXER
4. OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS
5. OPTICAL ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER
6. OPTICAL CROSS CONNECT
7. OPTICAL REPEATER
JUST LIKE WIDENING OF ROAD USING AVAILABLE LAND TO MEET
INCREASED TRAFFIC.
STM 1
STM 4
STM 16
ATM
IP TFC
OFA
WDM
WDM
TRANSPONDERS
TX
RX
NEW REQUIREMENT OPTICAL SIGNALS
DWDM BLOCK SCHEMATIC
EXTRACTING HIGHER CAPACITY BY SENDING
SEVERAL LOW BITRATE SIGNALS ON SAME FIBRE
DWDM MAIN FUNCTIONS
1. GENERATING THE SIGNAL WITH SOURCES
2. COMBINING THE SIGNALS USING
MULTIPLEXERS.
3.TRANSMITTING THE SIGNALS WITH QUALITY
FIBRE.
4.SEPARATING THE RECEIVED SIGNALS USING
DEMULTIPLEXER
6.RECEIVING THE SIGNALS USING PHOTO
DETECTORS.
STAGES IN EVOLUTION OF
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION:
Improvised Fiber
Point-to-point transport of medium bit rate
signals over short distance : single optical
channel, 850 nm; using multimode (MM) fibre
Point-to-point transport of medium/high bitrate
signals over medium/long distance : single
optical channel 1310 nm; (Single Mode fibre)
Point-to-point transport of very high bitrate
signals over long distance using two optical
channels (second & third windows) : WDM ; (SM
fibre)
EDFAs
Invention of the Optical Amplifier (EDFA):
It amplifies all the DWDM channels in the fibre
The erbium doped fiber amplifier is the most
successful design for 1550 nm. (both L and C
bands)..
NEW FIBRES
Type of fiber:
DSF. G.653: Shifts dispersion minimum
from 1300 to 1550. Ideal for low loss, low
dispersion use with EDFAs.
DSF , G.654 (<0.18 db/km): Achieved by
using pure silica in core and deeply down
doping the cladding;
mainly for non repeater submarine systems
NZDSF(G.655): For used in DWDM systems
ACCESS
Entry of Fibre into the access network (FTTC,
FTTB, FTTH) :
In order to meet the QoS, and bandwidth
requirements of customers.
Also to overcome the limitations of existing
copper based access network.
This is facilitating the convergence of Long
distance with Local and Broadband serivces.
ADVANTAGES OF DWDM
Why Optical (DWDM)
Networking?
Fibre Exhaust : Unlimited bandwidth on a fibre
pair
Bit Rate Transparency
Format/Protocol Transparency : IP, ATM etc.
Efficient use and rearrangement of embedded
optical capacity as per demand.
Minimal Capital Expenditure : Capacity
Expansions Demand
Simpler Operations : Embedded DCC --->
Limited Nes --> Alarm Storm
OPTICAL BANDS
EXTENSIVE USE OF WAVELENGTHS
DIFFERENT VENDORS:INTEROPERABILITY ISSUES
NEED FOR STANDARD WAVELENGTH VALUES
ITU Classification of bands
Standard values : ITU Grid
Center frequency: 193.10THz (1552.52 nm)
Standard spacings of 200, 100, 50 GHz for different
applications
ITU-T BAND ALLOCATION
Optical
Supervisory
channel
1500 1520 1530 1542 1547 1560 1620
RED
BAND
C BAND
L BAND
BLUE
BAND
C BAND PRODUCTS ARE COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE.
ERBIUM DOPED FIBRE AMPLIFIERS SUITABLE FOR C BAND.
GAIN IN RED BAND FLATTEST FOR EDFA.
SOME MANUFACTURERS PROVIDE 16 CHANNELS IN
RED BAND ONLY. OTHERS USE BOTH RED & BLUE BANDS.

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