Carrot

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the cultivated vegetable. For other uses, see Carrot (disambiguation).
Carrot
Scientific classification
Kingdom !lantae
(unranked) "ngiosperms
(unranked) #udicots
(unranked) "sterids
$rder "piales
Family "piaceae
%enus Daucus
&pecies D. carota
Binomial name
Daucus carota subsp. sativus
('offm.) &ch(bl. ) %. *artens
The carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus+ etymology from ,ate ,atin carta, from
%reek -./0123 karton, originally from the 4ndo5#uropean root ker- (horn), due to its
horn5like shape) is a root vegetable, usually orange in colour, though purple, red, 6hite,
and yello6 varieties e7ist. 4t has a crisp te7ture 6hen fresh. The most commonly eaten
part of a carrot is a taproot, although the greens are sometimes eaten as 6ell. 4t is a
domesticated form of the 6ild carrot Daucus carota, native to #urope and south6estern
"sia. The domestic carrot has been selectively bred for its greatly enlarged and more
palatable, less 6oody5te7tured edible taproot. The Food and "griculture $rgani8ation of
the 9nited :ations (F"$) reports that 6orld production of carrots and turnips (these
plants are combined by the F"$ for reporting purposes) for calendar year ;<== 6as
almost >?.@?A million tonnes. "lmost half 6ere gro6n in China. Carrots are 6idely used
in many cuisines, especially in the preparation of salads, and carrot salads are a tradition
in many regional cuisines.
Contents
= 'istory
; Bescription
> Chemistry
C :utrition
? *ethods of consumption and uses
o ?.= Companion plant
@ Cultivation
o @.= Cultivation problems
D Cultivars
A !roduction trends
E &torage
=< &ee also
== Feferences
o ==.= Cited literature
=; #7ternal links
History
The 6ild ancestors of the carrot are likely to have come from 4ran and "fghanistan,
6hich remain the centre of diversity of Daucus carota, the 6ild carrot. " naturally
occurring subspecies of the 6ild carrot, Daucus carota subsp. sativus, has been
selectively bred over the centuries to reduce bitterness, increase s6eetness and minimise
the 6oody core. This has produced the familiar garden vegetable.
G=HG;H
When they 6ere first cultivated, carrots 6ere gro6n for their aromatic leaves and seeds
rather than their roots. Carrot seeds have been found in &6it8erland and &outhern
%ermany dating to ;<<<I><<< JC.
G>H
&ome close relatives of the carrot are still gro6n for
their leaves and seeds, for e7ample parsley, fennel, dill and cumin. The first mention of
the root in classical sources is during the =st century.
GCH
The plant appears to have been
introduced into #urope via &pain by the *oors in the Ath century.
G?H
and in the =<th
century, in such locations in the *iddle #ast, 4ndia and #urope, the roots 6ere purple.
G@H

The modern carrot originated in "fghanistan at about this time.
GCH
The =;th5century "rab
"ndalusian agriculturist, 4bn al5K"66am, describes both red and yello6 carrots+
GDH
The
Le6ish scholar &imeon &eth also mentions roots of these colours in the ==th century.
GAH

Cultivated carrots appeared in China in the =Cth century, and in Lapan in the =Ath century.
GEH
$range5coloured carrots appeared in the :etherlands, 6here the flag included orange,
in the =Dth century.
G@H
These, the modern carrots, 6ere intended by the antiMuary Lohn
"ubrey (=@;@I=@ED) 6hen he noted in his memoranda NCarrots 6ere first so6n at
Jeckington in &omersetshire. &ome very old *an there Gin =@@AH did remember their first
bringing hither.N
G=<H
#uropean settlers introduced the carrot to Colonial "merica in the
=Dth century.
G==H
!urple carrots, still orange on the inside, 6ere sold in Jritish stores starting in ;<<;.
G@H
Description
Daucus carota is a biennial plant that gro6s a rosette of leaves in the spring and summer,
6hile building up the stout taproot that stores large amounts of sugars for the plant to
flo6er in the second year.
&eedlings shortly after germination
&oon after germination, carrot seedlings sho6 a distinct demarcation bet6een the taproot
and the hypocotyl. The latter is thicker and lacks lateral roots. "t the upper end of the
hypocotyl is the seed leaf. The first true leaf appears about =<I=? days after germination.
&ubseMuent leaves, produced from the stem nodes, are alternating (6ith a single leaf
attached to a node, and the leaves gro6ing in alternate directions) and compound, and
arranged in a spiral. The leaf blades are pinnate. "s the plant gro6s, the bases of the
cotyledon are pushed apart. The stem, located Oust above the ground, is compressed and
the internodes are not distinct. When the seed stalk elongates, the tip of the stem narro6s
and becomes pointed, e7tends up6ard, and becomes a highly branched inflorescence. The
stems gro6 to @<I;<< cm (;<IA< in) tall.
G=;H
*ost of the taproot consists of parenchymatous outer corte7 (phloem) and an inner core
(7ylem). 'igh5Muality carrots have a large proportion of corte7 compared to core.
"lthough a completely 7ylem5free carrot is not possible, some cultivars have small and
deeply pigmented cores+ the taproot can appear to lack a core 6hen the colour of the
corte7 and core are similar in intensity. Taproots typically have a conical shape, although
cylindrical and round cultivars are available. The root diameter can range from = cm
(<.C in) to as much as =< cm (C in) at the 6idest part. The root length ranges from ? to
?< cm (;.< to =E.D in), although most are bet6een =< and ;? cm (C and =< in).
G=;H
Daucus carota umbel (inflorescence). 4ndividual flo6ers are borne on undivided pedicels
originating from a common node.
Top vie6 of Daucus carota inflorescence, sho6ing umbellets
Flo6er development begins 6hen the flat apical meristem changes from producing leaves
to an uplifted conical meristem capable of producing stem elongation and an
inflorescence. The inflorescence is a compound umbel, and each umbel contains several
umbellets. The first (primary) umbel occurs at the end of the main floral stem+ smaller
secondary umbels gro6 from the main branch, and these further branch into third, fourth,
and even later5flo6ering umbels. " large primary umbel can contain up to ?< umbellets,
each of 6hich may have as many as ?< flo6ers+ subseMuent umbels have fe6er flo6ers.
Flo6ers are small and 6hite, sometimes 6ith a light green or yello6 tint. They consist of
five petals, five stamens, and an entire caly7. The anthers usually dehisce and the stamens
fall off before the stigma becomes receptive to receive pollen. The anthers of the bro6n
male sterile flo6ers degenerate and shrivel before anthesis. 4n the other type of male
sterile flo6er, the stamens are replaced by petals, and these petals do not fall off. "
nectar5containing disc is present on the upper surface of the carpels.
G=;H
Flo6ers consist of five petals, five stamens, and an entire caly7.
Flo6er development is protandrous, so the anthers release their pollen before the stigma
of the same flo6er is receptive. The arrangement is centripetal, meaning the oldest
flo6ers are near the edge and the youngest flo6ers are in the center. Flo6ers usually first
open at the periphery of the primary umbel, follo6ed about a 6eek later on the secondary
umbels, and then in subseMuent 6eeks in higher5order umbels. The usual flo6ering
period of individual umbels is D to =< days, so a plant can be in the process of flo6ering
for ><I?< days. The distinctive umbels and floral nectaries attract pollinating insects.
"fter fertili8ation and as seeds develop, the outer umbellets of an umbel bend in6ard
causing the umbel shape to change from slightly conve7 or fairly flat to concave, and
6hen cupped it resembles a birdKs nest.
G=;H
The fruit that develops is a schi8ocarp consisting of t6o mericarps+ each mericarp is an
achene or true seed. The paired mericarps are easily separated 6hen they are dry.
!remature separation (shattering) before harvest is undesirable because it can result in
seed loss. *ature seeds are flattened on the commissural side that faced the septum of the
ovary. The flattened side has five longitudinal ribs. The bristly hairs that protrude from
some ribs are usually removed by abrasion during milling and cleaning. &eeds also
contain oil ducts and canals. &eeds vary some6hat in si8e, ranging from less than ?<< to
more than =<<< seeds per gram.
G=;H
The carrot is a diploid species, and has nine relatively short, uniform5length
chromosomes (;nPE). The genome si8e is estimated to be CD> mega base pairs, 6hich is
four times larger than Arabidopsis thaliana, one5fifth the si8e of the mai8e genome, and
about the same si8e as the rice genome.
G=>H
Chemistry
Q5Carotene structure. Carotene is responsible for the orange colour of carrots and many
other fruits and vegetables.
!olyacetylenes can be found in "piaceae vegetables like carrots 6here they sho6
cytoto7ic activities.
G=CHG=?H
Falcarinol and falcarindiol (cis5heptadeca5=,E5diene5C,@5diyne5
>,A5diol)
G=@H
are such compounds. This latter compound sho6s antifungal activity to6ards
Mycocentrospora acerina and Cladosporium cladosporioides.
G=@H
Falcarindiol is the main
compound responsible for bitterness in carrots.
G=DH
$ther compounds such as pyrrolidine (present in the leaves),
G=AH
@5hydro7ymellein,
G=EH
@5
metho7ymellein, eugenin, ;,C,?5trimetho7yben8aldehyde (ga8arin) or (R)5>5aceto7y5
heptadeca5=,E5diene5C,@5diin5A5ol (falcarindiol >5acetate) can also be found in carrot.
Nutrition
Carrots, ra6
Nutritional value per 100 g (3. o!"
#nergy =D> kL (C= kcal)
Carbohy$rates E.@ g
Sugars C.D g
Dietary fibre ;.A g
%at <.;C g
&rotein <.E> g
'itamins
'itamin ( e)uiv.
beta5carotene
lutein 8ea7anthin
(=<CS)
A>? Tg
(DDS)
A;A? Tg
;?@ Tg
*hiamine (B 1 "
(@S)
<.<@@ mg
+iboflavin (B , "
(?S)
<.<?A mg
Niacin (B 3 " (DS)
<.EA> mg
&antothenic aci$ (B "
(?S)
<.;D> mg
'itamin B -
(==S)
<.=>A mg
%olate (B . "
(?S)
=E Tg
'itamin C
(DS)
?.E mg
'itamin #
(CS)
<.@@ mg
*race metals
Calcium
(>S)
>> mg
/ron
(;S)
<.> mg
0agnesium
(>S)
=; mg
0anganese
(DS)
<.=C> mg
&hosphorus
(?S)
>? mg
&otassium
(DS)
>;< mg
So$ium
(?S)
@E mg
1inc
(>S)
<.;C mg
2ther constituents
%luori$e >.; Ug
,ink to 9&B" Batabase entry
9nits
Tg P micrograms V mg P milligrams
49 P 4nternational units
!ercentages are roughly appro7imated using
9& recommendations for adults.
&ource 9&B" :utrient Batabase
*ost carrot cultivars are about AAS 6ater, DS sugar, =S protein, =S fibre, =S ash, and
<.;S fat. The fibre comprises mostly cellulose, 6ith smaller proportions of hemicellulose
and lignin. Carrots contain almost no starch.
G;<H
Free sugars in carrot include sucrose,
glucose, 7ylose and fructose. :itrite and nitrate contents are about C< and <.C= milligrams
per =<< grams (fresh), respectively. *ost of the taste of the vegetable is due to glutamic
acid and other free amino acids. $ther acids present in trace amounts include succinic
acid, .5ketoglutaric acid, lactic acid and glycolic acid+ the maOor phenolic acid is caffeic
acid.
G;=H
The carrot gets its characteristic and bright orange colour from Q5carotene, and lesser
amounts of .5carotene and W5carotene. . and Q5carotenes are partly metabolised into
vitamin " in humans.
G;;HG;>H
Q5carotene is the predominant carotenoid, although there are
lesser amounts of .5carotene and W5carotene. There are typically bet6een @<<< and
?C,<<< micrograms of carotenoids per =<< grams of carrot root. Carrot e7tracts are used
by poultry producers to improve animal skin and alter the colour of egg yolk.
G;<H
*assive
overconsumption of carrots can cause carotenosis, a benign condition in 6hich the skin
turns orange.
G;CH
Carrots are also rich in antio7idants and minerals.
G;?H
#thnomedically, the
roots are used as an emmenagogue (to increase blood flo6 in the pelvic area and uterus),
a carminative (to reduce flatulence), to treat digestive problems, intestinal parasites, and
tonsillitis or constipation.
G;@H
,ack of vitamin " can cause poor vision, including night vision, and this can be remedied
by adding vitamin " to the diet.
G;DH
"n urban legend states that eating large Muantities of
carrots 6ill allo6 one to see in the dark. This myth developed from stories about Jritish
gunners in World War 44, 6ho 6ere able to shoot do6n %erman planes at night. The
rumour arose during the Jattle of Jritain 6hen the F"F circulated a story about their
pilotsK carrot consumption in an attempt to cover up the discovery and effective use of
radar technologies in engaging enemy planes, as 6ell as the use of red light (6hich does
not destroy night vision) in aircraft instruments.
G;AH
4t reinforced e7isting %erman beliefs,
G;EH
and helped to encourage Jritons 6ho 6ere trying to improve their night vision during
the blackout to gro6 and eat the vegetable, 6hich 6as not rationed like most other
foodstuffs. " NBr. CarrotN advertising campaign encouraged its consumption.
G><H
0etho$s of consumption an$ uses
Carrot t8immes
Carrots can be eaten in a variety of 6ays. $nly >S of the Q5carotene in ra6 carrots is
released during digestion this can be improved to >ES by pulping, cooking and adding
cooking oil.
G>=H
"lternatively they may be chopped and boiled, fried or steamed, and
cooked in soups and ste6s, as 6ell as baby and pet foods. " 6ell5kno6n dish is carrots
julienne.
G>;H
Together 6ith onion and celery, carrots are one of the primary vegetables
used in a mirepoix to make various broths.
G>>H
The greens are edible as a leaf vegetable, but are only occasionally eaten by humans+
G>CH

some sources suggest that the greens contain to7ic alkaloids.
G>?HG>@H
When used for this
purpose, they are harvested young in high5density plantings, before significant root
development, and typically used stir5fried, or in salads.
G>CH
&ome people are allergic to
carrots. 4n a ;<=< study on the prevalence of food allergies in #urope, >.@ percent of
young adults sho6ed some degree of sensitivity to carrots.
G>DH
Jecause the maOor carrot
allergen, the protein Bauc c =.<=<C, is cross5reactive 6ith homologues in birch pollen
(Jet v =) and mug6ort pollen ("rt v =), most carrot allergy sufferers are also allergic to
pollen from these plants.
G>AH
4n 4ndia carrots are used in a variety of 6ays, as salads or as vegetables added to spicy
rice or daal dishes. " popular variation in north 4ndia is the %aOar Ka 'al6a carrot
dessert, 6hich has carrots grated and cooked in milk until the 6hole mi7ture is solid,
after 6hich nuts and butter are added.
G>EH
Carrot salads are usually made 6ith grated
carrots in 6estern parts 6ith a seasoning of mustard seeds and green chillies popped in
hot oil, 6hile adding carrots to rice usually is in Oulienne shape.
The variety of carrot found in north 4ndia is rare every6here e7cept in Central "sia and
other contiguous regions, and is no6 gro6ing in popularity in larger cosmopolitan cities
in &outh 4ndia. The north 4ndian carrot is pink5red comparable to plum or raspberry or
deep red apple in colour (6ithout a touch of yello6 or blue) 6hile most other carrot
varieties in the 6orld vary from orange to yello6 in colour, comparable to hallo6eKen
pumpkins.
&ince the late =EA<s, baby carrots or mini5carrots (carrots that have been peeled and cut
into uniform cylinders) have been a popular ready5to5eat snack food available in many
supermarkets.
GC<H
Carrots are purXed and used as baby food, dehydrated to make chips,
flakes, and po6der, and thinly sliced and deep5fried, like potato chips.
G;<H
The s6eetness of carrots allo6s the vegetable to be used in some fruit5like roles. %rated
carrots are used in carrot cakes, as 6ell as carrot puddings, an old #nglish dish thought to
have originated in the early =Eth century. Carrots can also be used alone or 6ith fruits in
Oam and preserves. Carrot Ouice is also 6idely marketed, especially as a health drink,
either stand5alone or blended 6ith fruits and other vegetables.
GC=H
Companion plant
Carrots are useful companion plants for gardeners. The pungent odour of onions, leeks
and chives help repel the carrot root fly,
GC;H
and other vegetables that team 6ell 6ith
carrots include lettuce, tomatoes and radishes, as 6ell as the herbs rosemary and sage.
GC>H

Carrots thrive in the presence of carra6ay, coriander, chamomile, marigold and &6an
Fiver daisy.
GC;H
4f left to flo6er, the carrot, like any umbellifer, attracts predatory 6asps
that kill many garden pests.
GCCH
Cultivation
Workers harvesting carrots, 4mperial Yalley, California, =ECA
Carrots are gro6n from seed and take around four months to mature. They gro6 best in
full sun but tolerate some shade.
GC?H
The optimum gro6th temperature is bet6een =@ and
;= ZC (@= and D< ZF).
GC@H
The ideal soil is deep, loose and 6ell5drained, sandy or loamy
and 6ith a p' of @.> to @.A.
GC;H
Fertiliser should be applied according to soil type and the
crop reMuires lo6 levels of nitrogen, moderate phosphate and high potash. Fich soils
should be avoided, as these 6ill cause the roots to become hairy and misshapen.
GCDH

4rrigation should be applied 6hen needed to keep the soil moist and the crop should be
thinned as necessary and kept 6eed free.
GCAH
Cultivation problems
&ee also ,ist of carrot diseases
There are several diseases that can reduce the yield and market value of carrots. The most
devastating carrot disease is Alternaria leaf blight, 6hich has been kno6n to eradicate
entire crops. " bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris can also be
destructive in 6arm, humid areas. Foot knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species) can cause
stubby or forked roots, or galls.
GCEH
Cavity spot, caused by the oomycetes Pythium violae
and Pythium sulcatum, results in irregularly shaped, depressed lesions on the taproots.
G?<H
!hysical damage can also reduce the value of carrot crops. The t6o main forms of
damage are splitting, 6hereby a longitudinal crack develops during gro6th that can be a
fe6 centimetres to the entire length of the root, and breaking, 6hich occurs postharvest.
These disorders can affect over ><S of commercial crops. Factors associated 6ith high
levels of splitting include 6ide plant spacing, early so6ing, lengthy gro6th durations,
and genotype.
G?=H
Cultivars
Carrot cultivars can be grouped into t6o broad classes, eastern carrots and 3estern
carrots. *ore recently, a number of novelty cultivars have been bred for particular
characteristics.
4sho356eft frame
4hi$e5+ight frame
4sho35&arallel vie3 ( "
4sho35Cross7eye vie3 ( "
Carrot see$s
The city of 'oltville, California, promotes itself as NCarrot Capital of the WorldN, and
holds an annual festival devoted entirely to the carrot.
G?;H
#astern carrots 6ere domesticated in Central "sia, probably in modern5day 4ran and
"fghanistan in the =<th century, or possibly earlier. &pecimens of the eastern carrot that
survive to the present day are commonly purple or yello6, and often have branched roots.
The purple colour common in these carrots comes from anthocyanin pigments.
G?>H
The 6estern carrot emerged in the :etherlands in the =Dth century,
G?CH
its orange colour
making it popular in those countries as an emblem of the 'ouse of $range and the
struggle for Butch independence.
G??H
The orange colour results from abundant carotenes in
these cultivars.
Western carrot cultivars are commonly classified by their root shape. The four general
types listed belo6 are follo6ed by specific variety e7amples. 'o6ever, there are also
many varieties falling outside these types.
Chantenay carrots have vigorous foliage but the roots are shorter than other
cultivars, but have greater girth, being broad in the shoulders and tapering to6ards
a blunt, rounded tip. They store 6ell, have a pale5coloured core and are mostly
used for processing.
GCAH

o Carson 'ybrid
o Fed Cored Chantenay
Banvers carrots have strong foliage and the roots are longer than Chantaney
types, have a conical shape 6ith a 6ell5defined shoulder, and taper to a point.
They are some6hat shorter than 4mperator cultivars, but more tolerant of heavy
soil conditions. Banvers cultivars store 6ell and are used both fresh and for
processing.
GCAH
They 6ere developed in =AD= in Banvers, *assachusetts.
G?@H

o Banvers 'alf ,ong
o Banvers =;@
4mperator carrots have vigorous foliage, are of high sugar content, and have long
and slender roots, tapering to a pointed tip. 4mperator types are the most 6idely
cultivated by commercial gro6ers.
GCAH

o 4mperator ?A
o &ugarsna7 'ybrid
:antes carrots have sparse foliage and are cylindrical, shorter 6ith a more blunt
tip than 4mperator types but still can attain high yields in a range of conditions.
The skin is easily damaged and the core is deeply5pigmented. They are brittle,
high in sugar and store less 6ell than other types.
GCAH

o :elson 'ybrid
o &carlet :antes
o &6eetness 'ybrid
$ne particular variety lacks the usual orange pigment from carotenes, o6ing its 6hite
colour to a recessive gene for tocopherol (vitamin #).
G?DH
Berived from Daucus carota ,.
and patented at the 9niversity of WisconsinI*adison,
G?DH
the variety is intended to
supplement the dietary intake of Yitamin #.
G?AH

Carrots come in a 6ide variety of shapes, colours and si8es.

Carrots 6ith multiple taproots (forks) are not specific cultivars but are a
byproduct of damage to earlier forks often associated 6ith rocky soil.

Carrots can be selectively bred to produce different colours.

Carrot 6eighing and packing machine in The :etherlands.

Carrot seeds 6ith a 9& Bime (c.=Amm diameter) for si8e comparison.
&ro$uction tren$s
Carrot and turnip output in ;<<?. %reen largest producer (China). [ello6 other maOor
producers. Fed minor producers.
Carrot is one of the ten most economically important vegetables crops in the 6orld.
G?EH
4n
;<==, according to the Food and "griculture $rgani8ation of the 9nited :ations, >?.@?A
million tonnes of carrots and turnips 6ere produced 6orld6ide for human consumption,
gro6n on =,=AC,<<< hectares (;,E;@,<<< acres) of land. With a total production of =@.;>>
million tonnes, China 6as by far the largest producer and accounted for C?.?S of the
global output, follo6ed by Fussia (=.D>? million tonnes), the 9nited &tates (=.>C;),
98bekistan (=.;;;), !oland (<.AAD), 9kraine (<.A@C), and the 9nited Kingdom (<.@EC).
"bout @=S of 6orld carrot production occurred in "sia, follo6ed by the #urope (;C.;S)
and the "mericas (:orth, Central, and &outh "merica and the Caribbean) (E.DS). ,ess
than CS of the 6orldKs ;<== total production 6as gro6n in "frica. %lobal production has
increased from ;=.C million tonnes in ;<<<, =>.D million tonnes in =EE<, =<.C million
tonnes in =EA<, and D.A? million tonnes in =ED<.
G@<H
The rate of increase in the global
production of carrots has been greater than the 6orldKs population gro6th rate, and
greater than the overall increase in 6orld vegetable production. #urope 6as traditionally
the maOor centre of production, but 6as overtaken by "sia in =EED.
G@=H
The gro6th in
global production is largely the result of increases in production area rather than
improvements in yield. *odest increases in the latter can be attributed to optimised
agricultural practices, the development of better cultivars (including hybrids), and
increased farm mechanisation.
G@;H
Storage
Carrots ready for purchase.
Carrots can be stored for several months in the refrigerator or over 6inter in a moist, cool
place. For long term storage, un6ashed carrots can be placed in a bucket bet6een layers
of sand, a ?<\?< mi7 of sand and 6ood shavings, or in soil. " temperature range of >; to
C< ZF (< to ? ZC) is best.
G@>HG@CH
See also
"rracacha
Carrot and stick
Carrot fly
Carrot harvester
Carrot seed oil
Baikon, a large #ast "sian 6hite radish sometimes kno6n as N6hite carrotsN
&kirret
+eferences
=. Fose, F. (;<<@). he !ild "lo#er $ey. ,ondon Frederick Warne. p. >C@.
4&J: <5D;>;5?=D?5C.
;. *abey, F. (=EED). "lora %ritannica. ,ondon Chatto and Windus. p. ;EA.
4&J: =5A?@=E5>DD5;.
>. Fobatsky et al. (=EEE), p. @.
C. &imon et al. (;<<A), p. >;A.
?. Krech, &hepard+ *c:eill, L.F.+ *erchant, Carolyn (;<<C). &ncyclopedia
o' !orld &nvironmental (istory) *-+, -ndex. Foutledge. p. =<D=. 4&J: EDA5<5
C=?5E>D>?5=.
@. NCarrots return to purple rootsN. %%C. *ay =@, ;<<;. Fetrieved Becember
?, ;<=>.
D. &taub, Lack #. (;<=<). Alluring .ettuces) And *ther /eductive 0egetables
'or 1our 2arden. %ibbs &mith. p. ;><. 4&J: EDA5=5C;>@5<A;E5?.
A. Balby, "ndre6 (;<<>). "ood in the Ancient !orld 'rom A to +. !sychology
!ress. p. D?. 4&J: EDA5<5C=?5;>;?E5>.
E. &imon et al. (;<<A). p. >;A.
=<. $liver ,a6son Bick, ed. Aubrey3s %rie' .ives4 &dited 'rom the *riginal
Manuscripts, =ECE, p. 777v.
==. Fobatsky et al. (=EEE), pp. @ID.
=;. Fubatsky et al. pp. ;;I;A.
=>. Jradeen and &imon (;<<D), p. =@;.
=C. Ridorn, Christian+ L]hrer, Karin+ %an8era, *arkus &chubert, Jirthe+
&igmund, #lisabeth *aria + *ader, Ludith+ %reil, Fichard+ #llmerer, #rnst !.+
&tuppner, 'ermann (;<<?). N!olyacetylenes from the "piaceae vegetables carrot,
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#:ternal lin;s
Wikiversity has bloom time data for Daucus carota on the Jloom Clock
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe\module on
Carrot
World Carrot *useum
Carrot and %arlic %enetics 5 diverse information on carrots, 6ith links to more
(9&B")
NCarrots 5 :utritional 4nformationN. "bout.com.
*edia related to Baucus carota at Wikimedia Commons
*edia related to Carrot5based food at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of carrot at Wiktionary
NCarrotN. he American CyclopCdia. =ADE.
4sho35
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