Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
4. Dysentery :
5. Epilepsy :
6. Rabies :
7. Heart disease :
8. Convulsion :
9. Beriberi :
10. Whooping cough :
11. Jaundice :
12. Diphtheria :
13. Poliomyelitis :
14. Tuberculosis :
15. Osteomyelitis :
16. High blood pressure :
17. Phthisis :
18. Grand mal epilepsy :
19. Hernia :
20. Colic :
Norton University First year, Semester 2
College of Arts, Humanities, and Languages Subject: Core English 1B
Group 7 Page 6 Co1A2
PART III: The incurable disease!
TOPIC: HIV
AIDS is the byname of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome a transmissible disease of
the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV slowly attacks and
destroys the immune system, the bodys defense against infection, leaving an individual vulnerable
to a variety of other infections and certain malignancies that eventually cause death. AIDS is the
final stage of HIV infection, during which time fatal infections and cancers frequently arise.
HIV/AIDS spread to epidemic proportions in the 1980s, particularly in Africa, where the disease
may have originated. Spread was likely facilitated by several factors, including increasing
urbanization and long-distance travel in Africa, international travel, changing sexual mores, and
intravenous drug use. According to the United Nations 2004 report on AIDS, some 38 million
people are living with HIV, approximately 5 million people become infected annually, and about 3
million people die each year from AIDS. Some 20 million people have died of the disease since
1981. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lent virus (slowly replicating retrovirus) that
causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),a condition in humans in which
progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and
cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to
be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood,
semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both
free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.
HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically
CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells. HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells
through a number of mechanisms, including apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells, direct viral
killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that
recognize infected cells. When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated
immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections.
Norton University First year, Semester 2
College of Arts, Humanities, and Languages Subject: Core English 1B
Group 7 Page 7 Co1A2
PART IV: Passive voice
I. INTRODUCTION
The passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the
active verb and adding the past participle of the active verb. The subject of the active verb becomes
the agent of the passive verb. The agent is very often not mentioned. When it is mentioned it is
preceded by and placed at the end of the clause.
General form of the passive:
1. PRESENT SIMPLE PASSIVE
1.1 FORM
Positive
Negative
Question
Be +Past Participle (V3)
S + am/is/are +V
3
+ptp.
S + am/is/are +not+V
3
+ptp.
Am/Is/Are+S +V
3
+ptp?
Norton University First year, Semester 2
College of Arts, Humanities, and Languages Subject: Core English 1B
Group 7 Page 8 Co1A2
Example:
Active:
John helps the boy.
Passive:
(+) The boy is helped by john.
(-) The boy is not helped by John.
(?) Is the boy helped by John?
2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS PASSIVE
2.1 FORM
Positive
Negative
Question
Example:
Active:
Tom is opening the door.
Passive:
(+) The door is being opened by Tom.
(-) The door is not being opened by Tom.
(?) Is the door being opened by Tom?
S + am/is/are +being+v
3
+ptp.
S + am/is/are +not+being+v
3
+ptp.
Am/Is/Are +S +being+v
3
+ptp?
Norton University First year, Semester 2
College of Arts, Humanities, and Languages Subject: Core English 1B
Group 7 Page 9 Co1A2
3. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PASSIVE
3.1 FORM
Positive
Negative
Question
Example:
Active:
Bill and Alex have suggested a new idea.
Passive:
(+) A new idea has been suggested by Bill and Alex.
(-) A new idea hasnt been suggested by Bill and Alex.
(?) Have a new idea been suggested by Bill and Alex?
S + have/has +been+v
3
+ptp.
S + have/has +not +been+v
3
+ptp.
.
Have/Has +S+been+v
3
+ ptp?
Norton University First year, Semester 2
College of Arts, Humanities, and Languages Subject: Core English 1B
Group 7 Page 10 Co1A2
4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUES PASSIVE
4.1 FORM
Positive
Negative
Question
Example:
Active:
Bill and Alex have been suggesting a new idea.
Passive:
(+) A new idea has been being suggested by Bill and Alex.
(-) A new idea hasnt been being suggested by Bill and Alex.
(?) Have a new idea been being suggested by Bill and Alex?
S + have/has +been+being+v
3
+ptp.
S + have/has +not +been+being+v
3
+ptp.
.
Have/Has +S+ been +being +v
3
+ptp?
Norton University First year, Semester 2
College of Arts, Humanities, and Languages Subject: Core English 1B
Group 7 Page 11 Co1A2
II. USES
1. When the agent (=the person who does the action) is unknown, unimportant or obvious
from the context.
Jane is shot. (We dont know who shoot her.)
That Rice is grown in BATTAMBANG. (Unimportant agent)
He has been arrested. (Obviously by the police)
2. To make more polite or formal statements.
The car hasnt been cleaned. (More polite)
(You havent cleaned the car. less polite)
3. When the action is more important than the agent, as in processes, instructions, events,
reports, headlines, new items, and advertisements.
Thirty people are being killed in the earthquake.
4. To put emphasis on the agent.
The new library is always opened by the Queen.
Agent
To say who did the action that we are talking about, ex. To refer to the agent, we use the
preposition by and the name (by Peter), noun (by the teacher) or pronoun (by him) at the end of the
sentence. We usually only refer to the agent when it gives us some important information which
otherwise would be missing from the sentence. Our house was designed by a famous architect. We
dont mention the agent:
1. If we dont know who has done what we are talking about.
Our car is stolen. (We dont know who steal it)
2. If we are not interested in who has done what we are talking about or it is not important to
mention it.
He has been taken to hospital. (What we are interested in is the fact that he has been taken to
hospital and not who has taken him.)
3. If it is easy to understand who did something without it being mentioned.
The murderer has been arrested last night. (It is not necessary to mention that he has been
arrested by the police because it is self-evident.)
4. If the subject of the active voice sentence is something like somebody, people, they, you, etc.
Active:
Someone break my computer.
Passive:
My computer is broken.
Norton University First year, Semester 2
College of Arts, Humanities, and Languages Subject: Core English 1B
Group 7 Page 12 Co1A2
Active to passive
To change a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice:
The object of the active voice sentence becomes the subject of the passive voice sentence.
Active:
Agatha Christie writes this book.
Passive:
This book is written by Agatha Christie.
We change the main verb of the active voice sentence into the passive voice. The tense
remains unchanged.
The subject of the active voice sentence becomes the agent of the passive sentence. It is
placed after the past participle and it is preceded by the preposition by.
Subject Active verb Object
Subject Passive verb Agent
Agatha Christie
write
the book.
The book is written by Agatha Christie.
Norton University First year, Semester 2
College of Arts, Humanities, and Languages Subject: Core English 1B
Group 7 Page 13 Co1A2
By Or With
In the passive voice, we use:
By with the agent to refer to by whom the action is being done.
Ex: The door was opened by Mr. Black. (Mr. Black = agent)
With to refer to the instrument, object or material that was used for something to be done.
Ex: The door was opened with a key. (A key = the object that was used)
The omelet was made with eggs, cheese and peppers. (Eggs, cheese and peppers = the
material that was used)
Double Object Verb
When we have verbs that take two objects like, for example, give somebody something, we
can convert the active sentence into a passive one in two ways:
By making the indirect (animate) object the subject of the passive voice sentence, which
is also the way that we usually prefer?
By making the direct (inanimate) object the subject of the passive voice.
Rick has given me (indirect object) this book (direct object).
I have been given this book by Rick.
This book was given to me by Rick.
Some of the verbs that take two objects are: give, tell, send, show, bring, write, offer, pay,
etc. When the indirect object is alone after the verb in the passive voice sentence, it needs the
preposition to. If the indirect object of the active voice sentence is a personal pronoun it has to be
changed into a subject pronoun to be the subject of the passive voice sentence.
Norton University First year, Semester 2
College of Arts, Humanities, and Languages Subject: Core English 1B
Group 7 Page 14 Co1A2
EXERCISES
A. Choice the correct answer
1) They often listen to music.
A. Passive B. Active
2) She is reading the newspaper now.
A. Passive B. Active
3) These cars are produced in Japan.
A. Passive B. Active
4) Alan teaches Geography.
A. Passive B. Active
5) German is spoken in Austria.
A. Passive B. Active
6) Lots of houses have been destroyed by the earthquake since 1906.
A. Passive B. Active
7) Henry Ford invented the assembly line.
A. Passive B. Active
8) The bus driver is being hurt.
A. Passive B. Active
9) You should open your workbooks.
A. Passive B. Active
10) Houses have been built.
A. Passive B. Active
Norton University First year, Semester 2
College of Arts, Humanities, and Languages Subject: Core English 1B
Group 7 Page 15 Co1A2
B. Fill in blank below
1. The winning goal has . (scored/been scored) by Mr. Hong.
2. Corn (grow/is grown) in Palin province.
3. Many people are. (rescuing/being rescued) from the floods by fire-fighters.
4. Firefighters . (receive/are received) hundreds of calls for help.
5. Wind speeds .. (reach/ are reached) ninety miles an hour in some places.
6. Roads .(block/are blocked) by fallen trees.
7. Electricity lines ..(bring /are brought) down, leaving thousands of homes
without electricity.
8. "Everything possible (is doing/is being done) to get things back to normal," a
spokesman said.
9. One young girl . (has taken/has been taken) to hospital after she broke her leg.
10. She has now .. (sent/been sent) home.
Norton University First year, Semester 2
College of Arts, Humanities, and Languages Subject: Core English 1B
Group 7 Page 16 Co1A2
ANSWER KEY
A. Choice the correct answer
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A B A A A A B A B A
B. Fill in blank below
1. Been scored
2. Is grown
3. Being rescued
4. Receive
5. Reach
6. Are blocked
7. Are brought
8. Is being done
9. Has been taken
10. Been sent
REFERENCE
Book: Understanding And Using English Grammar Version: third Edition, in chapter 11, page 208.
www.macprizren.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/the-passive-voice1.pdf
http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/3g13-active-passive-exercise.php