Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Introduction
1. As long as the environment is favorable, most prokaryotes reproduce continuously but some do form spore in
response to environment, but seldom it is a result of differentiation.
2. Some bacteria have development cycles that are obligatory like Cauloabacter, which differentiates into two
different kinds of cells at every cell division, where most just divides into equal progency cells and resembles
that previous generation.
3. “Growth” indicates an increase in population as well as the size of an individual, where some growth are
slow and some are fast in environments where they have to compete for nutrients and being able to utilize
nutrients imparts a string selective advantage.
4. Fast growth is not the only available survival strategy, i.e. adhering to surface allows the long rage survival of
organisms that do not compete well for food but are able to stay put in a particular environmental niche.
5. Photoautotropic obtain their energy from light and chemautotrophic obtain their energy from the oxidation of
inorganic compounds.
6. Behavior of cultures of organism in mediums helps determine their identity and the use of differential
medium is used to do this, where a selective medium are designed to let some organism grow and other inhibit
others. (Shape and color of colony help identify the organism)
7. Nutrient broth the precise chemical composition is not know, but a define synthetic medium contains
inorganic salts with glucose as the sole carbon source and addition of know amounts of nutrients.
8. Every medium is sterilize in a autoclave, which get rids of most bacteria except extreme thermophiles, but
these bacteria usually don’t grow at 37C or liquid is passed through a membrane filter that retains cellular
microbes, but not viruses, which is good for media that contain heat liabile components.
Balance Growth
1. As long as a culture is in the exponential phase, all cell constituents increase by the same proportion over the
same interval of time, which is known as balance growth, but does not persist for long in environment because
most bacteria alternate between periods of growth and nongrowth. ( going in and out of stationary phase)
2. Cultures in balance growth is the only phase of growth of a culture that is readily reproducible and can be
replicated on different occasions and in different laboratories.
3. Balance growth suggests that the mean cell size remains constant, a condition that might at first glance appear
paradoxical because as they grow, individual cells increase in size and eventually divides, so it really refers to
the average behavior of cells in population, not to that of individual cells.
4. Some cell properties change early during the growth of a culture, long before the increase in mass slows
down, which means balance growth conditions can be approximated only at low cell densities.
5. Unless growth is monitored throughout a physiological experiment. The results may not be reproducible.
Continuous Growth
1. A culture can be maintained in balance growth by diluting it at set intervals with fresh medium, which will
make the cell grow in an unrestricted manner, which can be done with an apparatus called a continuous-culture
device or chemostat.
2. For a chemostat to function properly the bacterial density should not exceed that which allows balanced
growth in a batch culture, which is achieved by making an essential nutrient limiting.
3. Important properties of a chemostat are as follows: the rate of addition of fresh medium (per volume)
determines the growth rate in the culture vessel and density of bacteria in the culture vessel is constant and is
determined by the concentration of limiting nutrient. (useful in studying mutagenesis and evolution)
4. Increase the rate of fresh medium, outflow will increase, cell will be lost at greater rate than they are formed,
density of cells in vessel decrease using nutrients at lower rate so nutrients increases, growth rate will then
increase to match the rate of the loss cells.
I. Temperature
1. Microbes can grow wherever there is liquid water, regardless of the ambient temperature where boiling
points and freezing point can extend well beyond there limits at sea level, where liquid is kept below freezing
point by solutes and above boiling point by high pressure.
2. Broadly; bacteria (40C) and fungi dominate the lowest temperature and archaea dominate the highest, but all
microbe specialize in one particular range of temperature.
D. Lethal Effects
1. Temperatures just a few degrees higher than those that stop a microbe’s growth may kill it, but no clear
answer of how high a temperature must be or how long at that temperature is required to sterilize, only
probability.
2. Instead of a normally distributed bell shaped curved range of sensitivities, a microbes’s chance of dying in
any period of time—immediately or after prolonged exposure—is constant, where the logarithm of the number
of survivors is a linear function of time of exposure. (Single-hit kinetics)
3. To determined how long a treatment is required to eliminate a microbial population, need to know the
decimal reduction time (D value), which is the time necessary to decrease the viable population by 1 log, the
size of population and assurance that all cell will be killed.
4. Cold shock is sudden shift in temperature, where freezing kills microbes, but that is not a consequence of
low temperature, it is the suspending medium being freeze exposing a high osmotic strength.
IV. pH
1. Acidophiles grow at pH 1 and alkaliphiles grow at pH 11.5, but in general bacteria prefer a slightly alkaline
pH and fungi prefer a acid pH.
2. Prokaryotes can grow over a wider range of pH than their proteins can tolerate, but they resist the pH by
pumping protons in it out of their cells, instead of adapting to it.
Schaechter, M., Ingtaham, J., & Neidhardt, F. C. (2006). Microbe. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press.