Lecture 4 Lecture 4

RF Acceleration in RF Acceleration in Linacs Linacs

Part 1 Part 1
Outline Outline
Transit-time factor
Coupled RF cavities and normal modes Coupled RF cavities and normal modes
Examples of RF cavity structures
Material from Wangler, Chapters 2 and 3
Transit Time Factor Transit Time Factor
We now consider the energy gained by a
charged particle that traverses an g p
accelerating gap, such as a pillbox cavity
in TM
010
mode.
010
The energy-gain is complicated by the fact
that the RF field is changing while the that the RF field is changing while the
particle is in the gap
Transit Time Factor Transit Time Factor
We will consider this problem by considering successively
more realistic (and complicated) models for the accelerating
gap, where in each case the field varies sinusoidally in time gap, where in each case the field varies sinusoidally in time
We also must consider the possibility that the energy gain
depends on particle radius
+q
EE
Acceleration by Time Acceleration by Time--Varying Fields Varying Fields
L
Consider infinite parallel plates separated by a distance L with
sinusoidal voltage applied, assume uniform E-field in gap (neglect
holes)
) cos( ) (
0
+ = = t E t E E
z z
+q
L
where at t=0, the particle is at the
t f th ( 0) d th
x
center of the gap (z=0), and the
phase of the field relative to the crest
is
B t t is a f nction of position t t( ) ith
E
z
x
y

=
z
z v
dz
z t
0
) (
) (
V
0
+
-

But t is a function of position t=t(z), with

y

z v
0
) (

2 / 2 / L L
The energy gain in the accelerating gap is


+ = =
2 /
2 /
0
2 /
2 /
) ) ( cos(
L
L
L
L
z
dz z t qE dz E q W
Energy Gain in an Accelerating Gap Energy Gain in an Accelerating Gap
Assume the velocity change through the gap is small,
so that t(z) = z/v,and
2 2

z
c
z c
v
z
t
2 2
= =

=
2 /
2 /
0
) sin sin cos (cos
L
L
dz t t qE W This is an
odd-function
of z

=
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 /
0 0
2
sin sin
2
cos cos
L
L
L
L
dz
z
qE dz
z
qE W

of z


2 / 2 / L L

2 /
0
2
sin cos
L
z
qE W

2 /
0
2
L
q

Energy Gain and Transit Time Factor Energy Gain and Transit Time Factor

cos
/
) / sin(
0
L
L
L
qE W =
cos
0
T qV W =
) / sin( L


/
) / sin(
L
L
T =
Compare to energy gain from
static DC field:
cos T W W
DC
=
T is the transit-time factor: a factor that takes into account the time-
variation of the field during particle transit through the gap
i h h h d f h is the synchronous phase, measured from the crest
Transit Transit- -Time Factor Time Factor
1
1.2
0.6
0.8
F
a
c
t
o
r
0.2
0.4
a
n
s
i
t
-
T
i
m
e

-0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
T
r
a
-0.4
L/
For efficient acceleration by RF fields, we need to properly match the gap
length L to the distance that the particle travels in one RF wavelength,
Transit Time Factor for Real RF Gaps Transit Time Factor for Real RF Gaps
The energy gain just calculated for infinite
planes is the same as that for an on-axis
particle accelerated in a pillbox cavity
neglecting the beam holes
A more realistic accelerating field depends on
r, z
Calculate the energy gain as before:
) cos( ) , ( ) , , ( + = = t z r E t z r E E
z z
Calculate the energy gain as before:

+ = =
2 / 2 /
) ) ( cos( ) 0 (
L L
dz z t z E q dz E q W


+ = =
2 / 2 /
) ) ( cos( ) , 0 (
L L
z
dz z t z E q dz E q W

2 /
) i i )( 0 (
L
d t t E W

=
2 /
) sin sin cos )(cos , 0 (
L
dz t t z E q W
L
Transit Transit- -time Factor time Factor

=
2 /
0 ) ( sin ) 0 (
L
dz z t z E
Choose the origin at the electrical center of the gap, defined as
cos ) 0 (
2 /

L
tdz z E

=
2 /
0 ) ( sin ) , 0 (
L
dz z t z E
This gives

cos
) , 0 (
cos ) , 0 (
) , 0 ( cos
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 /
0

= =

L
L
L
L
L
dz z E
tdz z E
dz z E q T qV W
2 / L
From which we identify the general form of the transit-time factor
as

=
2 /
2 /
2 /
cos ) , 0 (
L
L
L
tdz z E
T

2 /
) , 0 (
L
dz z E
Transit Transit- -time Factor time Factor
Assuming that the velocity change is small in the gap,
then
kz
z z
t = =

2
The transit time factor can be expressed as
v

=
2 /
) cos( ) 0 (
1
) 0 ( ) (
L
dz kz z E k T k T

=
2 /
0
) cos( ) , 0 ( ) , 0 ( ) (
L
dz kz z E
V
k T k T

=
2 /
2 /
0
) , 0 (
L
L
dz z E V

2
= k

Radial Dependence of Transit Radial Dependence of Transit--time Factor time Factor

W l l t d th T it ti f t f i ti l W We calculated the Transit-time factor for an on-axis particle. We can
extend this analysis to the transit-time factor and energy gain for off-axis
particles
Thi i i t t b th l t i fi ld i illb it d This is important because the electric-field in a pillbox cavity decreases
with radius (remember TM
010
fields)

=
2 /
) cos( ) , (
1
) , (
L
dz kz z r E k r T
) ( ) ( ) , (
0
Kr I k T k r T =
Where I is the modified Bessel function of order zero and

2 /
0
) ( ) , ( ) , (
L
V

2
= K
Where I
0
is the modified Bessel function of order zero, and
Giving for the energy gain Giving for the energy gain
cos ) ( ) (
0 0
Kr I k T qV W =
which is the on-axis result modified by the r-dependent Bessel function
Realistic Geometry of an RF Gap Realistic Geometry of an RF Gap
A l ti fi ld t d ift t b b di ( ) i t t Assume accelerating field at drift-tube bore radius (r=a) is constant
within the gap, and zero outside the gap within the drift tube walls

= =
z g
g z E
z a r E
g
2 / 0
2 / 0
) , (
Using the definition of transit-time factor:

=
2 /
2 / 0
) cos( ) , (
1
) , (
L
L
dz kz z r E
V
k r T
we get
) 2 / i (k
E E
) / sin( ) / 2 ( g a J
2 /
) 2 / sin(
) (
) (
0
0
kg
kg
Ka I
g E
k T V
g
=
) / 2 (
0
0
a J
g E
V
g
=
Finally


/
) / sin(
) (
) / 2 (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) , (
0
0
0 0
g
g
Ka I
a J
Kr I Kr I k T k r T = =
Finally,
What about the drift tubes? What about the drift tubes?
Th ff f f li d i l id The cutoff frequency for a cylindrical waveguide
is
Th d ift t b h t ff f b l hi h
R c
c
/ 405 . 2 =
The drift tube has a cutoff frequency, below which
EM waves do not propagate
The propagation factor k is The propagation factor k is
0
405 . 2 405 . 2
2 2
2
<

=
z
R R
k
So the electric field decays exponentially with
penetration distance in the drift tube:

hole c
R R
penetration distance in the drift tube:
E l 1 GH it ith 1 b h l
t i
z k t z k i i
t kz i
z
e e E e E e E E

= = =
0
) (
0
) (
0
Example: 1 GHz cavity with r=1cm beam holes:
Power and Acceleration Figures of Merit Power and Acceleration Figures of Merit
Quality Factor
goodness of an oscillator
Shunt Impedance:
P
U
Q

=
V
2
Shunt Impedance:
Ohms law resistance
Effective Shunt Impedance:
P
V
r
s
0
=
2
2
0
) ( T V
Effective Shunt Impedance:
Impedance including TTF
Shunt Impedance per unit
2
0
) (
T r
P
T V
r
s
= =
E r
Z
s
2
0
= = p p
length
Effective Shunt Impedance/unit
L P L /
T E r
ZT
) (
2
0
2
= =
p
length:
R over Q
L P L
ZT
/
= =
T V r
2
) (
Efficiency of acceleration per unit
of stored energy
U
T V
Q
r

0
) (
=
Power Balance Power Balance
Power delivered to the beam is:
W I
P
B

=
Total power delivered by the RF power source
i
q
B
is:
B T
P P P + =
Coupled RF Cavities and Coupled RF Cavities and
Normal Modes Normal Modes
Now, lets make a real linac Now, lets make a real linac
We can accelerate particles in a pillbox
cavityy
Real linacs are made by stringing together
a series of pillbox cavities a series of pillbox cavities.
These cavity arrays can be constructed
from independently powered cavities or from independently powered cavities, or
by coupling a number of cavities in a
single RF structure single RF structure.
Coupling of two cavities Coupling of two cavities
Suppose we couple two RF cavities
together:
Each is an electrical oscillator with the
same resonant frequency same resonant frequency
A beampipe couples the two cavities
Remember the case of mechanical coupling of two oscillators: p g
Two mechanical modes are possible:
The zero-mode:
A
-
B
=0, where each oscillates at natural frequency
The pi-mode:
A
-
B
=, where each oscillates at a higher frequency
Coupling of electrical oscillators Coupling of electrical oscillators
Two coupled oscillators, each
with same resonant frequency:
Apply Kirchoffs laws to each
i i
LC
1
2
0
=
i
1
i
2
circuit:
0 ) (
1
) (
2 1 1
= +

+ =

M j i
C j
i L j i V
C C
Gives
0 ) 1 (
2
2
2
2
0
1
= +

M
L
M
i i

0 ) 1 (
1
2
0
2
= +

L
M
i i

Which can be expressed as:


2 2
1
/ / 1
i i
k

2
1
2
2
1
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
1
/ 1 /
/ / 1
i
i
i
i
k
k


You may recognize this as an
L M k / =
You may recognize this as an
eigenvalue problem
q
q
q
X X M
v v
2
1 ~

=
Coupling of electrical oscillators Coupling of electrical oscillators
There are two normal-mode eigenvectors and associated
eigenfrequecies
Zero-mode:

=
1
1
0
X
k +
=
1
0
0

=
1
1

X
k
=
1
0

Pi-mode:

1
Like the coupled pendula, we have 2 normal modes, one for in-
phase oscillation (Zero-mode) and another for out of phase p ( ) p
oscillation (Pi-mode).
It is important to remember that both oscillators have resonant
frequencies , different from the natural (uncoupled) frequency. q , ( p ) q y
Normal modes for many coupled cavities Normal modes for many coupled cavities
N 1 l d ill t h N 1 l d f ill ti N+1 coupled oscillators have N+1 normal-modes of oscillation
Normal mode spectrum:
0

=
Where q=0,1,N is the
d b
) / cos( 1 N q k
q
+
=
mode number
Not all are useful for
particle acceleration
Standing wave
structures of coupled
cavities are all driven so
th t th b that the beam sees
either the zero or
mode
Example for a 3 Example for a 3- -cell Cavity: Zero cell Cavity: Zero--mode mode
Excitation Excitation
t=0
t=/4 t=/4
t=/2
t 3 /4 t=3/4
t=
t=5/4
t=3/2
t=7/4
t=2
Example for a 3 Example for a 3- -cell Cavity: Pi cell Cavity: Pi- -mode Excitation mode Excitation
t=0
t=/4 t=/4
t=/2
t 3 /4 t=3/4
t=
t=5/4
t=3/2
t=7/4
t=2
Synchronicity condition in multicell RF Synchronicity condition in multicell RF
structures structures
TM010 Cavities
Drift spaces
l
1
l
2
l
3
l
4
l
5

1

2

3

4

5
Suppose we want a particle to arrive at the center of each gap at =0.
Then we would have to space the cavities so that the RF phase
advanced by
l
1
l
2
l
3
l
4
l
5
advanced by
2 if the coupled cavity array was driven in zero-mode
Or by if the coupled cavity array was driven in pi-mode
Synchronicity Condition Synchronicity Condition
Zero-mode:

2
2 2
= = = =
n
n
c
l c
t
c
t
l
n n
l =
RF gaps (cells) are spaced by , which
increases as the particle velocity increases
Pi-mode:



n
l c
t
c
t
2 2
Pi mode:


= = = =
n
n
c
t t
2 /
n n
l =
n n
RF gaps (cells) are spaced by /2, which
increases as the particle velocity increases increases as the particle velocity increases
Energy Gain in Multicell Superconducting Pi Energy Gain in Multicell Superconducting Pi--
Mode Cavity Mode Cavity
Elliptical multicell cavity in pi-
mode:
z k E z r E cos ) 0 ( = =
Where k
s
=/L, and L=
s
/2
This gives, for a particle with
z k E z r E
s g
cos ) , 0 ( = =
velocity matching the geometric-
beta of the cavity
) ( ) 0 ( ) (
2 /
2

d k
E
k T k T
L
g
4
) ( cos ) , 0 ( ) (
2 /
2
0
= = =

dz z k
V
k T k T
L
s
g
s s
Superconducting RF cavity for ILC
Examples of RF Cavity Examples of RF Cavity
Structures Structures
Alvarez Drift Tube Linac Alvarez Drift Tube Linac
DTL consists of a long tank
excited in TM
010
mode
(radius determines
frequency) frequency)
Drift tubes are placed along
the beam-axis so that the
accelerating gaps satisfy
synchronicity condition with synchronicity condition, with
nominal spacing of
The cutoff frequency for EM
propagation within the drift
tubes is much greater than
the resonant frequency of
the tank (
c
=2.405c/R)
Each tube (cell) can be ac tube (ce ) ca be
considered a separate
cavity, so that the entire DTL
structure is a set of coupled
cavity resonators excited in y
the zero-mode
Zero Zero--mode excitation of a Drift Tube Linac mode excitation of a Drift Tube Linac
Tank Tank
=t=0, E
z
=E
0
Zero Zero--mode excitation of a Drift Tube Linac mode excitation of a Drift Tube Linac
Tank Tank
=t=/2, E
z
=0
Zero Zero--mode excitation of a Drift Tube Linac mode excitation of a Drift Tube Linac
Tank Tank
=t=, E
z
=-E
0
Zero Zero--mode excitation of a Drift Tube Linac mode excitation of a Drift Tube Linac
Tank Tank
=t=3/2, E
z
=0
Zero Zero--mode excitation of a Drift Tube Linac mode excitation of a Drift Tube Linac
Tank Tank
=t=2, E
z
=E
0
Alvarez Drift Tube Linac Alvarez Drift Tube Linac
DTLs are used to accelerate protons from 1 DTLs are used to accelerate protons from 1
MeV to 100 MeV
At higher energies, the drift tubes become
long and unwieldy
DTL frequencies are in the 200 400 MHz DTL frequencies are in the 200-400 MHz
range
Coupled Cavity Linac Coupled Cavity Linac
Long array of coupled cavities driven in /2 mode
Every other cavity is unpowered in the /2 mode
These are placed off the beam axis in order to minimize the length of the
linac linac
To the beam, the structure looks like a mode structure
Actual CCL structures contain hundreds of coupled cavities, and therefore
have hundreds of normal-modes. Only the /2 mode is useful for beam
acceleration. acceleration.
The cell spacing varies with beam velocity, with nominal cell length /2
Coupled Cavity Linac Examples Coupled Cavity Linac Examples
Other Types of RF Structures Other Types of RF Structures
Other Types of RF Structures Other Types of RF Structures
Powering a Linac: Components of a High Powering a Linac: Components of a High
Power RF System Power RF System
RF power is piped around in
waveguide
High Voltage Pulse
from a Modulator
Circulator directs
Reflected Power
away from away from
Klystron, to a load
Klystron: RF
Power
Amplifier
High Power RF
Waves
Various events can
p
cause power to be
reflected
Low-power RF
i t
RF Cavity
Beam
input
Klystron Operation Klystron Operation
A Klystron is an amplifier for radio-frequency
waves waves
A Klystron is a little accelerator/RF cavity
system all its own
Electrons are produced from a gun
A hi h l l l l A high-voltage pulse accelerates an electron
beam
Low power RF excites the first cavity, which
bunches the electrons
These electrons ring the bell in the next cavity
A train of electron bunches excites the cavity,
generating RF power
Linac RF Systems Linac RF Systems
W id
Klystron Gallery
Waveguide,
circulators and loads
d
C
a
v
i
t
y

F
i
e
l
d
Cavity Field vs. time
without beam
Time
C
EExample xample Beam Pulse Structure Beam Pulse Structure
16.7ms (1/60 Hz)
157
Macro-pulse
Structure
( d b th
1ms
15.7ms
(made by the
High power
RF)
645 ns
300 ns
945 ns (1/1.059 MHz)
Mini-pulse
Structure
(made by the
choppers)
2.4845 ns (1/402.5 MHz)
260 micro-pulses
choppers)
Micro-pulse
structure
(made by the
RFQ)
43
Example Problem Example Problem
C id 10 l (1/ 1 7 10
8
) TM Consider a 10-cm-long copper (1/ =1.7x10
-8
m) TM
010
pillbox cavity with resonant frequency of 500 MHz and axial
field E=1.5MV/m.
a) For a proton with kinetic energy of 100 MeV, calculate the transit-
time factor ignoring the effects of the aperture, and assuming that
the velocity remains constant in the gap y g p
b) If the proton arrives at the center of the gap 45 degrees before the
crest, what is the energy gain?
c) Calculate the RF power dissipated in the cavity walls c) Calculate the RF power dissipated in the cavity walls
d) Suppose this cavity is used to accelerate a 100 mA beam. What is
the total RF power that must be provided by the klystron?
e) Calculate the shunt impedance the effective shunt impedance the e) Calculate the shunt impedance, the effective shunt impedance, the
shunt impedance per unit length, and the effective shunt
impedance per unit length
f) Assume the drift tube bore radius is 2 cm Calculate the transit- f) Assume the drift tube bore radius is 2 cm. Calculate the transit-
time factor, including the aperture effects, for the proton on-axis,
and off-axis by 1 cm. Assume that
4 / 1 ) (
2
0
x x I + = 4 / 1 ) (
2
0
x x J =