1.

Sprectrum Density
Power spectral density describes the signal power distribution over the frequency.
Power Spectral Density is the Fourier Transform of the autocorrelation function of a signal. First
compute the auto correlation function and then compute its Fourier Transform.
The Fourier Transform theorem states that only periodic signals have a Fourier Series
representation. When we do a Discrete Fourier Transform, we are assuming the signal to be periodic
outside the sampling period. It does not make any errors in the process and is the function mapping
can be inverted to get the original signal back.
Any signal can be converted to Fourier series.
However, you have to have unlimited Fourier components to represent a non-periodic signal.

http://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_power_spectral_density2
2 . X[0] is DC component.
it equal to N times x(n)'s average value.
So the mean is commonly called the DC (direct current) value.
http://dsp.stackexchange.com/questions/10254/why-is-x0-the-dc-component/10255#10255

3. FFT
Complex numbers in the FFT result are simply just 2 real numbers, which are both required
to give you the 2D coordinates of a result vector that has both a length and a direction angle
(or magnitude and a phase). And every frequency component in the FFT result can have a
unique amplitude and a unique phase (relative to some point in the FFT aperture).

The DFT spectrum is symmetric about the Nyquist frequency(folding frequency) which is half the
sampling frequency.


FFT provides method of computing DFT this you already know. now consider a signal x(n)
and its DFT X(k). if your signal consist of N(65536 in your case) samples then X(k) will
provide values at discrete frequencies of 2*pi*k/N .In fact the above DFT X(k)
means X(2*pi*k/N). so if you are finding X(1) then it means you are finding DFT coefficient
at discrete frequency of 2*pi*1/N and similary ,X(2) means coefficient for 2*pi*2/N and hence
so on .Each coefficient shows contribution of that frequency in that signal if its large then it
means that frequency constitute major part of signal. so for plotting fft with respect to
frequency replace sample axis with frequency axis having points 2*pi*k/N where k=0 to
65535.FT never provides any information regarding time .it just provide frequency
information of the signal.


For a purely real input signal of N points you get a complex output of N points with complex
conjugate symmetry about N/2. You can ignore the output points above N/2, since they
provide no useful additional information for a real input signal, but if you do plot them you will
see the aforementioned symmetry, and for a single sine wave you will see peaks at
bins n and N - n. (Note: you can think of the upper N/2 bins as representing negative
frequencies.) In summary, for a real input signal of N points, you get N/2 useful complex
output bins from the FFT, which represent frequencies from DC (0 Hz) to Nyquist (Fs / 2

If I understand this right, this represents the 'half' of the energy density spectrum. As the
transformation is symmetric, I could just mirror all values to the negative values of x to get
the full spectrum.

Most real-world frequency analysis instruments display only the positive half of the frequency spectrum
because the spectrum of a real-world signal is symmetrical around DC. Thus, the negative frequency
information is redundant. The two-sided results from the analysis functions include the positive half of the
spectrum followed by the negative half of the spectrum
For getting full spectrum check this
http://www.ni.com/white-paper/4278/en/

Negative frequency : The 'frequency' is that of a complex sinusoid. On the Z plane, positive
frequencies rotate counter clockwise (assuming the real positive axis points right and
imaginary positive axis points up) and negative frequencies rotate clockwise. A pair of
complex sinusoids with opposite frequencies can combine to form a real sinusoid.


Why is the FFT mirrored?
http://dsp.stackexchange.com/questions/4825/why-is-the-fft-mirrored



What is the physical significance of negative frequencies?


http://dsp.stackexchange.com/questions/431/what-is-the-physical-significance-of-negative-
frequencies




4. Sine wave
For a real signal, the spikes will be symmetrical from left to right. If you're doing a real FFT,
though (which is more computationally efficient) you'll only get the left half of the plot as your
output, since it ignores the redundant mirror image.
If the frequency is higher, the spikes will be closer to the center. If the frequency is perfectly
in sync with the chunk size, the spike will only be one point wide and everything else will be
exactly 0. Otherwise it will have a tapering "skirt" like above.


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Frequency
100 0.01 0.1 1 10
Voltage (Power Spectrum) Power Spectrum